TIME | EVENT DESCRIPTION | LOCATION | IMAGES |
UNIVERSE | |||
1,000,000,000,000 YBN | 1) We are a tiny part of a universe that is made of an infinite amount of space, matter and time. |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
990,000,000,000 YBN | 2) There is more space than matter. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
980,000,000,000 YBN | 3) All matter is made of particles of light.10 Light particles are the base unit of all matter from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies.11 In this sense light particles are the most basic atoms.12 The basic order of matter from smaller to larger is light particles, electrons and positrons, muons, protons and antiprotons, atoms, molecules, living objects, planets, stars, globular clusters, galaxies, and then galactic clusters.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Ted Huntington. 11. ^ Ted Huntington. 12. ^ Ted Huntington. 13. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
970,000,000,000 YBN | 11) The universe has no start or end. The same light particles that have always been, continue to move in the space that has always been.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
960,000,000,001 YBN | 5) Matter and motion can never be created or destroyed. Matter can never be converted into motion, and motion can never be converted into matter.5 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
950,000,000,000 YBN | 6) Light particles become trapped with each other and so form structures such as protons, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.6 This accumulation of light particles into atoms may be the result of particle collision, gravitation, or a combination of both.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
940,000,000,000 YBN | 7) All of the billions of galaxies we see are only a tiny part of the universe. We will never see most of the universe because no light particles from there can ever reach us.6 Most galaxies are too far away for even one particle of light they emit to be going in the exact direction of our tiny location, and all the light particles they emit are captured by atoms in between there and here.7 As telescopes grow larger, the number of galaxies and the distance we can see will increase.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington 4. ^ Ted Huntington 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). (estimate of how many galaxies) |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
935,000,000,000 YBN | 4) There is a pattern in the universe. Light particles move from highly dense volumes of space to volumes of less density. In low density volumes, light particles slowly accumulate to form atoms of Hydrogen and Helium which exist as gas clouds (like the Magellanic Clouds or Orion nebula). These gas clouds, called nebulae continue to accumulate trapped light particles. At points of high density planets and stars form and the cloud is eventually dense enough to become a galaxy of stars. The stars emit light particles back out to the rest of the universe, where the light again becomes trapped and forms new clouds. Around each star are many planets and pieces of matter. On many of the planets rotating around stars, living objects evolve that can copy themselves by converting matter around them into more of them. Living objects need matter to replace matter lost from the constant emitting of light particles (decay). Like bacteria, these living objects grow in number, with the most successful organisms occupying and moving around many stars. These advanced organisms then move the groups of stars they control, as a globular cluster, away from the plane of the spiral galaxy. As time continues, all of the stars of a galaxy are occupied by living objects who have organized their stars into globular clusters. These globular clusters together form an elliptical galaxy, and then finally a globular galaxy. The globular galaxy may then exist for a long time living off the matter in stars, in addition to matter from external sources. So free light particles are trapped into volumes of space that grow in density first forming atoms, then gas clouds, then stars, a spiral galaxy, an elliptical galaxy, and finally a globular galaxy.5 Globular galaxies at our scale may be light particles at a much larger scale, just as light particles at our scale may be globular galaxies at a much smaller scale. This system may go on infinitely in both larger and smaller scale. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg [2] LDN 1622: Dark Nebula in Orion Data: Digitized Sky Survey (POSS-II), Color Composite: Noel Carboni Explanation: The silhouette of an intriguing dark nebula inhabits this cosmic scene, based on images from the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey. Lynds' Dark Nebula (LDN) 1622 appears against a faint background of glowing hydrogen gas only easily seen in long telescopic exposures of the region. LDN 1622 lies near the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy, close on the sky to Barnard's Loop - a large cloud surrounding the rich complex of emission nebulae found in the Belt and Sword of Orion. But the obscuring dust of LDN 1622 is thought to be much closer than Orion's more famous nebulae, perhaps only 500 light-years away. At that distance, this 1 degree wide field of view would span less than 10 light-years. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0705/ldn1622_carboni.jpg | |
930,000,000,000 YBN | 8) An expanding universe seems unlikely to me. The supposed red-shifted calcium absorption lines may be a mistaken observation, for one reason because spectrum size changes the position of spectral lines (as clearly shown in the 1936 Humason photo)5 , and because the distance of a light source changes the position, but not the frequency of spectral lines6 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Humason, M. L., "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan 1936. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.ed u//full/1936ApJ....83...10H/0000010.000. html 2. ^ Ted Huntington, "Spectral line position depends on distance of light source - Bragg Equation Effect", 04/03/2012. http://tedhuntington.com/pa per_Bragg.htm 3. ^ Humason, M. L., "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan 1936. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.ed u//full/1936ApJ....83...10H/0000010.000. html 4. ^ Ted Huntington, "Spectral line position depends on distance of light source - Bragg Equation Effect", 04/03/2012. http://tedhuntington.com/pa per_Bragg.htm 5. ^ Humason, M. L., "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan 1936. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.ed u//full/1936ApJ....83...10H/0000010.000. html 6. ^ Ted Huntington, "Spectral line position depends on distance of light source - Bragg Equation Effect", 04/03/2012. http://tedhuntington.com/pa per_Bragg.htm |
[1] Image of a spectral line shift from a close and distant fluorescent lamp. GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] The simple trigonometry that shows that two light sources at different distances cannot achieve the same angle at the same location on a horizontal diffraction grating. GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
LIFE | |||
165,000,000,000 YBN | 13) The Milky Way Nebula starts to form.5 Galaxies may form from accumulation of light particles and from the collision of two or more galaxies. If a galaxy is viewed as an exponential accumulation of light particles starting from a single light particle up until 500 billion stars, only in the last 16% of that time would a galaxy have enough matter for even a single star.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Description This image is mosaic of multiple shots on large-format film. It comprises all 360 degrees of the galaxy from our vantage. Photography was done in Ft. Davis, Texas for the Northern hemisphere shots and from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, for the southern portions. Note the dust lanes, which obscure our view of some features beyond them. Infrared imaging reaches into these regions, and radio astronomy can look all the way through with less detail. The very center, however, shows a window to the farther side. In the center, stars are mostly very old and this causes the more yellow color. The final file is 1.5GB, and resolves details of less than one arcminute. Faintest stars are magnitude 11. There are 21 pixels of horizontal overlap at the ends, with the right end slightly brighter than the corresponding pixels on the left. Date Source http://www.digitalskyllc.com (The image was uploaded to en.wiki at 17:16, 21 September 2006 by Twtunes. Author Digital Sky LLC CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0a/Milkyway_pan1.jpg [2] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
33,000,000,000 YBN | 6180) The first star in the Milky Way Galaxy forms.8 Stars may form from the accumulation of matter or from collisions of two or more large bodies. As time goes by, less collisions occur around a star, because most smaller objects are absorbed by the star and planets.9 Stars and planets may have centers of densely packed unmoving light particles. The less dense and colder area near the surface of planets and stars may allow atoms and molecules to form and stay together. Many light particles must move through the internal maze of matter inside planets and stars to eventually reach the surface and escape into empty space.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Description English: M8 Lagoon Nebula in Sagittarius Date 26 June 2009 Source Own work Author Hewholooks CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2f/M8HunterWilson.jpg [2] NGC 7023: The Iris Nebula Credit & Copyright: Daniel López, IAC Explanation: Like delicate cosmic petals, these clouds of interstellar dust and gas have blossomed 1,300 light-years away in the fertile star fields of the constellation Cepheus. Sometimes called the Iris Nebula and dutifully cataloged as NGC 7023, this is not the only nebula in the sky to evoke the imagery of flowers. Still, this beautiful digital image shows off the Iris Nebula's range of colors and symmetries in impressive detail. Within the Iris, dusty nebular material surrounds a hot, young star. The dominant color of the brighter reflection nebula is blue, characteristic of dust grains reflecting starlight. Central filaments of the dusty clouds glow with a faint reddish photoluminesence as some dust grains effectively convert the star's invisible ultraviolet radiation to visible red light. Infrared observations indicate that this nebula may contain complex carbon molecules known as PAHs. As shown here, the bright blue portion of the Iris Nebula is about six light-years across. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 1011/IRIS_IAC80_DLopez900c.jpg | |
22,000,000,000 YBN | 6181) Living objects in the Milky Way Galaxy reach another star using a ship, perhaps 5 billion years after the first stars formed.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] close up of: Description English: M8 Lagoon Nebula in Sagittarius Date 26 June 2009 Source Own work Author Hewholooks CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2f/M8HunterWilson.jpg [2] Description The photograph, taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, captures a small region within M17, a hotbed of star formation. M17, also known as the Omega or Swan Nebula, is located about 5500 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius. The wave-like patterns of gas have been sculpted and illuminated by a torrent of ultraviolet radiation from young, massive stars, which lie outside the picture to the upper left. The glow of these patterns accentuates the three-dimensional structure of the gases. The ultraviolet radiation is carving and heating the surfaces of cold hydrogen gas clouds. The warmed surfaces glow orange and red in this photograph. The intense heat and pressure cause some material to stream away from those surfaces, creating the glowing veil of even hotter greenish gas that masks background structures. The pressure on the tips of the waves may trigger new star formation within them. The image, roughly 3 light-years across, was taken May 29-30, 1999, with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2. The colors in the image represent various gases. Red represents sulfur; green, hydrogen; and blue, oxygen. Date 24 April 2003 Source http://spacetelescope.org/images/html/he ic0305a.html (direct link) http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive /releases/2003/13/image/a/ Author NASA, ESA and J. Hester (ASU) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/72/Omega_Nebula.jpg | |
10,000,000,000 YBN | 6182) The first globular cluster of 100,000 stars forms in the Milky Way Galaxy.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Description The globular cluster Omega Centauri — with as many as ten million stars — is seen in all its splendour in this image captured with the WFI camera from ESO's La Silla Observatory. The image shows only the central part of the cluster — about the size of the full moon on the sky (half a degree). North is up, East is to the left. This colour image is a composite of B, V and I filtered images. Note that because WFI is equipped with a mosaic detector, there are two small gaps in the image which were filled with lower quality data from the Digitized Sky Survey. Date 2008 Source http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/ press-rel/pr-2008/phot-44-08.html Autho r ESO CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Omega_Centauri_ by_ESO.jpg/638px-Omega_Centauri_by_ESO.j pg [2] Description This image is mosaic of multiple shots on large-format film. It comprises all 360 degrees of the galaxy from our vantage. Photography was done in Ft. Davis, Texas for the Northern hemisphere shots and from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, for the southern portions. Note the dust lanes, which obscure our view of some features beyond them. Infrared imaging reaches into these regions, and radio astronomy can look all the way through with less detail. The very center, however, shows a window to the farther side. In the center, stars are mostly very old and this causes the more yellow color. The final file is 1.5GB, and resolves details of less than one arcminute. Faintest stars are magnitude 11. There are 21 pixels of horizontal overlap at the ends, with the right end slightly brighter than the corresponding pixels on the left. Date Source http://www.digitalskyllc.com (The image was uploaded to en.wiki at 17:16, 21 September 2006 by Twtunes. Author Digital Sky LLC CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0a/Milkyway_pan1.jpg | |
5,500,000,000 YBN 6 | 16) The star the Earth orbits forms.5 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington 4. ^ Ted Huntington 5. ^ Ted Huntington 6. ^ Ted Huntington, guess MORE INFO [1] http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/mar 1/nucleo.html (with image of onion skin layers) [2] another person declares star inside to be similar to planets: iron, oxygen, nickel, etc. do not support standard solar model. star_inside_iron.pdf |
[1] Description English: The Sun photographed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA 304) of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This is a false color image of the sun observed in the extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum. For example,similar image Français : Le soleil, photographié depuis le Solar Dynamics Observatory de la NASA. Date 2010-08-19T00:32:21Z (ISO 8601) Source NASA/SDO (AIA). Author NASA/SDO (AIA). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_ Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASAs_So lar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/ 628px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging _Assembly_of_NASAs_Solar_Dynamics_Observ atory_-_20100819.jpg [2] Summary Description The star formation region N11B in the LMC taken by WFPC2 on the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Date Source http://www.spacetelescope.org/image s/html/heic0411a.html Author NASA/ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI)/HEIC Permission (Reusing this file) ESA Public Domain, as per http://www.spacetelescope.org/copyright. html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6c/Heic0411a.jpg | |
5,500,000,000 YBN 9 | 17) Planets form around our star from many collisions. Like the star, they are red hot with liquid rock and metals on the surface. Lighter atoms move to the surface of the planets. Larger planets are surrounded by gas.6 As the number of collisions decreases, and smaller objects are absorbed by the star and planets, the average temperature of the star system is lowered. As the temperature of the planets and moons decreases, their surfaces solidify, and water and other molecules condense at the surface.7 Perhaps most outer planets are larger, because their orbit covers a larger space which includes more matter.8 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] an 19, 2005 � For the past five days, forecasters at the NOAA Space Environment Center in Boulder, Colo., have observed all types of space weather: radio blackouts, solar radiation storms and geomagnetic storms. Currently, space weather forecasters are observing a moderate geomagnetic storm (G-2 on the NOAA Space Weather Scales) and a minor (S-1) solar radiation storm. Earlier Wednesday an X-class flare produced a strong (R-3) radio blackout. (Click image for larger view of the sun taken on Jan. 19, 2005, at 2:19 p.m. EST. Click here for high resolution version, which is a large file. Please credit European Space Agency-NASA.) PD source: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/sto ries2005/images/sun-soho011905-1919z.jpg [2] This artist’s impression shows the disk of gas and cosmic dust around the young star HD 142527. Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope have seen vast streams of gas flowing across the gap in the disc UNKNOWN source: http://l2.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1. 2/kB0xEBWbOe3fUGcRF7Y3RA--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld 3M7Zmk9aW5zZXQ7aD00MDg7cT03OTt3PTU3NQ--/ http://media.zenfs.com/en_US/News/SPACE. com/Never-Before-Seen_Stage_of_Planet_Bi rth-893372caafae611ec5e71458c2f79fb8 | |
4,600,000,000 YBN | 21) The moon of Earth is captured.4 The moon of Earth may form as a planet that is captured by the Earth, or a planet that collides with the Earth and then reforms from the remaining matter of the collision, or forms in orbit of the Earth at the same time the Earth forms.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Image of moon superimposed on Venus PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/dd/Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour .jpg [2] an 19, 2005 � For the past five days, forecasters at the NOAA Space Environment Center in Boulder, Colo., have observed all types of space weather: radio blackouts, solar radiation storms and geomagnetic storms. Currently, space weather forecasters are observing a moderate geomagnetic storm (G-2 on the NOAA Space Weather Scales) and a minor (S-1) solar radiation storm. Earlier Wednesday an X-class flare produced a strong (R-3) radio blackout. (Click image for larger view of the sun taken on Jan. 19, 2005, at 2:19 p.m. EST. Click here for high resolution version, which is a large file. Please credit European Space Agency-NASA.) PD source: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/sto ries2005/images/sun-soho011905-1919z.jpg | |
4,600,000,000 YBN 6 7 | 30) Planet Earth cools. Molten liquid rock turns into a solid thin crust. Water condenses and falls to the surface, filling the lowest parts of the land to make the first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_ htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 2. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_ htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 3. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_ htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 4. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_ htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 5. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_ htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] USGS Photo by Tim Orr Pahoehoe lava breaks out of the crust along a flow margin PD source: http://www.nps.gov/havo/parkmgmt /upload/havo_manage_usgs_20080304_tro381 7_x800.jpg [2] English: Ultraviolet image of Venus' clouds as seen by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (February 26, 1979). The immense C- or Y-shaped features which are visible only in these wavelengths are individually short lived, but reform often enough to be considered a permanent feature of Venus' clouds. The mechanism by which Venus' clouds absorb ultraviolet is not well understood. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venuspioneeruv. jpg/953px-Venuspioneeruv.jpg | |
4,600,000,000 YBN 7 | 50) The start of the "Precambrian" and the Hadean {HA DEen5 } Eon.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 2. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 3. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 4. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 5. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 6. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 7. ^ "Divisions of Geologic Time", 2010, USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/ pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf | |
4,571,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 31) The oldest meteorite yet found on Earth: 4.57 billion years old.5 6 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/fu ll/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&s earchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7830 48.stm 3. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/fu ll/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&s earchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 4. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7830 48.stm 5. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/fu ll/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&s earchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7830 48.stm 7. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/fu ll/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&s earchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 (4.7 +- .2 billion years) 8. ^ sci has 4.7 +- .2 by where did 4.571 come from? |
[1] The ''Zag'' meteorite fell to Earth in 1988 COPYRIGHTED source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/t ech/783048.stm | |
4,530,000,000 YBN | 33) The oldest Moon rock returned from the Moon (4.53 billions old).3 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ nojs/wl.br.1.html 2. ^ http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ nojs/wl.br.1.html 3. ^ http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ nojs/wl.br.1.html |
[1] http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ nojs/wl.br.1.html source: | |
4,404,000,000 YBN | 34) The oldest "terrestrial" zircon; evidence that the crust and liquid water are on the surface of Earth. A terrestrial zircon is not from a meteorite.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/01011 1/010111-1.html 2. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/01011 1/010111-1.html 3. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/01011 1/010111-1.html |
[1] http://www.geology.wisc.edu/zircon/Earli est%20Piece/Images/8.jpg source: | |
4,400,000,000 YBN | 18) Larger molecules form on Earth, like amino acids, phosphates, and sugars, the components of living objects.10 These molecules are made in the oceans, fresh water, and atmosphere of Earth (and other planets) by lightning, light particles with high frequency from the Sun, and from ocean floor volcanoes.11 The initial building blocks of living objects are easily formed, but assembling them into longer-chain molecules, or polymers, is more difficult. Amino acids link up to form polymers called proteins, simple fatty acids plus alcohols link up to form lipids (oils and fats), simple sugars like glucose and sucrose link together to form complex carbohydrates and starches, and finally, the nucleotide bases (plus phosphates and sugars) link up to form nucleic acids, the genetic code of organisms, known as RNA and DNA.12 Perhaps all proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and DNA are strictly the products of living objects, while RNA can assemble without the help of any living objects.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p150. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p150. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Ted Huntington. 11. ^ Ted Huntington. 12. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p150. 13. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] The two optical isomers of alanine, D-Alanine and L-Alanine D-glucose BOTH PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/65/D%2BL-Alanine.gif and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped ia/commons/thumb/5/5a/D-glucose-chain-3D -balls.png/640px-D-glucose-chain-3D-ball s.png | |
4,395,000,000 YBN | 19) Nucleic acids form on Earth. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) may be the first nucleic acid to form. One of these RNA molecules may be the ancestor of all of life on Earth.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Ribonucleic acid (English pronunciation: /raɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/), or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules (along with DNA and proteins) that are essential for all known forms of life. UNKNOWN source: http://dna-rna.net/wp-content/up loads/2011/07/rna.jpg | |
4,385,000,000 YBN | 167) The first proteins on Earth. Transfer RNA molecules evolve (tRNA), and link amimo acids into proteins using other RNA molecules ("messenger" or mRNA molecules), as a template. This protein assembly system is the main system responsible for all the proteins on Earth.6 Part of each tRNA molecule bonds with a specific amino acid, while another part has a 3 nucleotide sequence that bonds with an opposite matching 3 nucleotide sequence on an mRNA molecule.7 Perhaps this system, where tRNA molecules build proteins directly from free floating RNA strands, evolves before the first ribosome and the first cell.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Description English: Illustration of tRNA building peptide chain Date 1 March 2009 Source Own work Author Boumphreyfr CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0f/Peptide_syn.png [2] Source : ''Role of the Ribosome'' University of Texas Medical Branch UNKNOWN source: http://ead.univ-angers.fr/~jaspa rd/Page2/COURS/7RelStructFonction/2Bioch imie/1SyntheseProteines/3Figures/4Organi tes/2Ribosomes/6Polysome.gif | |
4,380,000,000 YBN | 40) A protein can copy RNA. This protein is called an RNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS5 }. For the first time, a nucleic acid functions both as a template for building proteins (with the help of tRNA molecules) and also as a template for building other nucleic acid molecules.6 An RNA polymerase must be one of the first useful proteins to be assembled by the early (presumably) precellular protein production system. Eventually an RNA strand that codes for the RNA polymerase and the tRNA needed to make the polymerase may be copied many times. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] Schuppli, Daniel et al. “Altered 3′-terminal RNA Structure in Phage Qβ Adapted to Host Factor-less Escherichia Coli.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94.19 (1997): 10239 –10242. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/1 9/10239.abstract |
[1] RNA is a versatile molecule. In its most familiar role, RNA acts as an intermediary, carrying genetic information from the DNA to the machinery of protein synthesis. RNA also plays more active roles, performing many of the catalytic and recognition functions normally reserved for proteins. In fact, most of the RNA in cells is found in ribosomes--our protein-synthesizing machines--and the transfer RNA molecules used to add each new amino acid to growing proteins. In addition, countless small RNA molecules are involved in regulating, processing and disposing of the constant traffic of messenger RNA. The enzyme RNA polymerase carries the weighty responsibility of creating all of these different RNA molecules. The RNA Factory RNA polymerase is a huge factory with many moving parts. The one shown here, from PDB entry 1i6h, is from yeast cells. It is composed of a dozen different proteins. Together, they form a machine that surrounds DNA strands, unwinds them, and builds an RNA strand based on the information held inside the DNA. Once the enzyme gets started, RNA polymerase marches confidently along the DNA copying RNA strands thousands of nucleotides long. Accuracy As you might expect, RNA polymerase needs to be accurate in its copying of genetic information. To improve its accuracy, it performs a simple proofreading step as it builds an RNA strand. The active site is designed to be able to remove nucleotides as well as add them to the growing strand. The enzyme tends to hover around mismatched nucleotides longer than properly added ones, giving the enzyme time to remove them. This process is somewhat wasteful, since proper nucleotides are also occasionally removed, but this is a small price to pay for creating better RNA transcripts. Overall, RNA polymerase makes an error about once in 10,000 nucleotides added, or about once per RNA strand created. Poisoning Polymerase Since RNA polymerase is absolutely essential for the life of the cell, it is a sensitive target for poisons and toxins. The most powerful of these poisons is alpha-amanitin, a small circular peptide created by the death cap mushroom. Eating even one of these mushrooms will lead to coma and death in a manner of days, as the poison attacks RNA polymerase throughout the body. Surprisingly, it binds on the back side of RNA polymerase, away from the active site and away from the binding site for the DNA and RNA. It does not physically block the active site, like most inhibitors, but instead jams the mechanism of the enzyme. RNA polymerase is a highly mobile enzyme, that flexes and changes shape as it performs the sequential steps of binding to DNA, unwinding it, and then building the RNA strand. As seen in PDB entry 1k83, the poison binds between two subunits of the protein, gluing them together and blocking these essential motions. PD source: http://www.pdb.org/pdb/education _discussion/molecule_of_the_month/images /1i6h-composite.gif [2] [t Notice that many RNA molecules are being produced all in sequence, with each RNA molecule getting longer as each protein reaches the end of the DNA molecule.] Micrograph of gene transcription of ribosomal RNA illustrating the growing primary transcripts. ''Begin'' indicates the 5' end of the coding strand of DNA, where new RNA synthesis begins; ''end'' indicates the 3' end, where the primary transcripts are almost complete. This is an alternate version of Image:RibosomaleTranskriptionsEinheit.jp g, original author identified as Dr. Hans-Heinrich Trepte, labeled in German. This version with English labels is from en:Image:Transcription label fromcommons.jpg, by en:UserOpabinia regalis, licensed under GFDL. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/43/Transcription_label_e n.jpg | |
4,370,000,000 YBN | 168) The ribosome evolves. The first Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The ribosome may function as a protocell, providing a platform for more efficient protein production. A single RNA may contain all the instructions needed to make more polymerase, tRNA, and ribosomes. Alternatively the first ribosome may not evolve until after the first cell. All cells contain ribosomes.4 Ribosomes are the cellular organelles that carry out protein synthesis, through a process called translation. These molecular machines are responsible for accurately translating the linear genetic code on the messenger RNA (mRNA), into a linear sequence of amino acids to produce a protein.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ribosome." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ribosome 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 3. ^ "ribosome." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ribosome 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 5. ^ "ribosome." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ribosome |
[1] Description English: Illustration of tRNA building peptide chain Date 1 March 2009 Source Own work Author Boumphreyfr CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0f/Peptide_syn.png [2] Source : ''Role of the Ribosome'' University of Texas Medical Branch UNKNOWN source: http://ead.univ-angers.fr/~jaspa rd/Page2/COURS/7RelStructFonction/2Bioch imie/1SyntheseProteines/3Figures/4Organi tes/2Ribosomes/6Polysome.gif | |
4,365,000,000 YBN | 166) The first Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule. A protein evolves that allows the assembly of DNA from RNA; a ribonucleotide reductase.5 This protein changes ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides, which can then be assembled into the first DNA molecules on Earth.6 DNA has the advantage of being more stable than RNA and can hold together in longer strands.7 Longer strands allow for a more complex organism.8 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696. 2. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696. 3. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Lurquin, P.F. The Origins of Life and the Universe. COLUMBIA University Press, 2003, p. 132. http://books.google.com/books?id=2 -qdwqOd1BsC&pg=PA132 8. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Description Crystallographic structure of the ribonucleotide reductase protein R1E from Salmonella typhimurium. The protein is rainbow colored (N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red) while deoxyadenosine triphosphate is show as sticks and a complexed magnesium ion as a grey sphere.[1] ↑ PDB 1PEU; Uppsten M, Färnegårdh M, Jordan A, Eliasson R, Eklund H, Uhlin U (June 2003). ''Structure of the large subunit of class Ib ribonucleotide reductase from Salmonella typhimurium and its complexes with allosteric effectors''. J. Mol. Biol. 330 (1): 87–97. PMID 12818204. Date 28 February 2008 Source Own work Author Boghog2 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/1PEU_R1E.png/10 24px-1PEU_R1E.png [2] Description English: The reaction mechanism of ribonucleotide reductase Date 14 January 2006 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Michał Sobkowski using CommonsHelper. Author Original uploader was BorisTM at en.wikipedia PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2c/RNR_reaction.png | |
4,360,000,000 YBN | 212) A protein can copy DNA molecules, a DNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS6 }.7 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymer ase 2. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 3. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymer ase 4. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 5. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymer ase 6. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 7. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymer ase |
[1] A look at DNA replication, with the inset showing a larger and general view. ''Pol'' stands for polymerase, a key enzyme. Note how each enzyme works in a 'biochemical team' to complete the process efficiently COPYRIGHTED source: http://genmed.yolasite.com/resou rces/DNA20replication.jpg [2] Description Diagram of DNA polymerase extending a DNA strand and proof-reading. Date Source Own work Author Madprime GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6f/DNA_polymerase.svg | |
4,360,000,000 YBN | 6409) Transcription evolves. A protein (an RNA polymerase) assembles RNA from DNA. |
[1] Transcription: DNA-> RNA In E. coli it is possible to see the strands of RNA transcripts under the electron microscope. Relate the image seen under an electron microscope with the drawing in your book in Figure 13-3. Why do you not see any protein strands coming from the mRNA in the electron microscope image? UNKNOWN source: http://www.utexas.edu/courses/zo o325/13-4.gif [2] RNA is a versatile molecule. In its most familiar role, RNA acts as an intermediary, carrying genetic information from the DNA to the machinery of protein synthesis. RNA also plays more active roles, performing many of the catalytic and recognition functions normally reserved for proteins. In fact, most of the RNA in cells is found in ribosomes--our protein-synthesizing machines--and the transfer RNA molecules used to add each new amino acid to growing proteins. In addition, countless small RNA molecules are involved in regulating, processing and disposing of the constant traffic of messenger RNA. The enzyme RNA polymerase carries the weighty responsibility of creating all of these different RNA molecules. The RNA Factory RNA polymerase is a huge factory with many moving parts. The one shown here, from PDB entry 1i6h, is from yeast cells. It is composed of a dozen different proteins. Together, they form a machine that surrounds DNA strands, unwinds them, and builds an RNA strand based on the information held inside the DNA. Once the enzyme gets started, RNA polymerase marches confidently along the DNA copying RNA strands thousands of nucleotides long. Accuracy As you might expect, RNA polymerase needs to be accurate in its copying of genetic information. To improve its accuracy, it performs a simple proofreading step as it builds an RNA strand. The active site is designed to be able to remove nucleotides as well as add them to the growing strand. The enzyme tends to hover around mismatched nucleotides longer than properly added ones, giving the enzyme time to remove them. This process is somewhat wasteful, since proper nucleotides are also occasionally removed, but this is a small price to pay for creating better RNA transcripts. Overall, RNA polymerase makes an error about once in 10,000 nucleotides added, or about once per RNA strand created. Poisoning Polymerase Since RNA polymerase is absolutely essential for the life of the cell, it is a sensitive target for poisons and toxins. The most powerful of these poisons is alpha-amanitin, a small circular peptide created by the death cap mushroom. Eating even one of these mushrooms will lead to coma and death in a manner of days, as the poison attacks RNA polymerase throughout the body. Surprisingly, it binds on the back side of RNA polymerase, away from the active site and away from the binding site for the DNA and RNA. It does not physically block the active site, like most inhibitors, but instead jams the mechanism of the enzyme. RNA polymerase is a highly mobile enzyme, that flexes and changes shape as it performs the sequential steps of binding to DNA, unwinding it, and then building the RNA strand. As seen in PDB entry 1k83, the poison binds between two subunits of the protein, gluing them together and blocking these essential motions. PD source: http://www.pdb.org/pdb/education _discussion/molecule_of_the_month/images /1i6h-composite.gif | |
4,355,000,000 YBN | 20) The first cell on Earth evolves. This is the first prokaryotic cell and first bacterium. DNA is surrounded by a membrane of proteins made by ribosomes; the first cytoplasm.15 This cell may form in either fresh or salt water, near the sunlit water surface or near underwater volcanoes on the ocean floor.16 The DNA of this cell is a template containing the code for a copying molecule (DNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS17 }), and the necessary mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA molecules needed to build the cytoplasm. For the first time, ribosomes and DNA build cell structure. DNA protected by cytoplasm is more likely to survive and be copied.18 This is the start of binary cell division. DNA polymerase duplicates DNA within the cell and then the cell divides into two parts.19 A system of division may evolve in which the original and the newly synthesized copy of DNA are each attached to the cytoplasm, so that as the cell grows, the two copies of DNA can be separated, and the growing mass can eventually divide into two cells.20 This is also the start of passive transport. Amino acids, nucleotides, water, and other molecules enter and exit the cytoplasm only because of a difference in concentration from inside and outside the cell. This represents the beginnings of the first digestive system. This cell structure forms the basis of all future cells of every living object on Earth. These first cells are probably anaerobic (or anoxygenic- do not require free oxygen) and are heterotrophic, meaning that they do not make their own food (amino acids, nucleotides, phosphates, and sugars) but instead depend on obtaining these molecules from external sources.21 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154. 11. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 12. ^ Ted Huntington. 13. ^ Ted Huntington. 14. ^ Ted Huntington. 15. ^ Ted Huntington. 16. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154. 17. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 18. ^ Ted Huntington. 19. ^ Ted Huntington. 20. ^ Ted Huntington. 21. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Deutsch: Bild über den Reitenden Urzwerg English: Image of Nanoarchaeum equitans Date 2005-09-10 (original upload date) Source Originally from de.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Eber-Jimmy at de.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain due to its age. Licensing According to this article, ''Es wurde von dem Mikrobiologen Karl O. Stetter entdeckt. Bildrechte: Public domain.'' PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/dc/Urzwerg.jpg [2] Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (strain TK-6) is an obligately chemolithoautotrophic, extremely (and strictly) thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium whose optimal growth temperature is around 70 to 75°C and was isolated from hot springs. UNKNOWN source: http://standardsingenomics.org/i ndex.php/sigen/article/viewFile/146/534/ 4368 | |
4,350,000,000 YBN 11 | 183) Cells make the first lipids on Earth; (fats, oils, and waxes8 )9 by making proteins that can assemble lipids.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ find biomarker evidence 2. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Ted Huntington. 11. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Figure1: Lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cell line (days in culture) UNKNOWN source: http://www.emsdiasum.com/microsc opy/products/sem/wet/images/lipid_accumu lation.jpg [2] Lipid Structures under the microscope. Image by Alison North, The Rockefeller University. UNKNOWN source: http://selections.rockefeller.ed u/cms/images/stories/2010/may/lipid.gif | |
4,345,000,000 YBN | 27) A phospholipid bilayer evolves around the cell, providing added protection from the external environment.4 All extant cells have this phospholipid bilayer.5 When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into double-layered aggregates, or bilayers, with the phosphate part of the molecule on the outside and the fatty acid tail part on the inside.6 7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p76-77. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p76-77. 6. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p76-77. 7. ^ Sadava, D. et al. Life: The Science of Biology. W. H. Freeman, 2009, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id= ANT8VB14oBUC&pg=PA107 |
[1] Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p77. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p77. [2] Gram negative cell wall http://www.arches.uga.edu/~kristen c/cellwall.html COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.arches.uga.edu/~krist enc/cellwall.html | |
4,340,000,000 YBN | 26) Possibly DNA that is connected in a circle allows the DNA polymerase to make continuous copies of the cell, which may increase the speed of cell growth, duplication, and division.1 As far as is known bacteria do not die of old age, but if a mutation stops them from dividing, then they die. Bacteria can also die from physical destruction in addition to lack of food and water.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Hardy, S. Human Microbiology. Taylor & Francis, 2002. Lifelines Series. |
[1] PLATE IV. Autoradiographs showing examples of the replicated portion of both symmetrically aud asymmetrically reinitiated chromosomes. Spores of B. subtilis 168 thy-trp- were germinated in t,he absence of thymine and allowed to incorporate [methyZ-3H]thymine as follows: (a) and (b), 160 to 190 min; (d), (e) and (f), 160 to 200 min; (c) and (g), 150 to 200 min. Autoradiographs were prepared in the usual manner. The scale shows 100 pm. See Materials and Methods for other details. Wake, R.G. “Visualization of Reinitiated Chromosomes in Bacillus Subtilis.” Journal of Molecular Biology 68.3 (1972): 501–509. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/0022283672901027 C OPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence/article/pii/0022283672901027 [2] Electron Micrograph of RecA protein-coated DNA trefoil knot generated by E.coli DNA topoisomerase 1 acting on nicked circular DNA. Micrograph courtesy of A. Stasiak, University of Lausanne. UNKNOWN source: http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/i ssues/20/assets/images/wertheim1.jpg | |
4,340,000,000 YBN | 64) Operons evolve. An operon is a sequence of DNA which a protein binds with in order to block RNA polymerase from building an mRNA molecule, from part of the sequence, which would be translated into a protein. Operons allow a bacterium to produce certain proteins only when necessary. Bacteria before now can only build a constant stream of all proteins encoded in their DNA.7 8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/Te rmPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 2. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gen e-regulation.html#table 3. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/Te rmPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 4. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gen e-regulation.html#table 5. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/Te rmPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 6. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gen e-regulation.html#table 7. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/Te rmPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 8. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gen e-regulation.html#table 9. ^ "operon." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/operon |
[1] Figure 6 from: Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user =4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=17 23143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search& _origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi =6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c& _ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVe rsion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee 4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_F rancois_19601228.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B &_user=4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_a lid=1723143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=s earch&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_ite m&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&v iew=c&_ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1& _urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c 7c5bee4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a [2] Figure 3 from: Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user =4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=17 23143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search& _origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi =6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c& _ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVe rsion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee 4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_F rancois_19601228.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B &_user=4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_a lid=1723143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=s earch&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_ite m&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&v iew=c&_ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1& _urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c 7c5bee4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a | |
4,340,000,000 YBN | 6340) Facilitated diffusion evolves. Proteins in the cell membrane allow only certain molecules to enter the cell.3 "Facilitated diffusion" is passive transport aided by proteins.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Daniel V. Lim, "Microbiology", 2002, p101. http://books.google.com/books?id= CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA101 2. ^ Daniel V. Lim, "Microbiology", 2002, p101. http://books.google.com/books?id= CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA101 3. ^ Daniel V. Lim, "Microbiology", 2002, p101. http://books.google.com/books?id= CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA101 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P134-135. |
[1] Figure 7.15 from: Campbell, Reece, et al., ''Biology'', 8th Edition, 2008, P135. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P135. [2] Figure 7.18 from: Campbell, Reece, et al., ''Biology'', 8th Edition, 2008, P137. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P137. | |
4,335,000,000 YBN | 28) Cellular respiration. Glycolysis evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells can now make ATP (adenosine {oDeNoSEN8 } triphosphate) by converting glucose into pyruvate {PIrUVAT9 }. This is the beginning of cellular respiration, how cells convert food into ATP and waste products.10 ATP is the molecule that drives most cellular work.11 That glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway, that it occurs in the cytoplasm, not in an organelle, and that it is the first stage in fermentation all imply an ancient origin.12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 4. ^ "adenosine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/adenosine 5. ^ "pyruvate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyruvate 6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 7. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 8. ^ "adenosine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/adenosine 9. ^ "pyruvate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyruvate 10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 11. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 12. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p179. |
[1] Description English: Glycolysis pathway overview. Date 3 September 2009 Source Own work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ Inkscape Logo.svg This vector image was created with Inkscape. Permission (Reusing this file) GFDL license (see below). GFDL source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Glycolysis.svg/ 1024px-Glycolysis.svg.png [2] Figure 9.6 from: Campbell, Reece, et al, ''Biology'', 8th edition, 2008, p166. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p166. | |
4,330,000,000 YBN | 44) Fermentation evolves in the cell cytoplasm. Cells can make lactic acid.4 These cells, which are anaerobic, can now convert pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, into lactate (an ionized form of lactic acid), and in the process refuel glycolysis and the production of ATP molecules.5 6 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2 stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+ oldest&hl=en 2. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2 stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+ oldest&hl=en 3. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2 stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+ oldest&hl=en 4. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2 stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+ oldest&hl=en 5. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008, p162-184. 6. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2 stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+ oldest&hl=en |
[1] Campbell, Reece, et al, ''Biology'', 8th edition, 2008, p178. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p178. [2] IUPAC name[hide] 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid Other names[hide] Milk acid Description de: Struktur von Milchsäure; en: Structure of lactic acid Date 12 February 2007 Source Own work Author NEUROtiker Permission (Reusing this file) Own work, all rights released (Public domain) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/59/Lactic-acid-3D-balls. pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia /commons/thumb/d/d3/Lactic-acid-skeletal .svg/1000px-Lactic-acid-skeletal.svg.png | |
4,325,000,000 YBN | 213) A second kind of fermentation evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells (all anaerobic) can now convert pyruvate (the final product of glycolysis) into ethanol.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. |
[1] Campbell, Reece, et al, ''Biology'', 8th edition, 2008, p178. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p178. [2] Ethanol Full structural formula, Ball and Stick Model, and Space-Filling Model of Ethanol PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/37/Ethanol-2D-flat.pnght tp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm ons/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.pnghttp://uplo ad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/ Ethanol-3D-vdW.png | |
4,315,000,000 YBN | 196) Active transport evolves. Proteins and ATP are used to transport molecules into and out of the cytoplasm.7 8 9 Active transport enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules that differ from the cell's surroundings.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotuto rials/eustruct/cmeu.html 2. ^ "active transport." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-tran sport 3. ^ "active transport." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-tran sport 4. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotuto rials/eustruct/cmeu.html 5. ^ "active transport." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-tran sport 6. ^ "active transport." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-tran sport 7. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotuto rials/eustruct/cmeu.html 8. ^ "active transport." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-tran sport 9. ^ "active transport." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-tran sport 10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P135. |
[1] Figure 7.18 from: Campbell, Reece, et al., ''Biology'', 8th Edition, 2008, P137. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P137. [2] Figure 7.15 from: Campbell, Reece, et al., ''Biology'', 8th Edition, 2008, P135. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P135. | |
4,200,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 292) The prokaryote flagellum evolves.4 Prokaryotic cells now have more mobility, and can make more choices about their location. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 2. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 3. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 4. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ (October 2006). "From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella". Nature Reviews. Microbiology 4 (10): 784–90. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID 16953248. http://www.nature.com/nrmicro /journal/v4/n10/full/nrmicro1493.html [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ [4] David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf [5] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html [6] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation> |
[1] Aquifex pyrophilus (platinum shadowed). © K.O. Stetter & Reinhard Rachel, University of Regensburg. COPYRIGHTED source: http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microb ial_Biorealm/bacteria/aquifex/aquifex.ht m [2] Description English: A Gram-negative bacterial flagellum. A flagellum (plural: flagella) is a long, slender projection from the cell body, whose function is to propel a unicellular or small multicellular organism. The depicted type of flagellum is found in bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella, and rotates like a propeller when the bacterium swims. The bacterial movement can be divided in 2 kinds: run, resulting from a counterclockwise rotation of the flagellum, and tumbling, from a clockwise rotation of the flagellum. Français : Flagelle de bactérie Gram-négative. Le flagelle est une projection longue et fine hors du corps cellulaire, dont la fonction est de propulser l'organisme. Ce type de flagelle est présent dans des bactéries comme Escherichia coli et Salmonella, et tourne comme une hélice quand la bactérie se déplace. Le flagelle peut provoquer deux types de déplacement selon son sens de rotation. Date November 2007 Source self-made References: [1],[2], [3] (main 3), [4], [5] (propeller rotation), PMID 17142059 (bend). Author LadyofHats PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flagellum_base_ diagram_en.svg/1000px-Flagellum_base_dia gram_en.svg.png | |
