TIME | EVENT DESCRIPTION | LOCATION |
UNIVERSE | ||
1,000,000,000,000 YBN | 1) We are a tiny part of a universe that is made of an infinite amount of space, matter and time. | |
990,000,000,000 YBN | 2) There is more space than matter. MORE INFO [1] | |
980,000,000,000 YBN | 3) All matter is made of particles of light.10 Light particles are the base unit of all matter from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies.11 In this sense light particles are the most basic atoms.12 The basic order of matter from smaller to larger is light particles, electrons and positrons, muons, protons and antiprotons, atoms, molecules, living objects, planets, stars, globular clusters, galaxies, and then galactic clusters.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Ted Huntington. 11. ^ Ted Huntington. 12. ^ Ted Huntington. 13. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
970,000,000,000 YBN | 11) The universe has no start or end. The same light particles that have always been, continue to move in the space that has always been.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
960,000,000,001 YBN | 5) Matter and motion can never be created or destroyed. Matter can never be converted into motion, and motion can never be converted into matter.5 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
950,000,000,000 YBN | 6) Light particles become trapped with each other and so form structures such as protons, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.6 This accumulation of light particles into atoms may be the result of particle collision, gravitation, or a combination of both.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington | |
940,000,000,000 YBN | 7) All of the billions of galaxies we see are only a tiny part of the universe. We will never see most of the universe because no light particles from there can ever reach us.6 Most galaxies are too far away for even one particle of light they emit to be going in the exact direction of our tiny location, and all the light particles they emit are captured by atoms in between there and here.7 As telescopes grow larger, the number of galaxies and the distance we can see will increase.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington 4. ^ Ted Huntington 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). (estimate of how many galaxies) | |
935,000,000,000 YBN | 4) There is a pattern in the universe. Light particles move from highly dense volumes of space to volumes of less density. In low density volumes, light particles slowly accumulate to form atoms of Hydrogen and Helium which exist as gas clouds (like the Magellanic Clouds or Orion nebula). These gas clouds, called nebulae continue to accumulate trapped light particles. At points of high density planets and stars form and the cloud is eventually dense enough to become a galaxy of stars. The stars emit light particles back out to the rest of the universe, where the light again becomes trapped and forms new clouds. Around each star are many planets and pieces of matter. On many of the planets rotating around stars, living objects evolve that can copy themselves by converting matter around them into more of them. Living objects need matter to replace matter lost from the constant emitting of light particles (decay). Like bacteria, these living objects grow in number, with the most successful organisms occupying and moving around many stars. These advanced organisms then move the groups of stars they control, as a globular cluster, away from the plane of the spiral galaxy. As time continues, all of the stars of a galaxy are occupied by living objects who have organized their stars into globular clusters. These globular clusters together form an elliptical galaxy, and then finally a globular galaxy. The globular galaxy may then exist for a long time living off the matter in stars, in addition to matter from external sources. So free light particles are trapped into volumes of space that grow in density first forming atoms, then gas clouds, then stars, a spiral galaxy, an elliptical galaxy, and finally a globular galaxy.5 Globular galaxies at our scale may be light particles at a much larger scale, just as light particles at our scale may be globular galaxies at a much smaller scale. This system may go on infinitely in both larger and smaller scale. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
930,000,000,000 YBN | 8) An expanding universe seems unlikely to me. The supposed red-shifted calcium absorption lines may be a mistaken observation, for one reason because spectrum size changes the position of spectral lines (as clearly shown in the 1936 Humason photo)5 , and because the distance of a light source changes the position, but not the frequency of spectral lines6 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Humason, M. L., "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan 1936. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1936ApJ....83...10H/0000010.000. html 2. ^ Ted Huntington, "Spectral line position depends on distance of light source - Bragg Equation Effect", 04/03/2012. http://tedhuntington.com/paper_Bragg.htm 3. ^ Humason, M. L., "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan 1936. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1936ApJ....83...10H/0000010.000. html 4. ^ Ted Huntington, "Spectral line position depends on distance of light source - Bragg Equation Effect", 04/03/2012. http://tedhuntington.com/paper_Bragg.htm 5. ^ Humason, M. L., "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan 1936. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1936ApJ....83...10H/0000010.000. html 6. ^ Ted Huntington, "Spectral line position depends on distance of light source - Bragg Equation Effect", 04/03/2012. http://tedhuntington.com/paper_Bragg.htm | |
LIFE | ||
165,000,000,000 YBN | 13) The Milky Way Nebula starts to form.5 Galaxies may form from accumulation of light particles and from the collision of two or more galaxies. If a galaxy is viewed as an exponential accumulation of light particles starting from a single light particle up until 500 billion stars, only in the last 16% of that time would a galaxy have enough matter for even a single star.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
33,000,000,000 YBN | 6180) The first star in the Milky Way Galaxy forms.8 Stars may form from the accumulation of matter or from collisions of two or more large bodies. As time goes by, less collisions occur around a star, because most smaller objects are absorbed by the star and planets.9 Stars and planets may have centers of densely packed unmoving light particles. The less dense and colder area near the surface of planets and stars may allow atoms and molecules to form and stay together. Many light particles must move through the internal maze of matter inside planets and stars to eventually reach the surface and escape into empty space.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
22,000,000,000 YBN | 6181) Living objects in the Milky Way Galaxy reach another star using a ship, perhaps 5 billion years after the first stars formed.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
10,000,000,000 YBN | 6182) The first globular cluster of 100,000 stars forms in the Milky Way Galaxy.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
5,500,000,000 YBN 6 | 16) The star the Earth orbits forms.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington 4. ^ Ted Huntington 5. ^ Ted Huntington 6. ^ Ted Huntington, guess MORE INFO [1] http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/mar1/nucleo.html (with image of onion skin layers) [2] another person declares star inside to be similar to planets: iron, oxygen, nickel, etc. do not support standard solar model. star_inside_iron.pdf | |
5,500,000,000 YBN 9 | 17) Planets form around our star from many collisions. Like the star, they are red hot with liquid rock and metals on the surface. Lighter atoms move to the surface of the planets. Larger planets are surrounded by gas.6 As the number of collisions decreases, and smaller objects are absorbed by the star and planets, the average temperature of the star system is lowered. As the temperature of the planets and moons decreases, their surfaces solidify, and water and other molecules condense at the surface.7 Perhaps most outer planets are larger, because their orbit covers a larger space which includes more matter.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
4,600,000,000 YBN | 21) The moon of Earth is captured.4 The moon of Earth may form as a planet that is captured by the Earth, or a planet that collides with the Earth and then reforms from the remaining matter of the collision, or forms in orbit of the Earth at the same time the Earth forms.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
4,600,000,000 YBN 6 7 | 30) Planet Earth cools. Molten liquid rock turns into a solid thin crust. Water condenses and falls to the surface, filling the lowest parts of the land to make the first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 2. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 3. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 4. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 5. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
4,600,000,000 YBN 7 | 50) The start of the "Precambrian" and the Hadean {HA DEen5 } Eon.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 2. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 3. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 4. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 5. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 6. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 7. ^ "Divisions of Geologic Time", 2010, USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf | |
4,571,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 31) The oldest meteorite yet found on Earth: 4.57 billion years old.5 6 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/783048.stm 3. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 4. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/783048.stm 5. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/783048.stm 7. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 (4.7 +- .2 billion years) 8. ^ sci has 4.7 +- .2 by where did 4.571 come from? | |
4,530,000,000 YBN | 33) The oldest Moon rock returned from the Moon (4.53 billions old).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/nojs/wl.br.1.html 2. ^ http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/nojs/wl.br.1.html 3. ^ http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/nojs/wl.br.1.html | |
4,404,000,000 YBN | 34) The oldest "terrestrial" zircon; evidence that the crust and liquid water are on the surface of Earth. A terrestrial zircon is not from a meteorite.3 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/010111/010111-1.html 2. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/010111/010111-1.html 3. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/010111/010111-1.html | |
4,400,000,000 YBN | 18) Larger molecules form on Earth, like amino acids, phosphates, and sugars, the components of living objects.10 These molecules are made in the oceans, fresh water, and atmosphere of Earth (and other planets) by lightning, light particles with high frequency from the Sun, and from ocean floor volcanoes.11 The initial building blocks of living objects are easily formed, but assembling them into longer-chain molecules, or polymers, is more difficult. Amino acids link up to form polymers called proteins, simple fatty acids plus alcohols link up to form lipids (oils and fats), simple sugars like glucose and sucrose link together to form complex carbohydrates and starches, and finally, the nucleotide bases (plus phosphates and sugars) link up to form nucleic acids, the genetic code of organisms, known as RNA and DNA.12 Perhaps all proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and DNA are strictly the products of living objects, while RNA can assemble without the help of any living objects.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p150. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p150. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Ted Huntington. 11. ^ Ted Huntington. 12. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p150. 13. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
4,395,000,000 YBN | 19) Nucleic acids form on Earth. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) may be the first nucleic acid to form. One of these RNA molecules may be the ancestor of all of life on Earth.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
4,385,000,000 YBN | 167) The first proteins on Earth. Transfer RNA molecules evolve (tRNA), and link amimo acids into proteins using other RNA molecules ("messenger" or mRNA molecules), as a template. This protein assembly system is the main system responsible for all the proteins on Earth.6 Part of each tRNA molecule bonds with a specific amino acid, while another part has a 3 nucleotide sequence that bonds with an opposite matching 3 nucleotide sequence on an mRNA molecule.7 Perhaps this system, where tRNA molecules build proteins directly from free floating RNA strands, evolves before the first ribosome and the first cell.8 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
4,380,000,000 YBN | 40) A protein can copy RNA. This protein is called an RNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS5 }. For the first time, a nucleic acid functions both as a template for building proteins (with the help of tRNA molecules) and also as a template for building other nucleic acid molecules.6 An RNA polymerase must be one of the first useful proteins to be assembled by the early (presumably) precellular protein production system. Eventually an RNA strand that codes for the RNA polymerase and the tRNA needed to make the polymerase may be copied many times. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] Schuppli, Daniel et al. “Altered 3′-terminal RNA Structure in Phage Qβ Adapted to Host Factor-less Escherichia Coli.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94.19 (1997): 10239 –10242. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/19/10239.abstract | |
4,370,000,000 YBN | 168) The ribosome evolves. The first Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The ribosome may function as a protocell, providing a platform for more efficient protein production. A single RNA may contain all the instructions needed to make more polymerase, tRNA, and ribosomes. Alternatively the first ribosome may not evolve until after the first cell. All cells contain ribosomes.4 Ribosomes are the cellular organelles that carry out protein synthesis, through a process called translation. These molecular machines are responsible for accurately translating the linear genetic code on the messenger RNA (mRNA), into a linear sequence of amino acids to produce a protein.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ribosome." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ribosome 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 3. ^ "ribosome." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ribosome 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 5. ^ "ribosome." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ribosome | |
4,365,000,000 YBN | 166) The first Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule. A protein evolves that allows the assembly of DNA from RNA; a ribonucleotide reductase.5 This protein changes ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides, which can then be assembled into the first DNA molecules on Earth.6 DNA has the advantage of being more stable than RNA and can hold together in longer strands.7 Longer strands allow for a more complex organism.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696. 2. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696. 3. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Lurquin, P.F. The Origins of Life and the Universe. COLUMBIA University Press, 2003, p. 132. http://books.google.com/books?id=2-qdwqOd1BsC&pg=PA132 8. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
4,360,000,000 YBN | 212) A protein can copy DNA molecules, a DNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS6 }.7 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase 2. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. 3. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase 4. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. 5. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase 6. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. 7. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase | |
4,360,000,000 YBN | 6409) Transcription evolves. A protein (an RNA polymerase) assembles RNA from DNA. | |
4,355,000,000 YBN | 20) The first cell on Earth evolves. This is the first prokaryotic cell and first bacterium. DNA is surrounded by a membrane of proteins made by ribosomes; the first cytoplasm.15 This cell may form in either fresh or salt water, near the sunlit water surface or near underwater volcanoes on the ocean floor.16 The DNA of this cell is a template containing the code for a copying molecule (DNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS17 }), and the necessary mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA molecules needed to build the cytoplasm. For the first time, ribosomes and DNA build cell structure. DNA protected by cytoplasm is more likely to survive and be copied.18 This is the start of binary cell division. DNA polymerase duplicates DNA within the cell and then the cell divides into two parts.19 A system of division may evolve in which the original and the newly synthesized copy of DNA are each attached to the cytoplasm, so that as the cell grows, the two copies of DNA can be separated, and the growing mass can eventually divide into two cells.20 This is also the start of passive transport. Amino acids, nucleotides, water, and other molecules enter and exit the cytoplasm only because of a difference in concentration from inside and outside the cell. This represents the beginnings of the first digestive system. This cell structure forms the basis of all future cells of every living object on Earth. These first cells are probably anaerobic (or anoxygenic- do not require free oxygen) and are heterotrophic, meaning that they do not make their own food (amino acids, nucleotides, phosphates, and sugars) but instead depend on obtaining these molecules from external sources.21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154. 11. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. 12. ^ Ted Huntington. 13. ^ Ted Huntington. 14. ^ Ted Huntington. 15. ^ Ted Huntington. 16. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154. 17. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. 18. ^ Ted Huntington. 19. ^ Ted Huntington. 20. ^ Ted Huntington. 21. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
4,350,000,000 YBN 11 | 183) Cells make the first lipids on Earth; (fats, oils, and waxes8 )9 by making proteins that can assemble lipids.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ find biomarker evidence 2. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Ted Huntington. 11. ^ Ted Huntington. | |
4,345,000,000 YBN | 27) A phospholipid bilayer evolves around the cell, providing added protection from the external environment.4 All extant cells have this phospholipid bilayer.5 When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into double-layered aggregates, or bilayers, with the phosphate part of the molecule on the outside and the fatty acid tail part on the inside.6 7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p76-77. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p76-77. 6. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p76-77. 7. ^ Sadava, D. et al. Life: The Science of Biology. W. H. Freeman, 2009, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANT8VB14oBUC&pg=PA107 | |
4,340,000,000 YBN | 26) Possibly DNA that is connected in a circle allows the DNA polymerase to make continuous copies of the cell, which may increase the speed of cell growth, duplication, and division.1 As far as is known bacteria do not die of old age, but if a mutation stops them from dividing, then they die. Bacteria can also die from physical destruction in addition to lack of food and water.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Hardy, S. Human Microbiology. Taylor & Francis, 2002. Lifelines Series. | |
4,340,000,000 YBN | 64) Operons evolve. An operon is a sequence of DNA which a protein binds with in order to block RNA polymerase from building an mRNA molecule, from part of the sequence, which would be translated into a protein. Operons allow a bacterium to produce certain proteins only when necessary. Bacteria before now can only build a constant stream of all proteins encoded in their DNA.7 8 9 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 2. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table 3. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 4. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table 5. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 6. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table 7. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 8. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table 9. ^ "operon." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/operon | |
4,340,000,000 YBN | 6340) Facilitated diffusion evolves. Proteins in the cell membrane allow only certain molecules to enter the cell.3 "Facilitated diffusion" is passive transport aided by proteins.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Daniel V. Lim, "Microbiology", 2002, p101. http://books.google.com/books?id=CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA101 2. ^ Daniel V. Lim, "Microbiology", 2002, p101. http://books.google.com/books?id=CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA101 3. ^ Daniel V. Lim, "Microbiology", 2002, p101. http://books.google.com/books?id=CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA101 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P134-135. | |
4,335,000,000 YBN | 28) Cellular respiration. Glycolysis evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells can now make ATP (adenosine {oDeNoSEN8 } triphosphate) by converting glucose into pyruvate {PIrUVAT9 }. This is the beginning of cellular respiration, how cells convert food into ATP and waste products.10 ATP is the molecule that drives most cellular work.11 That glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway, that it occurs in the cytoplasm, not in an organelle, and that it is the first stage in fermentation all imply an ancient origin.12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 4. ^ "adenosine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/adenosine 5. ^ "pyruvate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyruvate 6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 7. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 8. ^ "adenosine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/adenosine 9. ^ "pyruvate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyruvate 10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 11. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 12. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p179. | |
4,330,000,000 YBN | 44) Fermentation evolves in the cell cytoplasm. Cells can make lactic acid.4 Th ese cells, which are anaerobic, can now convert pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, into lactate (an ionized form of lactic acid), and in the process refuel glycolysis and the production of ATP molecules.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en 2. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en 3. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en 4. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en 5. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008, p162-184. 6. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en | |
4,325,000,000 YBN | 213) A second kind of fermentation evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells (all anaerobic) can now convert pyruvate (the final product of glycolysis) into ethanol.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. | |
4,315,000,000 YBN | 196) Active transport evolves. Proteins and ATP are used to transport molecules into and out of the cytoplasm.7 8 9 Active transport enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules that differ from the cell's surroundings.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/cmeu.html 2. ^ "active transport." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport 3. ^ "active transport." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport 4. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/cmeu.html 5. ^ "active transport." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport 6. ^ "active transport." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport 7. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/cmeu.html 8. ^ "active transport." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport 9. ^ "active transport." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport 10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P135. | |
4,200,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 292) The prokaryote flagellum evolves.4 Prokaryotic cells now have more mobility, and can make more choices about their location. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 2. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 3. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 4. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ (October 2006). "From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella". Nature Reviews. Microbiology 4 (10): 784–90. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID 16953248. http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v4/n10/full/nrmicro1493.html [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ [4] David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf [5] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html [6] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation> | |
4,193,000,000 YBN 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 | 77) The Archaea (also called archaebacteria) evolve according to genetic comparison.13 The Phylum Nanoarcheota.14 15 Eubacteria and Archaea are the two major lines of Prokaryotes.16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Archaea have a variety of shapes, including spherical, rodlike, and spiral forms.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p102. http://timetree.org/pdf/Battistuzzi2009Chap06.pdf 5. ^ Huber, H., Hohn, M.J., Rachel, R., Fuchs, T., Wimmer, V.C., and Stetter, K.O. "A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont." Nature (2002) 417:63-67. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v417/n6884/full/417063a.html 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html 7. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) 10. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {4000my} 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3970my 13. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html 14. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p102. http://timetree.org/pdf/Battistuzzi2009Chap06.pdf 15. ^ Huber, H., Hohn, M.J., Rachel, R., Fuchs, T., Wimmer, V.C., and Stetter, K.O. "A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont." Nature (2002) 417:63-67. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v417/n6884/full/417063a.html 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html 17. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my 19. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) 20. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my 21. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {4000my} 22. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3970my 23. ^ "archaebacterium." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 21 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaebacteria 24. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 25. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/pdf/Hedges2009Chap05.pdf 26. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html 27. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my (2142-1873my) 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my (2300my) 29. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) (4100my) 30. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my (1800my) 31. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4000my (4000my) 32. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3970my (3970my) | |
4,189,000,000 YBN 11 12 | 193) The Eubacteria "Hyperthermophiles" evolve (the ancestor of Aquifex and Thermotoga).7 8 Aquifex and Thermotoga are the only two major genera {JeN-R-u9 } of eubacteria that are hyperthermophiles. They grow best in a environment that is around 80 degrees Celsius (176 degrees Fahrenheit).10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 6. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 8. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 9. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. 10. ^ Munn, C.B. Marine Microbiology: Ecology and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004. Advanced Text, p78. http://books.google.com/books?id=1_S4cJYT3DUC&pg=PA78 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). | |
4,187,000,000 YBN 12 13 | 180) The Archaea Phylum: Crenarchaeota evolves (the ancestor of Sulfolobus).7 8 The Crenarchaea include many organisms that are extremely thermophilic {tR-mu-FiL-iK9 } (heat-loving) and cryophilic {KrI-e-FiL-iK10 } (cold-loving).11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 9. ^ "thermophilic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 Jun. 2013. 10. ^ "cryophilic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cryophilic 11. ^ "Crenarchaeota". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenarchaeota 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). | |
4,187,000,000 YBN 24 25 | 181) The Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu14 } evolves (the ancestor of methanogens and halobacteria {HaL-O-BaK-TER-E-u15 }).16 17 The earliest cell response to light.18 The Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu19 } are composed of two classes: methanogens, which produce methane and are often found in intestines and sewage, and the halobacteria, which survive in high concentrations of salt.20 Some halobacteria use sensory rhodopsin {rO-DoP-SiN21 } (a pigment sensitive to red light22 ) for phototaxis (positive or negative movement along a light gradient or vector).23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44 5. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44 9. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44 13. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit 15. ^ "halobacteria." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 Jun. 2013. 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 17. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44 18. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit 20. ^ Margulis, L., and M.J. Chapman. Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. Elsevier Science, 2009, p60-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=9IWaqAOGyt4C&pg=PA60 21. ^ "rhodopsin." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 Jun. 2013. 22. ^ "rhodopsin." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/rhodopsin-1 23. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 24. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 25. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44 MORE INFO [1] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002), doi:10.1038/nrg929 http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html#to p | |
4,112,000,000 YBN 11 | 58) The first autotrophic cells; cells that can produce some of their own food.5 Autotrophs produce their own sugars, lipids, and amino acids.6 There are only two kinds of autotrophs: chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs.7 Chemoautotrophs use chemical nutrients to synthesize carbohydrates, while photoautotrophs use light to synthesize carbohydrates.8 9 This is a chemoautotrophic cell: genes and metabolic sequences suggest that chemoautotrophs evolve before photoautotrophs.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ "autotroph." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ "autotroph." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph 7. ^ "autotroph."Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph 8. ^ "autotroph." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph 9. ^ "chemosynthesis." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chemosynthesis 10. ^ Levin, S.A. et al. The Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton University Press, 2009, p361. http://books.google.com/books?id=4MS-vfT89QMC&pg=PA361 11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44 | |