4,193,000,000 YBN 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 | 77) The Archaea (also called archaebacteria) evolve according to genetic comparison.13 The Phylum Nanoarcheota.14 15 Eubacteria and Archaea are the two major lines of Prokaryotes.16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Archaea have a variety of shapes, including spherical, rodlike, and spiral forms.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p102. http://timetree.org/pdf/Battistuz zi2009Chap06.pdf 5. ^ Huber, H., Hohn, M.J., Rachel, R., Fuchs, T., Wimmer, V.C., and Stetter, K.O. "A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont." Nature (2002) 417:63-67. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v417/n6884/full/417063a.html 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html 7. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) 10. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html {4000my} 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3970my 13. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html 14. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p102. http://timetree.org/pdf/Battistuz zi2009Chap06.pdf 15. ^ Huber, H., Hohn, M.J., Rachel, R., Fuchs, T., Wimmer, V.C., and Stetter, K.O. "A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont." Nature (2002) 417:63-67. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v417/n6884/full/417063a.html 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html 17. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my 19. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) 20. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my 21. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html {4000my} 22. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3970my 23. ^ "archaebacterium." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 21 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaebacte ria 24. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 25. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/pdf/H edges2009Chap05.pdf 26. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html 27. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my (2142-1873my) 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my (2300my) 29. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) (4100my) 30. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my (1800my) 31. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4000my (4000my) 32. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3970my (3970my) |
[1] Deutsch: Bild über den Reitenden Urzwerg English: Image of Nanoarchaeum equitans Date 2005-09-10 (original upload date) Source Originally from de.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Eber-Jimmy at de.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain due to its age. Licensing According to this article, ''Es wurde von dem Mikrobiologen Karl O. Stetter entdeckt. Bildrechte: Public domain.'' PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/dc/Urzwerg.jpg [2] Figure 1) Changing views of the tree and timescale of life. a) An early-1990s view, with the tree determined mostly from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis. This tree emphasizes vertical (as opposed to horizontal) evolution and the close relationship between eukaryotes and the Archaebacteria. The deep branching (>3.5 Giga (109) years ago, Gya) of CYANOBACTERIA (Cy) and other Eubacteria (purple), the shallow branching (approx1 Gya) of plants (Pl), animals (An) and fungi (Fu), and the early origin of mitochondria (Mi), were based on interpretations of the geochemical and fossil record7, 8. Some deeply branching amitochondriate (Am) species were believed to have arisen before the origin of mitochondria44. Major symbiotic events (black dots) were introduced to explain the origin of eukaryotic organelles42, but were not assumed to be associated with large transfers of genes to the host nucleus. They were: Eu, joining of an archaebacterium host with a eubacterium (presumably a SPIROCHAETE) to produce an amitochondriate eukaryote; Mi, joining of a eukaryote host with an alpha-proteobacterium (Ap) symbiont, leading to the origin of mitochondria, and plastids (Ps), joining of a eukaryote host with a cyanobacterium symbiont, forming the origin of plastids on the plant lineage and possibly on other lineages. b) The present view, based on extensive genomic analysis. Eukaryotes are no longer considered to be close relatives of Archaebacteria, but are genomic hybrids of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, owing to the transfer of large numbers of genes from the symbiont genome to the nucleus of the host (indicated by coloured arrows). Other new features, largely derived from molecular-clock studies16, 39 (Box 1), include a relatively recent origin of Cyanobacteria (approx2.6 Gya) and mitochondria (approx1.8 Gya), an early origin (approx1.5 Gya) of plants, animals and fungi, and a close relationship between animals and fungi. Coloured dashed lines indicate controversial aspects of the present view: the existence of a premitochondrial symbiotic event and of living amitochondriate eukaryotes, ancestors of which never had mitochondria. c) The times of divergence of selected model organisms from humans, based on molecular clocks. For the prokaryotes (red), because of different possible origins through symbiotic events, divergence times depend on the gene of interest. source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa l/v3/n11/full/nrg929_fs.html | |
4,189,000,000 YBN 11 12 | 193) The Eubacteria "Hyperthermophiles" evolve (the ancestor of Aquifex and Thermotoga).7 8 Aquifex and Thermotoga are the only two major genera {JeN-R-u9 } of eubacteria that are hyperthermophiles. They grow best in a environment that is around 80 degrees Celsius (176 degrees Fahrenheit).10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 6. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 8. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 9. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. enera>. 10. ^ Munn, C.B. Marine Microbiology: Ecology and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004. Advanced Text, p78. http://books.google.com/books?id=1 _S4cJYT3DUC&pg=PA78 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). |
[1] A timescale of prokaryote evolution. Letters indicate nodes discussed in the text. The last common ancestor was arbitrarily placed at 4.25 Ga in the tree, although this placement was not part of the analyses. The grey rectangle shows the time prior to the initial rise in oxygen (presumably anaerobic conditions). Mtb: Methanothermobacter, Tab: Thermoanaerobacter, Tsc: Thermosynechococcus. Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 Table 1 Time estimates for selected nodes in the tree of eubacteria (A-K) and archaebacteria (L-P). Letters refer to Fig. 3. Time (Ma)a CIb Node A 102 57–176 Node B 2508 2154–2928 Node C 2800 2452–3223 Node D 1039 702–1408 Node E 2558 2310–2969 Node F 2784 2490–3203 Node G 2923 2587–3352 Node H 3054 2697–3490 Node I 3186 2801–3634 Node J 3644 3172–4130 Node K 3977 3434–4464 Node L 233 118–386 Node M 3085 2469–3514 Node N 3566 2876–3948 Node O 3781 3047–4163 Node P 4112 3314–4486 a Averages of the divergence times estimated using the 2.3 Ga minimum constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes A-K) and using the 1.198 ± 0.022 Ga constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes L-P). b Credibility interval (minimum and maximum averages of the analyses under the five ingroup root constraints) Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2148-4-44-3-l.jpg [2] Aquifex pyrophilus (platinum shadowed). © K.O. Stetter & Reinhard Rachel, University of Regensburg. source: http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microb ial_Biorealm/bacteria/aquifex/aquifex.ht m | |
4,187,000,000 YBN 12 13 | 180) The Archaea Phylum: Crenarchaeota evolves (the ancestor of Sulfolobus).7 8 The Crenarchaea include many organisms that are extremely thermophilic {tR-mu-FiL-iK9 } (heat-loving) and cryophilic {KrI-e-FiL-iK10 } (cold-loving).11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 9. ^ "thermophilic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 Jun. 2013. hermophilic>. 10. ^ "cryophilic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cryophilic 11. ^ "Crenarchaeota". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenarchaeo ta 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). |
[1] A timescale of prokaryote evolution. Letters indicate nodes discussed in the text. The last common ancestor was arbitrarily placed at 4.25 Ga in the tree, although this placement was not part of the analyses. The grey rectangle shows the time prior to the initial rise in oxygen (presumably anaerobic conditions). Mtb: Methanothermobacter, Tab: Thermoanaerobacter, Tsc: Thermosynechococcus. Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 Table 1 Time estimates for selected nodes in the tree of eubacteria (A-K) and archaebacteria (L-P). Letters refer to Fig. 3. Time (Ma)a CIb Node A 102 57–176 Node B 2508 2154–2928 Node C 2800 2452–3223 Node D 1039 702–1408 Node E 2558 2310–2969 Node F 2784 2490–3203 Node G 2923 2587–3352 Node H 3054 2697–3490 Node I 3186 2801–3634 Node J 3644 3172–4130 Node K 3977 3434–4464 Node L 233 118–386 Node M 3085 2469–3514 Node N 3566 2876–3948 Node O 3781 3047–4163 Node P 4112 3314–4486 a Averages of the divergence times estimated using the 2.3 Ga minimum constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes A-K) and using the 1.198 ± 0.022 Ga constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes L-P). b Credibility interval (minimum and maximum averages of the analyses under the five ingroup root constraints) Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2148-4-44-3-l.jpg [2] tree of archaea ? source: http://www.uni-giessen.de/~gf126 5/GROUPS/KLUG/Stammbaum.html | |
4,187,000,000 YBN 24 25 | 181) The Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu14 } evolves (the ancestor of methanogens and halobacteria {HaL-O-BaK-TER-E-u15 }).16 17 The earliest cell response to light.18 The Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu19 } are composed of two classes: methanogens, which produce methane and are often found in intestines and sewage, and the halobacteria, which survive in high concentrations of salt.20 Some halobacteria use sensory rhodopsin {rO-DoP-SiN21 } (a pigment sensitive to red light22 ) for phototaxis (positive or negative movement along a light gradient or vector).23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryar chaeota&submit=Submit 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/44 5. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryar chaeota&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/44 9. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryar chaeota&submit=Submit 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/44 13. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryar chaeota&submit=Submit 15. ^ "halobacteria." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 Jun. 2013. alobacteria>. 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 17. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/44 18. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryar chaeota&submit=Submit 20. ^ Margulis, L., and M.J. Chapman. Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. Elsevier Science, 2009, p60-62. http://books.google.com/books?i d=9IWaqAOGyt4C&pg=PA60 21. ^ "rhodopsin." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 Jun. 2013. hodopsin>. 22. ^ "rhodopsin." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/rhodopsin-1 23. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 24. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 25. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/44 MORE INFO [1] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002), doi:10.1038/nrg929 http://www.nature.co m/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html#to p |
[1] A timescale of prokaryote evolution. Letters indicate nodes discussed in the text. The last common ancestor was arbitrarily placed at 4.25 Ga in the tree, although this placement was not part of the analyses. The grey rectangle shows the time prior to the initial rise in oxygen (presumably anaerobic conditions). Mtb: Methanothermobacter, Tab: Thermoanaerobacter, Tsc: Thermosynechococcus. Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 Table 1 Time estimates for selected nodes in the tree of eubacteria (A-K) and archaebacteria (L-P). Letters refer to Fig. 3. Time (Ma)a CIb Node A 102 57–176 Node B 2508 2154–2928 Node C 2800 2452–3223 Node D 1039 702–1408 Node E 2558 2310–2969 Node F 2784 2490–3203 Node G 2923 2587–3352 Node H 3054 2697–3490 Node I 3186 2801–3634 Node J 3644 3172–4130 Node K 3977 3434–4464 Node L 233 118–386 Node M 3085 2469–3514 Node N 3566 2876–3948 Node O 3781 3047–4163 Node P 4112 3314–4486 a Averages of the divergence times estimated using the 2.3 Ga minimum constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes A-K) and using the 1.198 ± 0.022 Ga constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes L-P). b Credibility interval (minimum and maximum averages of the analyses under the five ingroup root constraints) Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2148-4-44-3-l.jpg [2] tree of archaebacteria (archaea) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.uni-giessen.de/~gf126 5/GROUPS/KLUG/Stammbaum.html | |
4,112,000,000 YBN 11 | 58) The first autotrophic cells; cells that can produce some of their own food.5 Autotrophs produce their own sugars, lipids, and amino acids.6 There are only two kinds of autotrophs: chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs.7 Chemoautotrophs use chemical nutrients to synthesize carbohydrates, while photoautotrophs use light to synthesize carbohydrates.8 9 This is a chemoautotrophic cell: genes and metabolic sequences suggest that chemoautotrophs evolve before photoautotrophs.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ "autotroph." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ "autotroph." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph 7. ^ "autotroph."Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph 8. ^ "autotroph." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph 9. ^ "chemosynthesis." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chemosynthe sis 10. ^ Levin, S.A. et al. The Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton University Press, 2009, p361. http://books.google.com/books?id= 4MS-vfT89QMC&pg=PA361 11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/44 |
[1] Description Methanopyrus kandleri Date July 2006 Source ms:Imej:Arkea.jpg Auth or ms:User:PM Poon GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/aa/Arkea.jpg | |
4,100,000,000 YBN 18 | 49) Photosynthesis evolves.12 Anaerobic bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and an electron donor13 (also called a reductant) like Hydrogen sulfide into glucose, water, and sulfur.14 This process of moving carbon from carbon dioxide gas to the hydrocarbon molecule glucose is called carbon fixation.15 This is the ancestor of Photosystem I.16 This system of photosynthesis does not liberate oxygen.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ "reductant."Answers.com 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/reductant 3. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id= v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 4. ^ "carbon fixation>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "carbon fixation." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 14 Jul. 2012. arbon fixation>. 5. ^ Lockau, Wolfgang, Wolfgang Nitschke (1993). "Photosystem I and its Bacterial Counterparts". Physiologia Plantarum 88 (2): 372–381. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05512.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054 .1993.tb05512.x 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ "reductant."Answers.com 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/reductant 8. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id= v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 9. ^ "carbon fixation>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "carbon fixation." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 14 Jul. 2012. arbon fixation>. 10. ^ Lockau, Wolfgang, Wolfgang Nitschke (1993). "Photosystem I and its Bacterial Counterparts". Physiologia Plantarum 88 (2): 372–381. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05512.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054 .1993.tb05512.x 11. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/g6n805154602432w/?MUD=MP {Olson_ 2006.pdf} 12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 13. ^ "reductant."Answers.com 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/reductant 14. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id= v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 15. ^ "carbon fixation>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "carbon fixation." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 14 Jul. 2012. arbon fixation>. 16. ^ Lockau, Wolfgang, Wolfgang Nitschke (1993). "Photosystem I and its Bacterial Counterparts". Physiologia Plantarum 88 (2): 372–381. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05512.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054 .1993.tb05512.x 17. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/g6n805154602432w/?MUD=MP {Olson_ 2006.pdf} 18. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/g6n805154602432w/?MUD=MP {Olson_ 2006.pdf} MORE INFO [1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198 |
[1] Chemiosmosis as it operates in photophosphorylation within a chloroplast. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/facu lty/farabee/biobk/0817_1.gif [2] Chemiosmosis as it operates in photophosphorylation within a chloroplast. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/facu lty/farabee/biobk/0817_2.gif | |
4,000,000,000 YBN 18 | 43) Photosynthesis Photosystem II evolves. Cells with this system emit free Oxygen.12 Anaerobic13 14 bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and water into glucose, releasing oxygen gas in the process.15 16 This is the main system responsible for producing the Oxygen now in the air of Earth.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/fara bee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 2. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/fara bee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 3. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 4. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/fara bee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 5. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 6. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id= v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 7. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 8. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/fara bee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 9. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 10. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id= v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 11. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 12. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/fara bee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 13. ^ Seckbach, J. Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments. Springer London, Limited, 2007. Cellular Origin and Life in Extreme Habitats, p5-6. http://books.google.com/books?id= pHevPVcOVVYC&pg=PA5 14. ^ Carr, N.G., and B.A. Whitton. The Biology of Cyanobacteria. University of California Press, 1982. Botanical Monographs, V. 19, p221. http://books.google.com/books?id= zbX39nuSOMUC&pg=PA221 15. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 16. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id= v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 17. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 18. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. MORE INFO [1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198 |
[1] Chemiosmosis as it operates in photophosphorylation within a chloroplast. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/facu lty/farabee/biobk/0817_1.gif [2] Chemiosmosis as it operates in photophosphorylation within a chloroplast. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/facu lty/farabee/biobk/0817_2.gif | |
4,000,000,000 YBN 10 | 51) The end of the Hadean {HADEiN7 } and start of the Archean {oRKEiN8 } Eon.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 2. ^ "Archean." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaean 3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 4. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 5. ^ "Archean." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaean 6. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 7. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 8. ^ "Archean." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaean 9. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 10. ^ "Divisions of Geologic Time", 2010, USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/ pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf | |
3,950,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 | 37) (Filamentous) multicellularity evolves in prokaryotes. Photosynthetic bacteria grow in filaments. Cells stay fastened together after cell division.7 Multicellularity appears to have evolved independently multiple times in the history of life on Earth.8 9 With multicellularity comes the evolution of differentiation, cells with different functions.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 2. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 3. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 4. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 5. ^ Inaki Ruiz-Trillo, Gertraud Burger, Peter W.H. Holland, Nicole King, B. Franz Lang, Andrew J. Roger, Michael W. Gray, The origins of multicellularity: a multi-taxon genome initiative, Trends in Genetics, Volume 23, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 113-118, ISSN 0168-9525, DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.01.005. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 168952507000236) 6. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. “The Multiple Origins of Complex Multicellularity.” Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39.1 (2011): 217-239. http://www.annualreviews.org/d oi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.1002 09 7. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 8. ^ Inaki Ruiz-Trillo, Gertraud Burger, Peter W.H. Holland, Nicole King, B. Franz Lang, Andrew J. Roger, Michael W. Gray, The origins of multicellularity: a multi-taxon genome initiative, Trends in Genetics, Volume 23, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 113-118, ISSN 0168-9525, DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.01.005. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 168952507000236) 9. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. “The Multiple Origins of Complex Multicellularity.” Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39.1 (2011): 217-239. http://www.annualreviews.org/d oi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.1002 09 10. ^ Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007, p225-226. http://books.google.com/books ?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225 11. ^ Ted Huntington. 12. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 13. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] Grosberg R. K., Strathmann R. R. 2007 The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition? Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38, 621–654. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.1 14735) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/1 0.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 [2] Rokas A. 2008 The origins of multicellularity and the early history of the genetic toolkit for animal development. Ann. Rev. Genet. 42, 235–251. (doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091 513) http://apps.webofknowledge.com/Inb oundService.do?UT=000261767000011&IsProd uctCode=Yes&mode=FullRecord&product=WOS& SID=1EHDdbNiNf4NO8nC299&smartRedirect=ye s&SrcApp=CR&DestFail=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.we bofknowledge.com%3FDestApp%3DCEL%26DestP arams%3D%253Faction%253Dretrieve%2526mod e%253DFullRecord%2526product%253DCEL%252 6UT%253D000261767000011%2526customersID% 253DHighwire%26e%3DQZIAIzGgKoYbxc_i_WNam laqQ0.s968BNEwQvqhM9p.770dFYju0AbJCFAAcj orA%26SrcApp%3DHighwire%26SrcAuth%3DHigh wire&action=retrieve&Init=Yes&SrcAuth=Hi ghwire&customersID=Highwire&Func=Frame |
[1] Microgram of filamentous bacteria from flexible setae. (Courtesy Zoosystema © 2005) COPYRIGHTED source: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s 2009/decker_rour/images/yeti-crab-filame ntous-bacteria.JPG [2] Filamentous Bacteria Microthrix Parvicella UNKNOWN source: http://ebsbiowizard.com/wp-conte nt/gallery/filamentous-bacteria-microthr ix-parvicella/filamentous-bacteria-micro thrix-parvicella.jpg | |
3,950,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 | 316) Cell differentiation evolves in filamentous prokaryotes, creating organisms with different kinds of cells.4 One early cell differentiation is that only the cell at the tip of the filament can divide while the older cells below the tip do not divide.5 Multicellular organisms can die from aging, a series of cell differentiations that ultimately result in the inability for the multicellular body to continue functioning and to decay.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 3. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 4. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 5. ^ Alexandre Meinesz, "How life began: evolution's three geneses", 2008, p155. http://books.google.com/books?id= AL0fo20Tk3sC&pg=PA155 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 8. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238. http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D 0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238 9. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL. “Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995): 285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c om/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817. x/abstract MORE INFO [1] Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 |
[1] Adapted from: Anabaena smitthi COPYRIGHTED FRANCE source: http://www.ac-rennes.fr/pedagogi e/svt/photo/microalg/anabaena.jpg [2] Anabaena COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://home.manhattan.edu/~franc es.cardillo/plants/monera/anabaena.gif | |
3,950,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 | 322) Nitrogen fixation evolves. Cells can make nitrogen compounds like ammonia from Nitrogen gas in the air.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fi xation 2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 3. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fi xation 4. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 5. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fi xation 6. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 7. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fi xation 8. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 9. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 10. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 11. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238. http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D 0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238 12. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL. “Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995): 285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c om/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817. x/abstract | West Africa9 |
[1] Fig. 2. Modern cyanobacterial akinetes and Archaeoellipsoides fossils. (A) Three-month-old culture of living A. cylindrica grown in a medium without combined nitrogen. A, akinete; H, heterocyst; V, vegetative cells. (B–D) Shown are Archaeoellipsoides fossils from 1,500-Ma Billyakh Group, northern Siberia (B); 1,650-Ma McArthur Group, northern Australia (C); and 2,100-Ma Franceville Group, Gabon (D). (Scale bars, 10 μm.) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.pnas.org/content/103/ 14/5442/F2.large.jpg [2] Fig. 2. Modern cyanobacterial akinetes and Archaeoellipsoides fossils. (A) Three-month-old culture of living A. cylindrica grown in a medium without combined nitrogen. A, akinete; H, heterocyst; V, vegetative cells. (B–D) Shown are Archaeoellipsoides fossils from 1,500-Ma Billyakh Group, northern Siberia (B); 1,650-Ma McArthur Group, northern Australia (C); and 2,100-Ma Franceville Group, Gabon (D). (Scale bars, 10 μm.) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.pnas.org/content/103/ 14/5442/F2.large.jpg |
3,900,000,000 YBN | 57) Aerobic cellular respiration evolves. The first aerobic (or "oxygenic") cell. These cells use oxygen to convert glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.5 Aerobic cellular respiration evolves as an alternative to fermentation by using oxygen to break down the product of glycolysis, pyruvate, into carbon dioxide and water, producing up to 38 ATP molecules in the process.6 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. |
[1] purple aerobic bacteria UNKNOWN source: http://endosymbiotichypothesis.f iles.wordpress.com/2010/09/rain-bacteria .jpg [2] Organisms of Rickettsia conorii (r), a close relative of R. rickettsii, in a cultured human endothelial cell are located free in the cytosol. One rickettsia is dividing by binary fission (arrowhead). (B) These rickettsiae can move inside the cytoplasm of the host cell because of the propulsive force created by the ''tail'' of host cell actin filaments (arrow). Bars = 0.5 µm. Photo and text courtesy of David H. Walker - http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch038.htm UNKNOWN AND Rickettsia prowazekii (image with Rickettsia outside of cell) COPYRIGHTED [1] Rickettsia prowazekii COPYRIGHTED FAIR USE source: http://www.bio.davidson.edu/peop le/sosarafova/Assets/Bio307/liwoeste/Pic tures/Walker%203%5B1%5D.jpghttp://web.ms t.edu/~microbio/bio221_2001/Image9.jpg | |
3,850,000,000 YBN 24 | 36) The oldest physical evidence for life: the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in grains of ancient apetite {aPeTIT16 } (which are calcium phosphate minerals).17 18 19 Life uses the lighter Carbon-12 isotope and so the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-13 is different from a nonliving source (such as calcium carbonate or limestone).20 21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf 2. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 3. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 4. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 5. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 6. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 7. ^ "apatite." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite 8. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 9. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 10. ^ "apatite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite 11. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 12. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 13. ^ "apatite." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite 14. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 15. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 16. ^ "apatite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite 17. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 18. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 19. ^ "apatite." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite 20. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 21. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 22. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 23. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 24. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf MORE INFO [1] "Banded iron formation." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/banded-iron -formation [2] Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journa l/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf | Akilia Island, Western Greenland22 23 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Mojzsis, S. J. et al. ''Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago.'' Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf [2] Figure 1 from: Mojzsis, S. J. et al. ''Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago.'' Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf |
3,850,000,000 YBN 23 | 45) The oldest sediment, the Banded Iron Formation begins.17 Banded Iron Formation is sedimentary rock that spans from 3.8 to 1.8 billion years ago, made of iron-rich silicates (like silicon dioxide SiO2) with alternating layers of black colored ferrous (reduced) iron and red colored ferric (oxidized) iron.18 19 These alternating layers represent a seasonal cycle where the quantity of free oxygen in the ocean rises and falls, possibly linked to photosynthetic organisms.20 21 The atmosphere of Earth still has only small amounts of oxygen at this time. FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.t af?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 2. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.t af?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 3. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=R6b3skeNXrgC 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/30/12/1079.abstract 6. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865 -868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/33/11/865.abstract 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=R6b3skeNXrgC 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/30/12/1079.abstract 11. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865 -868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/33/11/865.abstract 12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 13. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=R6b3skeNXrgC 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 15. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/30/12/1079.abstract 16. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865 -868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/33/11/865.abstract 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 18. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=R6b3skeNXrgC 19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 20. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/30/12/1079.abstract 21. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865 -868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/33/11/865.abstract 22. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.t af?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 23. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.t af?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, {3850 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Roger Lewin, "Thread of Life", (New York: Smithsonian Books, 1982). p102 [2] http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html [3] "Banded iron formation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_iron _formation | Akilia Island, Western Greenland22 |
[1] image of BIF from Akilia from Nature COPYRIGHTED source: nature 11/7/96 [2] portion taken from: Description English: This image shows a 2.1 billion years old rock containing black-banded ironstone, which has a weight of about 8.5 tons. The approximately two meter high, three meter wide, and one meter thick block of stone was found in North America and belongs to the National Museum of Mineralogy and Geology in Dresden, Germany. The rock is located at +51°2'34.84'' +13°45'26.67''. Deutsch: Dieses Bild zeigt einen etwa 8,5 Tonnen schweren und 2,1 Milliarden Jahre alten Block mit Bändereisenerzen. Der etwa zwei Meter hohe, drei Meter breite und einen Meter tiefe Gesteinsblock wurde in Nordamerika gefunden und gehört dem Staatlichen Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie Dresden. Der Block befindet sich bei den Koordinaten +51°2'34.84'' +13°45'26.67''. Camera data Camera Nikon D70 Lens Tamron SP AF 90mm/2.8 Di Macro 1:1 Focal length 90 mm Aperture f/2.8 Exposure time 1/250 s Sensivity ISO 200 Please help translating the description into more languages. Thanks a lot! If you want a license with the conditions of your choice, please email me to negotiate terms. best new image Date 26 August 2005 Source Own work Author André Karwath aka Aka CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Black-band_iron stone_%28aka%29.jpg/1280px-Black-band_ir onstone_%28aka%29.jpg |
3,500,000,000 YBN 13 14 | 39) The oldest fossil evidence of life: stromatolites. Stromatolites made by photosynthetic bacteria are found in both Western Australia, and South Africa.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 2. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 3. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 4. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 5. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 6. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 7. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 8. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 9. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 10. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 11. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 12. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 13. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 14. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html | Warrawoona, Western Australia, and, Fig Tree Group, South Africa11 12 |
[1] image on left is from swaziland source: nature feb 6 [2] source: 1986 |
3,500,000,000 YBN 28 29 30 31 | 287) The oldest fossils of an organism, and the oldest prokaryote and bacteria fossils. The organism is similar to cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u19 }, and is found in the 3,500 million year old chert (sedimentary rock made of silica20 ) in Australia21 22 and South Africa.23 2.8 billion years will pass before the first animal evolves.24 25 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 2. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 3. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 4. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 7. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacter ia 8. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 9. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 10. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 11. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 12. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacter ia 13. ^ "chert." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chert 14. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 15. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 16. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 17. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 18. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 19. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacter ia 20. ^ "chert." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chert 21. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 22. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 23. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 24. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 25. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 26. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 27. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 28. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 29. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 30. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 31. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html MORE INFO [1] BIO415 (Author? University?) Multicelluarity.pdf (t3: multicellularity of cyanobacteria) [2] t3: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sab edon/biol3018.htm multicellularity. "Some cyanobacteria species exist in a truly, though primitive, multicellular form in which cellular differentiation occurs." | Warrawoona, northwestern Western Australia26 and Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa27 |
[1] Figure 1 Optical photomicrographs showing carbonaceous (kerogenous) filamentous microbial fossils in petrographic thin sections of Precambrian cherts. Scale in a represents images in a and c-i; scale in b represents image in b. All parts show photomontages, which is necessitated by the three-dimensional preservation of the cylindrical sinuous permineralized microbes. Squares in each part indicate the areas for which chemical data are presented in Figs 2 and 3. a, An unnamed cylindrical prokaryotic filament, probably the degraded cellular trichome or tubular sheath of an oscillatoriacean cyanobacterium, from the 770-Myr Skillogalee Dolomite of South Australia12. b, Gunflintia grandis, a cellular probably oscillatoriacean trichome, from the 2,100-Myr Gunflint Formation of Ontario, Canada13. c, d, Unnamed highly carbonized filamentous prokaryotes from the 3,375-Myr Kromberg Formation of South Africa14: the poorly preserved cylindrical trichome of a noncyanobacterial or oscillatoriacean prokaryote (c); the disrupted, originally cellular trichomic remnants possibly of an Oscillatoria- or Lyngbya-like cyanobacterium (d). e-i, Cellular microbial filaments from the 3,465-Myr Apex chert of northwestern Western Australia: Primaevifilum amoenum4,5, from the collections of The Natural History Museum (TNHM), London, specimen V.63164[6] (e); P. amoenum4 (f); the holotype of P. delicatulum4,5,15, TNHM V.63165[2] (g); P. conicoterminatum5, TNHM V63164[9] (h); the holotype of Eoleptonema apex5, TNHM V.63729[1] (i). source: Nature416 [2] Fig. 3 Filamentous microfossils: a, cylindrical microfossil from Hooggenoeg sample; b, threadlike and tubular filaments extending between laminae, Kromberg sample; c,d,e, tubular filamnets oriented subparallel to bedding, Kromberg sample; f, threadlike filament flattened parallel to bedding, Kromberg sample. source: 73 - 76 (07 Mar 2002) Letters to Nature http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v41 6/n6876/fig_tab/416073a_F1.html |
3,400,000,000 YBN 8 | 190) The earliest fossils of coccoid {KoKOED5 } (spherical) bacteria.6 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "coccoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coccoid 2. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 3. ^ "coccoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coccoid 4. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 5. ^ "coccoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coccoid 6. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 7. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 8. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) MORE INFO [1] maybe evidence: Nagy, B. and Nagy, L.A., 1969. Early Precambrian microstructures: possibly the oldest fossils on Earth?. Nature 223, pp. 1226-1229.? | Kromberg Formation, Swaziland System, South Africa7 |
[1] Fig. 3. from: Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261 (a,b) Organic microstructures from Kromberg Formation, Swaziland System, South Africa (ca 3.4 Ga). TEM-micrographs of demineralized specimens. (c) Portion of organic microstructure from Bulawaya stromatolite (see Fig. 2). (d) Portion of the mucilagenous sheath of recent Anabaena sp., cyanobacteria (Fig. d after Leak, 1967). For magnification of Fig. c see scale of Fig. a. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence/article/pii/S0301926800001261 [2] Fig. 3. from: Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261 (a,b) Organic microstructures from Kromberg Formation, Swaziland System, South Africa (ca 3.4 Ga). TEM-micrographs of demineralized specimens. (c) Portion of organic microstructure from Bulawaya stromatolite (see Fig. 2). (d) Portion of the mucilagenous sheath of recent Anabaena sp., cyanobacteria (Fig. d after Leak, 1967). For magnification of Fig. c see scale of Fig. a. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retriev e&_udi=B6VBP-42G6M5T-7&_image=fig9&_ba=9 &_user=4422&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F2001&_f mt=full&_orig=browse&_cdi=5932&view=c&_a cct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0& _userid=4422&md5=27a45a0804747bb4b74eaac 305df2905 |
3,260,000,000 YBN 7 | 71) The earliest fossil evidence of prokaryote reproduction by budding.4 Like binary division, budding is a form of asexual reproduction. However, with budding a new individual develops from a certain point of the parent organism. The new individual may separate to exist independently, or the buds may remain attached, forming colonies.5 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 2. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 3. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 4. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 5. ^ "budding." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/83411/budding>. 6. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 7. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) | Swartkoppie, South Africa6 |
[1] Evolutionary relationships of model organisms and bacteria that show unusual reproductive strategies. This phylogenetic tree (a) illustrates the diversity of organisms that use the alternative reproductive strategies shown in (b). Bold type indicates complete or ongoing genome projects. Intracellular offspring are produced by several low-GC Gram-positive bacteria such as Metabacterium polyspora, Epulopiscium spp. and the segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). Budding and multiple fission are found in the proteobacterial genera Hyphomonas and Bdellovibrio, respectively. In the case of the Cyanobacteria, Stanieria produces baeocytes and Chamaesiphon produces offspring by budding. Actinoplanes produce dispersible offspring by multiple fission of filaments within the sporangium. source: http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/jo urnal/v3/n3/full/nrmicro1096_fs.html (Nature Reviews Microbiology 3 [2] Electron micrograph of a Pirellula bacterium from giant tiger prawn tissue (Penaeus monodon). Notice the large crateriform structures (C) on the cell surface and flagella. From Fuerst et al. source: 214-224 (2005); doi:10.1038/nrmicro1096) |
3,235,000,000 YBN 3 | 68) The earliest Archaea fossils.1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Rasmussen, Birger. "Filamentous Microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit." Nature 405.6787 (2000): 676–679. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html 2. ^ Rasmussen, Birger. "Filamentous Microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit." Nature 405.6787 (2000): 676–679. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html 3. ^ Rasmussen, Birger. "Filamentous Microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit." Nature 405.6787 (2000): 676–679. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html | (Sulphur Springs Deposit) Pilbara Craton of Australia2 |
[1] Photomicrographs of filaments from the Sulphur Springs VMS deposit. Scale bar, 10 µm. a-f, Straight, sinuous and curved morphologies, some densely intertwined. g, Filaments parallel to the concentric layering. h, Filaments oriented sub-perpendicular to banding. Figure 3 from: Rasmussen, Birger. ''Filamentous Microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit.'' Nature 405.6787 (2000): 676–679. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html C OPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html [2] Photomicrographs of filaments from the Sulphur Springs VMS deposit. Scale bar, 10 µm. a-f, Straight, sinuous and curved morphologies, some densely intertwined. g, Filaments parallel to the concentric layering. h, Filaments oriented sub-perpendicular to banding. Figure 3 from: Rasmussen, Birger. ''Filamentous Microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit.'' Nature 405.6787 (2000): 676–679. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html C OPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html |
3,200,000,000 YBN 22 23 24 25 26 | 66) The earliest acritarch fossils (unicellular microfossils with uncertain affinity13 14 ). These acritarchs are also the earliest possible eukaryote fossils.15 16 Acritarchs appear to be phytoplankton {FITO-PlaNK-TeN17 } (freely floating microscopic algae18 19 ) that grow thick coverings during a resting stage in their life cycle. Some resemble the resting stage of modern marine algae known as dinoflagellates.20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch 2. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194. 3. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ac ritarch.html 4. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 5. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch 6. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194. 7. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ac ritarch.html 8. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 9. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch 10. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194. 11. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ac ritarch.html 12. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 13. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch 14. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194. 15. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ac ritarch.html 16. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 17. ^ "phytoplankton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/phytoplankt on 18. ^ "phytoplankton." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 12 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/phytoplankt on 19. ^ "phytoplankton." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 12 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/phytoplankt on 20. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p257. 21. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010): 934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html 22. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010): 934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html {3.2 bybn} 23. ^ A. H. Knoll, E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic Organisms in Proterozoic Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470, Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological, Molecular and Cellular Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29, 2006), pp. 1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 0209698 {1.8 bybn} 24. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/di noflagfr.html {1.8 bybn} 25. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ac ritarch.html {1900-1600 mybn} 26. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p257. {1.6 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Knoll, Andrew H., Walter, Malcolm, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 2003-02-01, Springer Netherlands, Vol33, Iss1, p75-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:102 3992712071 [2] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 [3] Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A Molecular Time-Scale for Eukaryote Evolution Recalibrated with the Continuous Microfossil Record", Proceedings: Biological Sciences , Vol. 273, No. 1596 (Aug. 7, 2006), pp. 1867-1872 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 5223537 [4] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Andrew H. Knoll, and Malcolm R. Walter. “Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems.” Nature 412.6842 (2001): 66-69. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v412/n6842/abs/412066a0.html | (Moodies Group) South Africa21 |
[1] Figure from: Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010): 934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html [2] Figure from: Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Andrew H. Knoll, and Malcolm R. Walter. “Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems.” Nature 412.6842 (2001): 66-69. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v412/n6842/abs/412066a0.html Figur e 1 Protistan microfossils from the Roper Group. a, c, Tappania plana, showing asymmetrically distributed processes and bulbous protrusions (arrow in a). b, detail of a, showing dichotomously branching process. d, Valeria lophostriata. e, Dictyosphaera sp. f, Satka favosa. The scale bar in a is 35 µm for a and c; 10 µm for b; 100 µm for d; 15 µm for e; and 40 µm for f. source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v412/n6842/abs/412066a0.html |
2,923,000,000 YBN 23 | 178) The Eubacteria Phylum Firmicutes (FiRmiKYUTEZ14 ) evolves (Gram positive bacteria: the cause of botulism, tetanus, and anthrax).15 16 17 Firmicutes is a phylum of nonphotosynthetic18 , mainly gram-positive bacteria. Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes are the two main groups of bacteria found in the intestine.19 Firmicutes includes rods and cocci {KoKSE20 } forms, and some form endospores.21 An endospore is a tough reduced dry form of a bacterium, triggered by a lack of nutrients, that protects the bacterium, and allows it to be revived after long periods of time.22 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=fi rmicutes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacte ria?topic=49480 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=fi rmicutes&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=fi rmicutes&submit=Submit 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 14. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=fi rmicutes&submit=Submit 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 17. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 18. ^ "bacteria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Sep. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/48203/bacteria/39371/Classificat ion-by-morphology-biochemistry-and-other -features>. 19. ^ "Firmicutes" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary http://web.archive.org/web/2 0090616022448/http://www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg= /ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three /000040400.htm 20. ^ "coccus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coccus 21. ^ "bacteria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Sep. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/48203/bacteria/39371/Classificat ion-by-morphology-biochemistry-and-other -features>. 22. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J. Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteri a?topic=49480 23. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglyc an [2] firmicutes only bacteria to make endospores http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicutes [4] http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/fir micutes.html |
[1] Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium, in the division Firmicutes, named for Joseph Lister. It is motile by means of flagella. Some studies suggest that 1 to 10% of humans may carry L. monocytogenes in their intestines. Researchers have found L. monocytogenes in at least 37 mammalian species, both domesticated and feral, as well as in at least 17 species of birds and possibly in some species of fish and shellfish. Laboratories can isolate L. monocytogenes from soil, silage, and other environmental sources. L. monocytogenes is quite hardy and resists the deleterious effects of freezing, drying, and heat remarkably well for a bacterium that does not form spores. Most L. monocytogenes are pathogenic to some degree. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Listeria.jpg [2] These are bacteria (about 0.3 µm in diameter) that do not have outer walls, only cytoplasmic membranes. However, they do have cytoskeletal elements that give them a distinct non-spherical shape. They look like schmoos that are pulled along by their heads. How they are able to glide is a mystery. source: http://webmac.rowland.org/labs/b acteria/projects_glide.html | |
2,800,000,000 YBN 24 | 76) The Eubacteria Phylum Proteobacteria evolves (includes Rickettsia {the ancestor of all mitochondria}, gonorrhea, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli {esRriKEo KOlI16 } or E coli {E KOlI17 }).18 19 20 21 22 The proteobacteria are the largest group of bacteria by far in terms of number of described species.23 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 4. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 8. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 9. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. scherichia coli>. 10. ^ "E. coli." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/escherichia -coli 11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 14. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 15. ^ http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree .aspx?id=71320 16. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. scherichia coli>. 17. ^ "E. coli." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/escherichia -coli 18. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 20. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 21. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 22. ^ http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree .aspx?id=71320 23. ^ Sadava, D. et al. Life: The Science of Biology. W. H. Freeman, 2009, p550-551. 24. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] multicellularity. http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sab edon/biol3018.htm multicellularity. Multicellularity.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia _coli http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacte ria [2] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html [3] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation> [4] conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989) [5] prokaryote pili and archaea flagella related: http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cf m?meds=profile&profile=12 [6] Stackebrandt et al. Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the phylogenetic taxon that includes the "purple bacteria and their relatives". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1988, 38, 321–325. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/c ontent/38/3/321.full.pdf |
[1] Figure 1. Transmission electron micrograph of the ELB agent in XTC-2 cells. The rickettsia are free in the cytoplasm and surrounded by an electron transparent halo. Original magnification X 30,000. CDC PD source: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ eid/vol7no1/raoultG1.htm [2] Caulobacter crescentus. From http://sunflower.bio.indiana.edu/~ybrun/ L305.html COPYRIGHTED EDU was in wiki but appears to be removed source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/4/42/Caulobacter.jpg | |
2,800,000,000 YBN 38 | 177) Gender and sex (conjugation) evolve in Escherichia Coli {esRriKEo KOlI29 } bacteria. Conjugation is the exchange of DNA (plasmids) by a donor {male} bacterium through a pilus to a recipient {female} bacterium.30 31 32 33 34 35 This may be the process that evolves into eukaryote sexual reproduction.36 In addition to pili and conjugation, proteins that can cut DNA and other proteins that can connect two strands of DNA evolve.37 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 2. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation>. 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 6. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 7. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 8. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation>. 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 12. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 13. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. scherichia coli>. 14. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 15. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation>. 16. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 19. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 20. ^ prokaryote pili and archaea flagella related: http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cf m?meds=profile&profile=12 21. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. scherichia coli>. 22. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 23. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation>. 24. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 26. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 27. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 28. ^ prokaryote pili and archaea flagella related: http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cf m?meds=profile&profile=12 29. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. scherichia coli>. 30. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 31. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation>. 32. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 34. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 35. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 36. ^ Ted Huntington. 37. ^ prokaryote pili and archaea flagella related: http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cf m?meds=profile&profile=12 38. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN} |
[1] the fertility factor or F factor is a very large (94,500 bp) circular dsDNA plasmid; it is generally independent of the host chromosome. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.mun.ca/biochem/course s/3107/images/Fplasmidmap.gif [2] conjugation (via pilus) COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/16 0/conjugation.jpg | |
2,795,000,000 YBN | 23) The first virus evolves.7 These cells depend on the DNA duplicating and protein producing systems of other cells to reproduce themselves. The first viruses may be made from bacteria, or may be bacteria initially.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 2. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 3. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 4. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 5. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 6. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 7. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 8. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm |
[1] Description Electron micrograph of Bacteriophages Date Source en:Image:Phage.jpg Author en:User:GrahamColm PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/52/Phage.jpg | |
2,784,000,000 YBN 11 | 176) The Eubacteria Phylum, Planctomycetes {PlaNK-TO-mI-SETS7 } evolves (also known as Planctobacteria).8 Planctomycetes are a widely distributed group of eubacteria that reproduce by budding, have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan like most bacteria, and some have a membrane-bound nucleoid, similar to the eukaryotic nucleus.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planct omycetes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planct omycetes&submit=Submit 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planct omycetes&submit=Submit 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planct omycetes&submit=Submit 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 9. ^ Gerday, C., N. Glansdorff, and American Society for Microbiology. Physiology and Biochemistry of Extremophiles. ASM Press, 2007. American Society Mic Series, p410. http://books.google.com/books?id= T0_9nNv3kZoC&pg=PA410 10. ^ Fuerst, John A. “The Planctomycetes: Emerging Models for Microbial Ecology, Evolution and Cell Biology.” Microbiology 141.7 (1995): 1493 –1506. Print. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/conte nt/141/7/1493.long 11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] s10 http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/5 0/6/1965 [2] http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/6/resear ch/0031 [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomyce tes [4] Lee, Kuo-Chang, Rick Webb, and John Fuerst. “The Cell Cycle of the Planctomycete Gemmata Obscuriglobus with Respect to Cell Compartmentalization.” BMC Cell Biology 10.1 (2009): 4. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-21 21/10/4/ |
[1] Electron micrographs of cells of new Gemmata-like and Isosphaera-like isolates. (A) Negatively stained cell of the Gemmata-like strain JW11-2f5 showing crateriform structures (arrowhead) and coccoid cell morphology. Bar marker, 200 nm. (B) Negatively stained budding cell of Isosphaera-like strain CJuql1 showing uniform crateriform structures (arrowhead) on the mother cell and coccoid cell morphology. Bar marker, 200 nm. (C) Thin section of Gemmata-like cryosubstituted cell of strain JW3-8s0 showing the double-membrane-bounded nuclear body (NB) and nucleoid (N) enclosed within it. Bar marker, 200 nm. (D) Thin section of Isosphaera-like strain C2-3 possessing a fibrillar nucleoid (N) within a cytoplasmic compartment bounded by a single membrane (M) only. Bar marker, 200 nm. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 January; 68(1): 417-422. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.1.417-422.2002. source: http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/art iclerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=117 72655 [2] Evolutionary distance tree derived from comparative analysis of 16S rDNAs from freshwater and soil isolates and reference strains of the order Planctomycetales. Database accession numbers are shown in parentheses after species, strain, or clone names. Bootstrap values of greater than 70% from 100 bootstrap resamplings from the distance analysis are presented at nodes. Thermotoga maritima was used as an outgroup. Isolates from this study and representative named species of the planctomycetes are indicated in bold. The scale bar represents 0.1 nucleotide substitution per nucleotide position. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 January; 68(1): 417-422. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.1.417-422.2002. source: http://florey.biosci.uq.edu.au/m ypa/images/fuerst2.gif | |
2,784,000,000 YBN 29 | 179) The Eubacteria Phylum, Actinobacteria {aKTinO-BaK-TER-Eu20 } evolves (the source of streptomycin and the cause of tuberculosis and leprosy21 ).22 23 24 25 26 The Actinobacteria are a group of Gram-positive bacteria, that are rod-shaped or form branching filaments,27 and include many soil bacteria28 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ac tinobacteria&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 4. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacte ria 5. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archiv es/leprosy.htm 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ac tinobacteria&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 10. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacte ria 11. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archiv es/leprosy.htm 12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 13. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ac tinobacteria&submit=Submit 14. ^ Schaechter, M. Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press, 2009. Academic Press, p1-2. http://books.google.com/books?id= vO0oU4z36DIC&pg=PA1 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 17. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacte ria 18. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archiv es/leprosy.htm 19. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 20. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ac tinobacteria&submit=Submit 21. ^ Schaechter, M. Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press, 2009. Academic Press, p1-2. http://books.google.com/books?id= vO0oU4z36DIC&pg=PA1 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 23. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 24. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacte ria 25. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archiv es/leprosy.htm 26. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 27. ^ Lim, D.V. Microbiology. Kendall/Hunt, 2002, p391. http://books.google.com/books?id= CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA391 28. ^ Schaechter, M. Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press, 2009. Academic Press, p1-2. http://books.google.com/books?id= vO0oU4z36DIC&pg=PA1 29. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] "streptomyces." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/streptomyce s |
[1] Aerial mycelium and spore of Streptomyces coelicolor. The mycelium and the oval spores are about 1µm wide, typical for bacteria and much smaller than fungal hyphae and spores. (Scanning electron micrograph, Mark Buttner, Kim Findlay, John Innes Centre). COPYRIGHT UK source: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects /S_coelicolor/micro_image4.shtml [2] Frankia is a genus of nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria, which possesses a set of features that are unique amongst symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, including rhizobia, making it an attractive taxon to study. These heterotrophic Gram-positive bacteria which are able to induce symbiotic nitrogen-fixing root nodules (actinorhizas) in a wide range of dicotyledonous species (actinorhizal plants), have also the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen in culture and under aerobic conditions. source: http://www.ibmc.up.pt/webpagesgr upos/cam/Frankia.htm | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 11 | 174) The Eubacteria Phylum, Spirochaetes (SPIrOKETEZ7 ) evolves (the cause of Syphilis, and Lyme disease).8 Spirochetes {SPIrOKETS9 } are helical heterotrophs that spiral through their environment by rotating, internal, flagellum-like filaments.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunc iation%20Guide.pdf 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunc iation%20Guide.pdf 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunc iation%20Guide.pdf 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunc iation%20Guide.pdf 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=spiroc hete&submit=Submit 10. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p569,571. 11. ^ estimated from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] "spirochete." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/spirochete |
[1] Syphilis is a complex, sexually transmitted disease (STD) with a highly variable clinical course. The disease is caused by the bacterium, Treponema pallidum. In the United States, 32,871 cases of syphilis, including 432 cases of congenital syphilis, were detected by public health officials in 2002. Eight of the ten states with the highest rates of syphilis are located in the southern region of the United States. source: http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/tus kegee/syphilis.htm [2] unknown source: http://uhavax.hartford.edu/bugl/ images/Treponema%20pallidum.jpg | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 14 15 | 175) The Eubacteria Phylum Bacteroidetes {BaKTRrOEDiTEZ10 } evolves.11 12 Bacteroidetes is composed of Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, mostly anaerobic, nonsporeforming bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sea water, and in the guts and on the skin of animals.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ba cteroidetes+&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 4. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ba cteroidetes+&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ba cteroidetes+&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ba cteroidetes+&submit=Submit 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 13. ^ George M. Garrity, ed. (November 24, 2010) 1984(Williams & Wilkins). ^ (in English). The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 4 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 908. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6. British Library no. GBA561951. 14. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidet es [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi |
[1] Description Bacteroides biacutis—one of many en:commensal anaerobic en:Bacteroides spp. in the en:gastrointestinal tract—cultured in blood agar medium for 48 hours. Obtained from the CDC Public Health Image Library. Image credit: CDC/Dr. V.R. Dowell, Jr. (PHIL #3087), 1972. Date 2006-03-11 (original upload date) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was MarcoTolo at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) PD-USGOV-HHS-CDC. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bacteroides_bia cutis_01.jpg/1280px-Bacteroides_biacutis _01.jpg [2] Bacteroides fragilis . From the Zdravotni University source: http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microb ial_Biorealm/bacteria/bacteroidete_chlor ob_group/bacteroides/bacteroides.htm | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 11 | 217) The Eubacteria Phylum Chlamydiae {Klo-mi-DE-I or Klo-mi-DE-E7 } evolves.8 Chlamydiae are parasites that can survive only within animal cells. One species Chlamydia trachomatis (TreKOmuTis9 } is the most common cause of blindness on Earth, and also causes a common sexually transmitted disease.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ch lamydiae&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ch lamydiae&submit=Submit 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ch lamydiae&submit=Submit 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ch lamydiae&submit=Submit 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 9. ^ "Chlamydia trachomatis." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chlamydia-t rachomatis 10. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p569. 11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicr obia |
[1] cell infected with Chlamydia The Bavoil laboratory studies the pathogenesis of the obligate intracellular pathogen, Chlamydia, and its bacteriophages. Specific research areas include the role of Chlamydia type III secretion in pathogenesis and development, the impact of Chlamydia phage infection on disease, the role of the polymorphic membrane protein family of C. trachomatis in infection and disease and comparative genomics within the Chlamydiaceae. [1] Chlamydia trachomatis wiki, is copyrighted source: http://www.dental.umaryland.edu/ sebin/p/o/chlamydia_infected_cell2.jpg [2] wiki, public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chl amydia_trachomatis | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 12 13 | 6309) The Eubacteria Phylum Chlorobi {KlOROBE} evolves (green sulphur bacteria).7 8 Chlorobi are obligately anoxygenic (cannot survive in the presence of oxygen), photosythesizing bacteria, that fix carbon from carbon dioxide into carbon compounds for cell growth, by using sulfur compounds, hydrogen, or ferrous iron as electron donors (oxidizing them).9 10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 9. ^ Margulis, L., and M.J. Chapman. Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. Elsevier Science, 2009. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9IWaqAOGyt4C&pg=PA88 10. ^ Martin G. Klotz, D.A.B.T.E.H. The Microbial Sulfur Cycle. Frontiers E-books. http://books.google.com/books? id=TINC-SBb3P0C&pg=PA160 11. ^ Bryant, Donald A., and Niels-Ulrik Frigaard. “Prokaryotic Photosynthesis and Phototrophy Illuminated.” Trends in Microbiology 14.11 (2006): 488–496. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0966842X06002265 12. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidet es [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi |
[1] Description Deutsch: Grüne Schwefelbakterien (Chlorobiaceae) im unteren Bereich einer Winogradsky-Säule Date 20.03.2007 (20 March 2007 (original upload date)) Source Transferred from de.wikipedia; transfer was stated to be made by User:Jacopo Werther. (Original text : Mikrobiologie Praktikum Universität Kassel März 2007) Author kOchstudiO. Original uploader was KOchstudiO at de.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released into the public domain (by the author). (Original text : uneingeschränkte Nutzung) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e7/Green_d_winogradsky.j pg [2] Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p194. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p194. | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 10 | 6310) The Eubacteria Phylum Verrucomicrobia (VeR-rUKO-mI-KrO-BEo7 ) evolves.8 Verrucomicrobia are found in soil, fresh and marine waters, and hot springs. Like Planctomycetes, some members of Verrucomicrobia also have intracellular membrane enclosed compartments, including a membrane that encloses the DNA.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ve rrucomicrobia&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ve rrucomicrobia&submit=Submit 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ve rrucomicrobia&submit=Submit 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ve rrucomicrobia&submit=Submit 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 9. ^ Kuo-Chang Lee, Richard I Webb, Peter H Janssen, Parveen Sangwan, Tony Romeo, James T Staley and John A Fuerst, "Phylum Verrucomicrobia representatives share a compartmentalized cell plan with members of bacterial phylum Planctomycetes", BMC Microbiology, Volume 9, Number 1 (2009), 5, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-5. http://www.biome dcentral.com/1471-2180/9/5 10. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicr obia |
[1] Figure 1 Transmission electron micrographs of high-pressure frozen and cryosubstituted Verrucomicrobium spinosum. A. Cell prepared by high-pressure freezing and cryosubstitution showing prostheca (PT), paryphoplasm (P), and an intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) enclosing a pirellulosome region containing a condensed fibrillar nucleoid (N). Inset: enlarged view of area of cell outlined in the white box showing cytoplasmic membrane (CM), paryphoplasm and ICM. B. freeze-fracture replica of cell showing cross-fractured paryphoplasm (P) and fracture faces of ICM and CM. Bar – 500 nm Lee et al. BMC Microbiology 2009 9:5 doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-5 CC source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2180-9-5-1-l.jpg [2] Figure 2 Transmission electron micrograph of high-pressure frozen and cryosubstituted Verrucomicrobium spinosum. Cell prepared by high-pressure freezing and cryosubstitution showing prostheca (PT), ribosome-free paryphoplasm (P), and an intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) enclosing a pirellulosome region containing a condensed fibrillar nucleoid (N). Membrane-bounded vesicle-like compartments within some prosthecae extensions are also present (see arrowheads). Bar – 1 μm Lee et al. BMC Microbiology 2009 9:5 doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-5 CC source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2180-9-5-2-l.jpg | |
2,730,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 80) Endo and exocytosis evolve. Cells can now eat other cells. In endocytosis the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell.5 In Exocytosis substances contained in vesicles are released from the cell.6 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis 2. ^ "exocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/exocytosis 3. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis 4. ^ "exocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/exocytosis 5. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis 6. ^ "exocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/exocytosis 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess and } 8. ^ guess based on Cavalier-Smith stating that endocytosis occurs before a cytoskeleton {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess and} |
[1] Endocytosis and Exocytosis: For example, this electron micrograph is showing the process of exocytosis . The process begins by fusion of the membranes at the peripheral pole of the granule. Then an opening is created which widens to look like an omicron figure. This opening allows the granular material to be released. The membrane is now part of the plasma membrane and any proteins carried with it can be incorporated into the plasma membrane. Note that there is no coating on the membrane. This figure was taken from Alberts et al, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publishing Third Edition, 1994 In contrast, this micrograph shows a figure which looks something like an omicron, however, this view is showing receptor mediated endocytosis of virus particles. In both cases, the membrane is coated with clathrin and these represent classical receptor mediated endocytosis profiles. Most ligands cannot be visualized by themselves, like a virus particle. Therefore, the cytochemist must attach label to the ligand. Alternatively, the cytochemist could immunocytochemically detect the receptor with antibodies that recognize the extracellular domain. This figure was taken from Endocytosis, Edited by Ira Pastan and Mark C. Willingham, Plenum Press, N.Y., 1985 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.cytochemistry.net/cel l-biology/end7.jpg [2] Pinocytosis In the process of pinocytosis the plasma membrane froms an invagination. What ever substance is found within the area of invagination is brought into the cell. In general this material will be dissolved in water and thus this process is also refered to as ''cellular drinking'' to indicate that liquids and material dissolved in liquids are ingested by the cell. This is opposed to the ingestion of large particulate material like bacteria or other cells or cell debris. UNKNOWN source: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.ed u/biology/bio4fv/page/endocytb.htm | |
2,700,000,000 YBN 30 | 60) The eukaryotic cell evolves. The first cell with a nucleus. The first protist. The nucleus may develop from the infolding of plasma membrane.21 There are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: In prokaryotic cells the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed called the "nucleoid" while in eukaryotic cells most of the DNA is contained in a nucleus that is bounded by a double membrane. Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells. Typical bacteria are between 1-5 um in diameter, while eukaryotic cells are typically 10-100 um in diameter.22 Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton enables eukaryotic cells to change their shape and to surround and engulf other cells. Eukaryotic cells also have internal structures that prokaryotic cells lack such as mitochondria and plastids.23 DNA in prokaryotic cells is usually in the form of a single circular chromosome, while DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotes contains linear chromosomes. Some organelles in eukaryotes also contain DNA; most mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is also circular reflecting their prokaryote origin.24 Like prokaryotes, this cell is probably haploid (has a single unique DNA), most eukaryotes are diploid (having two sets of DNA).25 26 27 28 All protist, fungi, animal and plant cells descend from this common eukaryotic cell.29 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 6. ^ Jill Saffrey, "Biology: uniformity & diversity. Core of life, Book 3, Volume 2", 2001, p353. http://books.google.com/books?id= 43yiLI1DvwAC&pg=PA353 7. ^ Montgomery Slatkin, "Exploring evolutionary biology: readings from American scientist", 1995, p161. http://books.google.com/books?ei= AAVdT77TFMiiiQKB8a24Cw 8. ^ Andrew Wallace Hayes, "Principles and methods of toxicology", 2007, p1181. http://books.google.com/books?id =vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA1181 9. ^ N. A. Kolchanov, Hwa A. Lim, "Computer analysis of genetic macromolecules: structure, function, and evolution", 1994, p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=cr ip5tRcF0YC&pg=PA2 10. ^ "diploid", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry http://www.answers.com/top ic/diploid 11. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 12. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 13. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 14. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 15. ^ Jill Saffrey, "Biology: uniformity & diversity. Core of life, Book 3, Volume 2", 2001, p353. http://books.google.com/books?id= 43yiLI1DvwAC&pg=PA353 16. ^ Montgomery Slatkin, "Exploring evolutionary biology: readings from American scientist", 1995, p161. http://books.google.com/books?ei= AAVdT77TFMiiiQKB8a24Cw 17. ^ Andrew Wallace Hayes, "Principles and methods of toxicology", 2007, p1181. http://books.google.com/books?id =vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA1181 18. ^ N. A. Kolchanov, Hwa A. Lim, "Computer analysis of genetic macromolecules: structure, function, and evolution", 1994, p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=cr ip5tRcF0YC&pg=PA2 19. ^ "diploid", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry http://www.answers.com/top ic/diploid 20. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 21. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 22. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 23. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 24. ^ Jill Saffrey, "Biology: uniformity & diversity. Core of life, Book 3, Volume 2", 2001, p353. http://books.google.com/books?id= 43yiLI1DvwAC&pg=PA353 25. ^ Montgomery Slatkin, "Exploring evolutionary biology: readings from American scientist", 1995, p161. http://books.google.com/books?ei= AAVdT77TFMiiiQKB8a24Cw 26. ^ Andrew Wallace Hayes, "Principles and methods of toxicology", 2007, p1181. http://books.google.com/books?id =vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA1181 27. ^ N. A. Kolchanov, Hwa A. Lim, "Computer analysis of genetic macromolecules: structure, function, and evolution", 1994, p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=cr ip5tRcF0YC&pg=PA2 28. ^ "diploid", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry http://www.answers.com/top ic/diploid 29. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 30. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {split of archae and eukaryote at c4.0 bybn, but eukaryote {with nucleus?} at) 2.7 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p256 [2] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 [3] Alexey S. Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 28: 391-435 (Volume publication date November 1997) http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/do i/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391; jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO |
[1] Campbell, Reece, et al, ''Biology'', 2008, p517. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p517. [2] http://www.regx.de/m_organisms.php#planc to source: http://www.regx.de/m_organisms.p hp#plancto | |
2,700,000,000 YBN | 62) The earliest molecular fossil evidence of eukaryotes (sterane {STiR AN13 molecules).14 15 Steranes are formed from sterols {STeRoLZ16 }, molecules made by mitochondria.17 18 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 4. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 7. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 9. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 10. ^ "sterol." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterol 11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 12. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 13. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 15. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 16. ^ "sterol." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterol 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 18. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 20. ^ Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 1033-1036 , 13 August 1999 Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes Jochen J. Brocks, 1,2* Graham A. Logan, 2 Roger Buick, 1 Roger E. Summons 2 | Northwestern Australia19 20 |
[1] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, ''Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes'', Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 |
2,700,000,000 YBN | 198) The endoplasmic reticulum evolves in a eukaryote cell. The endoplasmic reticulum (or ER) is a membrane system that extends from the nucleus, important in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic -reticulum 2. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic -reticulum 3. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic -reticulum 4. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic -reticulum |
[1] Figure 1 : Image of n, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. (1) Nucleus. (2) Nuclear pore. (3) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). (4) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). (5) Ribosome on the rough ER. (6) Proteins that are transported. (7) Transport vesicle. (8) Golgi apparatus. (9) Cis face of the Golgi apparatus. (10) Trans face of the Golgi apparatus. (11) Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. I am the copyright holder of that image (I might even have the CorelDraw file around somewhere:-), and I hereby place the image and all partial images created from it in the public domain. So, you are free to use it any way you like. In fact, I am delighted that one of my drawings makes it into print! I can mail you the .cdr file, if you like (and if I can find it), if you need a better resolution for printing. Yours, Magnus Manske Source: See also User:Magnus Manske source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Nucleus_ER_golgi.jpg [2] Description English: The elongation and membrane targeting stages of eukaryotic translation. The ribosome is green and yellow, the tRNAs are dark blue, and the other proteins involved are light blue. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3c/Translation.gif | |
2,690,000,000 YBN 17 18 | 207) The cytoskeleton {SI-Te-SKeL-i-TN13 } forms in the eukaryote cytoplasm.14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleto n 2. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 3. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 4. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 5. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleto n 6. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 7. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 8. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 9. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleto n 10. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 11. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 12. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 13. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleto n 14. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 15. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 16. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess and } 18. ^ guess based on ER and golgi made of same material as cytoskeleton, and after first eukaryote cell {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess and} |
[1] English: Endothelial cells under the microscope. Nuclei are stained blue with DAPI, microtubles are marked green by an antibody bound to FITC and actin filaments are labelled red with phalloidin bound to TRITC. Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/images / PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg [2] FIG. 7. In vitro polymerization of cytoskeletal proteins of the MinD/ParA superfamily. (A) Formation of MinD filament bundles in the presence of MinE, ATP, and phospholipid vesicles. One end of the bundle is markedly frayed because of the presence of MinE. (Reprinted from reference 198 with permission of the publisher. Copyright 2003 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.) (B) Formation of a ParApTP228(ParF) filament bundle in the presence of ParBpTP228(ParG) and ATP. ParBpTP228(ParG) stimulates formation of the frayed end(s) of the ParApTP228(ParF) bundle. (Reprinted from reference 11 by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.) (C) Formation of Soj filaments in the presence of DNA and ATP. (Reprinted from reference 116 by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.) UNKNOWN source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC1594594/bin/zmr0030621350007 .jpg | |
2,690,000,000 YBN 11 | 208) The eukaryote flagellum and cilia evolve. The eukaryote flagellum and cilia are structurally the same5 but are very different from the prokaryote flagellum. The eukaryote flagellum is composed of a characteristic "9+2" arrangement of microtubules {mIKrO-TUB-YU-LZ6 } surrounded by a sheath which is an extension of the plasma membrane.7 Unlike the prokaryote flagella that rotate, the flagella and cilia of eukaryotic cells undulate in a wave-like motion to propel the cell.8 Some cilia are nonmotile and serve as signal-receiving "antennae" for the cell.9 The sperm cells of algae, animals, and some plants have flagella.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114. 2. ^ "microtubule." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2013. icrotubule>. 3. ^ Dr. P.D. Sharma, "Microbiology & Plant Pathology", 2007, p86. http://books.google.com/books?id=B yDwOIWXp4MC&pg=PA86 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114. 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114. 6. ^ "microtubule." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2013. icrotubule>. 7. ^ Sharma, P.D. Microbiology. Rastogi Publications, 2007, p86. http://books.google.com/books?id=7 rfpzW7eMW4C&pg=PA86 8. ^ Dr. P.D. Sharma, "Microbiology & Plant Pathology", 2007, p86. http://books.google.com/books?id=B yDwOIWXp4MC&pg=PA86 9. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114. 10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114. 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -10mybn guess} |
[1] Cilia and flagella are projections from the cell. They are made up of microtubules , as shown in this cartoon and are covered by an extension of the plasma membrane. They are motile and designed either to move the cell itself or to move substances over or around the cell. The primary purpose of cilia in mammalian cells is to move fluid, mucous, or cells over their surface. Cilia and flagella have the same internal structure. The major difference is in their length. This figure shows a cross section of a cilium next to a longitudinal section. Below, we will see how the microtubules are organized in the core (shown in the cartoon in this figure). Also shown is the centriole or basal body that organizes the formation and direction of the cilia. COPYRIGHTED source: Description Transmission electron microscope image, showing an example of green algae (Chlorophyta). Chlamydomanas reinhardtii is a unicellular flagellate used as a model system in molecular genetics work and flagellar motility studies. This image is a longitudinal section through the flagella area. In the cell apex is the basal body that is the anchoring site for a flagella. Basal bodies originate from and have a substructure similar to that of centrioles, with nine peripheral microtubule triplets(see structure at bottom center of image). The two inner microtubules of each triplet in a basal body become the two outer doublets in the flagella. This image also shows the transition region, with its fibers of the stellate structure. The top of the image shows the flagella passing through the cell wall. Date 20 September 2007 Source Source and public domain notice at http://remf.dartmouth.edu/imagesindex.ht ml Author Dartmouth Electron Microscope Facility, Dartmouth College PD [2] This figure shows an electron micrograph of a cross section of a cilium. Note that you can see the dynein arms and the nexin links. The dynein arms have ATPase activity. In the presence of ATP, they can move from one tubulin to another. They enable the tubules to slide along one another so the cilium can bend. The dynein bridges are regulated so that sliding leads to synchronized bending. Because of the nexin and radial spokes, the doublets are held in place so sliding is limited lengthwise. If nexin and the radial spokes are subjected to enzyme digestion, and exposed to ATP, the doublets will continue to slide and telescope up to 9X their length. COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chlamydomonas_T EM_09.jpg/1280px-Chlamydomonas_TEM_09.jp g | |
2,680,000,000 YBN 8 | 65) The circular chromosome in the eukaryote nucleus changes into linear chromosomes.5 Alternatively, the eukaryotic cell may descend from a prokaryote that already has linear DNA.6 Some extant prokaryotes have a linear chromosome.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Alexey S. Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 28: 391-435 (Volume publication date November 1997) http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/do i/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391; jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +20mybn guess} MORE INFO [1] not all prokaryotes have circle of DNA: http://arjournals.annualreviews.or g/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1. 391;jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO [2] Jumas-Bilak E, Maugard C, Michaux-Charachon S, Allardet-Servent A, Perrin A, et al. 1995. Study of the organization of the genomes of Escherichia coli, Brucella melitensis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens by insertion of a unique restriction site. Microbiology 141:2425-32 (Medline) [3] Lezhava A, Kameoka D, Sugino H, Goshi K, Shinkawa H, et al. 1997. Chromosomal deletions in Streptomyces griseus that remove the afsA locus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:478-83 [4] Marconi RT, Casjens S, Munderloh UG, Samuels DS. 1996. Analysis of linear plasmid dimers in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates: implications concerning the potential mechanisms of linear plasmid replication. J. Bact. 178:3357-61 |
[1] A DNA molecule is very long (a few meters) but extremely thin (narrow; measured in nanometers). Here is an electron microscope photo of a DNA strand: PD source: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/ dna1.jpg [2] [t Is this an accurate image? - Is a chromosome made of a single wound strand of DNA? update- no see image 8] Every cell in the human body (except red blood cells) contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (a) Each chromosome is made up of a tightly coiled strand of DNA. (b) DNA’s uncoiled state reveals its familiar double helix shape. If DNA is pictured as a twisted ladder, its sides, made of sugar and phosphate molecules, are connected by (c) rungs made of chemicals called bases. DNA has four bases—adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine—that form interlocking pairs. The order of the bases along the length of the ladder is the DNA sequence. PD source: https://www.llnl.gov/str/June03/ gifs/Stubbs1.gif | |
2,680,000,000 YBN | 216) Histones evolve. Histones are proteins found in all eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order a single continuous DNA molecule into structural units called nucleosomes {nUKlEuSOMZ3 }.4 The nucleosomes are coiled into a 30 nanometer fiber called a chromatin, and then looped again around a chromosome scaffold into a larger 300 nanometer fiber which forms one of the two chromatids in a chromosome.5 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "nucleosome." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleosome Read more: http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_an swer.jsp#ixzz2Ga2DeYfP 2. ^ Nelson, D.L., and M.M. Cox. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman, 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, p963. http://books.google.com/books?id= 5Ek9J4p3NfkC 3. ^ "nucleosome." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleosome Read more: http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_an swer.jsp#ixzz2Ga2DeYfP 4. ^ Nelson, D.L., and M.M. Cox. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman, 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, p963. http://books.google.com/books?id= 5Ek9J4p3NfkC 5. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series. |
[1] Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series. [2] Description Schematic representation of the assembly of the core histones into the nucleosome Date 15 November 2005 Source English Wikipedia Author Richard Wheeler (Zephyris) GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8a/Nucleosome_structure. png | |
2,680,000,000 YBN 5 | 291) The eukaryote cell evolves two intermediate stages between cell division and DNA synthesis.3 In prokaryotes, DNA synthesis can take place uninterrupted between cell divisions, but eukaryotes duplicate their DNA exactly once during a discrete period between cell divisions.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p45 2. ^ "cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/101396/cell>. 3. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p45 4. ^ "cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/101396/cell>. 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -20mybn guess} MORE INFO [1] Cooper GM (2000). "Chapter 14: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle". The cell: a molecular approach (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C: ASM Press. ISBN 0-87893-106-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/books/NBK9876/ [2] Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p228-245 |
[1] Figure 14.1Phases of the cell cycle The division cycle of most eukaryotic cells is divided into four discrete phases: M, G1, S, and G2. M phase (mitosis) is usually followed by cytokinesis. S phase is the period during which DNA replication occurs. The cell grows throughout interphase, which includes G1, S, and G2. The relative lengths of the cell cycle phases shown here are typical of rapidly replicating mammalian cells. From: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition. Cooper GM. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000. Copyright © 2000, Geoffrey M Cooper. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/book s/NBK9876/bin/ch14f1.jpg [2] The cell cycle. Image from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/facu lty/farabee/biobk/cellcycle.gif | |
2,670,000,000 YBN | 199) The Eukaryote Golgi Apparatus evolves. The Golgi apparatus packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.4 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/238044/Golgi-apparatus>. 2. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/238044/Golgi-apparatus>. 3. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/238044/Golgi-apparatus>. 4. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/238044/Golgi-apparatus>. MORE INFO [1] "Endosome." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endosome |
[1] Figure 1: Image of nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus: (1) Nucleus, (2) Nuclear pore, (3) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), (4) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), (5) Ribosome on the rough ER, (6) Proteins that are transported, (7) Transport vesicle, (8) Golgi apparatus, (9) Cis face of the Golgi apparatus, (10) Trans face of the Golgi apparatus, (11) Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, (12) Secretory vesicle, (13) Plasma membrane, (14) Exocytosis, (15) Cytoplasm, (16) Extracellular space. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Nucleus_ER_golgi_ex.jpg [2] no description UNKNOWN source: http://sun.menloschool.org/~cwea ver/cells/e/lysosomes/ | |
2,670,000,000 YBN 5 | 290) The nucleolus evolves. The nucleolus is a sphere in the nucleus that makes ribosomal RNA.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 3. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 5. ^ Ted Huntington guess MORE INFO [1] Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry Oxford University Press. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights reserved. http://www.answers.com/topic/ nucleolus#ixzz2VAspF99U |
[1] Nucleolus, COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.eccentrix.com/members /chempics/Slike/cell/Nucleolus.jpg [2] With the combination of x-rays from the Advanced Light Source and a new protein-labeling technique, scientists can see the distribution of the nucleoli within the nucleus of a mammary epithelial cell. USG PD source: http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Artic les/Archive/xray-inside-cells.html | |
2,660,000,000 YBN 16 | 72) Mitosis evolves in Eukaryote cells.11 12 Mitosis is the process in eukaryotic cell division in which the duplicated chromosomes are separated and the nucleus divides resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains an identical copy of the parental chromosomes. Mitosis is usually immediately followed by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm.13 14 Mitosis is thought to have evolved from prokaryote binary fission and possible intermediate stages can be seen in some protists.15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 2. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf} 3. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf} 5. ^ "mitosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis 6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p230-233. 7. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 8. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf} 9. ^ "mitosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis 10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p230-233. 11. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 12. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf} 13. ^ "mitosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis 14. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p230-233. 15. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p237. 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -40mybn guess} |
[1] Mitosis divides genetic information during cell division Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer /genetics_cell.html This image is from the Science Primer, a work of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, part of the National Institutes of Health. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit osis [2] Prophase: The two round objects above the nucleus are the centrosomes. Note the condensed chromatin. from Gray's Anatomy. Unless stated otherwise, it is from the online edition of the 20th U.S. edition of Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, originally published in 1918. Online editions can be found on Bartleby and also on Yahoo! source: UNKNOWN | |
2,640,000,000 YBN 48 | 73) Eukaryote sex evolves. This is the first diploid cell and the first zygote.29 30 Because of sex, two cells with different DNA can mix providing more genetic variety. Having two chromosome sets also provides a backup copy of important genes.31 32 Eukaryotic sexual reproduction, which is initially the fusion of two cells and their nuclei, may first occur in a single cell protist that usually reproduces asexually by mitosis.33 Two haploid eukaryote cells (gametes, cells with one set of chromosomes each) merge and then their nuclei merge to form the first diploid cell, a cell with two sets of chromosomes, the first zygote.34 "Syngamy" {SiNG-Gu-mE35 } refers to gamete fusion and "karyogamy" {KaR-E-oG-e-mE36 } to nucleus fusion. In most cases syngamy is immediately followed by karyogamy.37 This fusion of two haploid cells results in the first diploid single-celled organism, which may then immediately divide back to two haploid cells. Conjugation, the second major kind of sexual phenomenon, which occurs in the ciliates, involves the fusion of gametic nuclei instead of independent gamete cells.38 Initially sex may be the fusion of two indistinguishable cells (isogamy) with gender (anisogamy) only evolving later.39 Although possibly eukaryote cell fusion and gender is directly descended from prokaryote conjugation.40 All sexual species alternate between haploid and diploid. There are three main different types of sexual life cycles; haplontic, haplodiplontic, and diplontic.41 42 This begins the haplontic life cycle: in the entire life cycle the only diploid cell is the zygote and mitosis only occurs in the haploid phase43 .44 45 Most fungi and some protists including some algae are "haplontic"; they have a multicellular haploid stage and no multicellular diploid stage. Plants and some algae are "haplodiplontic"; they make both a multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid organism. Animals are "diplontic"; they make a diploid multicellular organism and no multicellular haploid organism.46 47 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 4. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 7. ^ Karen Arms, Pamela S. Camp, "Biology", Third Edition, 1987, p398. http://books.google.com/books?ei= fjtmT96tDqPQiAKP2qyiDw&id=ga_uAAAAMAAJ 8. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 11. ^ Glenn E. Croston, "Kaplan AP biology", 2000, p98. http://books.google.com/books?id=P WsKAQAAMAAJ 12. ^ Janette B. Benson, Marshall M. Haith, "Diseases and Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood", 2009, p203. 13. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. 14. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 15. ^ Rowoand, M.D. Bath Advanced Science - Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series, p503. http://books.google.com/books?id= j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA503 16. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 17. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=X sgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 18. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 20. ^ Glenn E. Croston, "Kaplan AP biology", 2000, p98. http://books.google.com/books?id=P WsKAQAAMAAJ 21. ^ Janette B. Benson, Marshall M. Haith, "Diseases and Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood", 2009, p203. 22. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. 23. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 24. ^ Rowoand, M.D. Bath Advanced Science - Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series, p503. http://books.google.com/books?id= j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA503 25. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 26. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=X sgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail", 2004, p626. 28. ^ Ted Huntington. 29. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 30. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 31. ^ Glenn E. Croston, "Kaplan AP biology", 2000, p98. http://books.google.com/books?id=P WsKAQAAMAAJ 32. ^ Janette B. Benson, Marshall M. Haith, "Diseases and Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood", 2009, p203. 33. ^ Charles W. Fox, Daphne J. Fairbair, "Evolutionary ecology: concepts and case studies", 2001, p155. http://books.google.com/books?id= _dCrIwP85vkC&pg=PA155 34. ^ Janet Louise Leonard, Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, "The evolution of primary sexual characters in animals", 2010, p15-16. 35. ^ "syngamy." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013. yngamy>. 36. ^ "karyogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/karyogamy 37. ^ Peter Calow, "The encyclopedia of ecology & environmental management", 1998, p680. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8LxE9RFpgJcC&pg=PA680 38. ^ "protist." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/480085/protist>. 39. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail", 2004, p626. 40. ^ Ted Huntington. 41. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. 42. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 43. ^ Rowoand, M.D. Bath Advanced Science - Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series, p503. http://books.google.com/books?id= j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA503 44. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 45. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=X sgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 46. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. 47. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 48. ^ estimate based on diplomonads having sex repro, and origin of euk being (is now) {Nucleus 2700 -60mybn guess)(was 2710mybn} MORE INFO [1] J. William Schopf, "Major Events in the History of Life", (Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1992).p57 (was) |
[1] Theoretical first eukaryote sex adapted from image of gametic meiosis GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Zygotic_meiosis.jpg [2] Theoretical first eukaryote sex adapted from image of gametic meiosis GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Zygotic_meiosis.jpg | |
2,640,000,000 YBN 17 | 206) Meiosis evolves (one-step meiosis: a single cell division of a diploid cell into two haploid cells).12 13 Meiosis, which looks similar to mitosis14 , is the process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants.15 Without the reduction back to haploid, genomes would double in size with every generation.16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division 3. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p253. 6. ^ "meiosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis 7. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 8. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division 9. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p253. 10. ^ "meiosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail", 2004, p627. 12. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 13. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division 14. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p253. 15. ^ "meiosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail", 2004, p627. 17. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 |
[1] Theoretical first eukaryote sex adapted from image of gametic meiosis GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Zygotic_meiosis.jpg [2] Theoretical first eukaryote sex adapted from image of gametic meiosis GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Zygotic_meiosis.jpg | |
2,610,000,000 YBN 22 | 296) Gender in eukaryotes evolves.17 Anisogamy {aNISoGomE18 19 }, sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between two cells that are different in size or shape.20 21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 3. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisog amy&submit=Submit 5. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 6. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 7. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 8. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisog amy&submit=Submit 10. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 11. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 12. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 13. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisog amy&submit=Submit 15. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 16. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 17. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 18. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisog amy&submit=Submit 20. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 21. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -90mybn guess} |
[1] Combination of images: Description English: Different types of isogamy: A) Isogamy of motile cells B) Isogamy of non-motile cells C) Conjugation of gametangia Date 30 July 2008 Source Vectorised SVG version of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Isoga my.png Author Original bitmap version by Tameeria, SVG version by Qef Other versions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image: Isogamy.png PD AND Description Different types of en:anisogamy: A) Anisogamy of motile gametes B) Oogamy (non-motile egg cell, motile sperm cell) C) Anisogamy of non-motile gametes Date 2008-06-30 02:07 (UTC) Source Anisogamy.png Author This SVG version by Qef (talk) Anisogamy.png: Original uploader was Tameeria at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Helix84 at en.wikipedia. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d5/Isogamy.svghttp://upl oad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7 /Anisogamy.svg [2] Description Different types of en:anisogamy: A) Anisogamy of motile gametes B) Oogamy (non-motile egg cell, motile sperm cell) C) Anisogamy of non-motile gametes Date 2008-06-30 02:07 (UTC) Source Anisogamy.png Author This SVG version by Qef (talk) Anisogamy.png: Original uploader was Tameeria at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Helix84 at en.wikipedia. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Anisogamy.svg/1 000px-Anisogamy.svg.png | |
2,590,000,000 YBN 7 | 298) Oogamy {O-oG-omE5 }, a form of anisogamy, evolves in protists: sex between a flagellated gamete and an unflagellated gamete.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oogamy &submit=Submit 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oogamy &submit=Submit 4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oogamy &submit=Submit 6. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -110mybn guess} |
[1] Combination of images: Description English: Different types of isogamy: A) Isogamy of motile cells B) Isogamy of non-motile cells C) Conjugation of gametangia Date 30 July 2008 Source Vectorised SVG version of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Isoga my.png Author Original bitmap version by Tameeria, SVG version by Qef Other versions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image: Isogamy.png PD AND Description Different types of en:anisogamy: A) Anisogamy of motile gametes B) Oogamy (non-motile egg cell, motile sperm cell) C) Anisogamy of non-motile gametes Date 2008-06-30 02:07 (UTC) Source Anisogamy.png Author This SVG version by Qef (talk) Anisogamy.png: Original uploader was Tameeria at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Helix84 at en.wikipedia. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d5/Isogamy.svghttp://upl oad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7 /Anisogamy.svg [2] Description English: A sperm cell fertilizing an egg cell Date Source http://www.pdimages.com/web9.htm Autho r Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) http://www.pdimages.com/web9.htm P D source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/86/Sperm-egg.jpg | |