4,100,000,000 YBN 18 | 49) Photosynthesis evolves.12 Anaerobic bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and an electron donor13 (also called a reductant) like Hydrogen sulfide into glucose, water, and sulfur.14 This process of moving carbon from carbon dioxide gas to the hydrocarbon molecule glucose is called carbon fixation.15 This is the ancestor of Photosystem I.16 This system of photosynthesis does not liberate oxygen.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ "reductant."Answers.com 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/reductant 3. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 4. ^ "carbon fixation>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "carbon fixation." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 14 Jul. 2012. 5. ^ Lockau, Wolfgang, Wolfgang Nitschke (1993). "Photosystem I and its Bacterial Counterparts". Physiologia Plantarum 88 (2): 372–381. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05512.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054 .1993.tb05512.x 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ "reductant."Answers.com 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/reductant 8. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 9. ^ "carbon fixation>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "carbon fixation." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 14 Jul. 2012. fixation>. 10. ^ Lockau, Wolfgang, Wolfgang Nitschke (1993). "Photosystem I and its Bacterial Counterparts". Physiologia Plantarum 88 (2): 372–381. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05512.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054 .1993.tb05512.x 11. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g6n805154602432w/?MUD=MP {Olson_ 2006.pdf} 12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 13. ^ "reductant."Answers.com 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/reductant 14. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 15. ^ "carbon fixation>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "carbon fixation." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 14 Jul. 2012. 16. ^ Lockau, Wolfgang, Wolfgang Nitschke (1993). "Photosystem I and its Bacterial Counterparts". Physiologia Plantarum 88 (2): 372–381. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05512.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054 .1993.tb05512.x 17. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g6n805154602432w/?MUD=MP {Olson_ 2006.pdf} 18. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g6n805154602432w/?MUD=MP {Olson_ 2006.pdf} MORE INFO [1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198 | |
4,000,000,000 YBN 18 | 43) Photosynthesis Photosystem II evolves. Cells with this system emit free Oxygen.12 Anaerobic13 14 bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and water into glucose, releasing oxygen gas in the process.15 16 This is the main system responsible for producing the Oxygen now in the air of Earth.17 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 2. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 3. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 4. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 5. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 6. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 7. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 8. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 9. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 10. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 11. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 12. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 13. ^ Seckbach, J. Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments. Springer London, Limited, 2007. Cellular Origin and Life in Extreme Habitats, p5-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=pHevPVcOVVYC&pg=PA5 14. ^ Carr, N.G., and B.A. Whitton. The Biology of Cyanobacteria. University of California Press, 1982. Botanical Monographs, V. 19, p221. http://books.google.com/books?id=zbX39nuSOMUC&pg=PA221 15. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 16. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 17. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 18. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. MORE INFO [1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198 | |
4,000,000,000 YBN 10 | 51) The end of the Hadean {HADEiN7 } and start of the Archean {oRKEiN8 } Eon.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 2. ^ "Archean." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaean 3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 4. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 5. ^ "Archean." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaean 6. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 7. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 8. ^ "Archean." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaean 9. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 10. ^ "Divisions of Geologic Time", 2010, USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf | |
3,950,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 | 37) (Filamentous) multicellularity evolves in prokaryotes. Photosynthetic bacteria grow in filaments. Cells stay fastened together after cell division.7 Multicellularity appears to have evolved independently multiple times in the history of life on Earth.8 9 With multicellularity comes the evolution of differentiation, cells with different functions.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 2. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 3. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 4. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 5. ^ Inaki Ruiz-Trillo, Gertraud Burger, Peter W.H. Holland, Nicole King, B. Franz Lang, Andrew J. Roger, Michael W. Gray, The origins of multicellularity: a multi-taxon genome initiative, Trends in Genetics, Volume 23, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 113-118, ISSN 0168-9525, DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.01.005. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 168952507000236) 6. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. “The Multiple Origins of Complex Multicellularity.” Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39.1 (2011): 217-239. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.1002 09 7. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 8. ^ Inaki Ruiz-Trillo, Gertraud Burger, Peter W.H. Holland, Nicole King, B. Franz Lang, Andrew J. Roger, Michael W. Gray, The origins of multicellularity: a multi-taxon genome initiative, Trends in Genetics, Volume 23, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 113-118, ISSN 0168-9525, DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.01.005. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 168952507000236) 9. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. “The Multiple Origins of Complex Multicellularity.” Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39.1 (2011): 217-239. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.1002 09 10. ^ Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007, p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225 11. ^ Ted Huntington. 12. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 13. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] Grosberg R. K., Strathmann R. R. 2007 The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition? Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38, 621–654. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 [2] Rokas A. 2008 The origins of multicellularity and the early history of the genetic toolkit for animal development. Ann. Rev. Genet. 42, 235–251. (doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091513) http://apps.webofknowledge.com/Inb oundService.do?UT=000261767000011&IsProductCode=Yes&mode=FullRecord&product=WOS& SID=1EHDdbNiNf4NO8nC299&smartRedirect=yes&SrcApp=CR&DestFail=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.we bofknowledge.com%3FDestApp%3DCEL%26DestParams%3D%253Faction%253Dretrieve%2526mod e%253DFullRecord%2526product%253DCEL%2526UT%253D000261767000011%2526customersID% 253DHighwire%26e%3DQZIAIzGgKoYbxc_i_WNamlaqQ0.s968BNEwQvqhM9p.770dFYju0AbJCFAAcj orA%26SrcApp%3DHighwire%26SrcAuth%3DHighwire&action=retrieve&Init=Yes&SrcAuth=Hi ghwire&customersID=Highwire&Func=Frame | |
3,950,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 | 316) Cell differentiation evolves in filamentous prokaryotes, creating organisms with different kinds of cells.4 One early cell differentiation is that only the cell at the tip of the filament can divide while the older cells below the tip do not divide.5 Multicellular organisms can die from aging, a series of cell differentiations that ultimately result in the inability for the multicellular body to continue functioning and to decay.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 3. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 4. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 5. ^ Alexandre Meinesz, "How life began: evolution's three geneses", 2008, p155. http://books.google.com/books?id=AL0fo20Tk3sC&pg=PA155 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 8. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238. http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238 9. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL. “Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995): 285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817. x/abstract MORE INFO [1] Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 | |
3,950,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 | 322) Nitrogen fixation evolves. Cells can make nitrogen compounds like ammonia from Nitrogen gas in the air.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation 2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 3. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation 4. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 5. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation 6. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 7. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation 8. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 9. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 10. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 11. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238. http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238 12. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL. “Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995): 285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817. x/abstract | West Africa9 |
3,900,000,000 YBN | 57) Aerobic cellular respiration evolves. The first aerobic (or "oxygenic") cell. These cells use oxygen to convert glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.5 Aerobic cellular respiration evolves as an alternative to fermentation by using oxygen to break down the product of glycolysis, pyruvate, into carbon dioxide and water, producing up to 38 ATP molecules in the process.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. | |
3,850,000,000 YBN 24 | 36) The oldest physical evidence for life: the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in grains of ancient apetite {aPeTIT16 } (which are calcium phosphate minerals).17 18 19 Life uses the lighter Carbon-12 isotope and so the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-13 is different from a nonliving source (such as calcium carbonate or limestone).20 21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf 2. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 3. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 4. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 5. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 6. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 7. ^ "apatite." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite 8. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 9. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 10. ^ "apatite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite 11. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 12. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 13. ^ "apatite." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite 14. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 15. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 16. ^ "apatite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite 17. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 18. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 19. ^ "apatite." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite 20. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 21. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 22. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 23. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 24. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf MORE INFO [1] "Banded iron formation." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/banded-iron-formation [2] Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf | Akilia Island, Western Greenland22 23 |
3,850,000,000 YBN 23 | 45) The oldest sediment, the Banded Iron Formation begins.17 Banded Iron Formation is sedimentary rock that spans from 3.8 to 1.8 billion years ago, made of iron-rich silicates (like silicon dioxide SiO2) with alternating layers of black colored ferrous (reduced) iron and red colored ferric (oxidized) iron.18 19 These alternating layers represent a seasonal cycle where the quantity of free oxygen in the ocean rises and falls, possibly linked to photosynthetic organisms.20 21 The atmosphere of Earth still has only small amounts of oxygen at this time. FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 2. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 3. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/books?id=R6b3skeNXrgC 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/12/1079.abstract 6. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865 -868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/33/11/865.abstract 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/books?id=R6b3skeNXrgC 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/12/1079.abstract 11. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865 -868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/33/11/865.abstract 12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 13. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/books?id=R6b3skeNXrgC 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 15. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/12/1079.abstract 16. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865 -868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/33/11/865.abstract 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 18. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/books?id=R6b3skeNXrgC 19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 20. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/12/1079.abstract 21. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865 -868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/33/11/865.abstract 22. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 23. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, {3850 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Roger Lewin, "Thread of Life", (New York: Smithsonian Books, 1982). p102 [2] http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html [3] "Banded iron formation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_iron_formation | Akilia Island, Western Greenland22 |
3,500,000,000 YBN 13 14 | 39) The oldest fossil evidence of life: stromatolites. Stromatolites made by photosynthetic bacteria are found in both Western Australia, and South Africa.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 2. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 3. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 4. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 5. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 6. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 7. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 8. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 9. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 10. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 11. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 12. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 13. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 14. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html | Warrawoona, Western Australia, and, Fig Tree Group, South Africa11 12 |
3,500,000,000 YBN 28 29 30 31 | 287) The oldest fossils of an organism, and the oldest prokaryote and bacteria fossils. The organism is similar to cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u19 }, and is found in the 3,500 million year old chert (sedimentary rock made of silica20 ) in Australia21 22 and South Africa.23 2.8 billion years will pass before the first animal evolves.24 25 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 2. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 3. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 4. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 7. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria 8. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 9. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 10. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 11. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 12. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria 13. ^ "chert." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chert 14. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 15. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 16. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 17. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 18. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 19. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria 20. ^ "chert." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chert 21. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 22. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 23. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 24. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 25. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 26. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 27. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 28. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 29. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 30. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 31. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html MORE INFO [1] BIO415 (Author? University?) Multicelluarity.pdf (t3: multicellularity of cyanobacteria) [2] t3: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm multicellularity. "Some cyanobacteria species exist in a truly, though primitive, multicellular form in which cellular differentiation occurs." | Warrawoona, northwestern Western Australia26 and Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa27 |
3,400,000,000 YBN 8 | 190) The earliest fossils of coccoid {KoKOED5 } (spherical) bacteria.6 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "coccoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coccoid 2. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 3. ^ "coccoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coccoid 4. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 5. ^ "coccoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coccoid 6. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 7. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 8. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) MORE INFO [1] maybe evidence: Nagy, B. and Nagy, L.A., 1969. Early Precambrian microstructures: possibly the oldest fossils on Earth?. Nature 223, pp. 1226-1229.? | Kromberg Formation, Swaziland System, South Africa7 |
3,260,000,000 YBN 7 | 71) The earliest fossil evidence of prokaryote reproduction by budding.4 Like binary division, budding is a form of asexual reproduction. However, with budding a new individual develops from a certain point of the parent organism. The new individual may separate to exist independently, or the buds may remain attached, forming colonies.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 2. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 3. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 4. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 5. ^ "budding." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83411/budding>. 6. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 7. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) | Swartkoppie, South Africa6 |
3,235,000,000 YBN 3 | 68) The earliest Archaea fossils.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Rasmussen, Birger. "Filamentous Microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit." Nature 405.6787 (2000): 676–679. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html 2. ^ Rasmussen, Birger. "Filamentous Microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit." Nature 405.6787 (2000): 676–679. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html 3. ^ Rasmussen, Birger. "Filamentous Microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit." Nature 405.6787 (2000): 676–679. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html | (Sulphur Springs Deposit) Pilbara Craton of Australia2 |
3,200,000,000 YBN 22 23 24 25 26 | 66) The earliest acritarch fossils (unicellular microfossils with uncertain affinity13 14 ). These acritarchs are also the earliest possible eukaryote fossils.15 16 Acritarchs appear to be phytoplankton {FITO-PlaNK-TeN17 } (freely floating microscopic algae18 19 ) that grow thick coverings during a resting stage in their life cycle. Some resemble the resting stage of modern marine algae known as dinoflagellates.20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch 2. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194. 3. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html 4. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 5. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch 6. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194. 7. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html 8. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 9. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch 10. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194. 11. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html 12. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 13. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch 14. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194. 15. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html 16. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 17. ^ "phytoplankton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/phytoplankton 18. ^ "phytoplankton." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 12 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/phytoplankton 19. ^ "phytoplankton." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 12 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/phytoplankton 20. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p257. 21. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010): 934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html 22. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010): 934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html {3.2 bybn} 23. ^ A. H. Knoll, E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic Organisms in Proterozoic Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470, Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological, Molecular and Cellular Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29, 2006), pp. 1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20209698 {1.8 bybn} 24. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/dinoflagfr.html {1.8 bybn} 25. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html {1900-1600 mybn} 26. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p257. {1.6 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Knoll, Andrew H., Walter, Malcolm, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 2003-02-01, Springer Netherlands, Vol33, Iss1, p75-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023992712071 [2] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 [3] Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A Molecular Time-Scale for Eukaryote Evolution Recalibrated with the Continuous Microfossil Record", Proceedings: Biological Sciences , Vol. 273, No. 1596 (Aug. 7, 2006), pp. 1867-1872 http://www.jstor.org/stable/25223537 [4] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Andrew H. Knoll, and Malcolm R. Walter. “Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems.” Nature 412.6842 (2001): 66-69. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6842/abs/412066a0.html | (Moodies Group) South Africa21 |
2,923,000,000 YBN 23 | 178) The Eubacteria Phylum Firmicutes (FiRmiKYUTEZ14 ) evolves (Gram positive bacteria: the cause of botulism, tetanus, and anthrax).15 16 17 Firmicutes is a phylum of nonphotosynthetic18 , mainly gram-positive bacteria. Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes are the two main groups of bacteria found in the intestine.19 Firmicutes includes rods and cocci {KoKSE20 } forms, and some form endospores.21 An endospore is a tough reduced dry form of a bacterium, triggered by a lack of nutrients, that protects the bacterium, and allows it to be revived after long periods of time.22 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=firmicutes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=firmicutes&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=firmicutes&submit=Submit 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 14. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=firmicutes&submit=Submit 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 17. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 18. ^ "bacteria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Sep. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48203/bacteria/39371/Classificat ion-by-morphology-biochemistry-and-other-features>. 19. ^ "Firmicutes" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary http://web.archive.org/web/20090616022448/http://www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three /000040400.htm 20. ^ "coccus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coccus 21. ^ "bacteria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Sep. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48203/bacteria/39371/Classificat ion-by-morphology-biochemistry-and-other-features>. 22. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J. Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480 23. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan [2] firmicutes only bacteria to make endospores http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicutes [4] http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/firmicutes.html | |
2,800,000,000 YBN 24 | 76) The Eubacteria Phylum Proteobacteria evolves (includes Rickettsia {the ancestor of all mitochondria}, gonorrhea, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli {esRriKEo KOlI16 } or E coli {E KOlI17 }).18 19 20 21 22 The proteobacteria are the largest group of bacteria by far in terms of number of described species.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 4. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 8. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 9. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. 10. ^ "E. coli." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/escherichia-coli 11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 14. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 15. ^ http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=71320 16. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. 17. ^ "E. coli." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/escherichia-coli 18. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 20. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 21. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 22. ^ http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=71320 23. ^ Sadava, D. et al. Life: The Science of Biology. W. H. Freeman, 2009, p550-551. 24. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] multicellularity. http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm multicellularity. Multicellularity.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria [2] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html [3] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation> [4] conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989) [5] prokaryote pili and archaea flagella related: http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cfm?meds=profile&profile=12 [6] Stackebrandt et al. Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the phylogenetic taxon that includes the "purple bacteria and their relatives". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1988, 38, 321–325. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/38/3/321.full.pdf | |
2,800,000,000 YBN 38 | 177) Gender and sex (conjugation) evolve in Escherichia Coli {esRriKEo KOlI29 } bacteria. Conjugation is the exchange of DNA (plasmids) by a donor {male} bacterium through a pilus to a recipient {female} bacterium.30 31 32 33 34 35 This may be the process that evolves into eukaryote sexual reproduction.36 In addition to pili and conjugation, proteins that can cut DNA and other proteins that can connect two strands of DNA evolve.37 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 2. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>. 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 6. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 7. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 8. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>. 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 12. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 13. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. 14. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 15. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>. 16. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 19. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 20. ^ prokaryote pili and archaea flagella related: http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cfm?meds=profile&profile=12 21. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. 22. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 23. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>. 24. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 26. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 27. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 28. ^ prokaryote pili and archaea flagella related: http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cfm?meds=profile&profile=12 29. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. 30. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 31. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>. 32. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 34. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 35. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 36. ^ Ted Huntington. 37. ^ prokaryote pili and archaea flagella related: http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cfm?meds=profile&profile=12 38. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN} | |
2,795,000,000 YBN | 23) The first virus evolves.7 These cells depend on the DNA duplicating and protein producing systems of other cells to reproduce themselves. The first viruses may be made from bacteria, or may be bacteria initially.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 2. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 3. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 4. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 5. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 6. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 7. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 8. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm | |
2,784,000,000 YBN 11 | 176) The Eubacteria Phylum, Planctomycetes {PlaNK-TO-mI-SETS7 } evolves (also known as Planctobacteria).8 Planctomycetes are a widely distributed group of eubacteria that reproduce by budding, have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan like most bacteria, and some have a membrane-bound nucleoid, similar to the eukaryotic nucleus.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planctomycetes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planctomycetes&submit=Submit 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planctomycetes&submit=Submit 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planctomycetes&submit=Submit 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 9. ^ Gerday, C., N. Glansdorff, and American Society for Microbiology. Physiology and Biochemistry of Extremophiles. ASM Press, 2007. American Society Mic Series, p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=T0_9nNv3kZoC&pg=PA410 10. ^ Fuerst, John A. “The Planctomycetes: Emerging Models for Microbial Ecology, Evolution and Cell Biology.” Microbiology 141.7 (1995): 1493 –1506. Print. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/141/7/1493.long 11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] s10 http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/6/1965 [2] http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/6/research/0031 [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetes [4] Lee, Kuo-Chang, Rick Webb, and John Fuerst. “The Cell Cycle of the Planctomycete Gemmata Obscuriglobus with Respect to Cell Compartmentalization.” BMC Cell Biology 10.1 (2009): 4. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2121/10/4/ | |