2,580,000,000 YBN 5 | 300) Diploid cell fusion evolves (Gamontogamy).1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). p76,p79 2. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/clev elan.html 3. ^ arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10. 1146/annurev.mi.17.100163.002105 diatoms do gamontogamy gamontogomy_diatoms_annurev.mi.17.100163 .002105.pdf 4. ^ http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/ abs/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.28.1.391 annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391 (saved html file) 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -120mybn guess} |
[1] The Oxymonad, Notila (diploid Pacific form) life cycle. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfi eld/clevelan/notila.GIF [2] The Oxymonad, Notila (diploid Pacific form) life cycle. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfi eld/clevelan/notila.GIF | |
2,570,000,000 YBN 11 | 295) Two-step meiosis evolves (diploid DNA copies and then the cell divides twice into four haploid cells).6 Most protists divide by two-step meiosis, and one-step meiosis is rare.7 8 Many of the steps of meiosis closely resemble corresponding steps in mitosis. Meiosis, like mitosis, is preceded by the replication of chromosomes, but this single replication is followed not by one but two consecutive cell divisions which results in four child cells instead of the two child cells of mitosis.9 Mitosis produces child cells that are genetically identical to their parent cells and each other, while meiosis produces cells that differ genetically from their parent cell and from each other.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 2. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 3. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989) p71. 5. ^ Igor B. Raikov, Meiosis in protists: Recent advances and persisting problems, European Journal of Protistology, Volume 31, Issue 1, 15 March 1995, Pages 1-7, ISSN 0932-4739, 10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80349-4. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0932473911803494) 6. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 7. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989) p71. 8. ^ Igor B. Raikov, Meiosis in protists: Recent advances and persisting problems, European Journal of Protistology, Volume 31, Issue 1, 15 March 1995, Pages 1-7, ISSN 0932-4739, 10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80349-4. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0932473911803494) 9. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p253-257. 10. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p253-257. 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -130mybn guess} |
[1] GametoGenesis. COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/10 4/gametogenesis.jpg [2] Sexual cycle oxymonas, identical to saccinobaculus, one step meiosis. haploid. COPYRIGHTED CANADA source: http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfi eld/clevelan/oxymonas.GIF | |
2,558,000,000 YBN 5 | 171) The Eubacteria phylum "Deinococcus-Thermus" evolves (includes Thermus Aquaticus {used in PCR}, and Deinococcus radiodurans {which can survive long exposure to radiation}).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) |
[1] D. radiodurans growing on a nutrient agar plate. The red color is due to carotenoid pigment. Links to 816x711-pixel, 351KB JPG. Credit: M. Daly, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences NASA source: http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/ headlines/images/conan/D_rad_dish.jpg [2] Photomicrograph of Deinococcus radiodurans, from www.ornl.gov/ORNLReview/ v34 The Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States Federal Government This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the United States Federal Government. This applies worldwide. See Copyright. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Deinococcus.jpg | |
2,558,000,000 YBN 17 18 | 172) The Eubacteria phylum, Cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u11 } evolves. Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes with oxygen-producing photosynthesis,12 and are the ancestor of all eukaryote plastids (for example chloroplasts).13 14 Fossil evidence suggests that cyanobacteria existed as early as 3.8 billion years before now, but the genetic evidence places the origin of cyanobacteria here at 2.5 billion years before now.15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacter ia 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 4. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacter ia 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 7. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacter ia 8. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p569. 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 11. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacter ia 12. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p569. 13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 15. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 17. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC533871/ {2558 mybn} 18. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). {2558 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] Journal of Molecular Evolution Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York ISSN: 0022-2844 (Paper) 1432-1432 (Online) Issue: Volume 42, Number 2 Date: February 1996 Pages: 194 - 200 [4] Phylogenetic Relationships of Nonaxenic Filamentous Cyanobacterial Strains Based on 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis jme_42_2_1996.pdf [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacter ia [6] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 |
[1] Oscillatoria COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://www.stcsc.edu/ecology/alg ae/oscillatoria.jpg [2] Lyngbya COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://www.stanford.edu/~bohanna n/Media/LYNGB5.jpg | |
2,558,000,000 YBN 6 | 315) The Eubacteria Phylum Chloroflexi evolves; (Green Non-Sulphur bacteria).4 The Chloroflexi are filamentous bacteria that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ Bryant, Donald A., and Niels-Ulrik Frigaard. “Prokaryotic Photosynthesis and Phototrophy Illuminated.” Trends in Microbiology 14.11 (2006): 488–496. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0966842X06002265 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [2] Tree of Life http://tolweb.org/tree/ |
[1] Chloroflexus photomicrograph from Doe Joint Genome Institute of US Dept Energy PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Chlorofl.jpg | |
2,500,000,000 YBN | 52) The end of the Archean and start of the Proterozoic {PrOTReZOiK or ProTReZOiK11 12 } Eon.13 The Proterozoic spans from 2,500 to 542 million years ago, and represents 42% of Earth's history.14 15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Proterozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/proterozoic 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=proter ozoic&submit=Submit 3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 4. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th Edition, 2006, p243. 6. ^ "Proterozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/proterozoic 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=proter ozoic&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 9. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 10. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th Edition, 2006, p243. 11. ^ "Proterozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/proterozoic 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=proter ozoic&submit=Submit 13. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 14. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 15. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th Edition, 2006, p243. |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf | |
2,500,000,000 YBN | 56) Banded Iron Formation starts to appear in many places.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ greenspirit.uk |
[1] portion taken from: Description English: This image shows a 2.1 billion years old rock containing black-banded ironstone, which has a weight of about 8.5 tons. The approximately two meter high, three meter wide, and one meter thick block of stone was found in North America and belongs to the National Museum of Mineralogy and Geology in Dresden, Germany. The rock is located at +51°2'34.84'' +13°45'26.67''. Deutsch: Dieses Bild zeigt einen etwa 8,5 Tonnen schweren und 2,1 Milliarden Jahre alten Block mit Bändereisenerzen. Der etwa zwei Meter hohe, drei Meter breite und einen Meter tiefe Gesteinsblock wurde in Nordamerika gefunden und gehört dem Staatlichen Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie Dresden. Der Block befindet sich bei den Koordinaten +51°2'34.84'' +13°45'26.67''. Camera data Camera Nikon D70 Lens Tamron SP AF 90mm/2.8 Di Macro 1:1 Focal length 90 mm Aperture f/2.8 Exposure time 1/250 s Sensivity ISO 200 Please help translating the description into more languages. Thanks a lot! If you want a license with the conditions of your choice, please email me to negotiate terms. best new image Date 26 August 2005 Source Own work Author André Karwath aka Aka CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Black-band_iron stone_%28aka%29.jpg/1280px-Black-band_ir onstone_%28aka%29.jpg [2] This rock resulted from accumulations of ferrous Iron (Fe+2) in oceans and lakes (which were more green in color than today; ferrous iron can produce that color as, for example, in a Coca-Cola glass bottle). The Iron readily combined with any available oxygen, so that the latter was always destined to be caught up in the iron precipitates (Fe2O3) and thus didn't remain in the atmosphere. While BIF is a hallmark of sedimentary rock formations during this extended period, other rocks also formed (shales; sandstones) but carbonates (limestones) were much less commmon. Starting about 2.3 billion years ago, oxygen levels and other factors led to common production of ferric oxides (Hematite) that made prominent red beds periodically to the present. One variety includes alternating chert layers, some rich in iron PD source: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect19/ 2929573315_7bb69aeebb.jpg | |
2,480,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 170) Bacteria live on land.13 14 15 Chemoauthotrophs oxidize sulfur or nitrogen to form sulfate or nitrate, and therefore sulfuric or nitric acid, which then dissolves rocks.16 17 18 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1038/nature10511 2. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 3. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 4. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1038/nature10511 5. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 6. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 7. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1038/nature10511 8. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 9. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 10. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1038/nature10511 11. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 12. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 13. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1038/nature10511 14. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 15. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 16. ^ Konhauser, K.O. Introduction to Geomicrobiology. Wiley, 2009, p. 231. http://books.google.com/books?id=n dGmm920Va8C&pg=PA231 17. ^ Lengeler, J., G. Drews, and H. Schlegel. Biology of the Prokaryotes. Wiley, 2009, p. 251. http://books.google.com/books?id=v XbJa4X5oHsC&pg=PA251 18. ^ Schaechter, M. Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Elsevier Science, 2009, p265. http://books.google.com/books?id= rLhdW5YzuO4C&pg=RA2-PA265 19. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1038/nature10511 20. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 21. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 22. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). (2600-2700my) 23. ^ University of Tennessee at Knoxville. "Bacteria's move from sea to land may have occurred much later than thought." ScienceDaily, 22 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/relea ses/2011/12/111222195017.htm 24. ^ Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Kirill Borziak, Gurusahai Khalsa-Moyers, Gladys Alexandre, Leonid O. Sukharnikov, Kristin Wuichet, Gregory B. Hurst, W. Hayes McDonald, Jon S. Robertson, Valérie Barbe, Alexandra Calteau, Zoé Rouy, Sophie Mangenot, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Philippe Normand, Mickaël Boyer, Patricia Siguier, Yves Dessaux, Claudine Elmerich, Guy Condemine, Ganisan Krishnen, Ivan Kennedy, Andrew H. Paterson, Victor González, Patrick Mavingui, Igor B. Zhulin. Azospirillum Genomes Reveal Transition of Bacteria from Aquatic to Terrestrial Environments. PLoS Genetics, 2011; 7 (12): e1002430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002430 MORE INFO [1] "pyrite." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyrite |
[1] Acidic waste water from a modern mining site supports the same oxygen using bacterial life that appeared on Earth 2.48 billion years ago. UNKNOWN source: http://media.news.ualberta.ca/~/ media/University%20of%20Alberta/Administ ration/External%20Relations/ExpressNews/ Images/2011/10/111020-RocksBanner-cw.jpg [2] Bacillus specie soil bacteria. UNKNOWN source: http://www.scharfphoto.com/fine_ art_prints/archives/199812-054-Soil-Bact eria.jpg | |
2,400,000,000 YBN | 59) Start of a 200 million year ice age.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). |
[1] snowball Earth UNKNOWN source: http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/fi les/imagecache/feature/files/features/pr int/20090528_snowball_earth.jpg [2] Snowball Earth Snowball Earth describes a theory that for millions of years the Earth was entirely smothered in ice, stretching from the poles to the tropics. This freezing happened over 650 million years ago in the Pre-Cambrian, though it's now thought that there may have been more than one of these global glaciations. They varied in duration and extent but during a full-on snowball event, life could only cling on in ice-free refuges, or where sunlight managed to penetrate through the ice to allow photosynthesis. UNKNOWN source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/imag es/ic/credit/640x395/s/sn/snowball_earth /snowball_earth_1.jpg | |
2,300,000,000 YBN | 48) The oldest "Red Beds", iron oxide formed on land, begin here, and are also evidence of more free oxygen in the air of Earth.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/l ecture5.html 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/l ecture5.html 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/l ecture5.html 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/l ecture5.html 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/l ecture5.html |
[1] http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/Extension/redhi lls/redhills.html source: http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/Extensi on/redhills/redhills.html [2] In Archean rocks, metals tend to occur in low oxidation states (for example, Fe2+ instead of Fe3+) indicating a high metal:oxygen ratio in the oceans and atmosphere. The sediments are essentially rust-free. After the late Proterozoic, sedimentary deposits often have reddish colors and are called red beds due to the presence of iron-oxide coatings between sand grains. From the later Proterozoic onward, enough free oxygen has been available to oxidize iron in sediments. A sandstone butte outside of Sedona, Arizona. Public domain image by Jon Sullivan. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/38/Butte_pdphoto_roadtri p_24_bg_021604.jpg | |
2,000,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 | 63) A parasitic bacterium, closely related to Rickettsia prowazekii, an aerobic proteobacteria, is engulfed by an early eukaryote cell and over time a symbiotic relationship evolves within the eukaryote cell (an endosymbiosis) where the Rickettsia becomes the mitochondria. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, and are where cellular respiration occurs producing most of the ATP in a eukaryotic cell.7 In eukaryotes the mitochondria perform the Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation using oxygen to breakdown pyruvate from glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water, and provide up to 36 ATP molecules.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 4. ^ "mitochondrion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/386130/mitochondrion>. 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p100. 6. ^ "mitochondrion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/386130/mitochondrion>. 7. ^ "mitochondrion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/386130/mitochondrion>. 8. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p162,166,176. 9. ^ B. Franz Lang, Michael W. Gray, and Gertraud Burger, "Mitochondrial Genome Evolution and the Origin of Eukaryotes", Annu. Rev. Genet., V33, p351-397, p385. 1999. {2 BYBN} 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html {average of) 2230-1840 bybn} {earliest of) 2350-1640 bybn} {average of 1995my) 2350-1640 mybn} 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {1.8 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Michael W. Gray, et al, "Genome structure and gene content in protist mitochondrial DNAs", Nucl. Acids Res. (1998) 26(4): 865-878 doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 26/4/865.full |
[1] Figure from: Michael W. Gray, et al, ''Genome structure and gene content in protist mitochondrial DNAs'', Nucl. Acids Res. (1998) 26(4): 865-878 doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 26/4/865.full Phylogenetic hypothesis of the eukaryotic lineage based on ultrastructural and molecular data. Organisms are divided into three main groups distinguished by mitochondrial cristal shape (either discoidal, flattened or tubular). Unbroken lines indicate phylogenetic relationships that are firmly supported by available data; broken lines indicate uncertainties in phylogenetic placement, resolution of which will require additional data. Color coding of organismal genus names indicates mitochondrial genomes that have been completely (Table 1), almost completely (Jakoba, Naegleria and Thraustochytrium) or partially (*) sequenced by the OGMP (red), the FMGP (black) or other groups (green). Names in blue indicate those species whose mtDNAs are currently being sequenced by the OGMP or are future candidates for complete sequencing. Amitochondriate retortamonads are positioned at the base of the tree, with broken arrows denoting the endosymbiotic origin(s) of mitochondria from a Rickettsia-like eubacterium. Macrophar., Macropharyngomonas. source: http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/vol26/issue4/images/gkb18201.gif [2] Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree of eukaryotes based on ultrastructural and molecular data. Organisms are sub-divided into main groups as discussed in the text. Only a few representative species for which complete (or almost complete) mtDNA sequences are known are shown in each lineage. In some cases, line drawings or actual pictures of the organisms are provided (Acanthamoeba, M. Nagata; URL: http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/PCD3379 /htmls/21.html; Allomyces, Tom Volk; URL: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/ Chytridiomycota/Allomyces_r_So_pa/A._arb uscula_pit._sporangia_tjv.html; Amoebidium, URL: http://cgdc3.igmors.upsud.fr/microbiolog ie/mesomycetozoaires.htm; Marchantia, URL: http://www.science.siu.edu/landplants/He patophyta/images/March.female.JPEG Scenedesmus, Entwisle et al., http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au/_data/page/1824 /Scenedesmus.gif). The color-coding of the main groups (alternating between dark and light blue) on the outer circle corresponds to the color-coding of the species names. Unbroken lines indicate phylogenetic relationships that are firmly supported by available molecular data; broken lines indicate uncertainties in phylogenetic placement, resolution of which will require additional sequence data. [t: why not color code or add which type of mito?] source: http://arjournals.annualreviews. org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.genet.37.11 0801.142526 | |
1,874,000,000 YBN 26 | 61) The earliest large filamentous fossil (Grypania).13 14 Grypania spiralis is about 10 cm long, and is thought to be either a green alga or a large cyanobacterium.15 16 If eukaryote, Grypania would be the earliest non-acritarch eukaryote fossil.17 18 19 Grypania may be like Acetabularia {aS-i-TaB-YU-lAR-Eu20 }, a large single-celled green algae.21 The Grypania fossils have no blade (analogous to a leaf) or holdfast structures,22 but stretching implies that Grypania was a sessile organism connected to a surface.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 2. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 3. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 4. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 5. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 6. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 7. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp. 620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/28 88330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf} 8. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 9. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 10. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 11. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 12. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp. 620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/28 88330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf} 13. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 14. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 15. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 16. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 17. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp. 620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/28 88330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf} 18. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 19. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 20. ^ "Acetabular." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. cetabular>. 21. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 22. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp. 620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/28 88330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf} 23. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 24. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 25. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 26. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Samuelsson, Joakim, Peter R Dawes, and Gonzalo Vidal. “Organic-walled Microfossils from the Proterozoic Thule Supergroup, Northwest Greenland.” Precambrian Research 96.1–2 (1999): 1–23. http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S0301926898001235 [2] Jacques Dumais, Kyle Serikawa and Dina F Mandoli, "Acetabularia: A Unicellular Model for Understanding Subcellular Localization and Morphogenesis during Development", Journal of Plant Growth Regulation Volume 19, Number 3 (2000), 253-264, DOI: 10.1007/s003440000035 http://www.oeb.ha rvard.edu/faculty/dumais/Publications/JP GR2000.2.pdf | (Banded Iron Formation) Michigan, USA24 25 |
[1] file:/root/web/Grypania_spiralis_wmel000 0.htm source: file:/root/web/Grypania_spiralis _wmel0000.htm [2] http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/paleontology /lrgGrypaniaspiralis.jpg source: http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/pale ontology/lrgGrypaniaspiralis.jpg |
1,800,000,000 YBN | 46) The end of the Banded Iron Formation.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). |
[1] Ted Huntington PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/62/MichiganBIF.jpg [2] Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington | |
1,570,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 | 99) The first homeobox genes evolve. These genes regulate the building of major body parts in algae, plants, fungi and animals.13 14 15 16 For example, when a homeobox gene responsible for growing a mouse eye is added to the cell of a fruit-fly embryo that is destined to be a leg, an extra fruit fly eye is built on the leg.17 18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 9. ^ Thomas R. Bürglin, "Analysis of TALE superclass homeobox genes (MEIS, PBC, KNOX, Iroquois, TGIF) reveals a novel domain conserved between plants and animals", Nucl. Acids Res. (1997) 25(21): 4173-4180 doi:10.1093/nar/25.21.4173 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 25/21/4173.abstract 10. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775 -2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/26/12/2775.short 11. ^ Halder, G, P Callaerts, and WJ Gehring. “Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila.” Science 267.5205 (1995) : 1788 -1792. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=s ci;267/5205/1788 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p399. 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 15. ^ Thomas R. Bürglin, "Analysis of TALE superclass homeobox genes (MEIS, PBC, KNOX, Iroquois, TGIF) reveals a novel domain conserved between plants and animals", Nucl. Acids Res. (1997) 25(21): 4173-4180 doi:10.1093/nar/25.21.4173 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 25/21/4173.abstract 16. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775 -2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/26/12/2775.short 17. ^ Halder, G, P Callaerts, and WJ Gehring. “Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila.” Science 267.5205 (1995) : 1788 -1792. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=s ci;267/5205/1788 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p399. 19. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant Physiol 2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphy siol.org/content/140/4/1142.full 20. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775 -2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/26/12/2775.short {1982 mybn (at acrasid slime molds, before brown algae} 21. ^ Jongmin Nam, Claude W. dePamphilis, Hong Ma, and Masatoshi Nei, "Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family Controlling Flower Development in Plants", Mol Biol Evol (2003) 20(9): 1435-1447 first published online May 30, 2003 doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 20/9/1435.abstract {1982 mybn (at acrasid slime molds, before brown algae} |
[1] {ULSF: Homeobox genes} Desajustes en el modelo UNKNOWN source: http://cnho.files.wordpress.com/ 2010/07/hox_genes_illus.png [2] {ULSF: Homeobox genes} UNKNOWN source: http://cnho.files.wordpress.com/ 2010/07/homeobox1.jpg | |
1,570,000,000 YBN 13 14 | 197) The ancestor of all living eukaryotes divides into bikont and unikont descendants. Bikonts lead to all Chromalveolates, Excavates, Rhizaria, and Plants. Unikonts lead to all Amoebozoa, Animals and Fungi.10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http ://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X 2. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} 3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 4. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http ://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X 5. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 7. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http ://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X 8. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} 9. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 10. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http ://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X 11. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} 12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 13. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {problem with 1250 my bangia red algae fossils)1126 mybn} 14. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1570 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563 [2] J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563 Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao |
[1] Figure 1: Figure 1. Eukaryote phylogeny integrating ultrastructure, sequence trees, gene fusions and molecular cladistic markers. The unikont topology is established, but the branching order of the six bikont groups remains uncertain. The single enslavement [12] of a red alga (R) to create chromalveolates is supported by a plastid glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) replacement [13]. Whether there was a single enslavement of a green alga (G) to form cabozoa or two separate enslavements (asterisks) to form Cercozoa and Excavata is uncertain [12], as is the position of Heliozoa [14]. Polyubiquitin [15] and EF-1α[16] insertions strongly support the clades core Rhizaria and opisthokonts. The inset shows the BamHI restriction fragment from H. cantabrigiensis that was sequenced and analysed in this study, spanning the DHFR and the amino terminus of the TS gene (red, introns are green). The length of the noncoding regions upstream and downstream of the DHFR gene from one of the clones is indicated. Figure 1 from: Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, ''The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.'', 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http ://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retriev e&_eid=1-s2.0-S096098220300602X&_image=1 -s2.0-S096098220300602X-gr1_lrg.jpg&_ba= &_fmt=full&_orig=na&_issn=09609822&_pii= S096098220300602X&_isHiQual=Y&_acct=C000 059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid= 4422&md5=cec46b2161caca87740f4ff34545ab6 9 [2] cavalier-smith diagram COPYRIGHTED source: cavalier_jmolevol_2003_56_540-56 3.pdf | |
1,520,000,000 YBN 18 19 20 21 22 | 202) The Protist Phylum Amoebozoa evolves (amoebas and slime molds);10 11 the first feeding using pseudopods (a temporary projection of the cytoplasm12 ).13 The Amoebozoa include amoebas, both naked and testate (partially enclosed by a "test" or shell14 ), and slime molds15 and are characterized by pseudopods.16 Slime molds will diverge into two main branches, plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515. 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515. 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515. 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ "pseudopod." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/pseudopod 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515. 14. ^ http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/inde xmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.u k/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html 15. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p594-596. 16. ^ "protozoan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Sep. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/480488/protozoan/32619/Annotated -classification>. 17. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p594-596. 18. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1520 mybn} 19. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1400 my} 20. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1587mybn) 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400) {c1220} 22. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {c1090} MORE INFO [1] http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biologie/bi ani/msg/Amoeboids/Amoebozoa/Conosea.html |
[1] SUBPHYLUM Lobosa CLASS Amoebaea Chaos diffluens, an amoeba. Photo released by Dr. Ralf Wagner. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Chaos_diffluens.jpg [2] CLASS Amoebaea Mayorella (may-or -ell-a) a medium sized free-living naked amoeba with conical pseudopodia. Central body is the nucleus. Phase contrast. This picture was taken by David Patterson of material from Limulus-ridden sediments at Plum Island (Massachusetts USA) in spring and summer, 2001. NONCOMMERCIAL USE source: http://microscope.mbl.edu/script s/microscope.php?func=imgDetail&imageID= 515 | |
1,520,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9 10 | 203) Colonialism (where cells form a colony3 ) evolves for the first time in Eukaryotes. Many cells that form colonies are apparently identical but because each cell is exposed to a different environment, they transcribe different genes.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial 2. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial 3. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial 4. ^ Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007, p225-226. http://books.google.com/books ?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn} 8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn} 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 10. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote separation) MORE INFO [1] http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Bior ealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht m [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html |
[1] [t Note that this Chrysophytes {golden algae} do not evolve genetically until much later - but I can't find colonial euglinas or kinetoplasts- dinobryon look very similar to euglenas however, even with a red eyespot- which implies a close relation.] [1] Dinobryon, a colony of Chrysophytes showing flagella and red eyespots UNKNOWN source: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/ mag//imagsmall/Dinobryonb.jpg [2] [t Note that this CHrysophytes {golden algae} do not evolve genetically until much later - but I can't find colonial euglinas or kinetoplasts] [2] golden algae colony (synura) Scanning EM showing the colony of cells covered with scales By Joel Mancuso UNKNOWN source: http://farm1.staticflickr.com/38 /110623789_7d189c795b_b.jpg | |
1,500,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | 15) The first "plastids" evolve. Cyanobacteria form plastids through endosymbiosis within a eukaryotic cell. Like mitochondria, these organelles copy themselves and are not made by the cell DNA.6 Plastids provide the eukaryotic cell with food from photosynthesis and gain protection by living within the cell.7 This is a primary plastid endosymbiosis and so these plastids are surrounded by a double membrane.8 The inner wall of the plastid being that of the bacterium, the outer wall being that of the eukoaryote.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=g foIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 7. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=g foIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85 8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p551. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Ted Huntington. 12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 13. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {c1600 my} 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} 15. ^ Knoll A, Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p152. {no later than) 1200 my} 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} {needs to be at least as old as Euglenozoa since many have plastids)1956} {Euglenozoa)1956} MORE INFO [1] "Plastid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid [2] Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 |
[1] Description Plagiomnium affine, Laminazellen, Rostock Date created 01.11.2006 Source photographed by myself Author Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh Permission (Reusing this file) GFDL source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_la minazellen.jpeg | |
1,500,000,000 YBN 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 | 86) The first plant (ancestor of all green and red algae and land plants).32 33 34 35 36 This begins the plant kingdom. The first plant is probably unicellular, similar to the glaucophytes {GlxKoFITS37 }.38 39 40 41 42 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 4. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 9. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 14. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 19. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 20. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 21. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 23. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 24. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 25. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 26. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glauco phytes&submit=Submit 27. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 29. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 30. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 31. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 32. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 34. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 35. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 36. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 37. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glauco phytes&submit=Submit 38. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 39. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 40. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 41. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 42. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 43. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1500) 44. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {first plastid) 1300mybn} 45. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {first plastid) c1600} 46. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1550 mybn} 47. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 (1609 mybn) 48. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). {1580} http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa l/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 49. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf {fossil Grypania) 1874my} MORE INFO [1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith and Ema E. -Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", Springer New York, (2003). file:///home/ted/ulsf/docs/cav- smith_apusozoa_fulltext.html |
[1] ? COPYRIGHTED source: http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB 3/PCD3711/htmls/86.html [2] (See Image) COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1500) | |
1,500,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 | 220) The Protists Opisthokonts evolve (the ancestor of all Fungi, Choanoflagellates and Animals).7 8 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1380 mybn} 11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1400mybn} 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1600 mybn} 13. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {960 mybn} |
[1] Parasite spore, SEM Z115/0073 Rights Managed Credit: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Parasite spore. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a microsporidian (Tubulinosema ratisbonensis) spore cultured on human lung fibroblast cells (brown). Microsporidia are single-celled parasites. T. ratisbonenesis is a parasite of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), but may also be able to infect humans with weakened immune systems. The spore is the infective phase of the life cycle. It is excreted by the old host and enters the gut of a new host. The contents of the spore, the sporoplasm, is injected into the host's cell via the polar tubule. Once in the cell the organism divides many times with the resultant organisms producing more spores. Magnification: x10,000 at 10 centimetres wide. Release details: Model and property releases are not available UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/365473/large/Z1150073-Parasite_spore,_ SEM-SPL.jpg [2] Parasite spore, SEM Z115/0073 Rights Managed Credit: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Parasite spore. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a microsporidian (Tubulinosema ratisbonensis) spore cultured on human lung fibroblast cells (brown). Microsporidia are single-celled parasites. T. ratisbonenesis is a parasite of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), but may also be able to infect humans with weakened immune systems. The spore is the infective phase of the life cycle. It is excreted by the old host and enters the gut of a new host. The contents of the spore, the sporoplasm, is injected into the host's cell via the polar tubule. Once in the cell the organism divides many times with the resultant organisms producing more spores. Magnification: x10,000 at 10 centimetres wide. Release details: Model and property releases are not available UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/365473/large/Z1150073-Parasite_spore,_ SEM-SPL.jpg | |
1,400,000,000 YBN 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 | 209) The earliest extant plant: Glaucophyta {GlxKoFITu14 }.15 16 17 Glaucophytes are unicellular algae found in freshwater.18 Glaucophyta probably branched off the evolutionary tree before the divergence of red and green algae from one another.19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glauco phytes&submit=Submit 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glauco phytes&submit=Submit 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glauco phytes&submit=Submit 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 13. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=g foIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85 14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glauco phytes&submit=Submit 15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 17. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 18. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=g foIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85 19. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=g foIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400) 21. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 22. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1150 mybn} 23. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1290 mybn} 24. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1225 mybn} 25. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (c1500my) 26. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (1558my) MORE INFO [1] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P6064 |
[1] ? COPYRIGHTED source: http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB 3/PCD3711/htmls/86.html [2] ? COPYRIGHTED source: http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB /Images/Others/Glaucocystis/ | |
1,300,000,000 YBN 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 | 188) The Plant Phylum Chlorophyta {KlORoFiTu20 } evolves, Green Algae: (ancestor of Volvox, Sea lettuce, Spirogyra, and Stoneworts).21 22 23 24 25 The green algae are the most diverse group of algae on Earth today in terms of number of species (having at least 7000 species).26 The first land plants most likely evolve from green algae.27 28 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 4. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 5. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/ greenalgae.html 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chloro phyta&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 10. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 11. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/ greenalgae.html 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chloro phyta&submit=Submit 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 15. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 16. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 17. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/ greenalgae.html 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 19. ^ Taylor, Taylor, Krings, "Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants", 2009, p133-134. 20. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chloro phyta&submit=Submit 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 23. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 24. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 25. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/ greenalgae.html 26. ^ Taylor, Taylor, Krings, "Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants", 2009, p123. 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 28. ^ Taylor, Taylor, Krings, "Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants", 2009, p133-134. 29. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn) 30. ^ "algae." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/14828/algae>. 31. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1150 mybn} 32. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450mybn} 33. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968mybn) 34. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1061?) 35. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b (1650-800mybn) 36. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/ greenalgae.html (1000my) 37. ^ Herman N, "Organic World One Billion Years Ago", Nauka, Leningrad, 1990. 38. ^ Knoll A, Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p150. |
[1] Description Flagellar pit of Pyramimonas sp. / from Nigaku-Ike of University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Pref., Japan / SEM:JEOL JSM-6330F / scale bar = 1.0μm Date 2009-05-04 18:30 (UTC) Source Pyramimonas_sp.jpg Author Pyramimonas_sp.jpg: ja:User:NEON / User:NEON_ja derivative work: Addicted04 (talk) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/cb/Pyramimonas_sp_color. jpg [2] Micrograph of Volvox aureus. Copyright held by Dr. Ralf Wagner, uploaded to German Wikipedia under GFDL. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. Subject to disclaimers. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol vox | |
1,300,000,000 YBN 14 15 16 17 | 219) The plant Phylum Rhodophyta {rODOFITu10 } evolves (Red Algae).11 12 Rhodophyta are common and widespread, unicellular and multicellular algae (reaching up to 1 m {or 3 feet} in length), and are mostly free-living but some are parasitic or symbiotic.13 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodop hyta&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodop hyta&submit=Submit 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodop hyta&submit=Submit 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodop hyta&submit=Submit 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P9565 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn) 15. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450 mybn} 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1428mybn) 17. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. MORE INFO [1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html |
[1] Close-up of a red alga (Genus? Laurencia), Class Florideophyceae, Order=? a marine seaweed from Hawaii. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Laurencia.jpg [2] Bangia atropurpurea Profile: unbranched filaments in tufts. Often forming dense fringes in the spalsh zone. Uniseriate at base, multiseriate above with protoplasts separate in a firm gelatinous sheath. Stellate chloroplasts. US NOAA PD source: http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagra nt/GLWL/Algae/Rhodophyta/Cards/Bangia.ht ml | |
1,300,000,000 YBN 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 | 323) The Protists Excavates evolve: the ancestor of the Parabasalids {PaRu-BAS-a-liDS17 }, and the Diplomonads {DiP-lO-mO-naDZ18 } {which includes Giardia {JE-oR-DE-u19 }).20 21 22 Most of these species have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria which are thought to be lost secondarily.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardi a&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=paraba salid&submit=Submit 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplom onads&submit=Submit 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardi a&submit=Submit 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=paraba salid&submit=Submit 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplom onads&submit=Submit 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardi a&submit=Submit 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 17. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=paraba salid&submit=Submit 18. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplom onads&submit=Submit 19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardi a&submit=Submit 20. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 22. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 23. ^ Jan Tachezy, "Hydrogenosomes and mitosomes: mitochondria of anaerobic eukaryotes", 2008 http://books.google.com/books?id=L sPkO1fMPvQC&pg=PA273 24. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 25. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {2000 my} 26. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {2291} {2291 my} 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600} {1600 my} 28. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). {2230} {2230 my} 29. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1594 my} 30. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {1030 mybn} MORE INFO [1] "Heterokonts". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokonts [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ |
[1] A timescale of eukaryote evolution. The times for each node are taken from the summary times in Table 1, except for nodes 1 (310 Ma), 2 (360 Ma), 3 (450 Ma), and 4 (520 Ma), which are from the fossil record [25]; nodes 8 (1450 Ma) and 16 (1587 Ma) are phylogenetically constrained and are the midpoints between adjacent nodes. Nodes 12–14 were similar in time and therefore shown as a multifurcation at 1000 Ma; likewise, nodes 21–22 are shown as a multifurcation at 1967 Ma. The star indicates the occurrence of red algae in the fossil record at 1200 Ma, the oldest taxonomically identifiable eukaryote [12]. Hedges et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2148-4-2-2.jpg [2] Giardia lamblia, a parasitic flagellate that causes giardiasis. Image from public domain source at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/releases/i mages/para.jpg source: http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/re leases/images/para.jpg | |
1,280,000,000 YBN 15 16 17 18 19 20 | 38) (Filamentous) multicellularity in Eukaryotes evolves.10 11 In this organism, unlike single cell eukaryotes, cells stay fastened together after cell division. Multicellularity seems to have arisen multiple times independently in eukaryotes: in fungi, animals, slime molds, and algae.12 13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 2. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf 3. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 4. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf 5. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 6. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf 7. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 8. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf 9. ^ Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007, p225-226. http://books.google.com/books ?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225 10. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 11. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf 12. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. “The Multiple Origins of Complex Multicellularity.” Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39.1 (2011): 217-239. http://www.annualreviews.org/d oi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.1002 09 13. ^ Inaki Ruiz-Trillo, Gertraud Burger, Peter W.H. Holland, Nicole King, B. Franz Lang, Andrew J. Roger, Michael W. Gray, The origins of multicellularity: a multi-taxon genome initiative, Trends in Genetics, Volume 23, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 113-118, ISSN 0168-9525, DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.01.005. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 168952507000236) 14. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 15. ^ Ted Huntington. 16. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn} 19. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn} 20. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2009, p517. MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my) [2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) [3] Ted huntington, Estimate based on origin of brown algae around 1,973,000,000 | (earlest red alga fossils:) (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada14 |
[1] Bodanella (bow-dan-ell-a) lauterbornii, a branching filamentous brown alga. Nearly all brown algae are marine organisms, but this species is found in the bottoms of freshwater lakes. Bright field. data on this strain. This image is of material from Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton, images taken by David Patterson and Bob Andersen. Image copyright: Bob Andersen and D. J. Patterson, image used under license to MBL (micro*scope). NONCOMMERCIAL USE ONLY source: http://starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/r awdata/files/bodonella_bgz.zip [2] Bodanella (bow-dan-ell-a) lauterbornii, a branching filamentous brown alga. Nearly all brown algae are marine organisms, but this species is found in the bottoms of freshwater lakes. Bright field. data on this strain. This image is of material from Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton, images taken by David Patterson and Bob Andersen. Image copyright: Bob Andersen and D. J. Patterson, image used under license to MBL (micro*scope). NONCOMMERCIAL USE ONLY source: http://starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/r awdata/viewable/bodonella_bgw.jpg |
1,280,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 | 85) Differentiation in a multicellular eukaryote evolves. In addition to gamete (or spore) cells, there are somatic cells. Unlike gamete cells, somatic cells are asexual (non-fusing).2 All cells of an organism are somatic cells, except the sperm and egg cells, the cells from which they arise (gametocytes), and undifferentiated stem cells.3 Cell differentiation is how cells in a multicellular organism become specialized to perform specific functions in a variety of tissues and organs.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cell differentiation." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differ entiation 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary /Somatic_cells 4. ^ "cell differentiation." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differ entiation 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} 7. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} |
[1] Volvoxcell differentiation. The pathways leading to germ cells or somatic cells are controlled by genes that cause cells to follow one or the other fate. Mutations can prevent the formation of one of these lineages. http://www.devbio.com/chap02/link0204.sh tml Although all the volvocaceans, like their unicellular relative Chlamydomonas, reproduce predominantly by asexual means, they are also capable of sexual reproduction, which involves the production and fusion of haploid gametes. In many species of Chlamydomonas, including the one illustrated in Figure 2.10, sexual reproduction is isogamous (“the same gametes”), since the haploid gametes that meet are similar in size, structure, and motility. However, in other species of Chlamydomonas—as well as many species of colonial volvocaceans—swimming gametes of very different sizes are produced by the different mating types. This pattern is called heterogamy (“different gametes”). But the larger volvocaceans have evolved a specialized form of heterogamy, called oogamy, which involves the production of large, relatively immotile eggs by one mating type and small, motile sperm by the other (see Sidelights and Speculations) UNKNOWN source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/book s/NBK10031/bin/ch2f12.jpg [2] Description English: Four Different Species of Volvocales Algae. (A) Gonium pectorale, (B) Eudorina elegans, (C) Pleodorina californica, and (D) Volvox carteri. These are unicellular organisms that live in colonies and have both large and small gametes. Date Published: June 15, 2004 Source Whitfield J: Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Sexes. PLoS Biol 2/6/2004: e183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0 020183 Author Photo courtesy of Aurora M. Nedelcu, from the Volvocales Information Project (http://www.unbf.ca/vip/index.htm). Per mission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c5/Volvocales.png | |
1,280,000,000 YBN 1 2 3 | 210) Mitosis of diploid cells evolves. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -80mybn guess} |
[1] Mitosis divides genetic information during cell division Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer /genetics_cell.html This image is from the Science Primer, a work of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, part of the National Institutes of Health. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit osis [2] Prophase: The two round objects above the nucleus are the centrosomes. Note the condensed chromatin. from Gray's Anatomy. Unless stated otherwise, it is from the online edition of the 20th U.S. edition of Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, originally published in 1918. Online editions can be found on Bartleby and also on Yahoo! source: UNKNOWN | |