2,784,000,000 YBN 29 | 179) The Eubacteria Phylum, Actinobacteria {aKTinO-BaK-TER-Eu20 } evolves (the source of streptomycin and the cause of tuberculosis and leprosy21 ).22 23 24 25 26 The Actinobacteria are a group of Gram-positive bacteria, that are rod-shaped or form branching filaments,27 and include many soil bacteria28 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=actinobacteria&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 4. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria 5. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=actinobacteria&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 10. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria 11. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm 12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 13. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=actinobacteria&submit=Submit 14. ^ Schaechter, M. Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press, 2009. Academic Press, p1-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=vO0oU4z36DIC&pg=PA1 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 17. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria 18. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm 19. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 20. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=actinobacteria&submit=Submit 21. ^ Schaechter, M. Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press, 2009. Academic Press, p1-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=vO0oU4z36DIC&pg=PA1 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 23. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 24. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria 25. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm 26. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 27. ^ Lim, D.V. Microbiology. Kendall/Hunt, 2002, p391. http://books.google.com/books?id=CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA391 28. ^ Schaechter, M. Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press, 2009. Academic Press, p1-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=vO0oU4z36DIC&pg=PA1 29. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] "streptomyces." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/streptomyces | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 11 | 174) The Eubacteria Phylum, Spirochaetes (SPIrOKETEZ7 ) evolves (the cause of Syphilis, and Lyme disease).8 Spirochetes {SPIrOKETS9 } are helical heterotrophs that spiral through their environment by rotating, internal, flagellum-like filaments.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=spirochete&submit=Submit 10. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p569,571. 11. ^ estimated from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] "spirochete." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/spirochete | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 14 15 | 175) The Eubacteria Phylum Bacteroidetes {BaKTRrOEDiTEZ10 } evolves.11 12 Bacteroidetes is composed of Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, mostly anaerobic, nonsporeforming bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sea water, and in the guts and on the skin of animals.13 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bacteroidetes+&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 4. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bacteroidetes+&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bacteroidetes+&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bacteroidetes+&submit=Submit 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 13. ^ George M. Garrity, ed. (November 24, 2010) 1984(Williams & Wilkins). ^ (in English). The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 4 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 908. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6. British Library no. GBA561951. 14. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 11 | 217) The Eubacteria Phylum Chlamydiae {Klo-mi-DE-I or Klo-mi-DE-E7 } evolves.8 Chlamydiae are parasites that can survive only within animal cells. One species Chlamydia trachomatis (TreKOmuTis9 } is the most common cause of blindness on Earth, and also causes a common sexually transmitted disease.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlamydiae&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlamydiae&submit=Submit 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlamydiae&submit=Submit 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlamydiae&submit=Submit 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 9. ^ "Chlamydia trachomatis." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chlamydia-trachomatis 10. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p569. 11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobia | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 12 13 | 6309) The Eubacteria Phylum Chlorobi {KlOROBE} evolves (green sulphur bacteria).7 8 Chlorobi are obligately anoxygenic (cannot survive in the presence of oxygen), photosythesizing bacteria, that fix carbon from carbon dioxide into carbon compounds for cell growth, by using sulfur compounds, hydrogen, or ferrous iron as electron donors (oxidizing them).9 10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 9. ^ Margulis, L., and M.J. Chapman. Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. Elsevier Science, 2009. http://books.google.com/books?id=9IWaqAOGyt4C&pg=PA88 10. ^ Martin G. Klotz, D.A.B.T.E.H. The Microbial Sulfur Cycle. Frontiers E-books. http://books.google.com/books?id=TINC-SBb3P0C&pg=PA160 11. ^ Bryant, Donald A., and Niels-Ulrik Frigaard. “Prokaryotic Photosynthesis and Phototrophy Illuminated.” Trends in Microbiology 14.11 (2006): 488–496. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966842X06002265 12. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 10 | 6310) The Eubacteria Phylum Verrucomicrobia (VeR-rUKO-mI-KrO-BEo7 ) evolves.8 Verrucomicrobia are found in soil, fresh and marine waters, and hot springs. Like Planctomycetes, some members of Verrucomicrobia also have intracellular membrane enclosed compartments, including a membrane that encloses the DNA.9 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=verrucomicrobia&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=verrucomicrobia&submit=Submit 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=verrucomicrobia&submit=Submit 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=verrucomicrobia&submit=Submit 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 9. ^ Kuo-Chang Lee, Richard I Webb, Peter H Janssen, Parveen Sangwan, Tony Romeo, James T Staley and John A Fuerst, "Phylum Verrucomicrobia representatives share a compartmentalized cell plan with members of bacterial phylum Planctomycetes", BMC Microbiology, Volume 9, Number 1 (2009), 5, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-5. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/9/5 10. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobia | |
2,730,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 80) Endo and exocytosis evolve. Cells can now eat other cells. In endocytosis the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell.5 In Exocytosis substances contained in vesicles are released from the cell.6 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis 2. ^ "exocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/exocytosis 3. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis 4. ^ "exocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/exocytosis 5. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis 6. ^ "exocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/exocytosis 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess and } 8. ^ guess based on Cavalier-Smith stating that endocytosis occurs before a cytoskeleton {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess and} | |
2,700,000,000 YBN 30 | 60) The eukaryotic cell evolves. The first cell with a nucleus. The first protist. The nucleus may develop from the infolding of plasma membrane.21 There are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: In prokaryotic cells the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed called the "nucleoid" while in eukaryotic cells most of the DNA is contained in a nucleus that is bounded by a double membrane. Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells. Typical bacteria are between 1-5 um in diameter, while eukaryotic cells are typically 10-100 um in diameter.22 Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton enables eukaryotic cells to change their shape and to surround and engulf other cells. Eukaryotic cells also have internal structures that prokaryotic cells lack such as mitochondria and plastids.23 DNA in prokaryotic cells is usually in the form of a single circular chromosome, while DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotes contains linear chromosomes. Some organelles in eukaryotes also contain DNA; most mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is also circular reflecting their prokaryote origin.24 Like prokaryotes, this cell is probably haploid (has a single unique DNA), most eukaryotes are diploid (having two sets of DNA).25 26 27 28 All protist, fungi, animal and plant cells descend from this common eukaryotic cell.29 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 6. ^ Jill Saffrey, "Biology: uniformity & diversity. Core of life, Book 3, Volume 2", 2001, p353. http://books.google.com/books?id=43yiLI1DvwAC&pg=PA353 7. ^ Montgomery Slatkin, "Exploring evolutionary biology: readings from American scientist", 1995, p161. http://books.google.com/books?ei=AAVdT77TFMiiiQKB8a24Cw 8. ^ Andrew Wallace Hayes, "Principles and methods of toxicology", 2007, p1181. http://books.google.com/books?id=vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA1181 9. ^ N. A. Kolchanov, Hwa A. Lim, "Computer analysis of genetic macromolecules: structure, function, and evolution", 1994, p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=crip5tRcF0YC&pg=PA2 10. ^ "diploid", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry http://www.answers.com/topic/diploid 11. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 12. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 13. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 14. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 15. ^ Jill Saffrey, "Biology: uniformity & diversity. Core of life, Book 3, Volume 2", 2001, p353. http://books.google.com/books?id=43yiLI1DvwAC&pg=PA353 16. ^ Montgomery Slatkin, "Exploring evolutionary biology: readings from American scientist", 1995, p161. http://books.google.com/books?ei=AAVdT77TFMiiiQKB8a24Cw 17. ^ Andrew Wallace Hayes, "Principles and methods of toxicology", 2007, p1181. http://books.google.com/books?id=vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA1181 18. ^ N. A. Kolchanov, Hwa A. Lim, "Computer analysis of genetic macromolecules: structure, function, and evolution", 1994, p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=crip5tRcF0YC&pg=PA2 19. ^ "diploid", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry http://www.answers.com/topic/diploid 20. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 21. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 22. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 23. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 24. ^ Jill Saffrey, "Biology: uniformity & diversity. Core of life, Book 3, Volume 2", 2001, p353. http://books.google.com/books?id=43yiLI1DvwAC&pg=PA353 25. ^ Montgomery Slatkin, "Exploring evolutionary biology: readings from American scientist", 1995, p161. http://books.google.com/books?ei=AAVdT77TFMiiiQKB8a24Cw 26. ^ Andrew Wallace Hayes, "Principles and methods of toxicology", 2007, p1181. http://books.google.com/books?id=vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA1181 27. ^ N. A. Kolchanov, Hwa A. Lim, "Computer analysis of genetic macromolecules: structure, function, and evolution", 1994, p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=crip5tRcF0YC&pg=PA2 28. ^ "diploid", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry http://www.answers.com/topic/diploid 29. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 30. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {split of archae and eukaryote at c4.0 bybn, but eukaryote {with nucleus?} at) 2.7 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p256 [2] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 [3] Alexey S. Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 28: 391-435 (Volume publication date November 1997) http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391; jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO | |
2,700,000,000 YBN | 62) The earliest molecular fossil evidence of eukaryotes (sterane {STiR AN13 molecules).14 15 Steranes are formed from sterols {STeRoLZ16 }, molecules made by mitochondria.17 18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 4. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 7. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 9. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 10. ^ "sterol." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterol 11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 12. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 13. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 15. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 16. ^ "sterol." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterol 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 18. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 20. ^ Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 1033-1036 , 13 August 1999 Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes Jochen J. Brocks, 1,2* Graham A. Logan, 2 Roger Buick, 1 Roger E. Summons 2 | Northwestern Australia19 20 |
2,700,000,000 YBN | 198) The endoplasmic reticulum evolves in a eukaryote cell. The endoplasmic reticulum (or ER) is a membrane system that extends from the nucleus, important in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum 2. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum 3. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum 4. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum | |
2,690,000,000 YBN 17 18 | 207) The cytoskeleton {SI-Te-SKeL-i-TN13 } forms in the eukaryote cytoplasm.14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleton 2. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 3. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 4. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 5. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleton 6. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 7. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 8. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 9. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleton 10. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 11. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 12. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 13. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleton 14. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 15. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 16. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess and } 18. ^ guess based on ER and golgi made of same material as cytoskeleton, and after first eukaryote cell {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess and} | |
2,690,000,000 YBN 11 | 208) The eukaryote flagellum and cilia evolve. The eukaryote flagellum and cilia are structurally the same5 but are very different from the prokaryote flagellum. The eukaryote flagellum is composed of a characteristic "9+2" arrangement of microtubules {mIKrO-TUB-YU-LZ6 } surrounded by a sheath which is an extension of the plasma membrane.7 Unlike the prokaryote flagella that rotate, the flagella and cilia of eukaryotic cells undulate in a wave-like motion to propel the cell.8 Some cilia are nonmotile and serve as signal-receiving "antennae" for the cell.9 The sperm cells of algae, animals, and some plants have flagella.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114. 2. ^ "microtubule." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2013. 3. ^ Dr. P.D. Sharma, "Microbiology & Plant Pathology", 2007, p86. http://books.google.com/books?id=ByDwOIWXp4MC&pg=PA86 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114. 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114. 6. ^ "microtubule." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2013. 7. ^ Sharma, P.D. Microbiology. Rastogi Publications, 2007, p86. http://books.google.com/books?id=7rfpzW7eMW4C&pg=PA86 8. ^ Dr. P.D. Sharma, "Microbiology & Plant Pathology", 2007, p86. http://books.google.com/books?id=ByDwOIWXp4MC&pg=PA86 9. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114. 10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114. 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -10mybn guess} | |
2,680,000,000 YBN 8 | 65) The circular chromosome in the eukaryote nucleus changes into linear chromosomes.5 Alternatively, the eukaryotic cell may descend from a prokaryote that already has linear DNA.6 Some extant prokaryotes have a linear chromosome.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Alexey S. Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 28: 391-435 (Volume publication date November 1997) http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391; jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +20mybn guess} MORE INFO [1] not all prokaryotes have circle of DNA: http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1. 391;jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO [2] Jumas-Bilak E, Maugard C, Michaux-Charachon S, Allardet-Servent A, Perrin A, et al. 1995. Study of the organization of the genomes of Escherichia coli, Brucella melitensis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens by insertion of a unique restriction site. Microbiology 141:2425-32 (Medline) [3] Lezhava A, Kameoka D, Sugino H, Goshi K, Shinkawa H, et al. 1997. Chromosomal deletions in Streptomyces griseus that remove the afsA locus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:478-83 [4] Marconi RT, Casjens S, Munderloh UG, Samuels DS. 1996. Analysis of linear plasmid dimers in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates: implications concerning the potential mechanisms of linear plasmid replication. J. Bact. 178:3357-61 | |
2,680,000,000 YBN | 216) Histones evolve. Histones are proteins found in all eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order a single continuous DNA molecule into structural units called nucleosomes {nUKlEuSOMZ3 }.4 The nucleosomes are coiled into a 30 nanometer fiber called a chromatin, and then looped again around a chromosome scaffold into a larger 300 nanometer fiber which forms one of the two chromatids in a chromosome.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "nucleosome." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleosome Read more: http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answer.jsp#ixzz2Ga2DeYfP 2. ^ Nelson, D.L., and M.M. Cox. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman, 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, p963. http://books.google.com/books?id=5Ek9J4p3NfkC 3. ^ "nucleosome." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleosome Read more: http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answer.jsp#ixzz2Ga2DeYfP 4. ^ Nelson, D.L., and M.M. Cox. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman, 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, p963. http://books.google.com/books?id=5Ek9J4p3NfkC 5. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series. | |
2,680,000,000 YBN 5 | 291) The eukaryote cell evolves two intermediate stages between cell division and DNA synthesis.3 In prokaryotes, DNA synthesis can take place uninterrupted between cell divisions, but eukaryotes duplicate their DNA exactly once during a discrete period between cell divisions.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p45 2. ^ "cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101396/cell>. 3. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p45 4. ^ "cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101396/cell>. 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -20mybn guess} MORE INFO [1] Cooper GM (2000). "Chapter 14: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle". The cell: a molecular approach (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C: ASM Press. ISBN 0-87893-106-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9876/ [2] Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p228-245 | |
2,670,000,000 YBN | 199) The Eukaryote Golgi Apparatus evolves. The Golgi apparatus packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.4 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus>. 2. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus>. 3. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus>. 4. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus>. MORE INFO [1] "Endosome." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endosome | |
2,670,000,000 YBN 5 | 290) The nucleolus evolves. The nucleolus is a sphere in the nucleus that makes ribosomal RNA.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 3. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 5. ^ Ted Huntington guess MORE INFO [1] Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry Oxford University Press. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights reserved. http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleolus#ixzz2VAspF99U | |
2,660,000,000 YBN 16 | 72) Mitosis evolves in Eukaryote cells.11 12 Mitosis is the process in eukaryotic cell division in which the duplicated chromosomes are separated and the nucleus divides resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains an identical copy of the parental chromosomes. Mitosis is usually immediately followed by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm.13 14 Mitosis is thought to have evolved from prokaryote binary fission and possible intermediate stages can be seen in some protists.15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 2. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf} 3. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf} 5. ^ "mitosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis 6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p230-233. 7. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 8. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf} 9. ^ "mitosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis 10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p230-233. 11. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 12. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf} 13. ^ "mitosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis 14. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p230-233. 15. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p237. 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -40mybn guess} | |
2,640,000,000 YBN 48 | 73) Eukaryote sex evolves. This is the first diploid cell and the first zygote.29 30 Because of sex, two cells with different DNA can mix providing more genetic variety. Having two chromosome sets also provides a backup copy of important genes.31 32 Eukaryotic sexual reproduction, which is initially the fusion of two cells and their nuclei, may first occur in a single cell protist that usually reproduces asexually by mitosis.33 Two haploid eukaryote cells (gametes, cells with one set of chromosomes each) merge and then their nuclei merge to form the first diploid cell, a cell with two sets of chromosomes, the first zygote.34 "Syngamy" {SiNG-Gu-mE35 } refers to gamete fusion and "karyogamy" {KaR-E-oG-e-mE36 } to nucleus fusion. In most cases syngamy is immediately followed by karyogamy.37 This fusion of two haploid cells results in the first diploid single-celled organism, which may then immediately divide back to two haploid cells. Conjugation, the second major kind of sexual phenomenon, which occurs in the ciliates, involves the fusion of gametic nuclei instead of independent gamete cells.38 Initially sex may be the fusion of two indistinguishable cells (isogamy) with gender (anisogamy) only evolving later.39 Although possibly eukaryote cell fusion and gender is directly descended from prokaryote conjugation.40 All sexual species alternate between haploid and diploid. There are three main different types of sexual life cycles; haplontic, haplodiplontic, and diplontic.41 42 This begins the haplontic life cycle: in the entire life cycle the only diploid cell is the zygote and mitosis only occurs in the haploid phase43 .44 45 Most fungi and some protists including some algae are "haplontic"; they have a multicellular haploid stage and no multicellular diploid stage. Plants and some algae are "haplodiplontic"; they make both a multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid organism. Animals are "diplontic"; they make a diploid multicellular organism and no multicellular haploid organism.46 47 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 4. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 7. ^ Karen Arms, Pamela S. Camp, "Biology", Third Edition, 1987, p398. http://books.google.com/books?ei=fjtmT96tDqPQiAKP2qyiDw&id=ga_uAAAAMAAJ 8. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 11. ^ Glenn E. Croston, "Kaplan AP biology", 2000, p98. http://books.google.com/books?id=PWsKAQAAMAAJ 12. ^ Janette B. Benson, Marshall M. Haith, "Diseases and Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood", 2009, p203. 13. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. 14. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 15. ^ Rowoand, M.D. Bath Advanced Science - Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series, p503. http://books.google.com/books?id=j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA503 16. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 17. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 18. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 20. ^ Glenn E. Croston, "Kaplan AP biology", 2000, p98. http://books.google.com/books?id=PWsKAQAAMAAJ 21. ^ Janette B. Benson, Marshall M. Haith, "Diseases and Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood", 2009, p203. 22. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. 23. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 24. ^ Rowoand, M.D. Bath Advanced Science - Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series, p503. http://books.google.com/books?id=j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA503 25. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 26. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail", 2004, p626. 28. ^ Ted Huntington. 29. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 30. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 31. ^ Glenn E. Croston, "Kaplan AP biology", 2000, p98. http://books.google.com/books?id=PWsKAQAAMAAJ 32. ^ Janette B. Benson, Marshall M. Haith, "Diseases and Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood", 2009, p203. 33. ^ Charles W. Fox, Daphne J. Fairbair, "Evolutionary ecology: concepts and case studies", 2001, p155. http://books.google.com/books?id=_dCrIwP85vkC&pg=PA155 34. ^ Janet Louise Leonard, Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, "The evolution of primary sexual characters in animals", 2010, p15-16. 35. ^ "syngamy." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013. 36. ^ "karyogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/karyogamy 37. ^ Peter Calow, "The encyclopedia of ecology & environmental management", 1998, p680. http://books.google.com/books?id=8LxE9RFpgJcC&pg=PA680 38. ^ "protist." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480085/protist>. 39. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail", 2004, p626. 40. ^ Ted Huntington. 41. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. 42. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 43. ^ Rowoand, M.D. Bath Advanced Science - Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series, p503. http://books.google.com/books?id=j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA503 44. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 45. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 46. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. 47. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 48. ^ estimate based on diplomonads having sex repro, and origin of euk being (is now) {Nucleus 2700 -60mybn guess)(was 2710mybn} MORE INFO [1] J. William Schopf, "Major Events in the History of Life", (Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1992).p57 (was) | |
2,640,000,000 YBN 17 | 206) Meiosis evolves (one-step meiosis: a single cell division of a diploid cell into two haploid cells).12 13 Meiosis, which looks similar to mitosis14 , is the process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants.15 Without the reduction back to haploid, genomes would double in size with every generation.16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division 3. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html 4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p253. 6. ^ "meiosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis 7. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html 8. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division 9. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p253. 10. ^ "meiosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail", 2004, p627. 12. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html 13. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division 14. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p253. 15. ^ "meiosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail", 2004, p627. 17. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 | |
2,610,000,000 YBN 22 | 296) Gender in eukaryotes evolves.17 Anisogamy {aNISoGomE18 19 }, sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between two cells that are different in size or shape.20 21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 3. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisogamy&submit=Submit 5. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 6. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 7. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 8. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisogamy&submit=Submit 10. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 11. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 12. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 13. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisogamy&submit=Submit 15. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 16. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 17. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 18. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisogamy&submit=Submit 20. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 21. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -90mybn guess} | |
2,590,000,000 YBN 7 | 298) Oogamy {O-oG-omE5 }, a form of anisogamy, evolves in protists: sex between a flagellated gamete and an unflagellated gamete.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oogamy&submit=Submit 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oogamy&submit=Submit 4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oogamy&submit=Submit 6. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -110mybn guess} | |
2,580,000,000 YBN 5 | 300) Diploid cell fusion evolves (Gamontogamy).1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). p76,p79 2. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/clevelan.html 3. ^ arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.mi.17.100163.002105 diatoms do gamontogamy gamontogomy_diatoms_annurev.mi.17.100163.002105.pdf 4. ^ http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.28.1.391 annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391 (saved html file) 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -120mybn guess} | |
2,570,000,000 YBN 11 | 295) Two-step meiosis evolves (diploid DNA copies and then the cell divides twice into four haploid cells).6 Most protists divide by two-step meiosis, and one-step meiosis is rare.7 8 Many of the steps of meiosis closely resemble corresponding steps in mitosis. Meiosis, like mitosis, is preceded by the replication of chromosomes, but this single replication is followed not by one but two consecutive cell divisions which results in four child cells instead of the two child cells of mitosis.9 Mitosis produces child cells that are genetically identical to their parent cells and each other, while meiosis produces cells that differ genetically from their parent cell and from each other.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html 2. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html 3. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html 4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989) p71. 5. ^ Igor B. Raikov, Meiosis in protists: Recent advances and persisting problems, European Journal of Protistology, Volume 31, Issue 1, 15 March 1995, Pages 1-7, ISSN 0932-4739, 10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80349-4. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0932473911803494) 6. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html 7. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989) p71. 8. ^ Igor B. Raikov, Meiosis in protists: Recent advances and persisting problems, European Journal of Protistology, Volume 31, Issue 1, 15 March 1995, Pages 1-7, ISSN 0932-4739, 10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80349-4. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0932473911803494) 9. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p253-257. 10. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p253-257. 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -130mybn guess} | |
2,558,000,000 YBN 5 | 171) The Eubacteria phylum "Deinococcus-Thermus" evolves (includes Thermus Aquaticus {used in PCR}, and Deinococcus radiodurans {which can survive long exposure to radiation}).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) | |
2,558,000,000 YBN 17 18 | 172) The Eubacteria phylum, Cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u11 } evolves. Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes with oxygen-producing photosynthesis,12 and are the ancestor of all eukaryote plastids (for example chloroplasts).13 14 Fossil evidence suggests that cyanobacteria existed as early as 3.8 billion years before now, but the genetic evidence places the origin of cyanobacteria here at 2.5 billion years before now.15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 4. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 7. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria 8. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p569. 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 11. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria 12. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p569. 13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 15. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 17. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC533871/ {2558 mybn} 18. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). {2558 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] Journal of Molecular Evolution Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York ISSN: 0022-2844 (Paper) 1432-1432 (Online) Issue: Volume 42, Number 2 Date: February 1996 Pages: 194 - 200 [4] Phylogenetic Relationships of Nonaxenic Filamentous Cyanobacterial Strains Based on 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis jme_42_2_1996.pdf [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria [6] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 | |
2,558,000,000 YBN 6 | 315) The Eubacteria Phylum Chloroflexi evolves; (Green Non-Sulphur bacteria).4 The Chloroflexi are filamentous bacteria that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ Bryant, Donald A., and Niels-Ulrik Frigaard. “Prokaryotic Photosynthesis and Phototrophy Illuminated.” Trends in Microbiology 14.11 (2006): 488–496. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966842X06002265 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [2] Tree of Life http://tolweb.org/tree/ | |
2,500,000,000 YBN | 52) The end of the Archean and start of the Proterozoic {PrOTReZOiK or ProTReZOiK11 12 } Eon.13 The Proterozoic spans from 2,500 to 542 million years ago, and represents 42% of Earth's history.14 15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Proterozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/proterozoic 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=proterozoic&submit=Submit 3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 4. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th Edition, 2006, p243. 6. ^ "Proterozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/proterozoic 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=proterozoic&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 9. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 10. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th Edition, 2006, p243. 11. ^ "Proterozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/proterozoic 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=proterozoic&submit=Submit 13. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 14. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 15. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th Edition, 2006, p243. | |
2,500,000,000 YBN | 56) Banded Iron Formation starts to appear in many places.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ greenspirit.uk | |
2,480,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 170) Bacteria live on land.13 14 15 Chemoauthotrophs oxidize sulfur or nitrogen to form sulfate or nitrate, and therefore sulfuric or nitric acid, which then dissolves rocks.16 17 18 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511 2. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 3. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 4. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511 5. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 6. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 7. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511 8. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 9. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 10. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511 11. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 12. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 13. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511 14. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 15. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 16. ^ Konhauser, K.O. Introduction to Geomicrobiology. Wiley, 2009, p. 231. http://books.google.com/books?id=ndGmm920Va8C&pg=PA231 17. ^ Lengeler, J., G. Drews, and H. Schlegel. Biology of the Prokaryotes. Wiley, 2009, p. 251. http://books.google.com/books?id=vXbJa4X5oHsC&pg=PA251 18. ^ Schaechter, M. Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Elsevier Science, 2009, p265. http://books.google.com/books?id=rLhdW5YzuO4C&pg=RA2-PA265 19. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511 20. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 21. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 22. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). (2600-2700my) 23. ^ University of Tennessee at Knoxville. "Bacteria's move from sea to land may have occurred much later than thought." ScienceDaily, 22 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111222195017.htm 24. ^ Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Kirill Borziak, Gurusahai Khalsa-Moyers, Gladys Alexandre, Leonid O. Sukharnikov, Kristin Wuichet, Gregory B. Hurst, W. Hayes McDonald, Jon S. Robertson, Valérie Barbe, Alexandra Calteau, Zoé Rouy, Sophie Mangenot, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Philippe Normand, Mickaël Boyer, Patricia Siguier, Yves Dessaux, Claudine Elmerich, Guy Condemine, Ganisan Krishnen, Ivan Kennedy, Andrew H. Paterson, Victor González, Patrick Mavingui, Igor B. Zhulin. Azospirillum Genomes Reveal Transition of Bacteria from Aquatic to Terrestrial Environments. PLoS Genetics, 2011; 7 (12): e1002430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002430 MORE INFO [1] "pyrite." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyrite | |
2,400,000,000 YBN | 59) Start of a 200 million year ice age.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). | |
2,300,000,000 YBN | 48) The oldest "Red Beds", iron oxide formed on land, begin here, and are also evidence of more free oxygen in the air of Earth.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html | |
2,000,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 | 63) A parasitic bacterium, closely related to Rickettsia prowazekii, an aerobic proteobacteria, is engulfed by an early eukaryote cell and over time a symbiotic relationship evolves within the eukaryote cell (an endosymbiosis) where the Rickettsia becomes the mitochondria. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, and are where cellular respiration occurs producing most of the ATP in a eukaryotic cell.7 In eukaryotes the mitochondria perform the Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation using oxygen to breakdown pyruvate from glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water, and provide up to 36 ATP molecules.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 4. ^ "mitochondrion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386130/mitochondrion>. 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p100. 6. ^ "mitochondrion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386130/mitochondrion>. 7. ^ "mitochondrion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386130/mitochondrion>. 8. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p162,166,176. 9. ^ B. Franz Lang, Michael W. Gray, and Gertraud Burger, "Mitochondrial Genome Evolution and the Origin of Eukaryotes", Annu. Rev. Genet., V33, p351-397, p385. 1999. {2 BYBN} 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {average of) 2230-1840 bybn} {earliest of) 2350-1640 bybn} {average of 1995my) 2350-1640 mybn} 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {1.8 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Michael W. Gray, et al, "Genome structure and gene content in protist mitochondrial DNAs", Nucl. Acids Res. (1998) 26(4): 865-878 doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/4/865.full | |
1,874,000,000 YBN 26 | 61) The earliest large filamentous fossil (Grypania).13 14 Grypania spiralis is about 10 cm long, and is thought to be either a green alga or a large cyanobacterium.15 16 If eukaryote, Grypania would be the earliest non-acritarch eukaryote fossil.17 18 19 Grypania may be like Acetabularia {aS-i-TaB-YU-lAR-Eu20 }, a large single-celled green algae.21 The Grypania fossils have no blade (analogous to a leaf) or holdfast structures,22 but stretching implies that Grypania was a sessile organism connected to a surface.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 2. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 3. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 4. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 5. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 6. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 7. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp. 620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf} 8. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 9. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 10. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 11. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 12. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp. 620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf} 13. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 14. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 15. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 16. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 17. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp. 620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf} 18. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 19. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 20. ^ "Acetabular." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. 21. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 22. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp. 620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf} 23. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 24. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 25. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 26. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Samuelsson, Joakim, Peter R Dawes, and Gonzalo Vidal. “Organic-walled Microfossils from the Proterozoic Thule Supergroup, Northwest Greenland.” Precambrian Research 96.1–2 (1999): 1–23. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301926898001235 [2] Jacques Dumais, Kyle Serikawa and Dina F Mandoli, "Acetabularia: A Unicellular Model for Understanding Subcellular Localization and Morphogenesis during Development", Journal of Plant Growth Regulation Volume 19, Number 3 (2000), 253-264, DOI: 10.1007/s003440000035 http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/dumais/Publications/JP GR2000.2.pdf | (Banded Iron Formation) Michigan, USA24 25 |
1,800,000,000 YBN | 46) The end of the Banded Iron Formation.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). | |
1,570,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 | 99) The first homeobox genes evolve. These genes regulate the building of major body parts in algae, plants, fungi and animals.13 14 15 16 For example, when a homeobox gene responsible for growing a mouse eye is added to the cell of a fruit-fly embryo that is destined to be a leg, an extra fruit fly eye is built on the leg.17 18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 9. ^ Thomas R. Bürglin, "Analysis of TALE superclass homeobox genes (MEIS, PBC, KNOX, Iroquois, TGIF) reveals a novel domain conserved between plants and animals", Nucl. Acids Res. (1997) 25(21): 4173-4180 doi:10.1093/nar/25.21.4173 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/21/4173.abstract 10. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775 -2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/12/2775.short 11. ^ Halder, G, P Callaerts, and WJ Gehring. “Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila.” Science 267.5205 (1995) : 1788 -1792. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;267/5205/1788 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p399. 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 15. ^ Thomas R. Bürglin, "Analysis of TALE superclass homeobox genes (MEIS, PBC, KNOX, Iroquois, TGIF) reveals a novel domain conserved between plants and animals", Nucl. Acids Res. (1997) 25(21): 4173-4180 doi:10.1093/nar/25.21.4173 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/21/4173.abstract 16. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775 -2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/12/2775.short 17. ^ Halder, G, P Callaerts, and WJ Gehring. “Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila.” Science 267.5205 (1995) : 1788 -1792. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;267/5205/1788 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p399. 19. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant Physiol 2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/140/4/1142.full 20. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775 -2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/12/2775.short {1982 mybn (at acrasid slime molds, before brown algae} 21. ^ Jongmin Nam, Claude W. dePamphilis, Hong Ma, and Masatoshi Nei, "Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family Controlling Flower Development in Plants", Mol Biol Evol (2003) 20(9): 1435-1447 first published online May 30, 2003 doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1435.abstract {1982 mybn (at acrasid slime molds, before brown algae} | |
1,570,000,000 YBN 13 14 | 197) The ancestor of all living eukaryotes divides into bikont and unikont descendants. Bikonts lead to all Chromalveolates, Excavates, Rhizaria, and Plants. Unikonts lead to all Amoebozoa, Animals and Fungi.10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X 2. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} 3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 4. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X 5. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 7. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X 8. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} 9. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 10. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X 11. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} 12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 13. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {problem with 1250 my bangia red algae fossils)1126 mybn} 14. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1570 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563 [2] J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563 Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao | |
1,520,000,000 YBN 18 19 20 21 22 | 202) The Protist Phylum Amoebozoa evolves (amoebas and slime molds);10 11 the first feeding using pseudopods (a temporary projection of the cytoplasm12 ).13 The Amoebozoa include amoebas, both naked and testate (partially enclosed by a "test" or shell14 ), and slime molds15 and are characterized by pseudopods.16 Slime molds will diverge into two main branches, plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515. 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515. 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515. 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ "pseudopod." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/pseudopod 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515. 14. ^ http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.u k/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html 15. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p594-596. 16. ^ "protozoan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Sep. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480488/protozoan/32619/Annotated -classification>. 17. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p594-596. 18. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1520 mybn} 19. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1400 my} 20. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1587mybn) 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400) {c1220} 22. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {c1090} MORE INFO [1] http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biologie/biani/msg/Amoeboids/Amoebozoa/Conosea.html | |
1,520,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9 10 | 203) Colonialism (where cells form a colony3 ) evolves for the first time in Eukaryotes. Many cells that form colonies are apparently identical but because each cell is exposed to a different environment, they transcribe different genes.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial 2. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial 3. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial 4. ^ Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007, p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn} 8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn} 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 10. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote separation) MORE INFO [1] http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht m [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html | |
1,500,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | 15) The first "plastids" evolve. Cyanobacteria form plastids through endosymbiosis within a eukaryotic cell. Like mitochondria, these organelles copy themselves and are not made by the cell DNA.6 Plastids provide the eukaryotic cell with food from photosynthesis and gain protection by living within the cell.7 This is a primary plastid endosymbiosis and so these plastids are surrounded by a double membrane.8 The inner wall of the plastid being that of the bacterium, the outer wall being that of the eukoaryote.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 7. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85 8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p551. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Ted Huntington. 12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 13. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {c1600 my} 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} 15. ^ Knoll A, Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p152. {no later than) 1200 my} 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} {needs to be at least as old as Euglenozoa since many have plastids)1956} {Euglenozoa)1956} MORE INFO [1] "Plastid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid [2] Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 | |
1,500,000,000 YBN 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 | 86) The first plant (ancestor of all green and red algae and land plants).32 33 34 35 36 This begins the plant kingdom. The first plant is probably unicellular, similar to the glaucophytes {GlxKoFITS37 }.38 39 40 41 42 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 4. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 9. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 14. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 19. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 20. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 21. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 23. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 24. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 25. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 26. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit 27. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 29. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 30. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 31. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 32. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 34. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 35. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 36. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 37. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit 38. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 39. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 40. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 41. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 42. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 43. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1500) 44. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {first plastid) 1300mybn} 45. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {first plastid) c1600} 46. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1550 mybn} 47. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1609 mybn) 48. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). {1580} http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 49. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {fossil Grypania) 1874my} MORE INFO [1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith and Ema E. -Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", Springer New York, (2003). file:///home/ted/ulsf/docs/cav-smith_apusozoa_fulltext.html | |
1,500,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 | 220) The Protists Opisthokonts evolve (the ancestor of all Fungi, Choanoflagellates and Animals).7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1380 mybn} 11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1400mybn} 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1600 mybn} 13. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {960 mybn} | |
1,400,000,000 YBN 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 | 209) The earliest extant plant: Glaucophyta {GlxKoFITu14 }.15 16 17 Glaucophytes are unicellular algae found in freshwater.18 Glaucophyta probably branched off the evolutionary tree before the divergence of red and green algae from one another.19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 13. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85 14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit 15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 17. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 18. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85 19. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400) 21. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 22. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1150 mybn} 23. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1290 mybn} 24. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1225 mybn} 25. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (c1500my) 26. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (1558my) MORE INFO [1] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P6064 | |
1,300,000,000 YBN 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 | 188) The Plant Phylum Chlorophyta {KlORoFiTu20 } evolves, Green Algae: (ancestor of Volvox, Sea lettuce, Spirogyra, and Stoneworts).21 22 23 24 25 The green algae are the most diverse group of algae on Earth today in terms of number of species (having at least 7000 species).26 The first land plants most likely evolve from green algae.27 28 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 4. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 5. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlorophyta&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 10. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 11. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlorophyta&submit=Submit 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 15. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 16. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 17. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 19. ^ Taylor, Taylor, Krings, "Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants", 2009, p133-134. 20. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlorophyta&submit=Submit 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 23. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 24. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 25. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html 26. ^ Taylor, Taylor, Krings, "Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants", 2009, p123. 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 28. ^ Taylor, Taylor, Krings, "Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants", 2009, p133-134. 29. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn) 30. ^ "algae." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14828/algae>. 31. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1150 mybn} 32. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450mybn} 33. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968mybn) 34. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1061?) 35. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b (1650-800mybn) 36. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html (1000my) 37. ^ Herman N, "Organic World One Billion Years Ago", Nauka, Leningrad, 1990. 38. ^ Knoll A, Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p150. | |
1,300,000,000 YBN 14 15 16 17 | 219) The plant Phylum Rhodophyta {rODOFITu10 } evolves (Red Algae).11 12 Rhodophyta are common and widespread, unicellular and multicellular algae (reaching up to 1 m {or 3 feet} in length), and are mostly free-living but some are parasitic or symbiotic.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodophyta&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodophyta&submit=Submit 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodophyta&submit=Submit 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodophyta&submit=Submit 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P9565 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn) 15. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450 mybn} 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1428mybn) 17. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. MORE INFO [1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html | |
1,300,000,000 YBN 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 | 323) The Protists Excavates evolve: the ancestor of the Parabasalids {PaRu-BAS-a-liDS17 }, and the Diplomonads {DiP-lO-mO-naDZ18 } {which includes Giardia {JE-oR-DE-u19 }).20 21 22 Most of these species have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria which are thought to be lost secondarily.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardia&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=parabasalid&submit=Submit 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplomonads&submit=Submit 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardia&submit=Submit 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=parabasalid&submit=Submit 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplomonads&submit=Submit 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardia&submit=Submit 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 17. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=parabasalid&submit=Submit 18. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplomonads&submit=Submit 19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardia&submit=Submit 20. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 22. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 23. ^ Jan Tachezy, "Hydrogenosomes and mitosomes: mitochondria of anaerobic eukaryotes", 2008 http://books.google.com/books?id=LsPkO1fMPvQC&pg=PA273 24. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 25. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {2000 my} 26. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {2291} {2291 my} 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600} {1600 my} 28. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). {2230} {2230 my} 29. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1594 my} 30. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {1030 mybn} MORE INFO [1] "Heterokonts". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokonts [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ | |
1,280,000,000 YBN 15 16 17 18 19 20 | 38) (Filamentous) multicellularity in Eukaryotes evolves.10 11 In this organism, unlike single cell eukaryotes, cells stay fastened together after cell division. Multicellularity seems to have arisen multiple times independently in eukaryotes: in fungi, animals, slime molds, and algae.12 13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 2. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf 3. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 4. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf 5. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 6. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf 7. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 8. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf 9. ^ Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007, p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225 10. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 11. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf 12. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. “The Multiple Origins of Complex Multicellularity.” Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39.1 (2011): 217-239. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.1002 09 13. ^ Inaki Ruiz-Trillo, Gertraud Burger, Peter W.H. Holland, Nicole King, B. Franz Lang, Andrew J. Roger, Michael W. Gray, The origins of multicellularity: a multi-taxon genome initiative, Trends in Genetics, Volume 23, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 113-118, ISSN 0168-9525, DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.01.005. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 168952507000236) 14. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 15. ^ Ted Huntington. 16. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn} 19. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn} 20. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2009, p517. MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my) [2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) [3] Ted huntington, Estimate based on origin of brown algae around 1,973,000,000 | (earlest red alga fossils:) (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada14 |