1,280,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 | 301) The haplodiplontic life cycle evolves in algae (mitosis occurs in both haploid and diploid life stages).4 This is also known as the "alternation of generations".5 Some algae and plants have a haplodiplontic life cycle; a life cycle where both diploid and haploid stages are multicellular. The multicellular haploid stage is called the gametophyte and the multicellular diploid stage is called the sporophyte.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 2. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 3. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 4. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 5. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 6. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p252. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 MORE INFO [1] Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=X sgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 |
[1] Drawn by self for Biological life cycle Based on Freeman & Worth's Biology of Plants (p. 171). GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Sporic_meiosis.png [2] Drawn by self for Biological life cycle Based on Freeman & Worth's Biology of Plants (p. 171). GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Sporic_meiosis.png | |
1,274,000,000 YBN 15 16 | 187) A captured red alga, through endosymbiosis, becomes a plastid in the ancestor of all chromalveolates.11 12 13 This is a secondary plastid endosymbiosis, where an algae cell is captured instead of a cyanobacterium which results in a plastid with more than two membranes.14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.” Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175. Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/95/1/147.short 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.” Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175. Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/95/1/147.short 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.” Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175. Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/95/1/147.short 9. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.” Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175. Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/95/1/147.short 13. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 14. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 15. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809.abstract {1274 mybn} 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1280mybn} |
[1] Fig. 2. The tree of life based on molecular, ultrastructural and palaeontological evidence. Contrary to widespread assumptions, the root is among the eubacteria, probably within the double-enveloped Negibacteria, not between eubacteria and archaebacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b); it may lie between Eobacteria and other Negibacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b). The position of the eukaryotic root has been nearly as controversial, but is less hard to establish: it probably lies between unikonts and bikonts (Lang et al., 2002; Stechmann and Cavalier-Smith, 2002, 2003). For clarity the basal eukaryotic kingdom Protozoa is not labelled; it comprises four major groups (alveolates, cabozoa, Amoebozoa and Choanozoa) plus the small bikont phylum Apusozoa of unclear precise position; whether Heliozoa are protozoa as shown or chromists is uncertain (Cavalier-Smith, 2003b). Symbiogenetic cell enslavement occurred four or five times: in the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from different negibacteria, of chromalveolates by the enslaving of a red alga (Cavalier-Smith, 1999, 2003; Harper and Keeling, 2003) and in the origin of the green plastids of euglenoid (excavate) and chlorarachnean (cercozoan) algae—a green algal cell was enslaved either by the ancestral cabozoan (arrow) or (less likely) twice independently within excavates and Cercozoa (asterisks) (Cavalier-Smith, 2003a). The upper thumbnail sketch shows membrane topology in the chimaeric cryptophytes (class Cryptophyceae of the phylum Cryptista); in the ancestral chromist the former food vacuole membrane fused with the rough endoplasmic reticulum placing the enslaved cell within its lumen (red) to yield the complex membrane topology shown. The large host nucleus and the tiny nucleomorph are shown in blue, chloroplast green and mitochondrion purple. In chlorarachneans (class Chlorarachnea of phylum Cercozoa) the former food vacuole membrane remained topologically distinct from the ER to become an epiplastid membrane and so did not acquire ribosomes on its surface, but their membrane topology is otherwise similar to the cryptophytes. The other sketches portray the four major kinds of cell in the living world and their membrane topology. The upper ones show the contrasting ancestral microtubular cytoskeleton (ciliary roots, in red) of unikonts (a cone of single microtubules attaching the single centriole to the nucleus, blue) and bikonts (two bands of microtubules attached to the posterior centriole and an anterior fan of microtubules attached to the anterior centriole). The lower ones show the single plasma membrane of unibacteria (posibacteria plus archaebacteria), which were ancestral to eukaryotes and the double envelope of negibacteria, which were ancestral to mitochondria and chloroplasts (which retained the outer membrane, red). COPYRIGHTED source: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/95/1/147/F2.large.jpg [2] Figure 3: Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the evolutionary relationships and divergence times for the red, green, glaucophyte, and chromist algae. These photosynthetic groups are outgroup-rooted with the Opisthokonta which putatively ancestrally lacked a plastid. The branches on which the cyanobacterial (CB) primary and red algal chromist secondary endosymbioses occurred are shown Figure 3 from: Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809.abstract COPYRIGHTED source: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809/F3.large.jpg | |
1,250,000,000 YBN 29 30 31 32 33 34 | 88) The Protists "Chromalveolates" {KrOM-aL-VEO-leTS22 } evolve (the ancestor of the Chromista {Cryptophytes, Haptophytes, and Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ23 }} and Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS24 }).25 26 27 28 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chroma lveolates&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540. 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full 7. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/300/5626/1703.short 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chroma lveolates&submit=Submit 9. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540. 13. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full 14. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/300/5626/1703.short 15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chroma lveolates&submit=Submit 16. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 17. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540. 20. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full 21. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/300/5626/1703.short 22. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chroma lveolates&submit=Submit 23. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 24. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 25. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 26. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540. 27. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full 28. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/300/5626/1703.short 29. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809.abstract {c1250 mybn} 30. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 31. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1665 mybn} 32. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 (1973mybn) 33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 34. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1600mybn} MORE INFO [1] "Brown alga". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_alga [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch |
[1] S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, ''The TimeTree of Life'', 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.timetree.org/book.php [2] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, ''Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.'', in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. ''Evolution of primary producers in the sea.'', Elsevier; 2007, p120. COPYRIGHTED source: Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. | |
1,250,000,000 YBN 18 | 201) The earliest certain eukaryote fossils and earliest certain fossils of eukaryote filamentous multicellularity: a bangiophyte {BoNJEuFIT10 } red alga fossil.11 12 13 These are also the earliest fossils of a eukaryote that can reproduce sexually and that have differentiated cells (a basal holdfast).14 15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 2. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?r equest=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.C O%3B2 3. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150. 4. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 5. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?r equest=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.C O%3B2 6. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150. 7. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 8. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?r equest=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.C O%3B2 9. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150. 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bangio phyte&submit=Submit 11. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 12. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?r equest=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.C O%3B2 13. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150. 14. ^ Nicholas J. Butterfield, "Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/ Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes", Paleobiology, 26(3), 2000, pp. 386–404. http://www.algaebase.org/pdf /AC100CF316a8734043nPXq2B4E75/386.pdf 15. ^ http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet .aspx?SpeciesID=1700 16. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 17. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?r equest=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.C O%3B2 18. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {1250 mybn} | (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada16 17 |
[1] Figure 4 from: Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877 905 [2] Figure 2 from: Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877 905 |
1,200,000,000 YBN 21 22 23 24 | 221) The first fungi. This begins the Fungi Kingdom.14 15 Like animals, fungi are heterotrophic (unable to build structural materials by photosynthesis) and so must feed on other living things.16 Fungi live on organic material and are therefore generally parasitic (live or feed on another organism to the detriment of the host organism17 ) or are saprophytic (live on dead or decaying organic matter18 ). Some types of fungi, however, form symbioses with plants.19 Fungi may reproduce sexually or asexually and like plants show alternations in their life cycle.20 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf} 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 11. ^ "parasitic." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/parasitic 12. ^ "saprophytic." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. The Gale Group, Inc, 2005. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saprophytic -zoology 13. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 17. ^ "parasitic." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/parasitic 18. ^ "saprophytic." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. The Gale Group, Inc, 2005. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saprophytic -zoology 19. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 20. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 21. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1200 mybn} 22. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1368 mybn} 23. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 (1513mybn) {1513 mybn} 24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1200) {c1100} {c1100 mybn} |
[1] Microsporidia. Image from Sterling Parasitology Microsporidia Research. UNKNOWN source: http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/im ages/3/37/Micro2.jpg [2] Penicillium [t Note: Penecillium is a multicellular fungi.] UNKNOWN source: http://www.mold-help.org/pages/i mages/Penicillium.jpg | |
1,180,000,000 YBN 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 | 6280) The Protists Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS16 } (the ancestor of all Ciliates, Apicomplexans, and Dinoflagellates {DInOFlaJeleTS17 }).18 19 20 These three protist phyla all have an alveolar {aL-VE-e-lR21 } membrane system, made of flattened membrane-bound sacs called "alveoli" {aL-VE-e-lI22 }.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 2. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagell ate 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471 -2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110 .pdf} 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p538. 5. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 7. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagell ate 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p538. 10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 11. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 12. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagell ate 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p538. 15. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 16. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 17. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagell ate 18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p538. 20. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 21. ^ "alveolar." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/alveolar 22. ^ "alveolus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/alveolus 23. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 24. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1180 mybn} 25. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1480 my} 26. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} {1956 my} 27. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1345 my} 28. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.spri ngerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {1000 my} 29. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {c820 my} 30. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1628} |
[1] Unknown http://www.genome.gov/Images/pr ess_photos/highres/85-300.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Oxytricha_trifa llax.jpg/1024px-Oxytricha_trifallax.jpg [2] Description English: Unknown species of cilliate in the last stages of mitosis (cytokinesis), with cleavage furrow visible. Date Source Own work Author TheAlphaWolf CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/55/Unk.cilliate.jpg | |
1,100,000,000 YBN 14 15 | 75) The oldest extant fungi phylum "Microsporidia" evolves.9 10 Microsporidia are obligate (survive only as11 ) intracellular parasites of eukaryotes;12 commonly infecting insects, crustaceans, and fishes.13 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "obligate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/obligate 8. ^ Murray Wittner, Louis M. Weiss, "The microsporidia and microsporidiosis", 1999, p2. http://books.google.com/books?ei=Sq NvT_O5JKbTiAKf8PDuAg 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ "obligate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/obligate 12. ^ Murray Wittner, Louis M. Weiss, "The microsporidia and microsporidiosis", 1999, p2. http://books.google.com/books?ei=Sq NvT_O5JKbTiAKf8PDuAg 13. ^ Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p427. {Fungi_Dictionary_Of_2008.pdf} 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (>1460mybn) 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1100mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=93911 [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/290/5493/972.full |
[1] Sporoblast of the Microsporidium Fibrillanosema crangonycis. Electron micrograph taken by Leon White. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg [2] Spironema multiciliatum Spironema: Octosporoblastic sporogony producing horseshoe-shaped monokaryotic spores in sporophorous vesicles; monomorphic, diplokaryotic and monokaryotic; merogony - last generation merozoites are diplokaryotic; sporogony - initial division of the sporont nuclei is meiotic as indicated by the occurrence of synaptonemal complexes; spores are horse-shoe-shaped, with swollen ends in T. variabilis and have one elongate nucleus; exospore with three layers, endospore is of medium thickness; polaroplast composed of two lamellar parts, an anterior part of closely packed lamellae and a posterior part of wider compartments; polar tube is isofilar and forms, in the posterior quarter of the spore, 3-4 coils in a single rank (T. variabilis) or 8-10 coils in a single rank (T. chironomi); type species Toxoglugea vibrio in adipose tissue of larvae of Ceratopogon sp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Spironema (spire-oh-knee-ma) multiciliatum Klebs, 1893. Cells are lanceolate, relatively flattened and flexible. The cells have a spiral groove, long kinetics and a tail, which tapers posteriorly, and are about 15 - 21 microns without the tail. The nucleus is located anteriorly or near the centre of the cell. When the cells are squashed, the cells are more flexible. Food materials are seen under the cell surface. Rarely observed. This picture was taken by Won Je Lee using conventional photographic film using a Zeiss Axiophot microscope of material collected in marine sediments of Botany Bay (Sydney, Australia). The image description refers to material from Botany Bay. NONCOMMERCIAL USE source: http://microscope.mbl.edu/script s/microscope.php?func=imgDetail&imageID= 3928 | |
1,100,000,000 YBN 18 19 20 21 22 | 313) The Protist Phylum "Dinoflagellata" evolves.13 14 15 Dinoflagellates {DI-nO-Fla-Je-leTS16 } are single-celled, aquatic organisms that have two dissimilar flagella. Most are microscopic and marine. An important link in the food chain, Dinoflagellates also "bloom" which can produce luminescence seen in the sea.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinofl agellates&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinofl agellates&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinofl agellates&submit=Submit 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinofl agellates&submit=Submit 17. ^ "dinoflagellate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 26 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagell ate 18. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.spri ngerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {Dinosterane molecular fossils)1100 my} 19. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {DNA)1040 mybn} 20. ^ A. H. Knoll, E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic Organisms in Proterozoic Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470, Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological, Molecular and Cellular Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29, 2006), pp. 1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 0209698 {1.8 bybn} {Dinosterane molecular fossils)1100 my} 21. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {940 mybn} 22. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {430 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1973mybn) [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch (1600mybn) [3] Pratt, L. M., Summons, R. E. and Hieshima, G. B.: 1991, Sterane and Triterpane Biomarkers in the Precambrian Nonesuch Formation, North American Midcontinent Rift, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 911–916 [4] J.J. Brocks, R.E. Summons, 8.03 - Sedimentary Hydrocarbons, Biomarkers for Early Life, In: Editors-in-Chief: Heinrich D. Holland and Karl K. Turekian, Editor(s)-in-Chief, Treatise on Geochemistry, Pergamon, Oxford, 2003, Pages 63-115, ISBN 9780080437514, 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08127-5. (http:/ /www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p ii/B0080437516081275) [5] Moldowan, J. Michael et al. “Chemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors.” Geology 24.2 (1996): 159 -162. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/con tent/24/2/159.abstract AND http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/ 24/2/159.full.pdf [6] Raven, Evert, Eichhorn, "Biology of Plants", (New York: Worth Publishers, 1992). p98-99 [7] "coenocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/coenocyte |
[1] Dinoflagellate Ceratium sp. Phylum Dinoflagellata Upper Newport Bay, Orange County, CA. 9/22/12. © Peter J. Bryant COPYRIGHTED source: http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/Din oflagellates/DSC_6886b.jpg [2] Model of Pyrodinium bahamense, a dinoflagellate species, in the American Museum of Natural History Credit: Life’s Little Mysteries Fire water Have you ever seen glowing ocean water, like the bright blue surf pictured in the intro slide? The neon water is brimming with dinoflagellates, single-celled plankton with tails that slosh around together in vast numbers. These creatures have been highlighting Earth’s coastlines for 1.2 billion years, and for the past few millennia, they’ve puzzled humans, who used to attribute the glow of some ocean water to magic or the gods.Dinoflagellates still puzzle us; we know how they glow, but not why. They might have evolved bioluminescence as a way of frightening predators, or to reveal those predators’ locations by flashing when touched. Alternatively, their bioluminescence may just be a fancy way of ridding themselves of oxygen radicals (because the chemical reaction requires oxygen). Whatever the answer, they certainly make for a nice holiday in the Bahamas. UNKNOWN source: http://www.lifeslittlemysteries. com/images/i/1651/original/dinoflagellat e.jpg | |
1,080,000,000 YBN 27 28 29 30 31 | 87) The Excavates Discicristates {DiSKIKriSTATS}; the ancestor of protists which have mitochondria with discoidal (shaped like a disk18 ) cristae (the folded inner membrane of a mitochondrion19 ) (the ancestor of euglenids, leishmanias {lEsmaNEuZ20 }, trypanosomes {TriPaNiSOMZ21 }, and acrasid {oKrASiD22 } slime molds).23 24 25 26 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 4. ^ "leishmanias." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. eishmanias>. 5. ^ "trypanosome." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. rypanosome>. 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ac rasiomycetes&submit=Submit 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 10. ^ Baldauf, "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes", Journal of Systematics and Evolution 46 (3): 263–273 (2008). http://www.plantsystematics.com /qikan/manage/wenzhang/jse08060.pdf 11. ^ "leishmanias." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. eishmanias>. 12. ^ "trypanosome." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. rypanosome>. 13. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ac rasiomycetes&submit=Submit 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 17. ^ Baldauf, "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes", Journal of Systematics and Evolution 46 (3): 263–273 (2008). http://www.plantsystematics.com /qikan/manage/wenzhang/jse08060.pdf 18. ^ "discoidal." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 24 May. 2013. iscoidal>. 19. ^ "cristae." Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. 24 May. 2013. ristae>. 20. ^ "leishmanias." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. eishmanias>. 21. ^ "trypanosome." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. rypanosome>. 22. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ac rasiomycetes&submit=Submit 23. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 25. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 26. ^ Baldauf, "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes", Journal of Systematics and Evolution 46 (3): 263–273 (2008). http://www.plantsystematics.com /qikan/manage/wenzhang/jse08060.pdf 27. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 28. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn} 29. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn} 30. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 31. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote separation) MORE INFO [1] http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Bior ealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht m [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html |
[1] euglena source: http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/Stratf ordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/euglena.htm [2] euglena source: http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB /Images/Mastigophora/Euglena/genus1L.jpg | |
1,080,000,000 YBN 24 25 26 27 | 97) A eukaryote eye evolves; the first three-dimensional response to light.18 19 20 The earliest eye is a light sensitive area in a unicellular eukaryote that probably evolved from a plastid.21 22 Eukaryotes are the first organisms to evolve the ability to follow light direction in three dimensions in open water.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 2. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 3. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 4. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 5. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 6. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 7. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 8. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 9. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 10. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 11. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 12. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 13. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 14. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 15. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 16. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 17. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 18. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 19. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 20. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 21. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 22. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 23. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 24. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 25. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809.abstract {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} 26. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} 27. ^ my own estimate based on where euglenozoa genetically appear to evolve {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Peter Hegemann, "Algal Sensory Photoreceptors", Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 59: 167 -189 (Volume publication date June 2008) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/ 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092847 %40recept.2009.1.issue-1 [2] Trevor D. Lamb, Detlev Arendt, and Shaun P. Collin, "The evolution of phototransduction and eyes", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B October 12, 2009 364:2791-2793; doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0106 http://rstb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1 531/2791.full [3] Kreimer, G. (2009) The green algal eyespot apparatus: a primordial visual system and more? Current Genetics 55:19-43 doi:10.007/s00294-008-0224-8 PMID 19107486 http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/v54v124mxg52r091/ |
[1] Adapted from: Euglena is a photosynthetic euglenoid with at least 150 described species. The cells are cylindrical with a rounded anterior and tapered posterior. The chloroplasts are well-developed, bright green, and sometimes have pyrenoids. ... Euglena is a photosynthetic euglenoid with at least 150 described species. The cells are cylindrical with a rounded anterior and tapered posterior. The chloroplasts are well-developed, bright green, and sometimes have pyrenoids. They are often discoidal in shape but can also be ovate, lobate, elongate, U-shaped, or ribbon-shaped. Some researchers use the structure and position of the chloroplasts to divide the group into three subgenera. Even though they are able to photosynthesize, Euglena cells also have a phagotrophic ingestion apparatus. Euglena has one long, protruding flagellum and a shorter flagellum that is not usually visible. The euglenoids can glide and swim using their flagella, or can ooze along a substrate with an undulating, shape-changing, contraction motion called metaboly. The cytoplasm of Euglena and other euglenoids contains many paramylon starch storage granules. The euglenoid cells are covered by a pellicle composed of ribbonlike, woven strips of proteinaceous material that cover the cell in a helical arrangement from apex to posterior. Freshwater euglenoids have a contractile vacuole. Euglenoids sense light using a red pigmented eyespot or stigma and the paraflagellar body located at the base of the emergent flagella. The cytoplasm of Euglena and other euglenoids contains many paramylon starch storage granules. The euglenoid cells are covered by a pellicle composed of ribbonlike, woven strips of proteinaceous material that cover the cell in a helical arrangement from apex to posterior. Freshwater euglenoids have a contractile vacuole. Euglenoids sense light using a red pigmented eyespot or stigma and the paraflagellar body located at the base of the emergent flagella. UNKNOWN source: http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll .edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/Eugl ena_Key225.jpg [2] Figure 1. The distribution of three-dimensional phototaxis in the tree of eukaryotes. Red arrows indicate the likely point of origin of phototaxis in a given group. Question marks indicate uncertainties regarding independent or common origin. Figure 1 from: Jékely, Gáspár. ''Evolution of phototaxis.'' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/364/1531/2795/F1.large.jp g | |
1,050,000,000 YBN 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 | 169) The Protists Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ13 } (also called Heterokonts) evolve (ancestor of all brown algae, golden algae, diatoms, and oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu14 )).15 16 Almost all Stramenopiles have unique three-part hairs on the flagella at some stage in the life cycle.17 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oo mycota&submit=Submit 3. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oo mycota&submit=Submit 7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 9. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oo mycota&submit=Submit 11. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 13. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 14. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oo mycota&submit=Submit 15. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 17. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 18. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809.abstract {1050 mybn} 19. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1180 mybn} 20. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1480my} 21. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1345 my} 22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} {1956my} {Alveolates and Plant split)1956my} 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my} {Chromalveolates)1600 my} 24. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {c775my} {c754my} 25. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.spri ngerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {c1000my} 26. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {872 my} |
[1] Phylum Stramenopiles COPYRIGHTED source: Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. [2] S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, ''The TimeTree of Life'', 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.timetree.org/book.php | |
1,000,000,000 YBN 11 | 324) The Protists Mesomycetozoea {me-ZO-mI-SE-TO-ZO-u7 } evolve (also called DRIPS).8 Mesomycetozoea are in the protist Phylum Choanozoa (which includes the Choanoflagellates {KO-e-nO-FlaJ-e-lATS9 }, thought to be the ancestor of sponges).10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomy cetozoea&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomy cetozoea&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomy cetozoea&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomy cetozoea&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choano flagellate&submit=Submit 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1000 MYBN (end of Mesoproterozoic} MORE INFO [1] Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, et al. 2008 Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals. PLoS ONE 3(5): e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 [2] Leonel Mendoza, John W. Taylor, and Libero Ajello, "THE CLASS MESOMYCETOZOEA: A Heterogeneous Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal Boundary", Annual Review of Microbiology October 2002, Vol. 56: 315-344. http://www.annualreviews.org/d oi/full/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302. 160950 |
[1] Ichthyophonus, a fungus-like protistan that occurs in high prevalence in Pacific Ocean perch (Sebastes aultus) and yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes flavedus). Note the parasite forms branching hyphae-like structures. Ichthyophonus hoferi has caused massive mortalities in herring in the Atlantic ocean, and has recently been reported to cause disease in wild Pacific herring from Washington through Alaska. COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://oregonstate.edu/dept/salm on/projects/images/16Ichthyophonus.jpg [2] Microscopic appearence of the organism is dependent on its stage of development. The stages include (1) spore at ''resting'' stage, (2) germinating spore, (3) hyphal stage. It is believed that there are two forms of Ichthyophonus, both belonging to one genus. One of them is known as the ''salmon'' form, occuring in freshwater and cold-preferring sea fishes: this form is characterized by its ability to produce long tubulose germ hyphae. The other is called the ''aquarium fish'' form, typical of the tropical freshwater fishes. This form is completely devoid of hyphae. Developmental cycle of Ichthyophonus hoferi: 1-5 - development of ''daughter'' spores, 7-11 - development of resting spore from the ''daughter'' spore, 12-19 - development of resting spore by fragmentation. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/ 003/AC160E/AC160E02.htm | |
985,000,000 YBN 23 24 25 | 309) The Protist Phylum Oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu17 } evolves (ancestor of the Oomycetes18 ; water molds).19 20 21 22 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomyco ta&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full 5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomyco ta&submit=Submit 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomyco ta&submit=Submit 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 17. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomyco ta&submit=Submit 18. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 19. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 21. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 22. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 23. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {985} 24. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Term s/coeno128.html#coeno128 [2] "Coenocyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenocyte [3] http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultrane t/BiologyPages/P/Protists.html#Water_Mol ds [4] http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1 116/16protists.htm |
[1] Figure 2 from: Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, ''A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data'', Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full Figure 2 Single-gene phylogenies support subsets of the combined protein tree. (A) A summary of the tree in Fig. 1is shown with supergroups indicated beside brackets to the right. Multi-taxon represented clusters are given as triangles, with height proportional to number of taxa and width proportional to averaged overall branch length (1) compensated for missing data (47). (B) Published support for the numbered nodes in (A) is shown for commonly used molecular phylogenetic markers grouped as (a) ribosomal RNAs, (b) proteins not used in the current analysis, (c) proteins used in the current analysis, and (d) the combined data (Fig. 1). These markers are, from left to right, SSU [SSU rRNA (1–4)], LSU [LSU rRNA (19)], LSU+SSU [combined LSU and SSU rRNA (48)], EF-2 (10), V/A-ATPases [vacuolar ATPases (49)], HSP70-cy [cytosolic 70-kD heat shock protein (50)], mito [combined mitochondrial proteins (51)], RPB1 (52), actin (8, 16, 53), α-tubulin (8, 54), β-tubulin (8, 54), EF-1α (15, 20), and combined (Fig. 1). Rejected nodes are indicated in pink and accepted nodes in green, with checked circles indicating BP < 70% and solid circles indicating BP > 70%. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/290/5493/972/F2.large.jpg [2] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/co ntent/full/300/5626/1703 | |
900,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 | 6281) The protists Rhizaria {rI-ZaR-E-u7 } evolve (ancestor of all Radiolaria, Foraminifera and Cercozoa).8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rh izaria&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rh izaria&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rh izaria&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rh izaria&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Medlin, L. , Kooistra, W. , Potter, D. , Saanders, G. and Wandersen, R. (1997): Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids , The origin of the algae and their plastids (D Bhattacharya, ed ) Plant systematics and evolution (Suppl ) http://epic.awi.de/2100/ AND http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c. pdf {900 my} 10. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_ a=rhizaria&taxon_b=haptophyta&submit=Sea rch {900 my} 11. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} {754 my} 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my} MORE INFO [1] Moreira D, von der Heyden S, Bass D, López-García P, Chao E, Cavalier-Smith T (July 2007). "Global eukaryote phylogeny: Combined small- and large-subunit ribosomal DNA trees support monophyly of Rhizaria, Retaria and Excavata". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (1): 255–66. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev e/pii/S1055-7903(06)00433-7 [2] http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_ a=rhizaria&taxon_b=alveolates&submit=Sea rch [3] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120 |
[1] Figure : Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Rhizaria inferred from SSU rRNA gene sequences using the GTR+G+I model of evolution. UNKNOWN source: http://www.unige.ch/sciences/bio logie/biani/msg/Amoeboids/Rhizaria_large .jpg [2] Figure 1 from: Keeling, Patrick J. et al. “The tree of eukaryotes.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20.12 (2005): 670-676. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/article/pii/S0169534705003046 source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/cac he/MiamiImageURL/1-s2.0-S016953470500304 6-gr1.jpg/0?wchp=dGLbVBA-zSkWz | |
850,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 20 | 224) The Fungi "Zygomycota" evolves (ancestor of bread molds, and pin molds).13 14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 6. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 10. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 14. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 15. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1250mybn) 18. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1107mybn) 19. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). (1107mybn) 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850m) |
[1] Figure 2. Zygomycota A: sporangia of Mucor sp. B: whorl of sporangia of Absidia sp. C: zygospore of Zygorhynchus sp. D: sporangiophore and sporangiola of Cunninghamella sp. source: http://www.botany.utoronto.ca/Re searchLabs/MallochLab/Malloch/Moulds/Cla ssification.html [2] Figure 3. Syncephalis, a member of the Zygomycota parasitic on other Zygomycota source: http://www.botany.utoronto.ca/Re searchLabs/MallochLab/Malloch/Moulds/Cla ssification.html | |
767,000,000 YBN 18 19 20 | 312) The Protist Phylum "Ciliophora" {SiL-E-oF-R-u11 } evolves (the "Ciliates") (ancestor of the paramecium).12 13 14 The Ciliophora are characterized by having numerous cilia which they use to move themselves15 .16 Most ciliates are unicellular.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 7. ^ "ciliophora." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013. iliophora>. 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 11. ^ "ciliophora." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013. iliophora>. 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 15. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135-145. 16. ^ "ciliate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ciliate 17. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135-145. 18. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.spri ngerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {750 my} 19. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {767 my} 20. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {620 my} MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [3] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch |
[1] Paramecium protozoan, SEM C001/0068 Rights Managed Credit: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Paramecium protozoan, coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Paramecia are a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa. They inhabit fresh water, and feed mainly on bacteria and smaller protozoa. Paramecia range from about 50 to 350 micrometres in length, depending on species. Simple cilia, which cover the body, are moved in a synchronous motion to allow the cell to move. Magnification: x825 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nonlocal.com/hbar/par amecium.gif [2] Summary Description English: Scanning electron microscope view of Oxytricha trifallax Español: Imagen de microscopía electrónica de barrido de Oxytricha trifallax Date Unknown date Source http://www.genome.gov/I mages/press_photos/highres/85-300.jpg Author Unknown Permission (Reusin g this file) See below. PD [1] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Oxytricha_trifa llax.jpg/1024px-Oxytricha_trifallax.jpg | |
767,000,000 YBN 18 19 20 | 314) The Protist Phylum "Apicomplexa" {a-PE-KoM-PleK-Su13 } evolves (includes Malaria and Toxoplasmosis).14 15 16 Apicomplexans have a special cell organelle called the apical complex which helps to invade the host cell.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicom plexa&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicom plexa&submit=Submit 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicom plexa&submit=Submit 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicom plexa&submit=Submit 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 17. ^ Woo, P.T.K. Fish Diseases and Disorders: Volume 1: Protozoan and Metazoan Infections. CABI, 2006. CABI Publishing Series., p183. http://books.google.com/books?id= bm7HSCLcCbUC&pg=PA183 18. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {767 my} 19. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {620 my} 20. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.spri ngerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {api+dino and ciliate split)1100 my} MORE INFO [1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html [2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) [3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135 |
[1] Description A thin-film Giemsa stained micrograph of ring-forms, and gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum. From http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Date 2006-11-16 (original upload date) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was TimVickers at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3c/Plasmodium.jpg [2] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/co ntent/full/300/5626/1703 | |
680,000,000 YBN 34 35 36 37 38 | 326) The Protists "Choanoflagellates" {KO-e-nO-FlaJ-e-lATS25 } evolve.26 27 28 29 30 31 Choanoflagellates are the closest relatives to the animals and may be direct ancestors of sponges.32 There are about 140 species of choanoflagellates. Some are free-swimming, propelling themselves with a flagellum. Others are attached by a stalk, sometimes with several together in a colony. Choanoflagellates use their flagellum to drive water into the funnel where food particles like bacteria are trapped and engulfed.33 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choano flagellate&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=114293 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&exclu deNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choano flagellate&submit=Submit 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=114293 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 12. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&exclu deNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502. 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choano flagellate&submit=Submit 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=114293 19. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 20. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&exclu deNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 21. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502. 24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502. 25. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choano flagellate&submit=Submit 26. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 27. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=114293 28. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 29. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&exclu deNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 30. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 31. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 32. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502. 33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502. 34. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 35. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) {900 MYBN} 36. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {900 MYBN} 37. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1020 mybn} 38. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) {1450 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003) [2] "Ichthyosporea". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://species.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthy osporea |
[1] Choanoflagellate single cell (thecate) UNKNOWN source: http://behance.vo.llnwd.net/prof iles22/483113/projects/1558429/6ea555ab5 457e21432def0f2e6b83fe3.jpg [2] Salpingoeca: Cells solitary or colonial with a distinct and firm sheath or theca usually as a cup either sessile or with a pedicel; theca colourless or amber; contractile vacuoles posterior in freshwater specie; in freshwater, brackish, and marine habitats. Record information: Salpingoeca (sal-ping-go-eek-a), a collar flagellate (choanoflagellate) - all of which have a single anterior flagellum surrounded by a collar of very fine pseudopodia (in cross-section the collar seems like two arms, one on either side of the flagellum). The flagellum beats drawing water through the collar and bacteria and other small particles are trapped and then ingested. Believed to be the source group of the sponges and the metazoa. Salpingoeca has an organic lorica. Phase contrast. This picture was taken by David Patterson, Linda Amaral Zettler and Virginia Edgcomb of material from the salt marsh at Little Sippewissett (Massachusetts, USA) in Autumn, 2000 and in Spring and summer, 2001. NONCOMMERCIAL USE source: http://microscope.mbl.edu/script s/microscope.php?func=imgDetail&imageID= 746 | |
670,000,000 YBN 20 21 22 | 286) Multicellularity evolves in a free moving Protist.15 16 This allows larger free moving organisms to evolve.17 This multicellularity is thought to be independently evolved, and not related to the earlier filamentous multicellularity of prokaryotes like cyanobacteria, and eukaryotes like algae.18 19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 13. ^ Shuhai Xiao, Yun Zhang, Andrew H. Knoll, "Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite", Nature 391, 553-558 (5 February 1998) http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/Dyn aPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n666 7/full/391553a0_fs.html 14. ^ Buss, L. W. The Evolution of Individuality (Princeton Univ. Press, NJ, 1987). 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 18. ^ Shuhai Xiao, Yun Zhang, Andrew H. Knoll, "Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite", Nature 391, 553-558 (5 February 1998) http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/Dyn aPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n666 7/full/391553a0_fs.html 19. ^ Buss, L. W. The Evolution of Individuality (Princeton Univ. Press, NJ, 1987). 20. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my) 22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) MORE INFO [1] Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007, p225-226. http://books.google.com/books ?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225 [2] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191 |
[1] Sponge showing several choanocyte chambers UNKNOWN source: http://behance.vo.llnwd.net/prof iles22/483113/projects/1558429/43a2a4c7e 127f66b7090ed679a8da30a.jpg [2] Combination of: Saepicula and Sphaeroeca NONCOMMERCIAL USE source: http://microscope.mbl.edu/script s/microscope.php?func=imgDetail&imageID= 3229 | |
670,000,000 YBN | 297) The diplontic life cycle evolves; this organism is predominantly diploid, mitosis in the haploid phase does not occur.6 7 All animals are diplontic, and descend from this multicellular organism.8 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 2. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=X sgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 3. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 4. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=X sgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. 6. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 7. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=X sgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 8. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. |
[1] Gametic Meiosis. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gametic_meiosis.png [2] Gametic Meiosis. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gametic_meiosis.png | |
660,000,000 YBN 56 57 58 59 60 | 81) The first animal and first metazoan, the sponge evolves. This begins the Animal Kingdom, and the Phylum Porifera; the sponges. There are only three major kinds of metazoans: sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians.35 36 37 The word "porifera" means "pore bearing" in Latin38 , and water continuously flows through the pores in sponges39 . Metazoans are multicellular and have differentiation (their cells perform different functions). Sponges have cells that form a body wall, cells that secrete the skeleton, contractile {KunTraKTL40 } cells, cells that digest food, and other kinds of cell types.41 42 43 44 All sponge cells are totipotent and so are capable of regrowing a new sponge.45 In sponges there is no distinction between germ line and soma.46 Some sponges can live for over 1000 years.47 Sponges have two layers, each a single cell thick. The outer surface is called the pinacoderm {PiN-o-KO-DRM48 } and is made of cells called pinacocytes {PiN-o-KO-SITS49 }. On the inner surface is the choanoderm {KOenO-DRM or KO-aNo-DRM50 } which is made of flagellated cells called choanocytes {KOenO-SITS51 or KO-aNo-SITS52 }. Between these two thin cellular sheets is the jellylike53 mesohyl {mASuHIL54 }, which may vary in thickness and plays vital roles in digestion, gamete production, secretion of skeleton, and transport of nutrients and waste products by special amoeboid cells.55 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 13. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191. 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 15. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 18. ^ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition /english/Porifera 19. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p335. 20. ^ "contractile." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Dec. 2012. ontractile>. 21. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 23. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 24. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191. 25. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 26. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinaco derm&submit=Submit 27. ^ "pinacocyte." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinacocyte 28. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choano derm&submit=Submit 29. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choano cyte&submit=Submit 30. ^ "choanocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/choanocyte 31. ^ Meglitsch, P.A., and F.R. Schram. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press, USA, 1991, p56. 32. ^ http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronun ciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl 33. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p183. 34. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p101. 35. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 36. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 37. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 38. ^ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition /english/Porifera 39. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p335. 40. ^ "contractile." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Dec. 2012. ontractile>. 41. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 42. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 43. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 44. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191. 45. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 46. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-499. 47. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p101. 48. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinaco derm&submit=Submit 49. ^ "pinacocyte." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinacocyte 50. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choano derm&submit=Submit 51. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choano cyte&submit=Submit 52. ^ "choanocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/choanocyte 53. ^ Meglitsch, P.A., and F.R. Schram. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press, USA, 1991, p56. 54. ^ http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronun ciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl 55. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p183. 56. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 57. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 58. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) {c800my} 59. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 60. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) MORE INFO [1] Müller, Werner E. G. “The Origin of Metazoan Complexity: Porifera as Integrated Animals.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 43.1 (2003): 3–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/388 4834 |
[1] Summary Description English: Marine sponge. Color adjusted (but not color accurate) underwater photograph taken by Dlloyd using a digital camera at a depth of approximately 100 feet in Cayman. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/62/SpongeColorCorrect.jp g [2] source: http://www.museums.org.za/bio/me tazoa.htm | |
660,000,000 YBN 15 16 17 18 | 517) The male gonad (testis {TeSTiS10 } or testicle) evolves in a sponge.11 In sponges sperm are contained in spermatic cysts, which are choanocyte chambers transformed by the formation of sperm12 (spermatogenesis), but ova are distributed throughout the mesohyl {mASuHIL13 } (or middle layer).14 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 3. ^ "testis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/testis 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 5. ^ "testis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/testis 6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 7. ^ "spermatogenesis." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Dec. 2012. permatogenesis>. 8. ^ http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronun ciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl 9. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 10. ^ "testis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/testis 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 12. ^ "spermatogenesis." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Dec. 2012. permatogenesis>. 13. ^ http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronun ciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl 14. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 15. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) {based on evolution of sponge) c850my} 17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 18. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) MORE INFO [1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglyca n [2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p18-19 [3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17 |