1,280,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 | 85) Differentiation in a multicellular eukaryote evolves. In addition to gamete (or spore) cells, there are somatic cells. Unlike gamete cells, somatic cells are asexual (non-fusing).2 All cells of an organism are somatic cells, except the sperm and egg cells, the cells from which they arise (gametocytes), and undifferentiated stem cells.3 Cell differentiation is how cells in a multicellular organism become specialized to perform specific functions in a variety of tissues and organs.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cell differentiation." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differentiation 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Somatic_cells 4. ^ "cell differentiation." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differentiation 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} 7. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} | |
1,280,000,000 YBN 1 2 3 | 210) Mitosis of diploid cells evolves. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -80mybn guess} | |
1,280,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 | 301) The haplodiplontic life cycle evolves in algae (mitosis occurs in both haploid and diploid life stages).4 This is also known as the "alternation of generations".5 Some algae and plants have a haplodiplontic life cycle; a life cycle where both diploid and haploid stages are multicellular. The multicellular haploid stage is called the gametophyte and the multicellular diploid stage is called the sporophyte.6 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 2. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 3. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 4. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 5. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 6. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p252. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 MORE INFO [1] Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 | |
1,274,000,000 YBN 15 16 | 187) A captured red alga, through endosymbiosis, becomes a plastid in the ancestor of all chromalveolates.11 12 13 This is a secondary plastid endosymbiosis, where an algae cell is captured instead of a cyanobacterium which results in a plastid with more than two membranes.14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.” Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175. Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.short 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.” Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175. Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.short 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.” Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175. Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.short 9. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.” Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175. Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.short 13. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 14. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 15. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {1274 mybn} 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1280mybn} | |
1,250,000,000 YBN 29 30 31 32 33 34 | 88) The Protists "Chromalveolates" {KrOM-aL-VEO-leTS22 } evolve (the ancestor of the Chromista {Cryptophytes, Haptophytes, and Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ23 }} and Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS24 }).25 26 27 28 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chromalveolates&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540. 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full 7. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1703.short 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chromalveolates&submit=Submit 9. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles 10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540. 13. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full 14. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1703.short 15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chromalveolates&submit=Submit 16. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles 17. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit 18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540. 20. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full 21. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1703.short 22. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chromalveolates&submit=Submit 23. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles 24. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit 25. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 26. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540. 27. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full 28. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1703.short 29. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {c1250 mybn} 30. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 31. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1665 mybn} 32. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1973mybn) 33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 34. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1600mybn} MORE INFO [1] "Brown alga". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_alga [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch | |
1,250,000,000 YBN 18 | 201) The earliest certain eukaryote fossils and earliest certain fossils of eukaryote filamentous multicellularity: a bangiophyte {BoNJEuFIT10 } red alga fossil.11 12 13 These are also the earliest fossils of a eukaryote that can reproduce sexually and that have differentiated cells (a basal holdfast).14 15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 2. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2 3. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150. 4. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 5. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2 6. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150. 7. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 8. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2 9. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150. 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bangiophyte&submit=Submit 11. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 12. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2 13. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150. 14. ^ Nicholas J. Butterfield, "Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/ Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes", Paleobiology, 26(3), 2000, pp. 386–404. http://www.algaebase.org/pdf/AC100CF316a8734043nPXq2B4E75/386.pdf 15. ^ http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1700 16. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 17. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2 18. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {1250 mybn} | (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada16 17 |
1,200,000,000 YBN 21 22 23 24 | 221) The first fungi. This begins the Fungi Kingdom.14 15 Like animals, fungi are heterotrophic (unable to build structural materials by photosynthesis) and so must feed on other living things.16 Fungi live on organic material and are therefore generally parasitic (live or feed on another organism to the detriment of the host organism17 ) or are saprophytic (live on dead or decaying organic matter18 ). Some types of fungi, however, form symbioses with plants.19 Fungi may reproduce sexually or asexually and like plants show alternations in their life cycle.20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf} 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 11. ^ "parasitic." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/parasitic 12. ^ "saprophytic." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. The Gale Group, Inc, 2005. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saprophytic-zoology 13. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 17. ^ "parasitic." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/parasitic 18. ^ "saprophytic." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. The Gale Group, Inc, 2005. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saprophytic-zoology 19. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 20. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 21. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1200 mybn} 22. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1368 mybn} 23. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1513mybn) {1513 mybn} 24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1200) {c1100} {c1100 mybn} | |
1,180,000,000 YBN 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 | 6280) The Protists Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS16 } (the ancestor of all Ciliates, Apicomplexans, and Dinoflagellates {DInOFlaJeleTS17 }).18 19 20 These three protist phyla all have an alveolar {aL-VE-e-lR21 } membrane system, made of flattened membrane-bound sacs called "alveoli" {aL-VE-e-lI22 }.23 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit 2. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110 .pdf} 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p538. 5. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit 7. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p538. 10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 11. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit 12. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p538. 15. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 16. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit 17. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate 18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p538. 20. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 21. ^ "alveolar." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/alveolar 22. ^ "alveolus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/alveolus 23. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 24. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1180 mybn} 25. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1480 my} 26. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} {1956 my} 27. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my} 28. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {1000 my} 29. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {c820 my} 30. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1628} | |
1,100,000,000 YBN 14 15 | 75) The oldest extant fungi phylum "Microsporidia" evolves.9 10 Microsporidia are obligate (survive only as11 ) intracellular parasites of eukaryotes;12 commonly infecting insects, crustaceans, and fishes.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "obligate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/obligate 8. ^ Murray Wittner, Louis M. Weiss, "The microsporidia and microsporidiosis", 1999, p2. http://books.google.com/books?ei=SqNvT_O5JKbTiAKf8PDuAg 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ "obligate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/obligate 12. ^ Murray Wittner, Louis M. Weiss, "The microsporidia and microsporidiosis", 1999, p2. http://books.google.com/books?ei=SqNvT_O5JKbTiAKf8PDuAg 13. ^ Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p427. {Fungi_Dictionary_Of_2008.pdf} 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (>1460mybn) 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1100mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=93911 [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full | |
1,100,000,000 YBN 18 19 20 21 22 | 313) The Protist Phylum "Dinoflagellata" evolves.13 14 15 Dinoflagellates {DI-nO-Fla-Je-leTS16 } are single-celled, aquatic organisms that have two dissimilar flagella. Most are microscopic and marine. An important link in the food chain, Dinoflagellates also "bloom" which can produce luminescence seen in the sea.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinoflagellates&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinoflagellates&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinoflagellates&submit=Submit 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinoflagellates&submit=Submit 17. ^ "dinoflagellate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 26 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate 18. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {Dinosterane molecular fossils)1100 my} 19. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {DNA)1040 mybn} 20. ^ A. H. Knoll, E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic Organisms in Proterozoic Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470, Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological, Molecular and Cellular Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29, 2006), pp. 1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20209698 {1.8 bybn} {Dinosterane molecular fossils)1100 my} 21. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {940 mybn} 22. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {430 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1973mybn) [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch (1600mybn) [3] Pratt, L. M., Summons, R. E. and Hieshima, G. B.: 1991, Sterane and Triterpane Biomarkers in the Precambrian Nonesuch Formation, North American Midcontinent Rift, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 911–916 [4] J.J. Brocks, R.E. Summons, 8.03 - Sedimentary Hydrocarbons, Biomarkers for Early Life, In: Editors-in-Chief: Heinrich D. Holland and Karl K. Turekian, Editor(s)-in-Chief, Treatise on Geochemistry, Pergamon, Oxford, 2003, Pages 63-115, ISBN 9780080437514, 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08127-5. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p ii/B0080437516081275) [5] Moldowan, J. Michael et al. “Chemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors.” Geology 24.2 (1996): 159 -162. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/24/2/159.abstract AND http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/24/2/159.full.pdf [6] Raven, Evert, Eichhorn, "Biology of Plants", (New York: Worth Publishers, 1992). p98-99 [7] "coenocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/coenocyte | |
1,080,000,000 YBN 27 28 29 30 31 | 87) The Excavates Discicristates {DiSKIKriSTATS}; the ancestor of protists which have mitochondria with discoidal (shaped like a disk18 ) cristae (the folded inner membrane of a mitochondrion19 ) (the ancestor of euglenids, leishmanias {lEsmaNEuZ20 }, trypanosomes {TriPaNiSOMZ21 }, and acrasid {oKrASiD22 } slime molds).23 24 25 26 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 4. ^ "leishmanias." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. 5. ^ "trypanosome." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=acrasiomycetes&submit=Submit 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 10. ^ Baldauf, "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes", Journal of Systematics and Evolution 46 (3): 263–273 (2008). http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/jse08060.pdf 11. ^ "leishmanias." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. 12. ^ "trypanosome." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. 13. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=acrasiomycetes&submit=Submit 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 17. ^ Baldauf, "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes", Journal of Systematics and Evolution 46 (3): 263–273 (2008). http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/jse08060.pdf 18. ^ "discoidal." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 24 May. 2013. 19. ^ "cristae." Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. 24 May. 2013. 20. ^ "leishmanias." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. 21. ^ "trypanosome." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. 22. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=acrasiomycetes&submit=Submit 23. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 25. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 26. ^ Baldauf, "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes", Journal of Systematics and Evolution 46 (3): 263–273 (2008). http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/jse08060.pdf 27. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 28. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn} 29. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn} 30. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 31. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote separation) MORE INFO [1] http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht m [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html | |
1,080,000,000 YBN 24 25 26 27 | 97) A eukaryote eye evolves; the first three-dimensional response to light.18 19 20 The earliest eye is a light sensitive area in a unicellular eukaryote that probably evolved from a plastid.21 22 Eukaryotes are the first organisms to evolve the ability to follow light direction in three dimensions in open water.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 2. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 3. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract 4. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 5. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 6. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract 7. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 8. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 9. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract 10. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 11. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract 12. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 13. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 14. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract 15. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 16. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract 17. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 18. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 19. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 20. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract 21. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 22. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract 23. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 24. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 25. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} 26. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} 27. ^ my own estimate based on where euglenozoa genetically appear to evolve {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Peter Hegemann, "Algal Sensory Photoreceptors", Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 59: 167 -189 (Volume publication date June 2008) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092847 %40recept.2009.1.issue-1 [2] Trevor D. Lamb, Detlev Arendt, and Shaun P. Collin, "The evolution of phototransduction and eyes", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B October 12, 2009 364:2791-2793; doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0106 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1 531/2791.full [3] Kreimer, G. (2009) The green algal eyespot apparatus: a primordial visual system and more? Current Genetics 55:19-43 doi:10.007/s00294-008-0224-8 PMID 19107486 http://www.springerlink.com/content/v54v124mxg52r091/ | |
1,050,000,000 YBN 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 | 169) The Protists Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ13 } (also called Heterokonts) evolve (ancestor of all brown algae, golden algae, diatoms, and oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu14 )).15 16 Almost all Stramenopiles have unique three-part hairs on the flagella at some stage in the life cycle.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit 3. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit 7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 9. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles 10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit 11. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 13. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles 14. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit 15. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 17. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 18. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {1050 mybn} 19. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1180 mybn} 20. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1480my} 21. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my} 22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} {1956my} {Alveolates and Plant split)1956my} 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my} {Chromalveolates)1600 my} 24. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {c775my} {c754my} 25. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {c1000my} 26. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {872 my} | |
1,000,000,000 YBN 11 | 324) The Protists Mesomycetozoea {me-ZO-mI-SE-TO-ZO-u7 } evolve (also called DRIPS).8 Mesomycetozoea are in the protist Phylum Choanozoa (which includes the Choanoflagellates {KO-e-nO-FlaJ-e-lATS9 }, thought to be the ancestor of sponges).10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomycetozoea&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomycetozoea&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomycetozoea&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomycetozoea&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1000 MYBN (end of Mesoproterozoic} MORE INFO [1] Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, et al. 2008 Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals. PLoS ONE 3(5): e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 [2] Leonel Mendoza, John W. Taylor, and Libero Ajello, "THE CLASS MESOMYCETOZOEA: A Heterogeneous Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal Boundary", Annual Review of Microbiology October 2002, Vol. 56: 315-344. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302. 160950 | |
985,000,000 YBN 23 24 25 | 309) The Protist Phylum Oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu17 } evolves (ancestor of the Oomycetes18 ; water molds).19 20 21 22 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full 5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 17. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit 18. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 19. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 21. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 22. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 23. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {985} 24. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Terms/coeno128.html#coeno128 [2] "Coenocyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenocyte [3] http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Protists.html#Water_Mol ds [4] http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16protists.htm | |
900,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 | 6281) The protists Rhizaria {rI-ZaR-E-u7 } evolve (ancestor of all Radiolaria, Foraminifera and Cercozoa).8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhizaria&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhizaria&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhizaria&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhizaria&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Medlin, L. , Kooistra, W. , Potter, D. , Saanders, G. and Wandersen, R. (1997): Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids , The origin of the algae and their plastids (D Bhattacharya, ed ) Plant systematics and evolution (Suppl ) http://epic.awi.de/2100/ AND http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf {900 my} 10. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_a=rhizaria&taxon_b=haptophyta&submit=Sea rch {900 my} 11. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} {754 my} 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my} MORE INFO [1] Moreira D, von der Heyden S, Bass D, López-García P, Chao E, Cavalier-Smith T (July 2007). "Global eukaryote phylogeny: Combined small- and large-subunit ribosomal DNA trees support monophyly of Rhizaria, Retaria and Excavata". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (1): 255–66. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055-7903(06)00433-7 [2] http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_a=rhizaria&taxon_b=alveolates&submit=Sea rch [3] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120 | |
850,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 20 | 224) The Fungi "Zygomycota" evolves (ancestor of bread molds, and pin molds).13 14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 6. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 10. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 14. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 15. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1250mybn) 18. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1107mybn) 19. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). (1107mybn) 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850m) | |
767,000,000 YBN 18 19 20 | 312) The Protist Phylum "Ciliophora" {SiL-E-oF-R-u11 } evolves (the "Ciliates") (ancestor of the paramecium).12 13 14 The Ciliophora are characterized by having numerous cilia which they use to move themselves15 .16 Most ciliates are unicellular.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 7. ^ "ciliophora." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013. 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 11. ^ "ciliophora." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013. 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 15. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135-145. 16. ^ "ciliate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ciliate 17. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135-145. 18. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {750 my} 19. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {767 my} 20. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {620 my} MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [3] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch | |
767,000,000 YBN 18 19 20 | 314) The Protist Phylum "Apicomplexa" {a-PE-KoM-PleK-Su13 } evolves (includes Malaria and Toxoplasmosis).14 15 16 Apicomplexans have a special cell organelle called the apical complex which helps to invade the host cell.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicomplexa&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicomplexa&submit=Submit 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicomplexa&submit=Submit 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicomplexa&submit=Submit 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 17. ^ Woo, P.T.K. Fish Diseases and Disorders: Volume 1: Protozoan and Metazoan Infections. CABI, 2006. CABI Publishing Series., p183. http://books.google.com/books?id=bm7HSCLcCbUC&pg=PA183 18. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {767 my} 19. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {620 my} 20. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {api+dino and ciliate split)1100 my} MORE INFO [1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html [2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) [3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135 | |
680,000,000 YBN 34 35 36 37 38 | 326) The Protists "Choanoflagellates" {KO-e-nO-FlaJ-e-lATS25 } evolve.26 27 28 29 30 31 Choanoflagellates are the closest relatives to the animals and may be direct ancestors of sponges.32 There are about 140 species of choanoflagellates. Some are free-swimming, propelling themselves with a flagellum. Others are attached by a stalk, sometimes with several together in a colony. Choanoflagellates use their flagellum to drive water into the funnel where food particles like bacteria are trapped and engulfed.33 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 12. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502. 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293 19. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 20. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 21. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502. 24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502. 25. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit 26. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 27. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293 28. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 29. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 30. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 31. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 32. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502. 33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502. 34. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 35. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) {900 MYBN} 36. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {900 MYBN} 37. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1020 mybn} 38. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) {1450 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003) [2] "Ichthyosporea". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://species.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosporea | |
670,000,000 YBN 20 21 22 | 286) Multicellularity evolves in a free moving Protist.15 16 This allows larger free moving organisms to evolve.17 This multicellularity is thought to be independently evolved, and not related to the earlier filamentous multicellularity of prokaryotes like cyanobacteria, and eukaryotes like algae.18 19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 13. ^ Shuhai Xiao, Yun Zhang, Andrew H. Knoll, "Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite", Nature 391, 553-558 (5 February 1998) http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n666 7/full/391553a0_fs.html 14. ^ Buss, L. W. The Evolution of Individuality (Princeton Univ. Press, NJ, 1987). 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 18. ^ Shuhai Xiao, Yun Zhang, Andrew H. Knoll, "Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite", Nature 391, 553-558 (5 February 1998) http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n666 7/full/391553a0_fs.html 19. ^ Buss, L. W. The Evolution of Individuality (Princeton Univ. Press, NJ, 1987). 20. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my) 22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) MORE INFO [1] Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007, p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225 [2] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191 | |
670,000,000 YBN | 297) The diplontic life cycle evolves; this organism is predominantly diploid, mitosis in the haploid phase does not occur.6 7 All animals are diplontic, and descend from this multicellular organism.8 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 2. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 3. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 4. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. 6. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 7. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 8. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. | |
660,000,000 YBN 56 57 58 59 60 | 81) The first animal and first metazoan, the sponge evolves. This begins the Animal Kingdom, and the Phylum Porifera; the sponges. There are only three major kinds of metazoans: sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians.35 36 37 The word "porifera" means "pore bearing" in Latin38 , and water continuously flows through the pores in sponges39 . Metazoans are multicellular and have differentiation (their cells perform different functions). Sponges have cells that form a body wall, cells that secrete the skeleton, contractile {KunTraKTL40 } cells, cells that digest food, and other kinds of cell types.41 42 43 44 All sponge cells are totipotent and so are capable of regrowing a new sponge.45 In sponges there is no distinction between germ line and soma.46 Some sponges can live for over 1000 years.47 Sponges have two layers, each a single cell thick. The outer surface is called the pinacoderm {PiN-o-KO-DRM48 } and is made of cells called pinacocytes {PiN-o-KO-SITS49 }. On the inner surface is the choanoderm {KOenO-DRM or KO-aNo-DRM50 } which is made of flagellated cells called choanocytes {KOenO-SITS51 or KO-aNo-SITS52 }. Between these two thin cellular sheets is the jellylike53 mesohyl {mASuHIL54 }, which may vary in thickness and plays vital roles in digestion, gamete production, secretion of skeleton, and transport of nutrients and waste products by special amoeboid cells.55 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 13. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191. 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 15. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 18. ^ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Porifera 19. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p335. 20. ^ "contractile." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Dec. 2012. 21. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 23. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 24. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191. 25. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 26. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinacoderm&submit=Submit 27. ^ "pinacocyte." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinacocyte 28. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoderm&submit=Submit 29. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanocyte&submit=Submit 30. ^ "choanocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/choanocyte 31. ^ Meglitsch, P.A., and F.R. Schram. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press, USA, 1991, p56. 32. ^ http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronunciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl 33. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p183. 34. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p101. 35. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 36. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 37. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 38. ^ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Porifera 39. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p335. 40. ^ "contractile." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Dec. 2012. 41. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 42. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 43. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 44. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191. 45. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 46. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-499. 47. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p101. 48. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinacoderm&submit=Submit 49. ^ "pinacocyte." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinacocyte 50. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoderm&submit=Submit 51. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanocyte&submit=Submit 52. ^ "choanocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/choanocyte 53. ^ Meglitsch, P.A., and F.R. Schram. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press, USA, 1991, p56. 54. ^ http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronunciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl 55. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p183. 56. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 57. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 58. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) {c800my} 59. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 60. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) MORE INFO [1] Müller, Werner E. G. “The Origin of Metazoan Complexity: Porifera as Integrated Animals.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 43.1 (2003): 3–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884834 | |
660,000,000 YBN 15 16 17 18 | 517) The male gonad (testis {TeSTiS10 } or testicle) evolves in a sponge.11 In sponges sperm are contained in spermatic cysts, which are choanocyte chambers transformed by the formation of sperm12 (spermatogenesis), but ova are distributed throughout the mesohyl {mASuHIL13 } (or middle layer).14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 3. ^ "testis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/testis 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 5. ^ "testis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/testis 6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 7. ^ "spermatogenesis." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Dec. 2012. 8. ^ http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronunciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl 9. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 10. ^ "testis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/testis 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 12. ^ "spermatogenesis." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Dec. 2012. 13. ^ http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronunciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl 14. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 15. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) {based on evolution of sponge) c850my} 17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 18. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) MORE INFO [1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan [2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p18-19 [3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17 | |
650,000,000 YBN | 41) The start of the 60 million year (Varanger) Ice Age (650-590 mybn).3 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll 2. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll 3. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll | |
650,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 | 69) Cells that group as tissues that are arranged in layers evolve in metazoans.7 Unlike the Porifera, in the Placozoa and all later metazoans, cells group as tissues.8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p494. 7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 8. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p494. 10. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 11. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (Ctenophores are first metazoans with tissues} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1 | |
650,000,000 YBN 20 21 | 79) The Metazoan Phylum "Placozoa" evolves.12 13 Placozoans look like amoebas but are multicellular.14 The only known species is Trichoplax adhaerens {TriKOPlaKS15 aDHEReNZ}. Trichoplax lives in the sea and feeds on single celled organisms, mostly algae. There are only 4 cell types in Trichoplax compared to the more than 200 cell types in humans. Trichoplax has two main cell layers, like a cnidarian or ctenophore. Between these two layers are a few contractile cells that are similar to muscle cells16 , however placozoans have no muscle or nerve cells17 18 . Trichoplax has the lowest content of DNA of any metazoan, about two-thirds that in sponges, and only 10 times that of bacteria.19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ based on "Trichomonas." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/trichomonas 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p494. 10. ^ Grell, K.G., Gruner, H.E., Kilian, E.F., 1980. Einfu¨hrung. In: Graner, H.E. (Ed.), Lehrbuch der speziellen Zoologie, Vol. 1: Wirbellose Tiere: I. Einfu¨hrung Protozoa, Placozoa, Porifera. Fischer, Stuttgart. 11. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ based on "Trichomonas." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/trichomonas 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p494. 17. ^ Grell, K.G., Gruner, H.E., Kilian, E.F., 1980. Einfu¨hrung. In: Graner, H.E. (Ed.), Lehrbuch der speziellen Zoologie, Vol. 1: Wirbellose Tiere: I. Einfu¨hrung Protozoa, Placozoa, Porifera. Fischer, Stuttgart. 18. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 19. ^ Meglitsch, P.A., and F.R. Schram. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press, USA, 1991, p53. 20. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {780 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Srivastava, Mansi et al. “The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans.” Nature 454.7207 (2008) : 955-960. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7207/abs/nature07191.html [2] Dellaporta, Stephen L. et al. “Mitochondrial genome of Trichoplax adhaerens supports Placozoa as the basal lower metazoan phylum.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.23 (2006) : 8751 -8756. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/23/8751.full | |
650,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 | 223) The Fungi "Chytridiomycota" {KI-TriDEO-mI-KO-Tu) evolves (includes all Chytridiomycetes {KI-TriDEO-mI-SE-TEZ}12 )).13 14 15 The chytrids are primitive fungi and are mostly saprobic (feed on dead species, decomposing chitin and keratin). Many chytrids are aquatic (mostly found in freshwater)16 and some species are unicellular.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "Chytridiomycetes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomycetes-1 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?path=0,5597 &selected_taxon=5597 7. ^ "Chytridiomycetes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomycetes-1 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?path=0,5597 &selected_taxon=5597 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 12. ^ "Chytridiomycetes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomycetes-1 13. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?path=0,5597 &selected_taxon=5597 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 17. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 18. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 19. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 20. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1460mybn) 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=71577&tree=0.1 [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycota [3] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chytridiomycetes&submit=Submit [4] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142 | Northern Russia18 |
640,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 22 23 | 83) The first nerve cell (neuron), and nervous system evolves in the ancestor of the Ctenophores and Cnidarians.14 15 This leads to the first ganglion and brain.16 This is the earliest touch and sound detection, and memory.17 As time continues in the evolution of the metazoans, the number of neurons increases while the size of neurons decreases, showing that more neurons and smaller neurons, similar to transistors in a computer, give an organism more memory and as a result a selective advantage in survival.18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2,30. 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 10. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2,30. 11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 12. ^ Ted Huntington. 13. ^ Ted Huntington. 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 15. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2,30. 16. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 17. ^ Ted Huntington. 18. ^ Ted Huntington. 19. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 20. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn} 21. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6): 856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999. pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN} 22. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} 23. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {574mybn} MORE INFO [1] Ghysen, A. (2003). The origin and evolution of the nervous system. The International journal of developmental biology , 47 (7-8), 555-562. http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14756331 [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn) | |
640,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 | 96) Muscle cells evolve in the ancestor of the Ctenophores and Cnidarians.7 Both the earliest known muscle and nerve cells are found in Ctenophores and Cnidarians.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 2. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 3. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 4. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 5. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 6. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 7. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 8. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 10. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn} 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN} 12. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6): 856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999. pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} | |
640,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 | 225) A closeable mouth evolves for the first time, in the ancestor of all ctenophores and cnidarians.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a closable mouth} 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a closable mouth} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1 | |
640,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 14 15 | 414) The female gonad (the first ovary) evolves in the ancestor of Ctenophores and Cnidarians.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 2. ^ http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 4. ^ http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 6. ^ http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 8. ^ http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 9. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 10. ^ http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 11. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 12. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 13. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my) {based on evolution of cnidaria) 580my} 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my) 15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my) MORE INFO [1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan [2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p18-19 [3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17 [4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) [5] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) [6] Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) | |
640,000,000 YBN 26 27 | 523) The animal Phylum Ctenophora {Ti-noF-R-u12 } evolves (comb jellies).13 Like the Cnidarians, the Ctenophores are diploblastic; they have two embryonic germ layers- the ectoderm {EKTeDRM14 } and the endoderm {eNDeDRM15 } which become the adult epidermis and gastrodermis, respectively. The middle mesenchyme {meSeNKIM16 }, a watery gelatinous fluid, never produces the complex organs seen in triploblastic Metazoa.17 The main body cavity of the ctenophores is also the digestive chamber, and they have a simple nerve net.18 Unlike cnidarians, ctenophores lack stinging cells, there is no alternation of generations in the life cycle, and ctenophores are never colonial.19 20 21 On the surface of the body are eight equally spaced comb plates, called ctenes {TENZ22 }. Each ctene is composed of a band of cilia. The ctenes provide most of the movement for the ctenophores.23 Ctenophores are hermaphroditic. Ovaries and testies differentiate from the endoderm. The gametes are released through temporary gonopores {GoN-o-PORZ24 }, and fertilization is external.25 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ctenophore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 3. ^ "ctenophore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 5. ^ "ctenophora." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 7. ^ "ectoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ectoderm 8. ^ "endoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoderm 9. ^ "mesenchyme." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Dec. 2012. 10. ^ {ULSF: Note that this info is taken from cnidaria, but is the same for ctenophora} Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p225,274. 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 12. ^ "ctenophora." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 14. ^ "ectoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ectoderm 15. ^ "endoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoderm 16. ^ "mesenchyme." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Dec. 2012. 17. ^ {ULSF: Note that this info is taken from cnidaria, but is the same for ctenophora} Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p225,274. 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 19. ^ http://www.imas.utas.edu.au/zooplankton/image-key/ctenophora 20. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p269-270. 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 22. ^ Henderson, I.F., and W.D. Henderson 1920A Dictionary of Scientific Terms, Pronunciation, Derivation, and Definition of Terms in Biology, Botony, Zoology, Anatomy, Cyctology, Embroyology, Physiology. Van Nostrand. http://books.google.com/books?id=ky0wAAAAYAAJ. http://books.google.com/books?id =ky0wAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=ctene+pronounced 23. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p274-275. 24. ^ "gonopore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013. 25. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p47. 26. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) | |
635,000,000 YBN 4 | 6413) The start of the Ediacaran Period.2 A large increase in the evolutionary turnover rate of acritarchs is thought to be the result of the evolution of the nervous system and gut in the eumetazoa (all ctenophora, cnidaria, and bilateria).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short 2. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short | |
630,000,000 YBN 56 57 58 59 | 82) The Animal Phylum Cnidaria {NIDAREeo} evolves (the ancestor of sea anemones, sea pens, corals, and jellyfish).33 34 35 36 Cnidaria also evolve the earliest animal eye.37 38 Cnidaria are primarily radially symmetrical animals with tentacles, have a single body cavity with only one opening to take in food and to release wastes, and have specialized stinging cells.39 Cnidarians have two alternate body plans, the polyp and the medusa {miDUSe40 }. A sea anemone or Hydra is a typical polyp: fixed to the ground with mouth on top.41 Corals are colonial marine polyps that secrete calcareous {KaL-KAR-E-uS42 } (calcium carbonate43 ) skeletons44 which they live inside of45 . The medusa form is upside down compared to the polyp form46 , and is free swimming. A jellyfish has a typical medusa form, swimming through the open sea. Many cnidarians have both polyp and medusa forms in a single life cycle.47 Polyps often reproduce by budding; a new baby polyp clone grows on the side of the parent.48 When cnidaria reproduce sexually, sperm are released into the water and fertilization is usually external.49 Digestion in Cnidarians starts in the gastrovascular cavity, but once the food is reduced to particles small enough to enter the digestive cells of the gastrodermis, digestion is completed inside the cell (intracellularly).50 Cnidarians have a nervous system which is a network without a centralized structure51 52 . They also have muscles which are contracted to propel them.53 Cnidarians see in black or white, because their eyes have only one pigment; for color vision the eye must have more than one pigment.54 55 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 6. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 10. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 12. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 13. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 16. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 17. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 18. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 21. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 22. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 23. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 24. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 25. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p31. 26. ^ "medusa." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/medusa 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 29. ^ "coral." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coral 30. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p338. 31. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p338. 32. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 33. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 34. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 35. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 36. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 37. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 38. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 39. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p31. 40. ^ "medusa." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/medusa 41. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 42. ^ "calcareous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 24 May. 2013. 43. ^ "calcareous." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/calcareous 44. ^ "coral." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coral 45. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p338. 46. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p338. 47. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 48. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 49. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 50. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p42. 51. ^ Bullock, T.H., O. Breidbach, and W. Kutsch. The Nervous Systems of Invertebrates: An Evolutionary and Comparative Approach. Birkhäuser Basel, 1994. Experientia: Supplementum. http://books.google.com/books?id=dW5e6FHOH-4C&pg=PA9 52. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 53. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 54. ^ "Biology: Colour-blind", Nature 463, 1003 (25 February 2010) 55. ^ Megan O'Connor,Anders Garm,Justin N. Marshall,Nathan S. Hart,Peter Ekström,Charlotta Skogh, and Dan-Eric Nilsson, "Visual pigment in the lens eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie", Proc. R. Soc. B June 22, 2010 277 (1689) 1843-1848; published ahead of print February 10, 2010, doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2248 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/277/1689/1843 56. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 57. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my) 58. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my) 59. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my) MORE INFO [1] Collins, A.G. (2002). "Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the Evolution of Cnidarian Life Cycles" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15 (3): 418–432. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x. http://cima.uprm.edu/~n_schizas/CMOB_8676 /Collins2002.pdf [2] Philippe, H. (April 2009). "Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships". Current Biology 19: 706–712. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID 19345102. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209008057 [3] doi:10.1038/4631003b; Published online 24 February 2010 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7284/full/4631003b.html | |
600,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 | 91) The start of the Ediacaran {EDEoKRiN10 } soft-bodied invertebrate fossils.11 The sudden appearance of Ediacaran fossils may relate to the accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere and sea, which may permit an oxidative metabolism.12 Because the Ediacaran animals are soft-bodied, they are infrequently preserved.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran 2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 3. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran 4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 6. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran 7. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 8. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 9. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 10. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran 11. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 12. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 13. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 14. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93: 4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/content/93/10/4990.full.pdf 15. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 16. ^ Meert, J. G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.; Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A. (2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research 19 (4): 867–880. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1342937X10002005 17. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93: 4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/content/93/10/4990.full.pdf 18. ^ Ben Waggoner, "The Ediacaran Biotas in Space and Time", Integrative and Comparative Biology , Vol. 43, No. 1 (Feb., 2003), pp. 104-113. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884845 {Waggoner_200302xx.pdf} 19. ^ H. J. Hofmann, G. M. Narbonne and J. D. Aitken, "Ediacaran remains from intertillite beds in northwestern Canada", Geology, December, 1990, v. 18, p. 1199-1202. http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/18/12/1199.abstract {Hofmann_Edi acaran_Fossils_1990.pdf} 20. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short 21. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short 22. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. {630 mybn} 23. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). {575 mybn} 24. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {670 mybn} 25. ^ Meert, J. G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.; Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A. (2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research 19 (4): 867–880. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1342937X10002005 MORE INFO [1] Ivantsov, A. Yu (2004). "New Proarticulata from the Vendian of the Arkhangel'sk Region" (PDF). Paleontological Journal 38 (3): 247–253 [2] Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.short | Sonora, Mexico14 |Adelaide, Australia15 | Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhsta16 |
600,000,000 YBN 44 45 46 | 107) The Animals Bilaterians evolve (metazoans with two sided symmetry).33 34 35 This is the first triploblastic animal; an animal with a third embryonic layer, the mesoderm {meZuDRM36 }.37 This is also the earliest animal brain.38 In most bilaterians food enters in one end (the mouth) and waste exits at the opposite end (the anus). There is an advantage for sense organs like light, sound, touch, smell, and taste detection to be located on the head near the mouth to help with getting food.39 Unlike the diploblastic Cnidaria and Ctenophora, bilaterians are triploblastic.40 41 A third embryonic layer, the mesoderm, lies between the ectoderm and endoderm. This layer increases the options for the development of organs with specific functions.42 This begins the Animal Subkingdom "Bilateria".43 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 6. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 9. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 13. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 14. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 18. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 20. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 21. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396. 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 24. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 25. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 26. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 27. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 29. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396. 30. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 31. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 32. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 34. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 35. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 36. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 37. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 38. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 39. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396. 40. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 41. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 42. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 43. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 44. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 45. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 46. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) | |
600,000,000 YBN 21 22 23 | 403) The earliest extant bilaterian: Acoelomorpha (the ancestor of acoela flat worms and nemertodermatida).15 16 17 The Acoelomorpha lack a digestive track, anus and coelom.18 19 Flatworms have no lungs or gills and breathe through their skin. Flatworms also have no circulating blood and so their branched gut presumably transports nutrients to all parts of the body.20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ "Acoelomorpha". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoelomorpha 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ "Acoelomorpha". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoelomorpha 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 19. ^ "Acoelomorpha". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoelomorpha 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 21. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 23. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396 | |
600,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 459) An intestine evolves in a bilaterian. Since the gut of this organism has no anus, undigested food must be regurgitated through the mouth. The intestine is lined with a single layer of endodermal cells that perform some or all of the processes of digestion and absorption.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) | |
600,000,000 YBN 12 13 14 | 532) A cylindrical gut, anus, and through-put of food evolves in a bilaterian.9 All bilaterally symmetrical metazoans except the Phyla Acoelomorpha10 and Platyhelminthes, have a tubular gut with an anus, mouth, and through-put of food. The Phyla Nemertea and Entoprocta are the earliest bilaterians with an anus.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 8. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 9. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 12. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {630my (first bilateral species-acoelomates} 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) {575 (first bilateral species-acoelomates)(fossil record is older} | |
600,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 593) The genital pore, vagina, and uterus evolve in a bilaterian.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) | |
600,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 660) The penis evolves in a bilaterian.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 2. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 3. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 4. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 5. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {based on some Platyhelminthes have a penis) 630my} 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) MORE INFO [1] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001 | |
590,000,000 YBN | 70) The end of the Varanger Ice Age (650-590 mybn).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll 2. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll 3. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll | |
590,000,000 YBN 11 12 | 95) The coelom (SEleM) evolves in a bilaterian.7 The coelem is a fluid filled cavity that forms within the mesoderm and exists between the gut and body wall8 in most triploblastic animals9 . The advantage of a coelem is that it allows the body wall and gut wall to act independently, and also that other organ systems can be developed in the fluid-filled space. In addition, the fluid in the cavity can act as a deformable skeleton.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p48. 5. ^ Valentine, J.W. On the Origin of Phyla. University of Chicago Press, 2004. American Politics and Political Economy Series, p60. http://books.google.com/books?id=DMBkmHm5fe4C&pg=PA60 6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4-5. 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p48. 9. ^ Valentine, J.W. On the Origin of Phyla. University of Chicago Press, 2004. American Politics and Political Economy Series, p60. http://books.google.com/books?id=DMBkmHm5fe4C&pg=PA60 10. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4-5. 11. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {estimate based on coelom being before protostome-deutostome division, after acoelomorph) 630-590 mybn} MORE INFO [1] "coelom." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/body-cavity | |