[1] Oocyte (female egg) release from sponge, sperm release from sponge, FIgure from: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. [2] Combination of image from: Brusca and Brusca, ''Invertebrates'', Second Edition, 2003, http://www.oceanicresearch.org/sponges .html and D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.museums.org.za/bio/me tazoa.htm | |
650,000,000 YBN | 41) The start of the 60 million year (Varanger) Ice Age (650-590 mybn).3 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll 2. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll 3. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll |
[1] Snowball Earth 600 to 750 million years ago Earth was incased in ice for prolong periods of time and each global glacial event ended under severe greenhouse conditions. This late Precambrian planet-wide glaciation is known as “Snowball Earth” and is an extension on Sturtian- Varangian glaciation. UNKNOWN source: http://geology.fullerton.edu/whe nderson/Fal201L2005/snowballearth/images /snoballearth.jpg [2] Snowball Earth Begins UNKNOWN source: http://www.gambassa.com/gambassa files/images/images/1310/20090528_snowba ll_earth_v1.jpg | |
650,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 | 69) Cells that group as tissues that are arranged in layers evolve in metazoans.7 Unlike the Porifera, in the Placozoa and all later metazoans, cells group as tissues.8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p494. 7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 8. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p494. 10. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 11. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (Ctenophores are first metazoans with tissues} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1 |
[1] Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source [1] Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/21/Bathocyroe_fosteri.jp g [2] Light diffracting along the comb rows of a Mertensia ovum. The right lower portion of the body is regenerating from previous damage. Source: NOAA Photo Gallery/ Photo by Kevin Raskoff PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/LightRefractsOf_comb- rows_of_ctenophore_Mertensia_ovum.jpg | |
650,000,000 YBN 20 21 | 79) The Metazoan Phylum "Placozoa" evolves.12 13 Placozoans look like amoebas but are multicellular.14 The only known species is Trichoplax adhaerens {TriKOPlaKS15 aDHEReNZ}. Trichoplax lives in the sea and feeds on single celled organisms, mostly algae. There are only 4 cell types in Trichoplax compared to the more than 200 cell types in humans. Trichoplax has two main cell layers, like a cnidarian or ctenophore. Between these two layers are a few contractile cells that are similar to muscle cells16 , however placozoans have no muscle or nerve cells17 18 . Trichoplax has the lowest content of DNA of any metazoan, about two-thirds that in sponges, and only 10 times that of bacteria.19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ based on "Trichomonas." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/trichomonas 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p494. 10. ^ Grell, K.G., Gruner, H.E., Kilian, E.F., 1980. Einfu¨hrung. In: Graner, H.E. (Ed.), Lehrbuch der speziellen Zoologie, Vol. 1: Wirbellose Tiere: I. Einfu¨hrung Protozoa, Placozoa, Porifera. Fischer, Stuttgart. 11. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ based on "Trichomonas." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/trichomonas 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p494. 17. ^ Grell, K.G., Gruner, H.E., Kilian, E.F., 1980. Einfu¨hrung. In: Graner, H.E. (Ed.), Lehrbuch der speziellen Zoologie, Vol. 1: Wirbellose Tiere: I. Einfu¨hrung Protozoa, Placozoa, Porifera. Fischer, Stuttgart. 18. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 19. ^ Meglitsch, P.A., and F.R. Schram. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press, USA, 1991, p53. 20. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {780 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Srivastava, Mansi et al. “The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans.” Nature 454.7207 (2008) : 955-960. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v454/n7207/abs/nature07191.html [2] Dellaporta, Stephen L. et al. “Mitochondrial genome of Trichoplax adhaerens supports Placozoa as the basal lower metazoan phylum.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.23 (2006) : 8751 -8756. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/ 23/8751.full |
[1] Description Trichoplax sp. from Australia in light microscopy Date February 2006 Source Oliver Voigt Author Oliver Voigt CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c3/Trichoplax_mic.jpg [2] from ediacara of australia source: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ven dian/dickinsonia.html | |
650,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 | 223) The Fungi "Chytridiomycota" {KI-TriDEO-mI-KO-Tu) evolves (includes all Chytridiomycetes {KI-TriDEO-mI-SE-TEZ}12 )).13 14 15 The chytrids are primitive fungi and are mostly saprobic (feed on dead species, decomposing chitin and keratin). Many chytrids are aquatic (mostly found in freshwater)16 and some species are unicellular.17 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "Chytridiomycetes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomy cetes-1 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-ch ecklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?path=0,5597 &selected_taxon=5597 7. ^ "Chytridiomycetes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomy cetes-1 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-ch ecklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?path=0,5597 &selected_taxon=5597 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 12. ^ "Chytridiomycetes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomy cetes-1 13. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-ch ecklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?path=0,5597 &selected_taxon=5597 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 17. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 18. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 19. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 20. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1460mybn) 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=71577&tree=0.1 [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomy cota [3] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chytri diomycetes&submit=Submit [4] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142 | Northern Russia18 |
[1] Chytrids (Chytridiomycota): The Primitive Fungi These fungi are mostly aquatic, are notable for having a flagella on the cells (a flagella is a tail, somewhat like a tail on a sperm or a pollywog), and are thought to be the most primitive type of fungi. actual photo comes from: http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark /classes/bot125/resource/graphics/chy_al l_sph.html source: http://www.davidlnelson.md/Cazad ero/Fungi.htm [2] Chytridiomycota - Blastocladiales - zoospore of Allomyces (phase contrast illumination) X 2000 source: http://www.mycolog.com/chapter2b .htm |
640,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 22 23 | 83) The first nerve cell (neuron), and nervous system evolves in the ancestor of the Ctenophores and Cnidarians.14 15 This leads to the first ganglion and brain.16 This is the earliest touch and sound detection, and memory.17 As time continues in the evolution of the metazoans, the number of neurons increases while the size of neurons decreases, showing that more neurons and smaller neurons, similar to transistors in a computer, give an organism more memory and as a result a selective advantage in survival.18 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2,30. 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 10. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2,30. 11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 12. ^ Ted Huntington. 13. ^ Ted Huntington. 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 15. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2,30. 16. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 17. ^ Ted Huntington. 18. ^ Ted Huntington. 19. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 20. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn} 21. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6): 856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/ content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999. pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN} 22. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} 23. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {574mybn} MORE INFO [1] Ghysen, A. (2003). The origin and evolution of the nervous system. The International journal of developmental biology , 47 (7-8), 555-562. http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p ubmed/14756331 [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn) |
[1] English: Drawing of Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1899; Instituto Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/15/PurkinjeCell.jpg [2] figure from: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p39. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p39. | |
640,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 | 96) Muscle cells evolve in the ancestor of the Ctenophores and Cnidarians.7 Both the earliest known muscle and nerve cells are found in Ctenophores and Cnidarians.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 2. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 3. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 4. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 5. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 6. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 7. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 8. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 10. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn} 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN} 12. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6): 856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/ content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999. pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} |
[1] Figure from: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p39. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p39. [2] Derek E. G. Briggs and Richard A. Fortey, ''Wonderful Strife: Systematics, Stem Groups, and the Phylogenetic Signal of the Cambrian Radiation'', Paleobiology , Vol. 31, No. 2, Supplement. Macroevolution: Diversity, Disparity, Contingency: Essays in Honor of Stephen Jay Gould (Spring, 2005), pp. 94-112 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2548 2671 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2548 2671 | |
640,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 | 225) A closeable mouth evolves for the first time, in the ancestor of all ctenophores and cnidarians.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a closable mouth} 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a closable mouth} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1 |
[1] Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source [1] Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/21/Bathocyroe_fosteri.jp g [2] Light diffracting along the comb rows of a Mertensia ovum. The right lower portion of the body is regenerating from previous damage. Source: NOAA Photo Gallery/ Photo by Kevin Raskoff PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/LightRefractsOf_comb- rows_of_ctenophore_Mertensia_ovum.jpg | |
640,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 14 15 | 414) The female gonad (the first ovary) evolves in the ancestor of Ctenophores and Cnidarians.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 2. ^ http://species-identification.org/specie s.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 4. ^ http://species-identification.org/specie s.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 6. ^ http://species-identification.org/specie s.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 8. ^ http://species-identification.org/specie s.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 9. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 10. ^ http://species-identification.org/specie s.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 11. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 12. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 13. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my) {based on evolution of cnidaria) 580my} 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my) 15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my) MORE INFO [1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglyca n [2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p18-19 [3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17 [4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) [5] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) [6] Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) |
[1] From: Brusca and Brusca, ''Invertebrates'', Second Edition, 2003. COPYRIGHTED source: Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003 [2] Figure 3.8 Anthozoa. (a) Anemone (Actiniaria), showing the pharynx, mesenteries, mesenterial filamnets and acontia. (b) Structure of a mesenterial filament in transverse section. (c) Scleractinian coral, showing calcareous skeleton and coenenchyme. (d) Gorgonian, showing skeleton made up of a horny axial rod and spicules in the mesogloea (after Pearse et al 1987). (e) Alcyonarian soft coral, showing spicular skeleton in the mesogloea. From: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. | |
640,000,000 YBN 26 27 | 523) The animal Phylum Ctenophora {Ti-noF-R-u12 } evolves (comb jellies).13 Like the Cnidarians, the Ctenophores are diploblastic; they have two embryonic germ layers- the ectoderm {EKTeDRM14 } and the endoderm {eNDeDRM15 } which become the adult epidermis and gastrodermis, respectively. The middle mesenchyme {meSeNKIM16 }, a watery gelatinous fluid, never produces the complex organs seen in triploblastic Metazoa.17 The main body cavity of the ctenophores is also the digestive chamber, and they have a simple nerve net.18 Unlike cnidarians, ctenophores lack stinging cells, there is no alternation of generations in the life cycle, and ctenophores are never colonial.19 20 21 On the surface of the body are eight equally spaced comb plates, called ctenes {TENZ22 }. Each ctene is composed of a band of cilia. The ctenes provide most of the movement for the ctenophores.23 Ctenophores are hermaphroditic. Ovaries and testies differentiate from the endoderm. The gametes are released through temporary gonopores {GoN-o-PORZ24 }, and fertilization is external.25 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ctenophore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. tenophore>. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 3. ^ "ctenophore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. tenophore>. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 5. ^ "ctenophora." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. tenophora>. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 7. ^ "ectoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ectoderm 8. ^ "endoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoderm 9. ^ "mesenchyme." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Dec. 2012. esenchyme>. 10. ^ {ULSF: Note that this info is taken from cnidaria, but is the same for ctenophora} Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p225,274. 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 12. ^ "ctenophora." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. tenophora>. 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 14. ^ "ectoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ectoderm 15. ^ "endoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoderm 16. ^ "mesenchyme." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Dec. 2012. esenchyme>. 17. ^ {ULSF: Note that this info is taken from cnidaria, but is the same for ctenophora} Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p225,274. 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 19. ^ http://www.imas.utas.edu.au/zooplankton/ image-key/ctenophora 20. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p269-270. 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 22. ^ Henderson, I.F., and W.D. Henderson 1920A Dictionary of Scientific Terms, Pronunciation, Derivation, and Definition of Terms in Biology, Botony, Zoology, Anatomy, Cyctology, Embroyology, Physiology. Van Nostrand. http://books.google.com/books?id=ky0wAAA AYAAJ. http://books.google.com/books?id =ky0wAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=ctene+pronounce d 23. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p274-275. 24. ^ "gonopore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013. onopore>. 25. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p47. 26. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) |
[1] Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source [1] Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/21/Bathocyroe_fosteri.jp g [2] Light diffracting along the comb rows of a Mertensia ovum. The right lower portion of the body is regenerating from previous damage. Source: NOAA Photo Gallery/ Photo by Kevin Raskoff PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/LightRefractsOf_comb- rows_of_ctenophore_Mertensia_ovum.jpg | |
635,000,000 YBN 4 | 6413) The start of the Ediacaran Period.2 A large increase in the evolutionary turnover rate of acritarchs is thought to be the result of the evolution of the nervous system and gut in the eumetazoa (all ctenophora, cnidaria, and bilateria).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/305/5684/621.short 2. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/305/5684/621.short 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/305/5684/621.short |
[1] Description English: The 'golden spike' marking the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the base of the Ediacaran Period Date 16 August 2008 Source Own work Original filename = DSC07914.JPG Author Bahudhara CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ediacaran_GSSP_ -_closeup.JPG/1280px-Ediacaran_GSSP_-_cl oseup.JPG [2] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf | |
630,000,000 YBN 56 57 58 59 | 82) The Animal Phylum Cnidaria {NIDAREeo} evolves (the ancestor of sea anemones, sea pens, corals, and jellyfish).33 34 35 36 Cnidaria also evolve the earliest animal eye.37 38 Cnidaria are primarily radially symmetrical animals with tentacles, have a single body cavity with only one opening to take in food and to release wastes, and have specialized stinging cells.39 Cnidarians have two alternate body plans, the polyp and the medusa {miDUSe40 }. A sea anemone or Hydra is a typical polyp: fixed to the ground with mouth on top.41 Corals are colonial marine polyps that secrete calcareous {KaL-KAR-E-uS42 } (calcium carbonate43 ) skeletons44 which they live inside of45 . The medusa form is upside down compared to the polyp form46 , and is free swimming. A jellyfish has a typical medusa form, swimming through the open sea. Many cnidarians have both polyp and medusa forms in a single life cycle.47 Polyps often reproduce by budding; a new baby polyp clone grows on the side of the parent.48 When cnidaria reproduce sexually, sperm are released into the water and fertilization is usually external.49 Digestion in Cnidarians starts in the gastrovascular cavity, but once the food is reduced to particles small enough to enter the digestive cells of the gastrodermis, digestion is completed inside the cell (intracellularly).50 Cnidarians have a nervous system which is a network without a centralized structure51 52 . They also have muscles which are contracted to propel them.53 Cnidarians see in black or white, because their eyes have only one pigment; for color vision the eye must have more than one pigment.54 55 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 6. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/resear ch/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 10. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 12. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/resear ch/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 13. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 16. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 17. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 18. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/resear ch/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 21. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 22. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 23. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 24. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/resear ch/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 25. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p31. 26. ^ "medusa." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/medusa 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 29. ^ "coral." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coral 30. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p338. 31. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p338. 32. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 33. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 34. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 35. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 36. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 37. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 38. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/resear ch/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 39. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p31. 40. ^ "medusa." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/medusa 41. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 42. ^ "calcareous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 24 May. 2013. alcareous>. 43. ^ "calcareous." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/calcareous 44. ^ "coral." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coral 45. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p338. 46. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p338. 47. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 48. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 49. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 50. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p42. 51. ^ Bullock, T.H., O. Breidbach, and W. Kutsch. The Nervous Systems of Invertebrates: An Evolutionary and Comparative Approach. Birkhäuser Basel, 1994. Experientia: Supplementum. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=dW5e6FHOH-4C&pg=PA9 52. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 53. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 54. ^ "Biology: Colour-blind", Nature 463, 1003 (25 February 2010) 55. ^ Megan O'Connor,Anders Garm,Justin N. Marshall,Nathan S. Hart,Peter Ekström,Charlotta Skogh, and Dan-Eric Nilsson, "Visual pigment in the lens eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie", Proc. R. Soc. B June 22, 2010 277 (1689) 1843-1848; published ahead of print February 10, 2010, doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2248 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/277/1689/1843 56. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 57. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my) 58. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my) 59. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my) MORE INFO [1] Collins, A.G. (2002). "Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the Evolution of Cnidarian Life Cycles" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15 (3): 418–432. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x. h ttp://cima.uprm.edu/~n_schizas/CMOB_8676 /Collins2002.pdf [2] Philippe, H. (April 2009). "Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships". Current Biology 19: 706–712. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID 19345102. http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0960982209008057 [3] doi:10.1038/4631003b; Published online 24 February 2010 http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v463/n7284/full/4631003b.html |
[1] Octocorals Stylatula elongata – White Sea Pen UNKNOWN source: http://pt-lobos.com/cnidarianimg /white_sea_pens.jpg [2] Sea nettles, Chrysaora quinquecirrha CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/36/Sea_nettles.jpg | |
600,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 | 91) The start of the Ediacaran {EDEoKRiN10 } soft-bodied invertebrate fossils.11 The sudden appearance of Ediacaran fossils may relate to the accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere and sea, which may permit an oxidative metabolism.12 Because the Ediacaran animals are soft-bodied, they are infrequently preserved.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran 2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 3. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran 4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 6. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran 7. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 8. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 9. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 10. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran 11. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 12. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 13. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 14. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93: 4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/93/10/4990.full.pdf 15. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 16. ^ Meert, J. G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.; Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A. (2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research 19 (4): 867–880. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1342937X10002005 17. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93: 4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/93/10/4990.full.pdf 18. ^ Ben Waggoner, "The Ediacaran Biotas in Space and Time", Integrative and Comparative Biology , Vol. 43, No. 1 (Feb., 2003), pp. 104-113. http://www.jstor.org/stable/38 84845 {Waggoner_200302xx.pdf} 19. ^ H. J. Hofmann, G. M. Narbonne and J. D. Aitken, "Ediacaran remains from intertillite beds in northwestern Canada", Geology, December, 1990, v. 18, p. 1199-1202. http://geology.gsapubs.org/c ontent/18/12/1199.abstract {Hofmann_Edi acaran_Fossils_1990.pdf} 20. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/305/5684/621.short 21. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/305/5684/621.short 22. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. {630 mybn} 23. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). {575 mybn} 24. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {670 mybn} 25. ^ Meert, J. G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.; Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A. (2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research 19 (4): 867–880. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1342937X10002005 MORE INFO [1] Ivantsov, A. Yu (2004). "New Proarticulata from the Vendian of the Arkhangel'sk Region" (PDF). Paleontological Journal 38 (3): 247–253 [2] Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.short | Sonora, Mexico14 |Adelaide, Australia15 | Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhsta16 |
[1] A general view of the life in the time frame from about 605 to 542 million years ago (the Vendian), is found at this New Zealand site which concentrates on the Ediacaran epoch; it mentions Australian and other geographic localities where the assemblages have been found. The fossil life is represented entirely by creatures with soft parts only. It is suggested that these may be ancestral to later phylla observed at the beginning of the Paleozoic. Below is a chart presenting typical Ediacaran fauna, followed by an artist's depiction of life on the sea floor at that time, and beneath that is a layout of some actual fossils: PD source: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/ 800pxlife_in_the_ediacaran_sea.jpg [2] A more general view of the life in the time frame from about 600+ to 542 million years ago (end of Proterozoic and Precambrian into the oldest Cambrian), known as the Ediacaran or Vendian, is found at this New Zealand site; it mentions Australian and other geographic localities where the assemblages have been found. The fossil life represents entirely creatures with soft parts only and suggestions that these may be ancestral to later phylla observed at the beginning of the Paleozoic. Below is an artist's sketch of some of these creatures: UNKNOWN source: http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/doc s/rst/Sect20/vendintro.jpg |
600,000,000 YBN 44 45 46 | 107) The Animals Bilaterians evolve (metazoans with two sided symmetry).33 34 35 This is the first triploblastic animal; an animal with a third embryonic layer, the mesoderm {meZuDRM36 }.37 This is also the earliest animal brain.38 In most bilaterians food enters in one end (the mouth) and waste exits at the opposite end (the anus). There is an advantage for sense organs like light, sound, touch, smell, and taste detection to be located on the head near the mouth to help with getting food.39 Unlike the diploblastic Cnidaria and Ctenophora, bilaterians are triploblastic.40 41 A third embryonic layer, the mesoderm, lies between the ectoderm and endoderm. This layer increases the options for the development of organs with specific functions.42 This begins the Animal Subkingdom "Bilateria".43 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 6. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 9. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 13. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 14. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 18. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 20. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 21. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396. 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 24. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 25. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 26. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 27. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 29. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396. 30. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 31. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 32. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 34. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 35. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 36. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 37. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 38. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 39. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396. 40. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 41. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 42. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 43. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 44. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 45. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 46. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) |
[1] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush 1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel that feeds on diatoms source: ? [2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
600,000,000 YBN 21 22 23 | 403) The earliest extant bilaterian: Acoelomorpha (the ancestor of acoela flat worms and nemertodermatida).15 16 17 The Acoelomorpha lack a digestive track, anus and coelom.18 19 Flatworms have no lungs or gills and breathe through their skin. Flatworms also have no circulating blood and so their branched gut presumably transports nutrients to all parts of the body.20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ "Acoelomorpha". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoelomorph a 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ "Acoelomorpha". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoelomorph a 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 19. ^ "Acoelomorpha". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoelomorph a 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 21. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 23. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396 |
[1] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush 1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel that feeds on diatoms source: ? [2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
600,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 459) An intestine evolves in a bilaterian. Since the gut of this organism has no anus, undigested food must be regurgitated through the mouth. The intestine is lined with a single layer of endodermal cells that perform some or all of the processes of digestion and absorption.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) |
[1] From: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. [2] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush 1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel that feeds on diatoms source: ? | |
600,000,000 YBN 12 13 14 | 532) A cylindrical gut, anus, and through-put of food evolves in a bilaterian.9 All bilaterally symmetrical metazoans except the Phyla Acoelomorpha10 and Platyhelminthes, have a tubular gut with an anus, mouth, and through-put of food. The Phyla Nemertea and Entoprocta are the earliest bilaterians with an anus.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 8. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 9. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 12. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {630my (first bilateral species-acoelomates} 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) {575 (first bilateral species-acoelomates)(fossil record is older} |
[1] From: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. [2] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush 1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel that feeds on diatoms source: ? | |
600,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 593) The genital pore, vagina, and uterus evolve in a bilaterian.5 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) |
[1] From: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. [2] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush 1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel that feeds on diatoms source: ? | |
600,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 660) The penis evolves in a bilaterian.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 2. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 3. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 4. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 5. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {based on some Platyhelminthes have a penis) 630my} 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) MORE INFO [1] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001 |
[1] From: Brusca and Brusca, ''Invertebrates'', Second Edition, 2003 COPYRIGHTED source: Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003 [2] From: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', 2004. COPYRIGHTED source: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. | |
590,000,000 YBN | 70) The end of the Varanger Ice Age (650-590 mybn).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll 2. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll 3. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll |
[1] Precambrian Earth from the South Pole 600MYBN UNKNOWN source: http://cpgeosystems.com/gallery. html | |
590,000,000 YBN 11 12 | 95) The coelom (SEleM) evolves in a bilaterian.7 The coelem is a fluid filled cavity that forms within the mesoderm and exists between the gut and body wall8 in most triploblastic animals9 . The advantage of a coelem is that it allows the body wall and gut wall to act independently, and also that other organ systems can be developed in the fluid-filled space. In addition, the fluid in the cavity can act as a deformable skeleton.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p48. 5. ^ Valentine, J.W. On the Origin of Phyla. University of Chicago Press, 2004. American Politics and Political Economy Series, p60. http://books.google.com/books?id=D MBkmHm5fe4C&pg=PA60 6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4-5. 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p48. 9. ^ Valentine, J.W. On the Origin of Phyla. University of Chicago Press, 2004. American Politics and Political Economy Series, p60. http://books.google.com/books?id=D MBkmHm5fe4C&pg=PA60 10. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4-5. 11. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {estimate based on coelom being before protostome-deutostome division, after acoelomorph) 630-590 mybn} MORE INFO [1] "coelom." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/body-cavity |
[1] Example of the coleom's from 3 organisms UNKNOWN source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_5DLPaU qdg2g/TBBz3rcLDOI/AAAAAAAAAGA/Z34_-_usSc w/s1600/3927715.jpg [2] From NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH Formation of the coelom or body cavity Acoelomates lack a body cavity. In pseudocoelomates, the coelom is formed from a persistent embryonic cavity. In schizocoelous coelomates, the coelom is formed by splits in the embryonic mesoderm, the middle layer of the body. In enterocoelous coelomates, the coelom forms within pouches of the gut wall. UNKNOWN source: http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/images/c ollections/invertebrates/intros/LgCoelom .jpg | |
590,000,000 YBN 24 25 | 98) The first circulatory system evolves; blood vessels, and blood evolve in a bilaterian.16 The first blood cells.17 Cnidarians and flatworms are at most two sheets of tissue thick and so allow gas exchange and nutrient distribution by diffusion, but larger animals with thicker tissues require a circulatory system to distribute materials.18 19 20 The circulatory system transports molecules like gases, food, and waste to and from individual cells.21 22 In bilaterians with circulatory systems blood may be distributed by contractile vessels in the blood vessel walls, and/or by hearts.23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81. 5. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p327. 6. ^ Solomon, E., L. Berg, and D.W. Martin. Biology. Cengage Learning, 2010. Available Titles CourseMate Series, p938-939. http://books.google.com/books ?id=itHVNZicPgwC 7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p299. 8. ^ Cowen, R. History of Life. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z -Tam4XuXLkC&pg=PA46 9. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81. 10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p327. 11. ^ Solomon, E., L. Berg, and D.W. Martin. Biology. Cengage Learning, 2010. Available Titles CourseMate Series, p938-939. http://books.google.com/books ?id=itHVNZicPgwC 12. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p299. 13. ^ Cowen, R. History of Life. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z -Tam4XuXLkC&pg=PA46 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 15. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 16. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81. 17. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p327. 18. ^ Solomon, E., L. Berg, and D.W. Martin. Biology. Cengage Learning, 2010. Available Titles CourseMate Series, p938-939. http://books.google.com/books ?id=itHVNZicPgwC 19. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p299. 20. ^ Cowen, R. History of Life. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z -Tam4XuXLkC&pg=PA46 21. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 22. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 23. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p72-73. 24. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {based on} |
[1] D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001 AND Fig 11.1G from: Brusca and Brusca, ''Invertebrates'', 2003, p320. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p320. [2] From: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001 COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001 | |
580,000,000 YBN 41 42 43 44 | 93) The Bilaterians Protostomes evolve.31 32 Protostomes are divided into two major groups: the Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu33 } and the Lophotrochozoa {LuFoTroKoZOu34 }.35 36 37 38 The difference between protostomes and deutrostomes arises during embryonic development. In protostomes, the first indentation of the gastrula (an early stage of the embryo39 ) develops into the mouth and the second indentation develops into the anus. The reverse is true for the deuterostomes.40 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 3. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 4. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 11. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 12. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 19. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 20. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 22. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 23. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 24. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 26. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 27. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 28. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 29. ^ "gastrula." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. astrula>. 30. ^ Alters, S. Biology: Understanding Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2000. Human and Introductory Biology Series, p511. http://books.google.com/books?id= GRDUIbQwGc8C&pg=PA511 31. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 32. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 33. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 34. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 35. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 36. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 37. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 38. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 39. ^ "gastrula." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. astrula>. 40. ^ Alters, S. Biology: Understanding Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2000. Human and Introductory Biology Series, p511. http://books.google.com/books?id= GRDUIbQwGc8C&pg=PA511 41. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 42. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (590my) {590 mybn} 43. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/47/5/744.full {543 mybn} 44. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {910 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=priapu lids [2] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443; doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1 496/1435.short |
[1] English: This diagram is showing the difference of the two major types of coelomates: the protostomes (molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...) and deuterostomes (echinoderms, vertebrates, ...). These groups differ in several characteristics of early development; In deuterostomes blastula devisions is called ''radial cleavage'' because it occurs parallel or perpendicular to the major polar axis. In protostomes the cleavage is called ''spirale'' because division planes are oriented obliquely to the polar major axis. During gastrulation, protostomes embryos' mouth was given first by the blastopore while the anus was formed later and vis versa for the deuterostomes. As examples : Squids are protostomes. Sea urchins are deuterostomes. Date 14 October 2009 Source Own work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv g.png [2] English: This diagram is showing the difference of the two major types of coelomates: the protostomes (molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...) and deuterostomes (echinoderms, vertebrates, ...). These groups differ in several characteristics of early development; In deuterostomes blastula devisions is called ''radial cleavage'' because it occurs parallel or perpendicular to the major polar axis. In protostomes the cleavage is called ''spirale'' because division planes are oriented obliquely to the polar major axis. During gastrulation, protostomes embryos' mouth was given first by the blastopore while the anus was formed later and vis versa for the deuterostomes. As examples : Squids are protostomes. Sea urchins are deuterostomes. Date 14 October 2009 Source Own work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv g.png | |
580,000,000 YBN 15 16 17 18 19 | 105) The Bilaterians Deuterostomes evolve; the ancestor of all Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS 12 }, Hemichordates, and Chordates.13 14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 3. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 6. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 9. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 12. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 15. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {570 mybn} 17. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {910 mybn} 18. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/47/5/744.full {367 mybn} 19. ^ Jun-Yuan Chen, David J. Bottjer, Paola Oliveri,Stephen Q. Dornbos, Feng Gao, Seth Ruffins, Huimei Chi, Chia-Wei Li, Eric H. Davidson, "Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian", Science, Vol 305, Issue 5681, 218-222, 9 July 2004 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/cont ent/full/sci;305/5681/218 MORE INFO [1] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443; doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1 496/1435.short |
[1] English: This diagram is showing the difference of the two major types of coelomates: the protostomes (molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...) and deuterostomes (echinoderms, vertebrates, ...). These groups differ in several characteristics of early development; In deuterostomes blastula devisions is called ''radial cleavage'' because it occurs parallel or perpendicular to the major polar axis. In protostomes the cleavage is called ''spirale'' because division planes are oriented obliquely to the polar major axis. During gastrulation, protostomes embryos' mouth was given first by the blastopore while the anus was formed later and vis versa for the deuterostomes. As examples : Squids are protostomes. Sea urchins are deuterostomes. Date 14 October 2009 Source Own work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv g.png [2] English: This diagram is showing the difference of the two major types of coelomates: the protostomes (molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...) and deuterostomes (echinoderms, vertebrates, ...). These groups differ in several characteristics of early development; In deuterostomes blastula devisions is called ''radial cleavage'' because it occurs parallel or perpendicular to the major polar axis. In protostomes the cleavage is called ''spirale'' because division planes are oriented obliquely to the polar major axis. During gastrulation, protostomes embryos' mouth was given first by the blastopore while the anus was formed later and vis versa for the deuterostomes. As examples : Squids are protostomes. Sea urchins are deuterostomes. Date 14 October 2009 Source Own work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv g.png | |
580,000,000 YBN 10 11 | 131) The first shell (or skeleton) evolves. The first known shell belongs to a group of ciliates called tintinnids.7 Skeletons evolve independently in different groups of organisms.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} 2. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} 3. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} 4. ^ "skeleton." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/547371/skeleton>. 5. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} 6. ^ "skeleton." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/547371/skeleton>. 7. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} 8. ^ "skeleton." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/547371/skeleton>. 9. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} 10. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} {earliest hard shell fossil - ciliate) 580 mybn} 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Euglenozoa -pellicle) 1956 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Hamm, Smetacek, "Armor: Why, When, and How", in Falkowski, Knoll, "Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea", 2007, p311-332, p323 [2] Bengtson, S. (2004), Early skeletal fossils, in Lipps, J.H., and Waggoner, B.M., "Neoproterozoic- Cambrian Biological Revolutions" (PDF), Paleontological Society Papers 10: 67–78, retrieved 2008-07-18 http://www.nrm.se/download/1 8.4e32c81078a8d9249800021554/Bengtson200 4ESF.pdf | (Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China9 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). ''Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China''. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP286. 11 [2] Figure 1 from: Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). ''Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China''. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP286. 11 |
570,000,000 YBN 28 29 30 31 | 311) The Bilaterians Chaetognatha {KE-ToG-nutu21 22 } evolve (Arrow Worms).23 The earliest teeth evolve. Animals start to eat other animals.24 25 The evolution of teeth and animal predation starts an "arms race" that rapidly transforms ecosystems around the Earth.26 Teeth and shells evolve as advantages to survival.27 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 2. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/article render.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 3. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognath a 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaeto gnatha&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 7. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/article render.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 8. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognath a 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaeto gnatha&submit=Submit 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 12. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/article render.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 13. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 14. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognath a 15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaeto gnatha&submit=Submit 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 17. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 18. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/article render.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 19. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 20. ^ Ted Huntington. 21. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognath a 22. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaeto gnatha&submit=Submit 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 24. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 25. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/article render.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 26. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 27. ^ Ted Huntington. 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (570) 29. ^ Chen, J.-Y.; Huang, D.-Y. (2002). "A possible Lower Cambrian chaetognath (arrow worm)". Science 298 (5591): 187. doi:10.1126/science.1075059. PMID 12364798. 30. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 31. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", Oxford University Press, New York., 2009, Chap 24, p224-225. http://timetree.org/book.php MORE INFO [1] Gonzalo Giribet, Daniel L. Distel, Martin Polz, Wolfgang Sterrer, and Ward C. Wheeler Triploblastic Relationships with Emphasis on the Acoelomates and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology Syst Biol (2000) 49(3): 539-562 doi:10.1080/10635159950127385 [2] Martin Helmkampf, Iris Bruchhaus, Bernhard Hausdorf, Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath phylogenetic relationships, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 206-214, ISSN 1055-7903, 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.004. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S105579030700317X) [3] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html [4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2002, p844 |
[1] Chaetognatha UNKNOWN source: http://content5.eol.org/content/ 2010/08/09/03/74200_large.jpg [2] Description Chatognath Spadella cephaloptera Date Unkown Source Own work Author Zatelmar Permission (Reusing this file) See below. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8e/Chaetoblack.png | |
565,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 | 345) The Deuterostome Phylum Hemichordata evolves; The "Hemichordates", the ancestor of pterobranchs {TARuBrANKS13 }14 and acorn worms).15 Adult Pterobrachs are sessile, fastening to solid structures, but the younger (or larval) form is free swimming, and is thought to have retained this form before evolving into tunicates and then the first fish.16 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterob ranchs&submit=Submit 2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p201. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p203. 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterob ranchs&submit=Submit 6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p201. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p203. 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterob ranchs&submit=Submit 10. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p201. 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p203. 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterob ranchs&submit=Submit 14. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p201. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p203. 17. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 18. ^ Xian-guang Hou, Richard J. Aldridge, David J. Siveter, Derek J. Siveter, Mark Williams, Jan Zalasiewicz, Xiao-ya Ma. A pterobranch hemichordate zooid from the lower Cambrian. Current Biology, 24 March 2011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.005 http://www.sc iencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096 0982211002776 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p383. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=126698 |
[1] Description Eichelwurm, Exemplar aus der Sammlung des Institutes für Zoologie, FU Berlin. GNU FDL Date Source Foto: de:Benutzer:Necrophorus Author User Necrophorus on de.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released under the GNU Free Documentation License. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Eichelwurm.jpg/ 1024px-Eichelwurm.jpg [2] Pterobranchs Resembling slugs with hairy, branching tentacles, Pterobranchs filter food from the water and form colonies of “clones,” much like coral polyps, often secreting a network of hard tubing. Individual zooids can crawl about freely within the colony, but are connected to one another by thin “cables,” quickly retracting if disturbed. What makes the Pterobranchs even stranger than corals is that these slimy, slithering weirdos are “hemichordates,” closer to us vertebrates than to invertebrates like worms and jellyfish. Read more: http://www.toptenz.net/top-10-colonial-o rganisms.php#ixzz1lJRtH61S COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.toptenz.net/wp-conten t/uploads/2011/10/Pterobranch-colonial-o rganisms.jpg | |
565,000,000 YBN 35 36 | 347) The Deuterostome Phylum Chordata evolves. Chordates are a very large group that include all tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.22 23 Chordates get their name from the notochord {nOTe-KORD24 }, the cartilage rod that runs along the back of the animal, in the embryo if not in the adult.25 The ancestor of all chordates evolves "upside-down": unlike earlier invertebrates who have a ventral nerve cord (near the belly26 ) and a dorsal heart (near the back27 ), this ancestor and all later vertebrates have a dorsal nerve cord and a ventral heart.28 Chordates have four key characters: a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve chord; gill slits (also called pharyngeal {Fu-riN-JE-uL29 } slits30 ); and a muscular, post-anal tail.31 The notochord provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of the chordate and provides a firm but flexible structure from which attached muscles can contract.32 33 In the higher fishes the notochord is surrounded and gradually replaced by segmental vertebrae.34 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400. 6. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral 7. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 10. ^ "notochord." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/notochord 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400. 13. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral 14. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 17. ^ "notochord." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/notochord 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 19. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral 20. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400. 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 24. ^ "notochord." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/notochord 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 26. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral 27. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400. 29. ^ "pharyngeal." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Mar. 2013. haryngeal>. 30. ^ Hyman, L.H., and M.H. Wake. Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press, 1992, p393. http://books.google.com/books?id= VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA393 31. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p699. 32. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p699. 33. ^ Rowland, M. Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series, p650. http://books.google.com/books?id= j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA650 34. ^ "Chordata." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 24 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chordata 35. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. {565 MYBN} 36. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3208 583.stm MORE INFO [1] Douzery, E. J. P., Snell, E. A., Bapteste, E., Delsuc, F., & Philippe, H. (2004). The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 (43), 15386-15391. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.040398410 1 [2] Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho and Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science New Series, Vol. 271, No. 5248 (Jan. 26, 1996), pp. 470-477. http://www.jstor.org/stable/28 90144 [3] Pennisi, Elizabeth. “Drafting a Tree.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1694. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/300/5626/1694.summary [4] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI: 10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.sp ringerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/ export-citation/ [5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41451 |