590,000,000 YBN 24 25 | 98) The first circulatory system evolves; blood vessels, and blood evolve in a bilaterian.16 The first blood cells.17 Cnidarians and flatworms are at most two sheets of tissue thick and so allow gas exchange and nutrient distribution by diffusion, but larger animals with thicker tissues require a circulatory system to distribute materials.18 19 20 The circulatory system transports molecules like gases, food, and waste to and from individual cells.21 22 In bilaterians with circulatory systems blood may be distributed by contractile vessels in the blood vessel walls, and/or by hearts.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81. 5. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p327. 6. ^ Solomon, E., L. Berg, and D.W. Martin. Biology. Cengage Learning, 2010. Available Titles CourseMate Series, p938-939. http://books.google.com/books?id=itHVNZicPgwC 7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p299. 8. ^ Cowen, R. History of Life. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z-Tam4XuXLkC&pg=PA46 9. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81. 10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p327. 11. ^ Solomon, E., L. Berg, and D.W. Martin. Biology. Cengage Learning, 2010. Available Titles CourseMate Series, p938-939. http://books.google.com/books?id=itHVNZicPgwC 12. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p299. 13. ^ Cowen, R. History of Life. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z-Tam4XuXLkC&pg=PA46 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 15. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 16. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81. 17. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p327. 18. ^ Solomon, E., L. Berg, and D.W. Martin. Biology. Cengage Learning, 2010. Available Titles CourseMate Series, p938-939. http://books.google.com/books?id=itHVNZicPgwC 19. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p299. 20. ^ Cowen, R. History of Life. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z-Tam4XuXLkC&pg=PA46 21. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 22. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 23. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p72-73. 24. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {based on} | |
580,000,000 YBN 41 42 43 44 | 93) The Bilaterians Protostomes evolve.31 32 Protostomes are divided into two major groups: the Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu33 } and the Lophotrochozoa {LuFoTroKoZOu34 }.35 36 37 38 The difference between protostomes and deutrostomes arises during embryonic development. In protostomes, the first indentation of the gastrula (an early stage of the embryo39 ) develops into the mouth and the second indentation develops into the anus. The reverse is true for the deuterostomes.40 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 3. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 4. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 11. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 12. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 19. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 20. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 22. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 23. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit 24. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 26. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 27. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 28. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 29. ^ "gastrula." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. 30. ^ Alters, S. Biology: Understanding Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2000. Human and Introductory Biology Series, p511. http://books.google.com/books?id=GRDUIbQwGc8C&pg=PA511 31. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 32. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 33. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit 34. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 35. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 36. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 37. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 38. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 39. ^ "gastrula." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. 40. ^ Alters, S. Biology: Understanding Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2000. Human and Introductory Biology Series, p511. http://books.google.com/books?id=GRDUIbQwGc8C&pg=PA511 41. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 42. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (590my) {590 mybn} 43. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {543 mybn} 44. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=priapulids [2] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443; doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1 496/1435.short | |
580,000,000 YBN 15 16 17 18 19 | 105) The Bilaterians Deuterostomes evolve; the ancestor of all Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS 12 }, Hemichordates, and Chordates.13 14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 3. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 6. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 9. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 12. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 15. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {570 mybn} 17. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn} 18. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {367 mybn} 19. ^ Jun-Yuan Chen, David J. Bottjer, Paola Oliveri,Stephen Q. Dornbos, Feng Gao, Seth Ruffins, Huimei Chi, Chia-Wei Li, Eric H. Davidson, "Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian", Science, Vol 305, Issue 5681, 218-222, 9 July 2004 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;305/5681/218 MORE INFO [1] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443; doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1 496/1435.short | |
580,000,000 YBN 10 11 | 131) The first shell (or skeleton) evolves. The first known shell belongs to a group of ciliates called tintinnids.7 Skeletons evolve independently in different groups of organisms.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} 2. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} 3. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} 4. ^ "skeleton." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547371/skeleton>. 5. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} 6. ^ "skeleton." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547371/skeleton>. 7. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} 8. ^ "skeleton." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547371/skeleton>. 9. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} 10. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} {earliest hard shell fossil - ciliate) 580 mybn} 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Euglenozoa -pellicle) 1956 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Hamm, Smetacek, "Armor: Why, When, and How", in Falkowski, Knoll, "Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea", 2007, p311-332, p323 [2] Bengtson, S. (2004), Early skeletal fossils, in Lipps, J.H., and Waggoner, B.M., "Neoproterozoic- Cambrian Biological Revolutions" (PDF), Paleontological Society Papers 10: 67–78, retrieved 2008-07-18 http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021554/Bengtson200 4ESF.pdf | (Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China9 |
570,000,000 YBN 28 29 30 31 | 311) The Bilaterians Chaetognatha {KE-ToG-nutu21 22 } evolve (Arrow Worms).23 The earliest teeth evolve. Animals start to eat other animals.24 25 The evolution of teeth and animal predation starts an "arms race" that rapidly transforms ecosystems around the Earth.26 Teeth and shells evolve as advantages to survival.27 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 2. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 3. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognatha 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaetognatha&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 7. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 8. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognatha 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaetognatha&submit=Submit 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 12. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 13. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 14. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognatha 15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaetognatha&submit=Submit 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 17. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 18. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 19. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 20. ^ Ted Huntington. 21. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognatha 22. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaetognatha&submit=Submit 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 24. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 25. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 26. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 27. ^ Ted Huntington. 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (570) 29. ^ Chen, J.-Y.; Huang, D.-Y. (2002). "A possible Lower Cambrian chaetognath (arrow worm)". Science 298 (5591): 187. doi:10.1126/science.1075059. PMID 12364798. 30. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 31. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", Oxford University Press, New York., 2009, Chap 24, p224-225. http://timetree.org/book.php MORE INFO [1] Gonzalo Giribet, Daniel L. Distel, Martin Polz, Wolfgang Sterrer, and Ward C. Wheeler Triploblastic Relationships with Emphasis on the Acoelomates and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology Syst Biol (2000) 49(3): 539-562 doi:10.1080/10635159950127385 [2] Martin Helmkampf, Iris Bruchhaus, Bernhard Hausdorf, Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath phylogenetic relationships, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 206-214, ISSN 1055-7903, 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S105579030700317X) [3] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html [4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2002, p844 | |
565,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 | 345) The Deuterostome Phylum Hemichordata evolves; The "Hemichordates", the ancestor of pterobranchs {TARuBrANKS13 }14 and acorn worms).15 Adult Pterobrachs are sessile, fastening to solid structures, but the younger (or larval) form is free swimming, and is thought to have retained this form before evolving into tunicates and then the first fish.16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterobranchs&submit=Submit 2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p201. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p203. 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterobranchs&submit=Submit 6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p201. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p203. 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterobranchs&submit=Submit 10. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p201. 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p203. 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterobranchs&submit=Submit 14. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p201. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p203. 17. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 18. ^ Xian-guang Hou, Richard J. Aldridge, David J. Siveter, Derek J. Siveter, Mark Williams, Jan Zalasiewicz, Xiao-ya Ma. A pterobranch hemichordate zooid from the lower Cambrian. Current Biology, 24 March 2011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.005 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096 0982211002776 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p383. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126698 | |
565,000,000 YBN 35 36 | 347) The Deuterostome Phylum Chordata evolves. Chordates are a very large group that include all tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.22 23 Chordates get their name from the notochord {nOTe-KORD24 }, the cartilage rod that runs along the back of the animal, in the embryo if not in the adult.25 The ancestor of all chordates evolves "upside-down": unlike earlier invertebrates who have a ventral nerve cord (near the belly26 ) and a dorsal heart (near the back27 ), this ancestor and all later vertebrates have a dorsal nerve cord and a ventral heart.28 Chordates have four key characters: a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve chord; gill slits (also called pharyngeal {Fu-riN-JE-uL29 } slits30 ); and a muscular, post-anal tail.31 The notochord provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of the chordate and provides a firm but flexible structure from which attached muscles can contract.32 33 In the higher fishes the notochord is surrounded and gradually replaced by segmental vertebrae.34 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400. 6. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral 7. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 10. ^ "notochord." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/notochord 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400. 13. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral 14. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 17. ^ "notochord." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/notochord 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 19. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral 20. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400. 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 24. ^ "notochord." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/notochord 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 26. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral 27. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400. 29. ^ "pharyngeal." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Mar. 2013. 30. ^ Hyman, L.H., and M.H. Wake. Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press, 1992, p393. http://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA393 31. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p699. 32. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p699. 33. ^ Rowland, M. Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series, p650. http://books.google.com/books?id=j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA650 34. ^ "Chordata." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 24 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chordata 35. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. {565 MYBN} 36. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3208583.stm MORE INFO [1] Douzery, E. J. P., Snell, E. A., Bapteste, E., Delsuc, F., & Philippe, H. (2004). The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 (43), 15386-15391. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403984101 [2] Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho and Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science New Series, Vol. 271, No. 5248 (Jan. 26, 1996), pp. 470-477. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2890144 [3] Pennisi, Elizabeth. “Drafting a Tree.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1694. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1694.summary [4] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI: 10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/ export-citation/ [5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451 | |
565,000,000 YBN 6 7 | 348) The earliest extant chordate: Tunicates {TUNiKiTS} evolve (also called sea squirts).5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. {565 mybn} 7. ^ Chen, Jun-Yuan et al. “The First Tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.14 (2003): 8314 –8318. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/14/8314.full | |
560,000,000 YBN 31 32 33 34 35 36 | 117) The earliest animal shell (or skeleton) evolves.17 This is the earliest evidence of animals eating other animals (predation).18 19 This begins the appearance of small shelly fossils and deep burrows correlated with a decline in stromatolites, possibly from feeding.20 The earliest animal shells are made by tiny organisms with simple tubelike skeletons, such as Cloudina and Sinotubulites21 22 in addition to sponge skeleton fossils.23 The shell of Cloudina is made of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)24 , and is possibly made by some kind of worm.25 Predatory bore holes have been found in Cloudina shells. This is the oldest evidence of predation known.26 27 When animals begin to develop hard parts, their probability of preservation greatly improves.28 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210. 2. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf 3. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 4. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 5. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210. 6. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf 7. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 8. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 9. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210. 10. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p212. 11. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 12. ^ Clites, Erica C., Mary L. Droser, and James G. Gehling. “The Advent of Hard-part Structural Support Among the Ediacara Biota: Ediacaran Harbinger of a Cambrian Mode of Body Construction.” Geology (2012): n. pag. http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2012/02/13/G32828.1 13. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 14. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p166. 15. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 16. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 17. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf 18. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 19. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 20. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210. 21. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p212. 22. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 23. ^ Clites, Erica C., Mary L. Droser, and James G. Gehling. “The Advent of Hard-part Structural Support Among the Ediacara Biota: Ediacaran Harbinger of a Cambrian Mode of Body Construction.” Geology (2012): n. pag. http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2012/02/13/G32828.1 24. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 25. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p166. 26. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 27. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 28. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 29. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.", Source: American journal of science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume) page: 261 -94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf 30. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 31. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p163-170. 32. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p212. 33. ^ Adam C. Maloof, Susannah M. Porter, John L. Moore, Frank Ö. Dudás, Samuel A. Bowring, John A. Higgins, David A. Fike, and Michael P. Eddy, "The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change", Geological Society of America Bulletin, November 2010, v. 122, p. 1731-1774, doi:10.1130/B30346.1 http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/122/11-12/1731.full 34. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.", Source: American journal of science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume) page: 261 -94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf 35. ^ http://palaeos.com/proterozoic/neoproterozoic/ediacaran/ediacaran2.htm 36. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 MORE INFO [1] Philip W. Signor and Mark A. S. McMenamin "The Early Cambrian Worm Tube Onuphionella from California and Nevada", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 62, No. 2 (Mar., 1988), pp. 233-240 Published by: Paleontological Society Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1305228 [2] MATTHEWS, S. C., AND V. V. MISSARZHEVSKY. 1975. "Small shelly fossils of late Precambrian and early Cambrian age: a review of recent work." Journal of the Geological Society, 131:289-304 http://jgs.geoscienceworld.org/content/131/3/289.abstract [3] GRANT, S. W. F. 1990. "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic." American Journal of Science, 290(A):261-294 | (Ara Formation) Oman29 |Lijiagou, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province30 |
560,000,000 YBN 16 17 18 19 20 | 318) The Protostomes Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu12 } evolve. Ecdysozoa are animals that molt (lose their outer skin) as they grow.13 14 This is the ancestor of round worms, and arthropods (which includes insects and crustaceans {also known as "shell-fish"}).15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p390-394. 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p390-394. 7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198710 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p390-394. 11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198710 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p390-394. 15. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198710 16. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c580) {c580 mybn} 18. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p388-394. (560) {560 mybn} 19. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {790 mybn} 20. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {530 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html [2] Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 [3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p390-394 [4] Telford, Maximilian J et al. “The Evolution of the Ecdysozoa.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496 (2008): 1529 –1537. Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1496/1529.long | |
560,000,000 YBN 22 23 24 25 26 | 331) The Protostomes Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u16 } evolve, the ancestor of all rotifers, phoronids, brachiopods {BrA-KE-O-PoDZ17 }, entoprocts {eNTuProKS18 }, bryozoans {BrI-u-ZO-iNZ19 }, platyhelminthes, gastrotrichs, nemertea, molluscs and annelids.20 21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brachiopods&submit=Submit 6. ^ "entoproct?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/entoproct?s=t 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bryozoans&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brachiopods&submit=Submit 12. ^ "entoproct?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/entoproct?s=t 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bryozoans&submit=Submit 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 17. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brachiopods&submit=Submit 18. ^ "entoproct?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/entoproct?s=t 19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bryozoans&submit=Submit 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 21. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 22. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547) {c580 mybn} 24. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). (550) {550 mybn} 25. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {790 mybn} 26. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {538 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=202032 | |
560,000,000 YBN | 349) The first fish evolves.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451 | |
560,000,000 YBN | 6290) The earliest extant fish, the Chordates Lancelets {laNSleTS12 } (also called amphioxus {aMFEoKSiS13 }14 ).15 This is also the first liver and kidney.16 The Lancelet is different from a worm in not being cylindrical, and swims like a fish using its muscles with side-to-side undulations.17 Lancelets are not vertebrates. They have only a nerve tube on the notochord and no brain other than a small swelling at the front end of the nerve tube. They also have an eye-spot.18 The gill slits of Lancelets are primarily for filter feeding.19 Gas exchange (the absorption of oxygen and emission of carbon dioxide20 ), mostly occurs across the external body surface.21 Lancelets have no heart and blood is pumped around the body by contractions of the blood vessels.22 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p205. 4. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p205. 7. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet 8. ^ "amphioxus." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. 9. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p202. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 11. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p205. 12. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet 13. ^ "amphioxus." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. 14. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p202. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 16. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p205. 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 20. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p915. 21. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p700. 22. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Aquatic Life of the World. Marshall Cavendish Corporation/Ccb, 2000. Aquatic Life of the World, p295. http://books.google.com/books?id=xnzR54G3BfgC&pg=PA295 MORE INFO [1] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI: 10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/ export-citation/ [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451 | |
550,000,000 YBN 15 | 328) The Ecdysozoa Aschelminthes {aSKHeLmiNtEZ11 12 } evolves; the ancestor of the worms nematodes and priapulids.13 14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691 3. ^ "Aschelminthes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/aschelminthes 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=aschelminthes 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691 7. ^ "Aschelminthes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/aschelminthes 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=aschelminthes 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691 11. ^ "Aschelminthes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/aschelminthes 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=aschelminthes 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c550) | |
547,000,000 YBN 8 | 334) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Brachiopoda {BrAKEoPiDu5 } evolves (the brachiopods {BrAKEOPoDZ}).6 The Brachiopods are marine invertebrates that have bivalve dorsal and ventral shells enclosing a pair of tentacled, armlike structures that are used to sweep minute food particles into their mouth.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ "Brachiopoda." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopoda 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ "brachiopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopod 5. ^ "Brachiopoda." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopoda 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "brachiopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopod 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=202032 | |
543,000,000 YBN 15 | 101) Segmentation evolves (body parts are repeated serially, for example vertebrae).11 12 Some think that segmentation evolved independently in annelid worms, arthropods, and vertebrates. But the universality of Homeobox genes, evolved over a billion years earlier13 , implies that all segmented species may share a common segmented ancestor.14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 9. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant Physiol 2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/140/4/1142.full 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 13. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant Physiol 2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/140/4/1142.full 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {537 MYBN (based on Annaleda - segmented worns} {543 MYBN (based on arthropods, annelids - segmented worns=537} | |
542,000,000 YBN 13 | 53) The end of the "Precambrian". The end of the Proterozoic and start of the Phanerozoic {FaNReZOiK9 } Eon. The end of the Neoproterozoic and start of the Paleozoic {PAlEuZOiK10 } Era, and the end of the Ediacaran and start of the Cambrian Period.11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Phanerozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/phanerozoic 2. ^ "Paleozoic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 09 Mar. 2013. 3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 5. ^ "Phanerozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/phanerozoic 6. ^ "Paleozoic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 09 Mar. 2013. 7. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 8. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 9. ^ "Phanerozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/phanerozoic 10. ^ "Paleozoic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 09 Mar. 2013. 11. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 12. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 13. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf MORE INFO [1] Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short | |
542,000,000 YBN 21 22 | 6297) The Cambrian radiation, (or "Cambrian explosion"), the rapid diversification of multicellular animals between 542 and 530 million years ago that results in the appearance of many (between 20 and 35) of the major phyla of animals.15 16 17 An increase of animals with shells.18 The Cambrian metazoan radiation may be the result of a major increase in atmospheric oxygen19 , and animal predation20 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-explosion 2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 3. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. 4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 5. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-explosion 6. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 7. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. 8. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 9. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-explosion 10. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 11. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. 12. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 13. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p209. 14. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf 15. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-explosion 16. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 17. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. 18. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 19. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p209. 20. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf 21. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. {542-530 mybn} 22. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. {535 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Derek E. G. Briggs and Richard A. Fortey, "Wonderful Strife: Systematics, Stem Groups, and the Phylogenetic Signal of the Cambrian Radiation", Paleobiology , Vol. 31, No. 2, Supplement. Macroevolution: Diversity, Disparity, Contingency: Essays in Honor of Stephen Jay Gould (Spring, 2005), pp. 94-112 http://www.jstor.org/stable/25482671 | |
540,000,000 YBN 12 13 14 | 104) The Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u7 } Phylum Platyhelminthes {PlaTEheLmiNtEZ} evolves (flatworms).8 Platyhelminthes, which is Greek for flat worms, include free-living and parasitic acoelomate worms (worms with no coelum9 ).10 They can reproduce sexually, and also asexually by transverse fission (splitting in half).11 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ "Acoelomate." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 04 Jun. 2013. 10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p285. 11. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p303-304. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) 13. ^ Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. et al. “The Timing of Eukaryotic Evolution: Does a Relaxed Molecular Clock Reconcile Proteins and Fossils?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101.43 (2004): 15386 -15391. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386 14. ^ Peterson, Kevin J et al. “The Ediacaran Emergence of Bilaterians: Congruence Between the Genetic and the Geological Fossil Records.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496 (2008): 1435 -1443. Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1496/1435.full | |