[1] from adelaide, australia UNKNOWN source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/t ech/3208583.stm [2] [t Note that this is a vertebrate - not a pre-vertebrate chordate] Portion of figure from: D.-G. Shu, S. Conway Morris, J. Han, Z.-F. Zhang, K. Yasui, P. Janvier, L. Chen, X.-L. Zhang, J.-N. Liu, Y. Li and H.-Q. Liu, ''Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys'', Nature 421, 526-529(30 January 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v421/n6922/full/nature01264.html CO PYRIGHTED source: https://nature.com/journal/v421/ n6922/images/nature01264-f1.2.jpg | |
565,000,000 YBN 6 7 | 348) The earliest extant chordate: Tunicates {TUNiKiTS} evolve (also called sea squirts).5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. {565 mybn} 7. ^ Chen, Jun-Yuan et al. “The First Tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.14 (2003): 8314 –8318. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/ 14/8314.full |
[1] Description Clavelina moluccensis, the bluebell tunicate English: Tunicate colony. (Clavelina moluccensis) Date 04/17/05 Source Own work Author Nhobgood CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/98/Bluebell_tunicates_Ni ck_Hobgood.jpg [2] Timeline of phylogeny of animals, figure 6 from: S. Blair Hedges, ''The origin and evolution of model organisms'', Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} a) The relationships and divergence times (millions of years ago (Mya) plusminus one standard error) of selected model animals are shown, based on recent multigene and multiprotein studies51, 61, 84. The fossil divergence time of birds and mammals (310 Mya) was used to calibrate the molecular clock. Branch lengths are not proportional to time. b ) The relationships and numbers of living species, from a diversity of sources in most of the main groups. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa l/v3/n11/images/nrg929-f6.jpg | |
560,000,000 YBN 31 32 33 34 35 36 | 117) The earliest animal shell (or skeleton) evolves.17 This is the earliest evidence of animals eating other animals (predation).18 19 This begins the appearance of small shelly fossils and deep burrows correlated with a decline in stromatolites, possibly from feeding.20 The earliest animal shells are made by tiny organisms with simple tubelike skeletons, such as Cloudina and Sinotubulites21 22 in addition to sponge skeleton fossils.23 The shell of Cloudina is made of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)24 , and is possibly made by some kind of worm.25 Predatory bore holes have been found in Cloudina shells. This is the oldest evidence of predation known.26 27 When animals begin to develop hard parts, their probability of preservation greatly improves.28 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210. 2. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Pu blications/Verdun.pdf 3. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 4. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 5. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210. 6. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Pu blications/Verdun.pdf 7. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 8. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 9. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210. 10. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p212. 11. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 12. ^ Clites, Erica C., Mary L. Droser, and James G. Gehling. “The Advent of Hard-part Structural Support Among the Ediacara Biota: Ediacaran Harbinger of a Cambrian Mode of Body Construction.” Geology (2012): n. pag. http://geology.gsapubs.org/content /early/2012/02/13/G32828.1 13. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 14. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p166. 15. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 16. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 17. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Pu blications/Verdun.pdf 18. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 19. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 20. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210. 21. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p212. 22. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 23. ^ Clites, Erica C., Mary L. Droser, and James G. Gehling. “The Advent of Hard-part Structural Support Among the Ediacara Biota: Ediacaran Harbinger of a Cambrian Mode of Body Construction.” Geology (2012): n. pag. http://geology.gsapubs.org/content /early/2012/02/13/G32828.1 24. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 25. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p166. 26. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 27. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 28. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 29. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.", Source: American journal of science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume) page: 261 -94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/ 1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf 30. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 31. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p163-170. 32. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p212. 33. ^ Adam C. Maloof, Susannah M. Porter, John L. Moore, Frank Ö. Dudás, Samuel A. Bowring, John A. Higgins, David A. Fike, and Michael P. Eddy, "The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change", Geological Society of America Bulletin, November 2010, v. 122, p. 1731-1774, doi:10.1130/B30346.1 http://gsabulletin .gsapubs.org/content/122/11-12/1731.full 34. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.", Source: American journal of science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume) page: 261 -94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/ 1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf 35. ^ http://palaeos.com/proterozoic/neoproter ozoic/ediacaran/ediacaran2.htm 36. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 MORE INFO [1] Philip W. Signor and Mark A. S. McMenamin "The Early Cambrian Worm Tube Onuphionella from California and Nevada", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 62, No. 2 (Mar., 1988), pp. 233-240 Published by: Paleontological Society Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1305228 [2] MATTHEWS, S. C., AND V. V. MISSARZHEVSKY. 1975. "Small shelly fossils of late Precambrian and early Cambrian age: a review of recent work." Journal of the Geological Society, 131:289-304 http://jgs.geoscienceworld. org/content/131/3/289.abstract [3] GRANT, S. W. F. 1990. "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic." American Journal of Science, 290(A):261-294 | (Ara Formation) Oman29 |Lijiagou, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province30 |
[1] Cloudina COPYRIGHTED source: http://palaeos.com/proterozoic/n eoproterozoic/ediacaran/images/Cloudina. jpg [2] Cloudina from: HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, ''Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic'', PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 COPYRIGHTED source: http://palaios.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/vol18/issue4-5/images/large/i 0883-1351-018-04-0454-f03.jpeg |
560,000,000 YBN 16 17 18 19 20 | 318) The Protostomes Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu12 } evolve. Ecdysozoa are animals that molt (lose their outer skin) as they grow.13 14 This is the ancestor of round worms, and arthropods (which includes insects and crustaceans {also known as "shell-fish"}).15 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p390-394. 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p390-394. 7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198710 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p390-394. 11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198710 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p390-394. 15. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198710 16. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c580) {c580 mybn} 18. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p388-394. (560) {560 mybn} 19. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {790 mybn} 20. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/47/5/744.full {530 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html [2] Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 [3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p390-394 [4] Telford, Maximilian J et al. “The Evolution of the Ecdysozoa.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496 (2008): 1529 –1537. Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1529.long |
[1] Description English: Life restoration of Ottoia in natural environment with nearby Haplophrentis. Date 11-29-08 Source Own work Author Smokeybjb GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/10/Ottoia_burrowing.jpg [2] Description en:category:Caenorhabditis elegans Date 2006-09-06 (original upload date) (Original text : 09/05/2006) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. (Original text : Donated by Zeynep F. Altun) Author Original uploader was Kbradnam at en.wikipedia (Original text : Zeynep F. Altun, Editor of www.wormatlas.org) Permission (Reusing this file) CC-BY-SA-2.5. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adult_Caenorhab ditis_elegans.jpg/1280px-Adult_Caenorhab ditis_elegans.jpg | |
560,000,000 YBN 22 23 24 25 26 | 331) The Protostomes Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u16 } evolve, the ancestor of all rotifers, phoronids, brachiopods {BrA-KE-O-PoDZ17 }, entoprocts {eNTuProKS18 }, bryozoans {BrI-u-ZO-iNZ19 }, platyhelminthes, gastrotrichs, nemertea, molluscs and annelids.20 21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brachi opods&submit=Submit 6. ^ "entoproct?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/e ntoproct?s=t 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bryozo ans&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brachi opods&submit=Submit 12. ^ "entoproct?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/e ntoproct?s=t 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bryozo ans&submit=Submit 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 17. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brachi opods&submit=Submit 18. ^ "entoproct?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/e ntoproct?s=t 19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bryozo ans&submit=Submit 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 21. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 22. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547) {c580 mybn} 24. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). (550) {550 mybn} 25. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {790 mybn} 26. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/47/5/744.full {538 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=202032 |
[1] A rotifer. The cilia around this rotifer's mouth are unusually long; they reach as far as the strand of spirogyra to the right. 10× objective, 15× eyepiece. The numbered ticks on the scale are 122 µM apart. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/121893/530wm/C0058380-Rotifer_SEM-SPL. jpg [2] Description Clams Date Source Own work Author Marlith CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8f/Clams.JPG | |
560,000,000 YBN | 349) The first fish evolves.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41451 |
[1] Lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) Description Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774) English: Amphioxus from course sandy sediments (600µm) on the Belgian continental shelf. Length: ~22 mm. Geo-location not applicable as the picture was taken in the lab. Français : Branchiostoma lanceolatum, un céphalochordé, récolté dans des sédiments de sable grossier (600µm) sur le Plateau continental belge. Longueur totale: 22 mm environ. Date 1997 Source Own work Author (Hans Hillewaert) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/47/Branchiostoma_lanceol atum.jpg | |
560,000,000 YBN | 6290) The earliest extant fish, the Chordates Lancelets {laNSleTS12 } (also called amphioxus {aMFEoKSiS13 }14 ).15 This is also the first liver and kidney.16 The Lancelet is different from a worm in not being cylindrical, and swims like a fish using its muscles with side-to-side undulations.17 Lancelets are not vertebrates. They have only a nerve tube on the notochord and no brain other than a small swelling at the front end of the nerve tube. They also have an eye-spot.18 The gill slits of Lancelets are primarily for filter feeding.19 Gas exchange (the absorption of oxygen and emission of carbon dioxide20 ), mostly occurs across the external body surface.21 Lancelets have no heart and blood is pumped around the body by contractions of the blood vessels.22 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p205. 4. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p205. 7. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet 8. ^ "amphioxus." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. mphioxus>. 9. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p202. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 11. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p205. 12. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet 13. ^ "amphioxus." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. mphioxus>. 14. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p202. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 16. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p205. 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 20. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p915. 21. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p700. 22. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Aquatic Life of the World. Marshall Cavendish Corporation/Ccb, 2000. Aquatic Life of the World, p295. http://books.google.com/books?id= xnzR54G3BfgC&pg=PA295 MORE INFO [1] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI: 10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.sp ringerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/ export-citation/ [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41451 |
[1] Lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) Description Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774) English: Amphioxus from course sandy sediments (600µm) on the Belgian continental shelf. Length: ~22 mm. Geo-location not applicable as the picture was taken in the lab. Français : Branchiostoma lanceolatum, un céphalochordé, récolté dans des sédiments de sable grossier (600µm) sur le Plateau continental belge. Longueur totale: 22 mm environ. Date 1997 Source Own work Author (Hans Hillewaert) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/47/Branchiostoma_lanceol atum.jpg [2] Lancelet COPYRIGHTED source: http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/ 16cm05/1116/34-04b-Lancelet.jpg | |
550,000,000 YBN 15 | 328) The Ecdysozoa Aschelminthes {aSKHeLmiNtEZ11 12 } evolves; the ancestor of the worms nematodes and priapulids.13 14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=126691 3. ^ "Aschelminthes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/aschelminth es 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=aschel minthes 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=126691 7. ^ "Aschelminthes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/aschelminth es 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=aschel minthes 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=126691 11. ^ "Aschelminthes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/aschelminth es 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=aschel minthes 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=126691 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c550) |
[1] Description English: Priapulid worm Priapulus caudatus in a Petry dish. The specimen was found in the intertidal of the Russian coast of the Barents Sea. Русский: Приапулида Priapulus caudatus в чашке Петри. Особь найдена в приливно-отливной зоне на российском побережье Баренцева моря. Date between 2005 and 2007 Source kindly granted by the author Author Dmitry Aristov Permission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/62/Priapulus_caudatus.jp g [2] Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
547,000,000 YBN 8 | 334) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Brachiopoda {BrAKEoPiDu5 } evolves (the brachiopods {BrAKEOPoDZ}).6 The Brachiopods are marine invertebrates that have bivalve dorsal and ventral shells enclosing a pair of tentacled, armlike structures that are used to sweep minute food particles into their mouth.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ "Brachiopoda." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopoda 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ "brachiopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopod 5. ^ "Brachiopoda." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopoda 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "brachiopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopod 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=202032 |
[1] Brachiopod UNKNOWN source: http://paleo.cortland.edu/tutori al/Brachiopods/Brachiopod%20Images/lingu la.GIF [2] Brachiopods (Glottidia Albida) Photographic Print by Richard Herrmann item #: 357011759A UNKNOWN source: http://cache2.artprintimages.com /lrg/38/3813/HHRIF00Z.jpg | |
543,000,000 YBN 15 | 101) Segmentation evolves (body parts are repeated serially, for example vertebrae).11 12 Some think that segmentation evolved independently in annelid worms, arthropods, and vertebrates. But the universality of Homeobox genes, evolved over a billion years earlier13 , implies that all segmented species may share a common segmented ancestor.14 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 9. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant Physiol 2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphy siol.org/content/140/4/1142.full 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 13. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant Physiol 2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphy siol.org/content/140/4/1142.full 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {537 MYBN (based on Annaleda - segmented worns} {543 MYBN (based on arthropods, annelids - segmented worns=537} |
[1] Dikinsonia grew to a length of as much as two feet (60 cm), which made it one of the larger complex organisms of the Vendian. It's body is segmented with midline symmetry dividing it's body. Its body may have been denser than modern jellyfish or worms. [Atlas of Prehistoric World, Discovery Books Reconstruction of Dickinsonia, based on images from Atlas of the Prehistoric World, Discovery Channel Books and Kingfisher Illustrated Dinosaur Encyclopedia UNKNOWN source: http://paleontology.edwardtbabin ski.us/vendian/dickinsonia.jpg [2] Spriggina Spriggina was definitely a predator of the seas of that time. UNKNOWN source: http://www.museum.toulouse.fr/IM G/jpg/spriginna_72dpi_680.jpg | |
542,000,000 YBN 13 | 53) The end of the "Precambrian". The end of the Proterozoic and start of the Phanerozoic {FaNReZOiK9 } Eon. The end of the Neoproterozoic and start of the Paleozoic {PAlEuZOiK10 } Era, and the end of the Ediacaran and start of the Cambrian Period.11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Phanerozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/phanerozoic 2. ^ "Paleozoic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 09 Mar. 2013. aleozoic>. 3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 5. ^ "Phanerozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/phanerozoic 6. ^ "Paleozoic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 09 Mar. 2013. aleozoic>. 7. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 8. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 9. ^ "Phanerozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/phanerozoic 10. ^ "Paleozoic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 09 Mar. 2013. aleozoic>. 11. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 12. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 13. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf MORE INFO [1] Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/305/5684/621.short |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] Description English: Global pareconstruction of the Earth in the early Cambrian period 540 million years ago. Deutsch: Globale paläogeografische Rekonstruktion der Erde während des frühen Kambriums vor 540 Millionen Jahren. русский: Глобальная палеогеографическая реконструкция Земли в начале Кембрийского периода 540 миллионов лет тому назад. українська: Глобальная палеогеографічна реконструкція Землі на початку Кембрійського періоду 540 мільйонів років тому назад. Date 23 April 2008 Source http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/mollglobe. html Author Dr. Ron Blakey - http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d6/EarlyCambrianGlobal.j pg | |
542,000,000 YBN 21 22 | 6297) The Cambrian radiation, (or "Cambrian explosion"), the rapid diversification of multicellular animals between 542 and 530 million years ago that results in the appearance of many (between 20 and 35) of the major phyla of animals.15 16 17 An increase of animals with shells.18 The Cambrian metazoan radiation may be the result of a major increase in atmospheric oxygen19 , and animal predation20 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-ex plosion 2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 3. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. 4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 5. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-ex plosion 6. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 7. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. 8. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 9. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-ex plosion 10. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 11. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. 12. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 13. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p209. 14. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/peopl e/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf 15. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-ex plosion 16. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 17. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. 18. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 19. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p209. 20. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/peopl e/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf 21. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. {542-530 mybn} 22. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. {535 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Derek E. G. Briggs and Richard A. Fortey, "Wonderful Strife: Systematics, Stem Groups, and the Phylogenetic Signal of the Cambrian Radiation", Paleobiology , Vol. 31, No. 2, Supplement. Macroevolution: Diversity, Disparity, Contingency: Essays in Honor of Stephen Jay Gould (Spring, 2005), pp. 94-112 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2548 2671 |
[1] Artist drawing of the bottom of the Cambrian shallow sea floor, showing trilobites (imagine these crawling around on the Cambrian sea floor at Devil's Lake state park 550 m.y. ago!) (above). UNKNOWN source: http://www.geology.wisc.edu/home pages/g100s2/public_html/Geologic_Time/L 3_Cambrian_Life_More.jpg [2] Description English: Fossil specimen of Opabinia regalis from the Burgess shale on display at the Smithsonian in Washington, DC. This appears to be the exact specimen pictured in Fig. 42 of 'The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals', by Simon Conway Morris, Oxford University Press, 1998. Date 12 April 2009 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:FunkMonk using CommonsHelper. Author Original uploader was Jstuby at en.wikipedia PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/50/Opabinia_smithsonian. JPG | |
540,000,000 YBN 12 13 14 | 104) The Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u7 } Phylum Platyhelminthes {PlaTEheLmiNtEZ} evolves (flatworms).8 Platyhelminthes, which is Greek for flat worms, include free-living and parasitic acoelomate worms (worms with no coelum9 ).10 They can reproduce sexually, and also asexually by transverse fission (splitting in half).11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ "Acoelomate." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 04 Jun. 2013. coelomate>. 10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p285. 11. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p303-304. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) 13. ^ Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. et al. “The Timing of Eukaryotic Evolution: Does a Relaxed Molecular Clock Reconcile Proteins and Fossils?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101.43 (2004): 15386 -15391. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/ 43/15386 14. ^ Peterson, Kevin J et al. “The Ediacaran Emergence of Bilaterians: Congruence Between the Genetic and the Geological Fossil Records.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496 (2008): 1435 -1443. Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1435.full |
[1] Description English: The flatworm Pseudoceros dimidiatus. North Horn, Osprey Reef, Coral Sea. Date August 9, 2005 Source Flickr Author Richard Ling CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatu s.jpg [2] Two turbellarians mating by penis fencing. Each has two penises, the white spikes on the undersides of their heads. Description English: Two Individuals of Pseudobiceros bedfordi about to have a Sperm Battle. – Species of the flatworm genus Pseudobiceros are hermaphroditic and have two penises that are used to inject sperm into the partner. P. bedfordi is exceptional in that it applies sperm onto the partner's skin rather than injecting it. Deutsch: Zwei Plattwürmer (Pseudobiceros bedfordi) vor der Begattung. Der doppelte Penis ist bei beiden Individuen gut sichtbar. Date Published: 2004-06-15 Source Whitfield J: Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Sexes. PLoS Biol 2/6/2004: e183. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020183.g001, photo page Author Photo courtesy of Nico Michiels. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/38/Flatworm_sex.png | |
540,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 | 319) The Protist Phylum "Radiolaria" {rADEOlaREo11 } evolves.12 13 Radiolarians are protists found in the upper layers of all oceans, are mostly spherically symmetrical, and known for their complex and beautiful tiny skeletons, called "tests" which are usually made of silica (SiO214 ).15 Radiolarian skeletons are used to analyze the layers of the sedimentary record.16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria- 2 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria- 2 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria- 2 8. ^ "radiolarian." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/489175/radiolarian>. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 11. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria- 2 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 14. ^ "silica." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/silica 15. ^ "radiolarian." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/489175/radiolarian>. 16. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 11 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria- 2 17. ^ A. Braun, J. Chen, D. Waloszek and A. Maas, "First Early Cambrian Radiolaria", Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2007, v. 286, p. 143-149. http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ content/286/1/143.short and http://www.core-orsten-research.de/ Publications/PDF_Paper/ulm_team/2007b_Br aun_etal.pdf {Earliest radiolaria fossils) 540 mybn} 18. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} 19. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_ taxon_a=65574 {804 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates (1600my) [2] Keeling, Patrick J. et al. "The tree of eukaryotes." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20.12 (2005): 670-676. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/article/pii/S0169534705003046 [3] Delsuc, Frederic, Henner Brinkmann, and Herve Philippe. "Phylogenomics and the reconstruction of the tree of life." Nat Rev Genet 6.5 (2005): 361-375. http://www.nature.com/nrg/jour nal/v6/n5/abs/nrg1603.html [4] http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/Bio-h ome/Pratt/boo305.htm [5] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html [6] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ra diolaria.html [7] "Polycystine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystine |
[1] FIG. 2. The tree of life based on molecular, ultrastructural and palaeontological evidence. Contrary to widespread assumptions, the root is among the eubacteria, probably within the double-enveloped Negibacteria, not between eubacteria and archaebacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b); it may lie between Eobacteria and other Negibacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b). The position of the eukaryotic root has been nearly as controversial, but is less hard to establish: it probably lies between unikonts and bikonts (Lang et al., 2002; Stechmann and Cavalier-Smith, 2002, 2003). For clarity the basal eukaryotic kingdom Protozoa is not labelled; it comprises four major groups (alveolates, cabozoa, Amoebozoa and Choanozoa) plus the small bikont phylum Apusozoa of unclear precise position; whether Heliozoa are protozoa as shown or chromists is uncertain (Cavalier-Smith, 2003b). Symbiogenetic cell enslavement occurred four or five times: in the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from different negibacteria, of chromalveolates by the enslaving of a red alga (Cavalier-Smith, 1999, 2003; Harper and Keeling, 2003) and in the origin of the green plastids of euglenoid (excavate) and chlorarachnean (cercozoan) algae-a green algal cell was enslaved either by the ancestral cabozoan (arrow) or (less likely) twice independently within excavates and Cercozoa (asterisks) (Cavalier-Smith, 2003a). The upper thumbnail sketch shows membrane topology in the chimaeric cryptophytes (class Cryptophyceae of the phylum Cryptista); in the ancestral chromist the former food vacuole membrane fused with the rough endoplasmic reticulum placing the enslaved cell within its lumen (red) to yield the complex membrane topology shown. The large host nucleus and the tiny nucleomorph are shown in blue, chloroplast green and mitochondrion purple. In chlorarachneans (class Chlorarachnea of phylum Cercozoa) the former food vacuole membrane remained topologically distinct from the ER to become an epiplastid membrane and so did not acquire ribosomes on its surface, but their membrane topology is otherwise similar to the cryptophytes. The other sketches portray the four major kinds of cell in the living world and their membrane topology. The upper ones show the contrasting ancestral microtubular cytoskeleton (ciliary roots, in red) of unikonts (a cone of single microtubules attaching the single centriole to the nucleus, blue) and bikonts (two bands of microtubules attached to the posterior centriole and an anterior fan of microtubules attached to the anterior centriole). The lower ones show the single plasma membrane of unibacteria (posibacteria plus archaebacteria), which were ancestral to eukaryotes and the double envelope of negibacteria, which were ancestral to mitochondria and chloroplasts (which retained the outer membrane, red). source: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cg i/content/full/95/1/147/FIG2 [2] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group. source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/co ntent/full/300/5626/1703 | |
540,000,000 YBN 16 17 18 19 20 | 321) The Protist Phylum "Foraminifera" {FOraMiniFRu12 } evolves.13 14 Foraminifera are unicellular protists characterized by long, fine pseudopods that extend from a cytoplasmic body encased within a test, or shell.15 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=forami nifera&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=forami nifera&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=forami nifera&submit=Submit 8. ^ "foraminiferan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/212983/foraminiferan>. 9. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p175. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=forami nifera&submit=Submit 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 15. ^ "foraminiferan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/212983/foraminiferan>. 16. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p165-167. {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 17. ^ Culver, S. J. (1991) Science 254, 689–691. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijlink?linkTyp e=ABST&journalCode=sci&resid=254/5032/68 9 and http://www.sciencemag.org/content/2 54/5032/689.full.pdf {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 18. ^ Culver, S. J. (1994) J. Foraminiferal Res. 24, 191–202. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijli nk?linkType=ABST&journalCode=gsjfr&resid =24/3/191 {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 19. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} 20. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_ taxon_a=65574 {804 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates (1600mybn) [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html [3] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/fo ram.html [4] "Allogromiida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogromiid a [5] "Fusulinid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusulinid [6] "Globigerinida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globigerini da [7] "Miliolid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliolid [8] "Rotaliida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaliida [9] "Textulariida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textulariid a [10] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P4356&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&exclu deNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= [11] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P2007&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&exclu deNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= |
[1] FIG. 2. The tree of life based on molecular, ultrastructural and palaeontological evidence. Contrary to widespread assumptions, the root is among the eubacteria, probably within the double-enveloped Negibacteria, not between eubacteria and archaebacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b); it may lie between Eobacteria and other Negibacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b). The position of the eukaryotic root has been nearly as controversial, but is less hard to establish: it probably lies between unikonts and bikonts (Lang et al., 2002; Stechmann and Cavalier-Smith, 2002, 2003). For clarity the basal eukaryotic kingdom Protozoa is not labelled; it comprises four major groups (alveolates, cabozoa, Amoebozoa and Choanozoa) plus the small bikont phylum Apusozoa of unclear precise position; whether Heliozoa are protozoa as shown or chromists is uncertain (Cavalier-Smith, 2003b). Symbiogenetic cell enslavement occurred four or five times: in the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from different negibacteria, of chromalveolates by the enslaving of a red alga (Cavalier-Smith, 1999, 2003; Harper and Keeling, 2003) and in the origin of the green plastids of euglenoid (excavate) and chlorarachnean (cercozoan) algae-a green algal cell was enslaved either by the ancestral cabozoan (arrow) or (less likely) twice independently within excavates and Cercozoa (asterisks) (Cavalier-Smith, 2003a). The upper thumbnail sketch shows membrane topology in the chimaeric cryptophytes (class Cryptophyceae of the phylum Cryptista); in the ancestral chromist the former food vacuole membrane fused with the rough endoplasmic reticulum placing the enslaved cell within its lumen (red) to yield the complex membrane topology shown. The large host nucleus and the tiny nucleomorph are shown in blue, chloroplast green and mitochondrion purple. In chlorarachneans (class Chlorarachnea of phylum Cercozoa) the former food vacuole membrane remained topologically distinct from the ER to become an epiplastid membrane and so did not acquire ribosomes on its surface, but their membrane topology is otherwise similar to the cryptophytes. The other sketches portray the four major kinds of cell in the living world and their membrane topology. The upper ones show the contrasting ancestral microtubular cytoskeleton (ciliary roots, in red) of unikonts (a cone of single microtubules attaching the single centriole to the nucleus, blue) and bikonts (two bands of microtubules attached to the posterior centriole and an anterior fan of microtubules attached to the anterior centriole). The lower ones show the single plasma membrane of unibacteria (posibacteria plus archaebacteria), which were ancestral to eukaryotes and the double envelope of negibacteria, which were ancestral to mitochondria and chloroplasts (which retained the outer membrane, red). source: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cg i/content/full/95/1/147/FIG2 [2] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group. source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/co ntent/full/300/5626/1703 | |
540,000,000 YBN 10 | 340) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Nemertea {ne-mR-TEu7 } evolves (ribbon worms).8 Nemertea are unsegmented worms with a coelem that live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments.9 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemert ea&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemert ea&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemert ea&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemert ea&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p321. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c541) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201563 |
[1] Description English: Basiodiscus mexicanus was photographed at Los Arcos, near Puerto Vallarta, Mexico Date Source University of California Museum of Paleology: Introduction to the Nemertini Author Chris Meyer and Allen Collins Permission (Reusing this file) See below. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/49/Nemertea_Basiodiscus_ mexicanus.png [2] Timeline of phylogeny of animals, figure 6 from: S. Blair Hedges, ''The origin and evolution of model organisms'', Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} a) The relationships and divergence times (millions of years ago (Mya) plusminus one standard error) of selected model animals are shown, based on recent multigene and multiprotein studies51, 61, 84. The fossil divergence time of birds and mammals (310 Mya) was used to calibrate the molecular clock. Branch lengths are not proportional to time. b ) The relationships and numbers of living species, from a diversity of sources in most of the main groups. COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
540,000,000 YBN 10 | 341) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Tardigrada {ToRDiGRiDe7 } evolves (tardigrades).8 Tardigrades are slow-moving, microscopic invertebrates that live in water or damp moss, with four body segments and eight legs.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "Tardigrada." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrada- 2 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "Tardigrada." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrada- 2 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?pos=0 |
[1] Description Willow Gabriel and Bob Goldstein, http://tardigrades.bio.unc.edu/ Date 2007-05-20 (original upload date) CC source: http://28.media.tumblr.com/tumbl r_limfh2NXtC1qc6j5yo1_400.jpg [2] from Giribet 2007 source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/65/Hypsibiusdujardini.jp g | |
540,000,000 YBN 10 | 342) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Onychophora evolves.8 Onychophorans are a transition between worms and arthropods: they have segmented worm-like bodies but they also have jointed appendages, antennae, and shed their cuticle like arthropods do.9 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "onychophoran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/velvet-worm 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "onychophoran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/velvet-worm 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p193. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p193. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p193. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?pos=0 |
[1] Euperipatoides kanangrensis on a eucalyptus log, in which it normally resides. Description English: Cropped version of File:Euperipatoides kanangrensis.jpg Date 13 October 2009 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/67/Euperipatoides_kanang rensis_crop.jpg [2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
535,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 13 | 114) The first heart evolves in bilaterians.7 Muscles for pumping blood and for maintaining adequate blood pressure can be divided into three groups: contractile blood vessels (found in nemerteans and annelids), ostiate {oSTEAT8 } hearts (found in arthropods), and chambered hearts (found in molluscs and vertebrates).9 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 5. ^ "ostium." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. stium>. 6. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p73, 327. 7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 8. ^ "ostium." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. stium>. 9. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p73, 327. 10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p 73. 11. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66. 12. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {based on} {539 MYBN (based on mollusca} |
[1] From: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', 2004. COPYRIGHTED source: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. [2] From: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', 2004. COPYRIGHTED source: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. | |
533,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 | 343) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Mollusca evolves; Mollusks.11 The phylum Mollusca is the second largest animal phylum after the arthropods, and is divided into seven classes, three of which (Gastropoda {GaSTroPeDu12 } (snails), Bivalvia (clams and muscles), and Cephalopoda {SeFeloPeDu13 } (squids and octupuses) are of major importance.14 Early Cambrian mollusk fossils show the segmentation of the mollusk worm-like ancestor,15 and have individual plates which imply that the mollusk shell fused together over the course of millions of years.16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gastro poda&submit=Submit 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cephal opoda&submit=Submit 6. ^ "Mollusca." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/mollusca 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gastro poda&submit=Submit 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cephal opoda&submit=Submit 10. ^ "Mollusca." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/mollusca 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gastro poda&submit=Submit 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cephal opoda&submit=Submit 14. ^ "Mollusca." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/mollusca 15. ^ Prothero, D.R., and C.D. Buell. Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters. Columbia University Press, 2007, p192. 16. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p69. 17. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c539) 19. ^ Caron, Jean-Bernard et al. "A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale." Nature 442.7099 (2006): 159-163. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v442/n7099/full/nature04894.html MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201563 |
[1] From: Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 284–291. ISBN 0030259827. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol lusca [2] Description Clams Date Source Own work Author Marlith CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8f/Clams.JPG | |
530,000,000 YBN 7 | 338) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) evolves.5 Annelids are various worms or wormlike animals, characterized by an elongated, cylindrical, segmented body and includes the earthworm and leech.6 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ "annelid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/annelid 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ "annelid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/annelid 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c537) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201563 |
[1] An earthworm's clitellum they have a unique reproductive organ, the ring-shaped clitellum (''pack saddle'') round their bodies, which produces a cocoon that stores and nourishes fertilized eggs until they hatch Description Regenwurm mit Clitellum - (sattelförmige Verdickung im vorderen Drittel).Das Sekret der Clitellum-Drüsen dient u. a. zur Bildung dieses Ei-Kokons. Français : Ver de terre (Oligochaeta, Lumbricina) Svenska: Daggmask (Lumbricus spec.) Русский: Дождевой червь (род Лумбрикус) Date Source first upload in de wikipedia on 09:58, 16. Feb 2005 by Michael Linnenbach Author Michael Linnenbach GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/30/Regenwurm1.jpg [2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
530,000,000 YBN 15 16 | 339) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Arthropoda evolves; the "Arthropods".11 Arthropods can be compared to a segmented worm encased in a rigid exoskeleton.12 The phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Arthropods include the trilobites, the crustaceans (shrimps, crabs, and lobsters), the Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes), the Chelicerata (arachnids and horseshoe crabs) and the insects.13 All arthropods have a segmented body covered by an exoskeleton containing chitin, which serves as both armor and as a surface for muscle attachment.14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p476. 5. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree, 2009, p251. http://timetree.org/pdf/Pisani200 9Chap29.pdf 6. ^ "arthropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/arthropod 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p476. 9. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree, 2009, p251. http://timetree.org/pdf/Pisani200 9Chap29.pdf 10. ^ "arthropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/arthropod 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p476. 13. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree, 2009, p251. http://timetree.org/pdf/Pisani200 9Chap29.pdf 14. ^ "arthropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/arthropod 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) 16. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?pos=0 |
[1] Extinct and modern arthropods English: Arthropoda collage. From left to right and from top to bottom: Kolihapeltis, Stylonurus, Scorpion, Crab, Centipede, Butterfly CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/80/Arthropoda.jpg [2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsociorg/content /363/1496/1513 | |
530,000,000 YBN | 350) The Chordata Vertebrates evolve.7 This Subphylum, Vertebrata, contains most fishes, and all amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. The characteristic features of the Vertebrata are a vertebral column, or backbone, and a cranium, which protects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and major sense organs.8 This earliest vertebrate skeleton is made completely of cartilage.9 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "Vertebrata." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vertebrata 6. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p22. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ "Vertebrata." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vertebrata 9. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p22. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41579 |
[1] Description Lampetra fluviatilis from the german northsea Date 2004 Source Germany Author M.Buschmann Permission (Reusing this file) Author is owner CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3f/Lampetra_fluviatilis. jpg [2] Description Clockwise, starting from top left: 1. Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra) 2. Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) 3. Southern Cassowary (Casusarius casuarius) 4. Black-and-rufus Giant Elephant Shrew (Rhynchocyon petersi) 5. Ocean Sunfish (Mola mola) Date CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/ec/Vertebrates.png | |
530,000,000 YBN 5 | 351) The extinct Vertebrates the Conodonts {KO-nu-DoNTS1 } evolve.2 Conodonts have no lower jaw, but have calcified teeth3 positioned under well-developed eyes4 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "conodont." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2013. onodont>. 2. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90. 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90-91. 4. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p22. 5. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90-91. MORE INFO [1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series, Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp. 671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/165 5241 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41579 [3] Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p85 |
[1] Kardong, ''Vertebrates'', 2002, p86. COPYRIGHTED source: Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p86. [2] From the Englich Wikipedia Mateus Zica draw it with macromedia flash 28 oct 2005 mateus zica 18:25, 28 October 2005 (UTC) PD AND Description English: The inclusion of euconodonts in the vertebrates, or even craniates, is still controversial. Admittedly, the tissue structure of the ''conodonts'' (i.e; the denticles situated in their mouth; left) is at odds with conventional vertebrate hard tissues. Nevertheless, the eyes, body shape, and tail stucture of the euconodonta are strikingly vertebrate-like. After Purnell et al. 1995 Date 30 November 2012, 03:32:10 Source Tree of Life Web Project Author Philippe Janvier, 1997 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2d/ConodontZICA.pnghttp: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons /3/33/Euconodonta.gif | |
530,000,000 YBN 7 | 6637) The Vertebrates Jawless fishes evolve (agnatha).5 The earliest extant jawless fishes, the hagfishes evolve now. Hagfishes are eel-like scavengers.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p85. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p85. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. MORE INFO [1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series, Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp. 671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/165 5241 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41579 |
[1] Description English: Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) in a hole at 150 meters depth. Latitude 37 58 N., Longitude 123 27 W. Location: California, Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Date Last Updated: September 30, 2009. Source http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/sanc 1692.htm http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/bigs/sanc16 92.jpg Author Linda Snook, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary (CBNMS) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eptatretus_stou tii.jpg/1280px-Eptatretus_stoutii.jpg [2] Description Lampetra fluviatilis from the german northsea Date 2004 Source Germany Author M.Buschmann Permission (Reusing this file) Author is owner CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3f/Lampetra_fluviatilis. jpg | |
520,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 16 | 133) The Arthropod subphylum Chelicerata (KeliSuroTo9 ) evolves (eight legs, ancestor of the horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, and the Arachnids: mites, spiders, and scorpions).10 11 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelic erata&submit=Submit 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ J. W. Shultz (2007). "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 221–265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-364 2.2007.00284.x 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelic erata&submit=Submit 5. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelic erata&submit=Submit 7. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 8. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=6843&lvl=3 &lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelic erata&submit=Submit 10. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 11. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=6843&lvl=3 &lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 12. ^ D. Waloszek, J.A. Dunlop, "A larval sea spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Upper Cambrian ‘Orsten’ of Sweden and the phylogenetic position of pycnogonids", Palaeontology, 45 (2002), pp. 421–446 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.co m/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00244/abstract 13. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 14. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211. 15. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66-67. 16. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. MORE INFO [1] Charbonnier, S, J Vannier, and B Riou. “New Sea Spiders from the Jurassic La Voulte-sur-Rhône Lagerstätte.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1625 (October 22, 2007): 2555 –2561. http://rspb.royalsocietypublis hing.org/content/274/1625/2555.full [2] Dunlop and Seldon, "The Early History and Phylogeny of the Chelicerates", in Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relatioinships", 1997, p231 | earliest (sea spider) fossils: Orsten, Sweden12 |
[1] Description English: Horseshoe crab dorsal and ventral Italiano: Limulus polyphemus dorsale e ventrale Date 10 April 2009 Source Own work Author Ricce PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Limulo_dorsale_ e_ventrale.jpg/1280px-Limulo_dorsale_e_v entrale.jpg [2] taken from en:Image:Horseshoe crab female.jpg Dead female horseshoe crab from NOAA Photo Library: Image ID: line2632, America's Coastlines Collection Location: Patuxent River, Maryland Photo Date: 2002 August 17 Photographer: Mary Hollinger, NESDIS/NODC biologist, NOAA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1b/Horseshoe_crab_female .jpg |
520,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 148) The earliest color vision evolves in arthropods.3 Vertebrates with color vision include: some fishes and amphibians, many reptiles and all birds, but only a few mammals, humans and some other higher primates, can see in color.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008). "Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution 66 (2): 130–137. DOI:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID 18217181. http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/e67h525378645572/?MUD=MP 2. ^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008). "Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution 66 (2): 130–137. DOI:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID 18217181. http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/e67h525378645572/?MUD=MP 3. ^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008). "Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution 66 (2): 130–137. DOI:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID 18217181. http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/e67h525378645572/?MUD=MP 4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p665. 5. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 6. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211. MORE INFO [1] Yokoyama, S., and B. F. Radlwimmer. 2001. The molecular genetics and evolution of red and green color vision in vertebrates. Genetics Society of America. 158: 1697-1710 [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) |