540,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 | 319) The Protist Phylum "Radiolaria" {rADEOlaREo11 } evolves.12 13 Radiolarians are protists found in the upper layers of all oceans, are mostly spherically symmetrical, and known for their complex and beautiful tiny skeletons, called "tests" which are usually made of silica (SiO214 ).15 Radiolarian skeletons are used to analyze the layers of the sedimentary record.16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2 8. ^ "radiolarian." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489175/radiolarian>. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 11. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 14. ^ "silica." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/silica 15. ^ "radiolarian." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489175/radiolarian>. 16. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 11 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2 17. ^ A. Braun, J. Chen, D. Waloszek and A. Maas, "First Early Cambrian Radiolaria", Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2007, v. 286, p. 143-149. http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/286/1/143.short and http://www.core-orsten-research.de/Publications/PDF_Paper/ulm_team/2007b_Br aun_etal.pdf {Earliest radiolaria fossils) 540 mybn} 18. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} 19. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_taxon_a=65574 {804 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates (1600my) [2] Keeling, Patrick J. et al. "The tree of eukaryotes." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20.12 (2005): 670-676. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534705003046 [3] Delsuc, Frederic, Henner Brinkmann, and Herve Philippe. "Phylogenomics and the reconstruction of the tree of life." Nat Rev Genet 6.5 (2005): 361-375. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n5/abs/nrg1603.html [4] http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/Bio-home/Pratt/boo305.htm [5] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html [6] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/radiolaria.html [7] "Polycystine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystine | |
540,000,000 YBN 16 17 18 19 20 | 321) The Protist Phylum "Foraminifera" {FOraMiniFRu12 } evolves.13 14 Foraminifera are unicellular protists characterized by long, fine pseudopods that extend from a cytoplasmic body encased within a test, or shell.15 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=foraminifera&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=foraminifera&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=foraminifera&submit=Submit 8. ^ "foraminiferan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/212983/foraminiferan>. 9. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p175. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=foraminifera&submit=Submit 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 15. ^ "foraminiferan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/212983/foraminiferan>. 16. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p165-167. {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 17. ^ Culver, S. J. (1991) Science 254, 689–691. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=sci&resid=254/5032/68 9 and http://www.sciencemag.org/content/254/5032/689.full.pdf {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 18. ^ Culver, S. J. (1994) J. Foraminiferal Res. 24, 191–202. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=gsjfr&resid =24/3/191 {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 19. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} 20. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_taxon_a=65574 {804 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates (1600mybn) [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html [3] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html [4] "Allogromiida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogromiida [5] "Fusulinid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusulinid [6] "Globigerinida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globigerinida [7] "Miliolid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliolid [8] "Rotaliida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaliida [9] "Textulariida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textulariida [10] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P4356&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= [11] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2007&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= | |
540,000,000 YBN 10 | 340) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Nemertea {ne-mR-TEu7 } evolves (ribbon worms).8 Nemertea are unsegmented worms with a coelem that live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemertea&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemertea&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemertea&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemertea&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p321. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c541) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563 | |
540,000,000 YBN 10 | 341) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Tardigrada {ToRDiGRiDe7 } evolves (tardigrades).8 Tardigrades are slow-moving, microscopic invertebrates that live in water or damp moss, with four body segments and eight legs.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "Tardigrada." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrada-2 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "Tardigrada." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrada-2 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0 | |
540,000,000 YBN 10 | 342) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Onychophora evolves.8 Onychophorans are a transition between worms and arthropods: they have segmented worm-like bodies but they also have jointed appendages, antennae, and shed their cuticle like arthropods do.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "onychophoran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/velvet-worm 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "onychophoran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/velvet-worm 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p193. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p193. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p193. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0 | |
535,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 13 | 114) The first heart evolves in bilaterians.7 Muscles for pumping blood and for maintaining adequate blood pressure can be divided into three groups: contractile blood vessels (found in nemerteans and annelids), ostiate {oSTEAT8 } hearts (found in arthropods), and chambered hearts (found in molluscs and vertebrates).9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 5. ^ "ostium." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. 6. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p73, 327. 7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 8. ^ "ostium." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. 9. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p73, 327. 10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p 73. 11. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66. 12. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {based on} {539 MYBN (based on mollusca} | |
533,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 | 343) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Mollusca evolves; Mollusks.11 The phylum Mollusca is the second largest animal phylum after the arthropods, and is divided into seven classes, three of which (Gastropoda {GaSTroPeDu12 } (snails), Bivalvia (clams and muscles), and Cephalopoda {SeFeloPeDu13 } (squids and octupuses) are of major importance.14 Early Cambrian mollusk fossils show the segmentation of the mollusk worm-like ancestor,15 and have individual plates which imply that the mollusk shell fused together over the course of millions of years.16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gastropoda&submit=Submit 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cephalopoda&submit=Submit 6. ^ "Mollusca." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/mollusca 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gastropoda&submit=Submit 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cephalopoda&submit=Submit 10. ^ "Mollusca." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/mollusca 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gastropoda&submit=Submit 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cephalopoda&submit=Submit 14. ^ "Mollusca." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/mollusca 15. ^ Prothero, D.R., and C.D. Buell. Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters. Columbia University Press, 2007, p192. 16. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p69. 17. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c539) 19. ^ Caron, Jean-Bernard et al. "A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale." Nature 442.7099 (2006): 159-163. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7099/full/nature04894.html MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563 | |
530,000,000 YBN 7 | 338) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) evolves.5 Annelids are various worms or wormlike animals, characterized by an elongated, cylindrical, segmented body and includes the earthworm and leech.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ "annelid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/annelid 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ "annelid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/annelid 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c537) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563 | |
530,000,000 YBN 15 16 | 339) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Arthropoda evolves; the "Arthropods".11 Arthropods can be compared to a segmented worm encased in a rigid exoskeleton.12 The phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Arthropods include the trilobites, the crustaceans (shrimps, crabs, and lobsters), the Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes), the Chelicerata (arachnids and horseshoe crabs) and the insects.13 All arthropods have a segmented body covered by an exoskeleton containing chitin, which serves as both armor and as a surface for muscle attachment.14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p476. 5. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree, 2009, p251. http://timetree.org/pdf/Pisani2009Chap29.pdf 6. ^ "arthropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/arthropod 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p476. 9. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree, 2009, p251. http://timetree.org/pdf/Pisani2009Chap29.pdf 10. ^ "arthropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/arthropod 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p476. 13. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree, 2009, p251. http://timetree.org/pdf/Pisani2009Chap29.pdf 14. ^ "arthropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/arthropod 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) 16. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0 | |
530,000,000 YBN | 350) The Chordata Vertebrates evolve.7 This Subphylum, Vertebrata, contains most fishes, and all amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. The characteristic features of the Vertebrata are a vertebral column, or backbone, and a cranium, which protects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and major sense organs.8 This earliest vertebrate skeleton is made completely of cartilage.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "Vertebrata." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vertebrata 6. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p22. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ "Vertebrata." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vertebrata 9. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p22. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579 | |
530,000,000 YBN 5 | 351) The extinct Vertebrates the Conodonts {KO-nu-DoNTS1 } evolve.2 Conodonts have no lower jaw, but have calcified teeth3 positioned under well-developed eyes4 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "conodont." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2013. 2. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90. 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90-91. 4. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p22. 5. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90-91. MORE INFO [1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series, Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp. 671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1655241 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579 [3] Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p85 | |
530,000,000 YBN 7 | 6637) The Vertebrates Jawless fishes evolve (agnatha).5 The earliest extant jawless fishes, the hagfishes evolve now. Hagfishes are eel-like scavengers.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p85. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p85. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. MORE INFO [1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series, Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp. 671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1655241 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579 | |
520,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 16 | 133) The Arthropod subphylum Chelicerata (KeliSuroTo9 ) evolves (eight legs, ancestor of the horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, and the Arachnids: mites, spiders, and scorpions).10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelicerata&submit=Submit 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ J. W. Shultz (2007). "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 221–265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2007.00284.x 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelicerata&submit=Submit 5. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelicerata&submit=Submit 7. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 8. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=6843&lvl=3 &lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelicerata&submit=Submit 10. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 11. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=6843&lvl=3 &lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 12. ^ D. Waloszek, J.A. Dunlop, "A larval sea spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Upper Cambrian ‘Orsten’ of Sweden and the phylogenetic position of pycnogonids", Palaeontology, 45 (2002), pp. 421–446 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00244/abstract 13. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 14. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211. 15. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66-67. 16. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. MORE INFO [1] Charbonnier, S, J Vannier, and B Riou. “New Sea Spiders from the Jurassic La Voulte-sur-Rhône Lagerstätte.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1625 (October 22, 2007): 2555 –2561. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1625/2555.full [2] Dunlop and Seldon, "The Early History and Phylogeny of the Chelicerates", in Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relatioinships", 1997, p231 | earliest (sea spider) fossils: Orsten, Sweden12 |
520,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 148) The earliest color vision evolves in arthropods.3 Vertebrates with color vision include: some fishes and amphibians, many reptiles and all birds, but only a few mammals, humans and some other higher primates, can see in color.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008). "Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution 66 (2): 130–137. DOI:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID 18217181. http://www.springerlink.com/content/e67h525378645572/?MUD=MP 2. ^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008). "Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution 66 (2): 130–137. DOI:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID 18217181. http://www.springerlink.com/content/e67h525378645572/?MUD=MP 3. ^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008). "Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution 66 (2): 130–137. DOI:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID 18217181. http://www.springerlink.com/content/e67h525378645572/?MUD=MP 4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p665. 5. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 6. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211. MORE INFO [1] Yokoyama, S., and B. F. Radlwimmer. 2001. The molecular genetics and evolution of red and green color vision in vertebrates. Genetics Society of America. 158: 1697-1710 [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) | |
520,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 | 346) The Deuterostome Phylum Echinodermata evolves; the "Echinoderms" (iKIniDRMS 7 }, the ancestor of the sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, and star fishes.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Adam M. English, Loren E. Babcock, Census of the Indian Springs Lagerstätte, Poleta Formation (Cambrian), western Nevada, USA, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 295, Issues 1–2, 1 September 2010, Pages 236-244, ISSN 0031-0182, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.041. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii /S0031018210003287) 10. ^ J. Wyatt Durham, "Notes on the Helicoplacoidea and Early Echinoderms", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1967), pp. 97-102 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1301905 11. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66. 12. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p384. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126698 | |
520,000,000 YBN 22 23 24 25 | 6349) The arthropods trilobites evolve.15 16 17 18 Trilobites have a segmented body that is divided by into three vertical lobes.19 There is a transition from soft-bodied organisms, to the clam-like shell organisms, to the segmented calcite and chitin shells of the trilobites.20 Horseshoe crabs may be descended from trilobites.21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 2. ^ http://www.nature.com0/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 3. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my 4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html 5. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 6. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 7. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my 8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html 9. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 10. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 11. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my 12. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html 13. ^ "trilobite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/trilobite 14. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p209-213. 15. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 16. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 17. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my 18. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html 19. ^ "trilobite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/trilobite 20. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p209-213. 21. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What The Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p189-191. 22. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 23. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211. 24. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my {510 mybn} 25. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html {540 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://www.trilobites.info/biostratigraphy.htm [2] http://www.trilobites.info/origins.htm [3] Babcock, L.E., S Peng, G. Geyer, & J.H. Shergold. 2005. Changing perspectives on Cambrian chronostratigraphy and progress toward subdivision of the Cambrian System. Geosci. Journal 9(2):101-6. http://www.springerlink.com/content/t7062n5744462260/ [4] Niles Eldredge, "Trilobites and Evolutionary Patterns", p305-332 in Anthony Hallam, "Patterns of evolution as illustrated by the fossil record, Volume 5", 1977, p322. http://books.google.com/books?id=q7GjDIyyWegC [5] Hughes, N. 2007. The evolution of trilobite body patterning. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2007. 35:401–34. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.earth.35.0313 06.140258 [6] Richard A. Fortey "Trilobite Systematics: The Last 75 Years", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 75, No. 6, 75th Anniversary Issue (Nov., 2001), pp. 1141-1151 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1307082 [7] http://www.palaeos.org/Cambrian_Stage_3 | |
513,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11 | 6351) The Arthropods Crustaceans evolve (the ancestor of all shrimps, crabs, lobsters, and barnicles).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 5. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek, "An early Cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Paleontology, 70, 2003 6. ^ Siveter, David J., Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek. “A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with Appendages from the Lower Cambrian.” Science 293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001): 479 –481. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5529/479.abstract 7. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek, "An early Cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Paleontology, 70, 2003 8. ^ Siveter, David J., Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek. “A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with Appendages from the Lower Cambrian.” Science 293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001): 479 –481. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5529/479.abstract 9. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p66-67. 10. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 11. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395 MORE INFO [1] http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Crustacea/fossils.html [2] http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0719_crustacean.html | earliest fossils: Shropshire, England5 6 |
501,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 6348) The Arthropods Myriapoda {mEREaPeDu7 } evolve; the ancestor of all centipedes and millipedes.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 5. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1 6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 7. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1 8. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 9. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.” Nature 343.6254 (1990): 163–164. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html {Robison_19900111.pdf} 10. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213. 11. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596 {Budd_2001.pdf} 12. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A. Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250, no. 4981 (November 2, 1990): 658 –661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;250/4981/658 13. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.” Nature 343.6254 (1990): 163–164. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html {Robison_19900111.pdf} 14. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213. 15. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596 {Budd_2001.pdf} 16. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 17. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596 18. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 19. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A. Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250, no. 4981 (November 2, 1990): 658 –661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;250/4981/658 20. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 21. ^ William A Shear, Andrew J Jeram and Paul Selden, "Centiped legs (Arthropoda, Chilopoda, Scutigeromorpha) from the Silurian and Devonian of Britain and the Devonian of North America.", American Museum novitates 3231:1-16 (1998) http://biostor.org/reference/30111 22. ^ Grimaldi, Engels, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p107-108. 23. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 24. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p111. | earliest possible fossils: (Marine deposits)(Wheeler Formation) Utah, USA9 10 and (Ust-Majan formation) East Siberia11 |(earliest fossils) Shropshire, England12 |
488,300,000 YBN 7 | 121) The end of the Cambrian (542-488.3 mybn), and start of the Ordovician {ORDiVisiN5 } (488.3-443.7 mybn) Period.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 3. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 5. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 6. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 7. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf | |
488,000,000 YBN 13 | 6314) The Ordovician (ORDeVisiN10 } radiation. During the Ordovician the number of genera {JeN-R-u11 } will quadruple.12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 2. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. 3. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. 4. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 5. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. 6. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. 7. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 8. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. 9. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. 10. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 11. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. 12. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. 13. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. MORE INFO [1] Harold Levine, "The Eath Through Time", 2006, p333 | |
488,000,000 YBN 4 | 6635) The extinct Jawless fishes Ostracoderms {oS-Tru-KO-DRM1 } evolve.2 The Ostracoderms are the first vertebrates to have paired appendages, an inner ear with two semicircular canals, and bone, although almost exclusively in the outer exoskeleton.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "OSTRACODERM." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2013. 2. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90. 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90. 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. MORE INFO [1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series, Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp. 671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1655241 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579 [3] Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p85 | |
475,000,000 YBN 22 23 24 | 244) The non-vascular plants evolve, Bryophyta {BrIoFiTo16 }, (the ancestor of the Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses).17 18 The Bryophytes are the simplest land plants, and reproduce with spores.19 20 Most are 2-5 cm (or 1-2 in.) tall and extremely tolerant of dry and freezing conditions.21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 6. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 9. ^ Peter Robert Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, "Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity", 2000, p102. http://books.google.com/books?id=HYkTvGq_RccC&pg=PA102 10. ^ Diego Fontaneto, "Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms: Is Everything Small Everywhere?", 2011, p211. http://books.google.com/books?id=QdcLHCPgG-wC&pg=PA211 11. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 14. ^ Peter Robert Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, "Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity", 2000, p102. http://books.google.com/books?id=HYkTvGq_RccC&pg=PA102 15. ^ Diego Fontaneto, "Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms: Is Everything Small Everywhere?", 2011, p211. http://books.google.com/books?id=QdcLHCPgG-wC&pg=PA211 16. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. 17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 18. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 19. ^ Peter Robert Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, "Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity", 2000, p102. http://books.google.com/books?id=HYkTvGq_RccC&pg=PA102 20. ^ Diego Fontaneto, "Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms: Is Everything Small Everywhere?", 2011, p211. http://books.google.com/books?id=QdcLHCPgG-wC&pg=PA211 21. ^ "bryophyte." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyte 22. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82. 23. ^ S26 (c475) 24. ^ S15 (c475) MORE INFO [1] "Bryophyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte [2] "Bryophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyta-1 | |
475,000,000 YBN 19 20 | 398) Plants live on land. The earliest fossil spores belonging to land plants.14 15 16 Plants conquer land before animals do, and like animals may move to land not by sea but by freshwater.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 2. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 5. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 8. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 11. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p520-521. 14. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 15. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 16. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p520-521. 18. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 19. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html {475 MYBN} 20. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82. | earliest fossils: Caradoc, Libya18 |
472,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 | 402) The first animals live on land, the arthropods Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes).13 14 15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 2. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 3. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 4. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 6. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 7. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 9. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 10. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 11. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 12. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 13. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 15. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 16. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 17. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 18. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 19. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p67. | earliest arthropod tracks: Kingston, Ontario, Canada16 |
470,000,000 YBN 3 4 | 234) The non-vascular plants Hornworts evolve.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c475) 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c475) | |
465,000,000 YBN 7 | 6636) The Jawless fishes lamprays evolve.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. 7. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. MORE INFO [1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series, Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp. 671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1655241 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579 [3] "ostracoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ostracoderm | |
460,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 | 235) The non-vasular plants Mosses evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ estimated from tree on http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Embryophytes&contgroup=Green_ 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c475) 5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c475) 6. ^ estimated from tree on http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Embryophytes&contgroup=Green_ (c460) | |
460,000,000 YBN 18 | 353) Jawed vertebrates evolve, Gnathostomata {no toST omoTo12 }.13 This large group includes all jawed fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.14 Jawed fishes have a skeleton made completely of cartilage. Only the teeth become ossified when mineral crystals, mostly calcium phosphate, become integrated into them.15 The jaw evolves from parts of the gill skeleton.16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 2. |