[1] Microphotograph of the multiple eye of the trilobite Phacops, showing the calcite lenses in the eye. PD source: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/ed ucation-and-outreach/additional/science- focus/images/phacops_eye.jpg [2] Description English: A schizochroal [eye] of the trilobite Phacops rana, eye dimensions 8mm across by 5.5mm high, found near Sylvania, Ohio, USA, from the Devonian Date 15 October 2011 Source Own work Author Dwergenpaartje CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0f/Phacops_rana_crassitu berculata_eye_3.jpg | |
520,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 | 346) The Deuterostome Phylum Echinodermata evolves; the "Echinoderms" (iKIniDRMS 7 }, the ancestor of the sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, and star fishes.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Adam M. English, Loren E. Babcock, Census of the Indian Springs Lagerstätte, Poleta Formation (Cambrian), western Nevada, USA, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 295, Issues 1–2, 1 September 2010, Pages 236-244, ISSN 0031-0182, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.041. (http://w ww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii /S0031018210003287) 10. ^ J. Wyatt Durham, "Notes on the Helicoplacoidea and Early Echinoderms", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1967), pp. 97-102 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1301 905 11. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66. 12. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p384. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=126698 |
[1] Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. A beautiful array of starfish , sea urchins and mussel shells in the rocky intertidal zone of Kachemak Bay. Image ID: nerr0878, NOAA National Estuarine Research Reserve Collection from NOAA: http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/nerr/nerr08 78.htm PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nerr0878.jpg/10 24px-Nerr0878.jpg [2] Description English: The first in a sequence of three photos that show a brittle star flipping itself rightside-up. Date 1 May 2011 Source Own work Author Alexcooper1 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/A_brittle_star_ flipping_itself_rightside-up.jpg/1024px- A_brittle_star_flipping_itself_rightside -up.jpg | |
520,000,000 YBN 22 23 24 25 | 6349) The arthropods trilobites evolve.15 16 17 18 Trilobites have a segmented body that is divided by into three vertical lobes.19 There is a transition from soft-bodied organisms, to the clam-like shell organisms, to the segmented calcite and chitin shells of the trilobites.20 Horseshoe crabs may be descended from trilobites.21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage .taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 2. ^ http://www.nature.com0/nature/journal/v4 27/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 3. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/con tent/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam% 27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my 4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/ trilobita/trilobitafr.html 5. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage .taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 6. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v42 7/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 7. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/con tent/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam% 27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my 8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/ trilobita/trilobitafr.html 9. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage .taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 10. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v42 7/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 11. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/con tent/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam% 27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my 12. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/ trilobita/trilobitafr.html 13. ^ "trilobite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/trilobite 14. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p209-213. 15. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage .taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 16. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v42 7/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 17. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/con tent/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam% 27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my 18. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/ trilobita/trilobitafr.html 19. ^ "trilobite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/trilobite 20. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p209-213. 21. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What The Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p189-191. 22. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 23. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211. 24. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/con tent/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam% 27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my {510 mybn} 25. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/ trilobita/trilobitafr.html {540 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://www.trilobites.info/biostratigrap hy.htm [2] http://www.trilobites.info/origins.htm [3] Babcock, L.E., S Peng, G. Geyer, & J.H. Shergold. 2005. Changing perspectives on Cambrian chronostratigraphy and progress toward subdivision of the Cambrian System. Geosci. Journal 9(2):101-6. http://www.springerlink.com /content/t7062n5744462260/ [4] Niles Eldredge, "Trilobites and Evolutionary Patterns", p305-332 in Anthony Hallam, "Patterns of evolution as illustrated by the fossil record, Volume 5", 1977, p322. http://books.google.com/books?id= q7GjDIyyWegC [5] Hughes, N. 2007. The evolution of trilobite body patterning. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2007. 35:401–34. http://www.annualreviews.o rg/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.earth.35.0313 06.140258 [6] Richard A. Fortey "Trilobite Systematics: The Last 75 Years", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 75, No. 6, 75th Anniversary Issue (Nov., 2001), pp. 1141-1151 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1 307082 [7] http://www.palaeos.org/Cambrian_Stage_3 |
[1] example of earliest trilobites (e.g., Fallotaspis longa) UNKNOWN source: http://www.trilobites.info/biost ratfallon.jpg [2] Niles Eldredge, ''Trilobites and Evolutionary Patterns'', p305-332 in Anthony Hallam, ''Patterns of evolution as illustrated by the fossil record, Volume 5'', 1977, p322. http://books.google.com/books?id= q7GjDIyyWegC COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =q7GjDIyyWegC | |
513,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11 | 6351) The Arthropods Crustaceans evolve (the ancestor of all shrimps, crabs, lobsters, and barnicles).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 5. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek, "An early Cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Paleontology, 70, 2003 6. ^ Siveter, David J., Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek. “A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with Appendages from the Lower Cambrian.” Science 293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001): 479 –481. http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/293/5529/479.abstract 7. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek, "An early Cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Paleontology, 70, 2003 8. ^ Siveter, David J., Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek. “A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with Appendages from the Lower Cambrian.” Science 293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001): 479 –481. http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/293/5529/479.abstract 9. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p66-67. 10. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 11. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 MORE INFO [1] http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles /Fossilgroups/Crustacea/fossils.html [2] http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ 2001/07/0719_crustacean.html | earliest fossils: Shropshire, England5 6 |
[1] Canadaspis perfecta (ROM 61119) – Part and counterpart. Complete specimen showing phosphatized gut diverticulae and posterior dark stain (probably representing decay fluids), lateral view. Left images, complete slab (part) showing associated species; Yohoia tenuis (bottom right), Waptia fieldensis (left, partially covered by a disarticulated carapace of Canadaspis), Burgessia bella (far left). Right images, details of the counterpart. Specimen length = 72 mm. Specimen dry – direct light (top row), dry – polarized light (bottom left), wet – polarized light (bottom right). Walcott Quarry. © Royal Ontario Museum. Photos: Jean-Bernard Caron COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.burgess-shale.rom.on. ca/images/zoomify/canadaspis-rom-61119.j pg [2] 3D model of Canadaspis perfecta. COPYRIGHTED source: http://burgess-shale.rom.on.ca/v ideo/fossil-gallery/0b1-canadaspis-turnt able.jpg |
501,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 6348) The Arthropods Myriapoda {mEREaPeDu7 } evolve; the ancestor of all centipedes and millipedes.8 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 5. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1 6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 7. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1 8. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 9. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.” Nature 343.6254 (1990): 163–164. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html {Robison_19900111.pdf} 10. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213. 11. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF0302 2596 {Budd_2001.pdf} 12. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A. Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250, no. 4981 (November 2, 1990): 658 –661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmg r?gca=sci;250/4981/658 13. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.” Nature 343.6254 (1990): 163–164. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html {Robison_19900111.pdf} 14. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213. 15. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF0302 2596 {Budd_2001.pdf} 16. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 17. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF0302 2596 18. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 19. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A. Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250, no. 4981 (November 2, 1990): 658 –661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmg r?gca=sci;250/4981/658 20. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 21. ^ William A Shear, Andrew J Jeram and Paul Selden, "Centiped legs (Arthropoda, Chilopoda, Scutigeromorpha) from the Silurian and Devonian of Britain and the Devonian of North America.", American Museum novitates 3231:1-16 (1998) http://biostor.org/reference/30111 22. ^ Grimaldi, Engels, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p107-108. 23. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 24. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p111. | earliest possible fossils: (Marine deposits)(Wheeler Formation) Utah, USA9 10 and (Ust-Majan formation) East Siberia11 |(earliest fossils) Shropshire, England12 |
[1] Description Lithobius forficatus Deutsch: Steinläufer Date 9 August 2005 Source Own work Author Darkone CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/79/Steinl%C3%A4ufer_%28L ithobius_forficatus%29_3.jpg [2] Description Tachypodoiulus niger Date 2007-06-28 Source Own work Author Stemonitis CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tachypodoiulus_ niger_1.jpg/1280px-Tachypodoiulus_niger_ 1.jpg |
488,300,000 YBN 7 | 121) The end of the Cambrian (542-488.3 mybn), and start of the Ordovician {ORDiVisiN5 } (488.3-443.7 mybn) Period.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 3. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 5. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 6. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 7. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 500 Ma - Late Cambrian UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/500 _Camb_2globes.jpg | |
488,000,000 YBN 13 | 6314) The Ordovician (ORDeVisiN10 } radiation. During the Ordovician the number of genera {JeN-R-u11 } will quadruple.12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 2. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. enera>. 3. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. 4. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 5. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. enera>. 6. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. 7. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 8. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. enera>. 9. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. 10. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 11. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. enera>. 12. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. 13. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. MORE INFO [1] Harold Levine, "The Eath Through Time", 2006, p333 |
[1] Recreation of life during the Ordovician UNKNOWN source: http://ferrebeekeeper.files.word press.com/2010/11/ordovician.jpg [2] A second peak time in the abundance of shell-surviving life forms was in the Upper Ordovician (by this time also, the first larger vertebrates, fossil fish, had appeared). Below are two illustrations: the first, an artist' conception of marine invertebrate life in the late Ordovician; the second, a typical slab of Ordovician limestone (from Indiana) containing the fossil types listed in its caption: PD source: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/ ordovicsea.jpg | |
488,000,000 YBN 4 | 6635) The extinct Jawless fishes Ostracoderms {oS-Tru-KO-DRM1 } evolve.2 The Ostracoderms are the first vertebrates to have paired appendages, an inner ear with two semicircular canals, and bone, although almost exclusively in the outer exoskeleton.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "OSTRACODERM." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2013. STRACODERM>. 2. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90. 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90. 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. MORE INFO [1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series, Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp. 671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/165 5241 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41579 [3] Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p85 |
[1] Kardong, ''Vertebrates'', 2002, p86. COPYRIGHTED source: Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p86. [2] Description English: Arandaspis Date 10 October 2010 Source Own work Author Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/58/Arandaspis_NT.jpg | |
475,000,000 YBN 22 23 24 | 244) The non-vascular plants evolve, Bryophyta {BrIoFiTo16 }, (the ancestor of the Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses).17 18 The Bryophytes are the simplest land plants, and reproduce with spores.19 20 Most are 2-5 cm (or 1-2 in.) tall and extremely tolerant of dry and freezing conditions.21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. ryophyta>. 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 6. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. ryophyta>. 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 9. ^ Peter Robert Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, "Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity", 2000, p102. http://books.google.com/books?id= HYkTvGq_RccC&pg=PA102 10. ^ Diego Fontaneto, "Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms: Is Everything Small Everywhere?", 2011, p211. http://books.google.com/books?id= QdcLHCPgG-wC&pg=PA211 11. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. ryophyta>. 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 14. ^ Peter Robert Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, "Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity", 2000, p102. http://books.google.com/books?id= HYkTvGq_RccC&pg=PA102 15. ^ Diego Fontaneto, "Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms: Is Everything Small Everywhere?", 2011, p211. http://books.google.com/books?id= QdcLHCPgG-wC&pg=PA211 16. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. ryophyta>. 17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 18. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 19. ^ Peter Robert Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, "Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity", 2000, p102. http://books.google.com/books?id= HYkTvGq_RccC&pg=PA102 20. ^ Diego Fontaneto, "Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms: Is Everything Small Everywhere?", 2011, p211. http://books.google.com/books?id= QdcLHCPgG-wC&pg=PA211 21. ^ "bryophyte." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyte 22. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82. 23. ^ S26 (c475) 24. ^ S15 (c475) MORE INFO [1] "Bryophyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte [2] "Bryophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyta-1 |
[1] Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. gnu source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Anthoceros_levis.jpg [2] English: A closeup shot of moss on a rock in Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, Canada. Sony Alpha A100 Date 25 March 2007 Source Own work Author KirinX at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) CC-BY-SA-2.5. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1c/Moss_closeup.jpg | |
475,000,000 YBN 19 20 | 398) Plants live on land. The earliest fossil spores belonging to land plants.14 15 16 Plants conquer land before animals do, and like animals may move to land not by sea but by freshwater.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801- cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 2. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801- cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 5. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801- cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 8. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801- cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 11. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p520-521. 14. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801- cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 15. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 16. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p520-521. 18. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801- cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 19. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html {475 MYBN} 20. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82. | earliest fossils: Caradoc, Libya18 |
[1] Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org/ content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-c fd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_1 98204xx.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://geology.gsapubs.org/conte nt/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4 eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 [2] Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. gnu source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Anthoceros_levis.jpg |
472,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 | 402) The first animals live on land, the arthropods Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes).13 14 15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 2. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 3. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 4. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 6. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 7. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 9. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 10. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 11. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 12. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 13. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 15. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 16. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 17. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 18. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 19. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p67. | earliest arthropod tracks: Kingston, Ontario, Canada16 |
[1] Figure 4. Field photographs of representative trackways. Scale bars represent 5 cm. A: Trackway with central drag and well-defined appendage marks. Bottom surface. B: Trackway with central drag and poorly defined appendage marks. Top surface. Surface dips to top of photograph; note downdip offset of central drag. C: Robust trackway with well-developed appendage marks and no central drag. Note push-ups of sand (arrows) associated with appendage impressions. Figure 4 from: MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 COPYRIG HTED source: http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 [2] Figure 2 from: Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, ''Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland'', Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094 847?&Search=yes&searchText=MILLIPEDES&se archText=TAXONOMY&searchText=MORPHOLOGY& searchText=PALEOZOIC&list=hide&searchUri =%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DMOR PHOLOGY%2BAND%2BTAXONOMY%2BOF%2BPALEOZOI C%2BMILLIPEDES%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don&prev Search=&item=2&ttl=43&returnArticleServi ce=showFullText |
470,000,000 YBN 3 4 | 234) The non-vascular plants Hornworts evolve.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c475) 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c475) |
[1] Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. gnu source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Anthoceros_levis.jpg [2] Image of Phaeoceros (hornwort) spores taken by J. Ziffer. public domain source: wiki | |
465,000,000 YBN 7 | 6636) The Jawless fishes lamprays evolve.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. 7. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. MORE INFO [1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series, Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp. 671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/165 5241 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41579 [3] "ostracoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ostracoderm |
[1] Description Lampetra fluviatilis from the german northsea Date 2004 Source Germany Author M.Buschmann Permission (Reusing this file) Author is owner CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3f/Lampetra_fluviatilis. jpg [2] Fossil Ostracoderms. Representatives of three extinct groups. The head armor is especially well developed in Hemicyclaspis, an ostracoderm of the ''Cephalapsis'' type, in which the head is flattened and expanded into a large filter-feeding basket. Ostracoderms lacked the paired (pectoral and pelvic) fins of more advanced fish. In some cases, small spines were present at the points where paired fins develop in higher fishes. In Hemicyclaspis, one sees a pair of anterior, flipper-like structures in lieu of pectoral fins. From Romer, A. S. 1964. The Vertebrate Body. W. B. Saunders. Philadelphia. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.blc.arizona.edu/cours es/schaffer/182/Vertebrates/Ostracoderms .jpg | |
460,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 | 235) The non-vasular plants Mosses evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ estimated from tree on http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Embryophyte s&contgroup=Green_ 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c475) 5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c475) 6. ^ estimated from tree on http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Embryophyte s&contgroup=Green_ (c460) |
[1] A moss covered log. Photo by sannse at Mistley, England. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos s [2] life cycle of moss ladyofhats public domain source: same | |
460,000,000 YBN 18 | 353) Jawed vertebrates evolve, Gnathostomata {no toST omoTo12 }.13 This large group includes all jawed fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.14 Jawed fishes have a skeleton made completely of cartilage. Only the teeth become ossified when mineral crystals, mostly calcium phosphate, become integrated into them.15 The jaw evolves from parts of the gill skeleton.16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 2. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostoma ta-1 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 4. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostoma ta-1 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 8. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostoma ta-1 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 12. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostoma ta-1 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. {460 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p106,110 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl | Oceans17 |
[1] Image from: Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002. COPYRIGHTED source: Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002. [2] Kardong, ''Vertebrates'', Third Edition, 2002. COPYRIGHTED source: Kardong, "Vertebrates", Third Edition, 2002. |
460,000,000 YBN 9 10 | 404) The Jawed fishes Class Chondrichthyes {KoN-DriK-tE-EZ6 } evolves (Cartilaginous fishes: ancestor of all sharks, rays, skates, and sawfishes).7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chondr ichthyes&submit=Submit 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chondr ichthyes&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chondr ichthyes&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 8. ^ http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree .aspx?id=41695&tree=0.1 9. ^ Miller, Randall F., Richard Cloutier, and Susan Turner. “The Oldest Articulated Chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian Period.” Nature 425.6957 (2003): 501–504. Web. 23 May 2012. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v425/n6957/full/nature02001.html {M iller_Chondrichthyans_2003.pdf} 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. [2] Miller, Randall F., Richard Cloutier, and Susan Turner. “The Oldest Articulated Chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian Period.” Nature 425.6957 (2003): 501–504. Web. 23 May 2012. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v425/n6957/full/nature02001.html {M iller_Chondrichthyans_2003.pdf} COPYRIG HTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v425/n6957/full/nature02001.html | |
460,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 458) The earliest fungi on land. The ancestor of all terrestrial fungi (the Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 2. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 3. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 4. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 5. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 6. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 |
[1] Earliest Glomerales fossil fig 1 from: Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). ''Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician''. Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077 684 [2] Phylogenetic tree from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p511. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p511. | |
460,000,000 YBN 27 28 29 30 | 6414) The Fungi Phylum "Glomeromycota" {GlO-mi-rO-mI-KO-Tu17 } evolves (arbuscular {oRBuSKYUlR18 } mycorrhizal {MIKerIZL19 } fungi).20 21 22 The Glomeromycota are mutualistic symbionts that form a close association intracellularly between the fungus and the roots of plants.23 24 25 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomer omycota&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomer omycota&submit=Submit 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=arbusc ular&submit=Submit 7. ^ "mycorrhiza." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mycorrhiza 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomer omycota&submit=Submit 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=arbusc ular&submit=Submit 13. ^ "mycorrhiza." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mycorrhiza 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 17. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomer omycota&submit=Submit 18. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=arbusc ular&submit=Submit 19. ^ "mycorrhiza." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mycorrhiza 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 21. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 23. ^ "mycelium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mycelium 24. ^ "mycorrhiza." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 02 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mycorrhiza 25. ^ http://tolweb.org/Glomeromycota 26. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 27. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c750mybn) 29. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (c1460 to 1210mybn) 30. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (estimate that between 947 and 968) MORE INFO [1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomer omycetes&submit=Submit [2] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142 [3] Redecker, Dirk, and Philipp Raab. "Phylogeny of the Glomeromycota (arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi): Recent Developments and New Gene Markers." Mycologia 98.6 (November): 2006, p885 –895. http://www.mycologia.org/conten t/98/6/885.abstract | earliest fossils: Wisconsin, USA26 |
[1] Gigaspora margarita in association with Lotus corniculatus Description Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus kolonisiert durch Gigaspora margarita Date 18 September 2007 Source Own work Author Mike Guether GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gigaspora_marga rita.JPG/1024px-Gigaspora_margarita.JPG [2] germinating Gigaspora decipiens source: http://pages.unibas.ch/bothebel/ people/redecker/ff/glomero.htm |
445,000,000 YBN 9 10 | 90) The end-Ordovician mass extinction. This is caused by an ice age. 60% of all genera are observed extinct.6 7 This is the first of five mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic.8 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 2. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract". Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/do i/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou rnalCode=earth 3. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 4. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract". Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/do i/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou rnalCode=earth 5. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract". Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/do i/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou rnalCode=earth 6. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 7. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract". Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/do i/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou rnalCode=earth 8. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract". Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/do i/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou rnalCode=earth 9. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p83. 10. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 {439 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm [2] David Jablonski, "Lessons from the Past: Evolutionary Impacts of Mass Extinctions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 98, No. 10 (May 8, 2001), pp. 5393-5398. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 3055638 |
[1] NOAA Photo Library Image - corp1440 Flying over a huge glacier on the way to McMurdo Station Image ID: corp1440, NOAA At The Ends of the Earth Collection Location: Antarctica Photographer: Mr. Fred Walton, NOAA Category: Antarctica/McMurdo/Glacier/ PD source: http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/big s/corp1440.jpg [2] Image of object impact with Earth UNKNOWN source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u1aaDd JP2M0/Tj0QtfwPQQI/AAAAAAAAAbk/3SpkL8NCec w/s1600/asteroid-impact.jpg | |
443,700,000 YBN 4 | 122) The end of the Ordovician (488.3-443.7 mybn), and the start of the Silurian (443.7-416) Period.3 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 3. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 450 Ma - Late Ordovician UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/450 _Ord_3globes.jpg | |
440,000,000 YBN 25 26 27 | 236) The Vascular plants evolve, the Phylum Tracheophyta {TrAKEoFiTu15 }.16 17 18 19 Vascular plants have a specialized conducting system consisting mostly of phloem (food-conducting tissue) and xylem (water-conducting tissue), collectively called vascular tissue.20 The phloem transports sugar and the xylem transports water and salts.21 Ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants are all vascular plants.22 In contrast to the nonvascular bryophytes, where the gametophyte is the dominant phase, the dominant phase among vascular plants is the sporophyte.23 Because they have vascular tissues, these plants have true stems, leaves, and roots.24 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 8. ^ McElwain, Jenny C.; Willis, K. G.; Willis, Kathy; McElwain, J. C. (2002). The evolution of plants. Oxford Oxfordshire. ^: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850065-3. 9. ^ "Tracheophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/tracheophyt a-botany 10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 11. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 12. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 13. ^ McElwain, Jenny C.; Willis, K. G.; Willis, Kathy; McElwain, J. C. (2002). The evolution of plants. Oxford Oxfordshire. ^: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850065-3. 14. ^ "vascular plant." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vascular-pl ant 15. ^ "Tracheophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/tracheophyt a-botany 16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 17. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 18. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 19. ^ McElwain, Jenny C.; Willis, K. G.; Willis, Kathy; McElwain, J. C. (2002). The evolution of plants. Oxford Oxfordshire. ^: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850065-3. 20. ^ "vascular plant." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vascular-pl ant 21. ^ "vascular plant." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vascular-pl ant 22. ^ "vascular plant." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vascular-pl ant 23. ^ "alternation of generations." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/alternation -of-generations 24. ^ "vascular plant." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vascular-pl ant 25. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p96. 26. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c400) http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 27. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390) |
[1] Description Equisetum telmateia (Equisetopsida) at Cambridge Botanic Garden Date 18 May 2008 Source Own work Author Rror Other versions Derivative works of this file: species on earth.jpg GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7c/Equisetopsida.jpg [2] Fig. 2. Chronogram showing estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among the major groups of extant land plants. The estimate of relationships is synthesized from the following papers in this issue: Burleigh and Mathews (2004) , Pryer et al. (2004) , Shaw and Renzaglia (2004) , and Soltis and Soltis (2004) . Divergence time estimates are mostly based on analyses of molecular data with fossil constraints (Wikström et al., 2001 ; Pryer et al., 2004 ) and are augmented by fossil evidence (Kenrick and Crane, 1997 ; Wellman et al., 2003 ). Estimates of the number of species in each group are from Judd et al. (2002) and W. S. Judd (personal communication). Groups covered by a particular article in this special issue are circled and connected to the names of the article's authors. ''Other conifers'' refers to the clade consisting of all conifers except for Pinaceae (see Burleigh and Mathews, 2004 ). ''Lepto. ferns'' refers to leptosporangiate ferns fig 2 from: Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, ''The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view'', American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.amjbot.org/content/91 /10/1437/F2.large.jpg | |
440,000,000 YBN 22 23 | 360) The Jawed fishes Class Osteichthyes {oS TE iK tE EZ10 }) evolves; Bony fishes, the ancestor of the ray-finned, lobe-fin, and lung fishes.11 12 Bony-fishes have a skeleton that is at least partly ossified or made of bone.13 14 The bony fishes are the ancestors of the tetrapods who will ultimately move onto land.15 The earliest bony fishes are the ray-finned fishes.16 17 The name ray is because their fins have a skeleton similar to a handheld fan.18 Most of the ray-finned fishes are known as teleosts, a very successful evolutionary line that exist in both salt and freshwater.19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 3. ^ "Osteichthyes." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 27 Dec. 2012. steichthyes>. 4. ^"bony fish." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthye s 5. ^ "bony fish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthye s 6. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p34. 7. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p34. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 9. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=42391 10. ^ "Osteichthyes." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 27 Dec. 2012. steichthyes>. 11. ^"bony fish." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthye s 12. ^ http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree .aspx?id=198858 13. ^ "bony fish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthye s 14. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p34. 15. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p34. 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 17. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=42391 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 21. ^ "bony fish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthye s 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN} 23. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p97. MORE INFO [1] "teleost." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/teleost | Ocean and fresh water20 21 |
[1] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. [2] A sturgeon (pt:esturjāo). esturgeon noir d'Amérique (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) http://images.fws.gov/ PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c2/Sturgeon2.jpg |
440,000,000 YBN 8 | 6172) The first lung evolves from the swim bladder in ray-finned fishes. Some teleosts still use their swim bladder for breathing out of water.5 Fishes that breathe with a lung evolve breathing through a completely different route than fishes that breathe air through their gill chamber.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN (guess based on ray-finned fish evolving} MORE INFO [1] Farmer, C.G. 1999. The evolution of the vertebrate cardio-pulmonary system. Annual Review of Physiology 61:573-592 http://biologylabs.utah.edu/ farmer/publications%20pdf/1999%20AnnuRev Physiol61.pdf | Ocean (presumably)7 |
[1] Image from: Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002. COPYRIGHTED source: Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002. [2] Earliest fish with lung in existance?[t] Nile Bichir (Polypterus bichir bichir) from Günther, A.C.L.G., 1880. An introduction to the study of fishes. Today & Tomorrow's Book Agency, New Delhi. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e8/Nile_bichir.png |
425,000,000 YBN 7 | 377) The Jawed fishes, Lobe-fin fishes evolve. Lobe-fin fishes have a fleshy lobe at the base of each fin.5 The earliest extant Lobe-fin fishes, the coelacanths evolve now.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=89942 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=42376 |
[1] Description Preserved specimen of chalumnae (Also known as Coelacanth [1]) in the Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria. Believed to have been extinct for 70 million years, this specimen was caught the 18 October of 1974, next to Salimani/Selimani (Grande Comore, Comoros Islands) 11°48′40.7″S 43°16′3.3″E Length: 170 cm - Weight: 60 kg Obtained by stiching 3 HiRes images and removing the background with image post-processing. Date August 2007 Source Own work Author Alberto Fernandez Fernandez GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fa/Latimeria_Chalumnae_- _Coelacanth_-_NHMW.jpg | |
420,000,000 YBN 14 15 16 17 | 6350) The Arthropod superclass7 Hexapoda {HeKSu-PODu8 or HeKSoPuDu9 } evolves (arthropods with six legs {3 pairs}, the ancestor of all insects).10 11 The closest relative of the Hexapods is most likely the Branchiopoda; the brine shrimps.12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter, "Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006, p781. http://books.google.com/books?id= LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter, "Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006, p781. http://books.google.com/books?id= LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 5. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter, "Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006, p781. http://books.google.com/books?id= LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781 6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 7. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=50557&lvl=3 &p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=g enome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlo ck 8. ^ "Hexapoda." eSpindle Learning. eSpindle, 2006. Answers.com 25 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/hexapoda-1 9. ^ "Hexapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 25 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/hexapoda-1 10. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter, "Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006, p781. http://books.google.com/books?id= LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781 11. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 12. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 13. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p66,116. 14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 15. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p66,116. 16. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 17. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 MORE INFO [1] Blaxter, Mark. “Evolutionary Biology: Sum of the Arthropod Parts.” Nature 413.6852 (2001): 121–122. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v413/n6852/full/413121a0.html | earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Scotland13 |
[1] Description Protura specimen, taken under stereo microscope (40x). Acerentomon sp. Date 7 December 2008, 03:13 Source Protura Uploaded by Richard001 Author Gregor ?nidar CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/bc/Protura_specimen_(Ace rentomon_species)_micrograph.jpg [2] Description English: Campodea staphylinus, a dipluran. Photo by Michel Vuijlsteke. Taken on May 9, 2006 at 4.09pm CEST in Gent, Belgium. Date 2007-07-08 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Mvuijlst at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2e/Diplura.jpg |
418,000,000 YBN 8 | 6431) The Chelicerata Class Arachnida3 {araK-niDe4 } evolves (the Arachnids: the ancestor of all scorpions, spiders, mites and ticks5 ).6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=6843&lvl=3 &lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 2. ^ DUNLOP, JASON A., O. ERIK TETLIE, and LORENZO PRENDINI. 2008. �REINTERPRETATION OF THE SILURIAN SCORPION PROSCORPIUS OSBORNI (WHITFIELD): INTEGRATING DATA FROM PALAEOZOIC AND RECENT SCORPIONS.� Palaeontology 51 (2): 303�320. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x. h ttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.111 1/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x/full 3. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6854&lvl=3& lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 4. ^ "Arachnida." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/arachnida 5. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=6843&lvl=3 &lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 6. ^ DUNLOP, JASON A., O. ERIK TETLIE, and LORENZO PRENDINI. 2008. �REINTERPRETATION OF THE SILURIAN SCORPION PROSCORPIUS OSBORNI (WHITFIELD): INTEGRATING DATA FROM PALAEOZOIC AND RECENT SCORPIONS.� Palaeontology 51 (2): 303�320. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x. h ttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.111 1/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x/full 7. ^ DUNLOP, JASON A., O. ERIK TETLIE, and LORENZO PRENDINI. 2008. �REINTERPRETATION OF THE SILURIAN SCORPION PROSCORPIUS OSBORNI (WHITFIELD): INTEGRATING DATA FROM PALAEOZOIC AND RECENT SCORPIONS.� Palaeontology 51 (2): 303�320. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x. h ttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.111 1/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x/full 8. ^ DUNLOP, JASON A., O. ERIK TETLIE, and LORENZO PRENDINI. 2008. �REINTERPRETATION OF THE SILURIAN SCORPION PROSCORPIUS OSBORNI (WHITFIELD): INTEGRATING DATA FROM PALAEOZOIC AND RECENT SCORPIONS.� Palaeontology 51 (2): 303�320. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x. h ttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.111 1/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x/full MORE INFO [1] Shear, W. A. 2000. Gigantocharinus szatmaryi, a new trigonotarbid arachnid from the Late Devonian of North America (Chelicerata, Arachinida, Trigonotarbida). J. Paleont. 74(1): 25-31 [2] Parry, S.F.; Noble S.R., Crowley Q.G. & Wellman C.H. (2011). "A high-precision U–Pb age constraint on the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications". Journal of the Geological Society (London: Geological Society) 168 (4): 863–872. doi:10.1144/0016-76492010-043. http: //jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/168/4/ 863.abstract [3] Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p96-97 | earliest fossils: ("Bertie Waterlime" of) NY, USA7 |
[1] Description Proscorpius osborni fossil. The Eurypterida of New York. Volume 2. New York State Museum Memoir 14, plate 88 Date 1912 Source California/Google Books Author John Mason Clarke (1857-1925) and Rudolf Ruedemann (1864-1956) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/15/The_Eurypterida_of_Ne w_York_plate_88.jpg [2] Description The Eurypterida of New York. Volume 1. New York State Museum Memoir 14, figure 81-83 Date 1912 Source Google Books Author John Mason Clarke (1857-1925) and Rudolf Ruedemann (1864-1956) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/ef/The_Eurypterida_of_Ne w_York_figure_81-83.jpg |
417,000,000 YBN 4 5 | 378) The Lobefin fishes, Lungfishes evolve.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=42316&tree=0.1 |
[1] Description English: Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri) Date Source Picure taken by Tannin (from English wikipedia) Author User:Tannin GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/61/Australian-Lungfish.j pg [2] Description English: Lateral view of lungs of a dissected Protopterus dolloi Date 2007ish (15 February 2009 (original upload date)) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia (Original text : Photo from lab dissection at U. of Cincinnati) Author Mokele (talk). Original uploader was Mokele at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/ae/Lungs_of_Protopterus_ dolloi.JPG | |
416,000,000 YBN 7 | 123) The end of the Silurian (443.7-416 mybn), and start of the Devonian {DiVONEiN5 } (416-359.2 mybn) Period.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Devonian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/devonian 2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 3. ^ "Devonian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/devonian 4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 5. ^ "Devonian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/devonian 6. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 7. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 430 Ma - Early Silurian UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/430 _Silurian_2globes.jpg | |
416,000,000 YBN 16 17 18 19 | 6352) The Hexapod Class Insecta10 11 evolves: the insects.12 13 The insects are the most diverse organisms known, having nearly one million named species, which is over half of all named species on Earth.14 The most primitive living insect Order Archaeognatha, the Bristletails evolves now.15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 2. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 3. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 5. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 8. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 10. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=50557&lvl=3 &p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=g enome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlo ck 11. ^ http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree .aspx?id=17192&tree=0.1 12. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 13. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p1-3. 15. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA148 16. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 17. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 18. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p250-254. 19. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql 6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA1 |
[1] Description Français : Groupe de Petrobius maritimus sur falaise supralittorale, Toull ar C'Hrabanoù, Goulien, Finistère, Bretagne, France Date 2 June 2010 Source Own work Author Jymm PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a4/Petrobius_maritimus_2 010-06-02.jpg [2] Description Archaeognatha: Machilidae, collected from Anglesey, UK Date 2006-12-28 Source Own work (own photo) Author User:Stemonitis Permission (Reusing this file) CC Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/Archaeognatha.jpg | |
410,000,000 YBN 3 | 6363) The Insect Order Zygentoma {ZIGeNTOmu} evolves: Silverfish.2 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146,150-151,154 2. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146,150-151,154 3. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146,150-151,154 |
[1] Thysanura is an order of insects, encompassing silverfish and firebrats, Description Silberfischchen, Lepisma saccharina Date Source from the http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Silber fischchen.jpg German wiki; taken with Canon EOS 300D Author Sebastian Stabinger GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/54/Silberfischchen.jpg [2] Image from: David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, ''Evolution of the Insects'', 2005, p144. COPYRIGHTED source: David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146 | |
400,000,000 YBN 23 24 25 26 27 | 227) The largest Fungi phylum "Ascomycota" {aS-KO-mI-KO-Tu16 } evolves (the ancestor of yeasts, truffles, Penicillium, and morels {mu-reLZ17 }).18 19 20 The Ascomycota account for approximately 75% of all described fungi.21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomy cota&submit=Submit 2. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/morel 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomy cota&submit=Submit 7. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/morel 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomy cota&submit=Submit 12. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/morel 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomy cota&submit=Submit 17. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/morel 18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 19. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 21. ^ http://tolweb.org/Ascomycota/20521 22. ^ T. N. Taylor, H. Hass & H. Kerp, "The oldest fossil ascomycetes", Nature 399, 648 (17 June 1999), doi:10.1038/21349 http://www.nature.com /nature/journal/v399/n6737/full/399648a0 .html 23. ^ T. N. Taylor, H. Hass & H. Kerp, "The oldest fossil ascomycetes", Nature 399, 648 (17 June 1999), doi:10.1038/21349 http://www.nature.com /nature/journal/v399/n6737/full/399648a0 .html 24. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 25. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1009my) 26. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1140my) 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my) MORE INFO [1] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142 | earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Aberdeenshire, Scotland22 |
[1] white truffle cutted photographed by myself GNU head Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ''Text of the GNU Free Documentation License.'' source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fd/Truffle_washed_and_cu tted.jpg [2] EColi-Scerevisiae.jpg (50KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Wikimedia Commons logo This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. The description on its description page there is shown below. Escherichia coli (little forms) & Saccharomyces cerevisiae (big forms) by MEB Public domain This file has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. brewer's yeast/baker's yeast source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:EColi-Scerevisiae.jpg |
400,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 | 237) The Vascular plants ferns evolve (the ancestor of club mosses, ferns and horsetails).6 Ferns are flowerless, seedless vascular plants that have roots, stems, and fronds (the leaf-like part of a fern7 ), and reproduce by spores.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 4. ^ "frond." Taylor's Dictionary for Gardeners. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frond 5. ^ "fern." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/fern 6. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 7. ^ "frond." Taylor's Dictionary for Gardeners. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frond 8. ^ "fern." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/fern 9. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110. 10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c390 (360 for living species) 11. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390) 12. ^ Taylor, Thomas N.; Edith L. Taylor. (1993). The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 332–334. ISBN 0-13-651589-4. MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full (318mybn) [2] Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (350mybn) |
[1] Fig. 2. Chronogram showing estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among the major groups of extant land plants. The estimate of relationships is synthesized from the following papers in this issue: Burleigh and Mathews (2004) , Pryer et al. (2004) , Shaw and Renzaglia (2004) , and Soltis and Soltis (2004) . Divergence time estimates are mostly based on analyses of molecular data with fossil constraints (Wikström et al., 2001 ; Pryer et al., 2004 ) and are augmented by fossil evidence (Kenrick and Crane, 1997 ; Wellman et al., 2003 ). Estimates of the number of species in each group are from Judd et al. (2002) and W. S. Judd (personal communication). Groups covered by a particular article in this special issue are circled and connected to the names of the article's authors. ''Other conifers'' refers to the clade consisting of all conifers except for Pinaceae (see Burleigh and Mathews, 2004 ). ''Lepto. ferns'' refers to leptosporangiate ferns fig 2 from: Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, ''The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view'', American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.amjbot.org/content/91 /10/1437/F2.large.jpg [2] Fig. 2. Chronogram showing estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among the major groups of extant land plants. The estimate of relationships is synthesized from the following papers in this issue: Burleigh and Mathews (2004) , Pryer et al. (2004) , Shaw and Renzaglia (2004) , and Soltis and Soltis (2004) . Divergence time estimates are mostly based on analyses of molecular data with fossil constraints (Wikström et al., 2001 ; Pryer et al., 2004 ) and are augmented by fossil evidence (Kenrick and Crane, 1997 ; Wellman et al., 2003 ). Estimates of the number of species in each group are from Judd et al. (2002) and W. S. Judd (personal communication). Groups covered by a particular article in this special issue are circled and connected to the names of the article's authors. ''Other conifers'' refers to the clade consisting of all conifers except for Pinaceae (see Burleigh and Mathews, 2004 ). ''Lepto. ferns'' refers to leptosporangiate ferns fig 2 from: Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, ''The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view'', American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.amjbot.org/content/91 /10/1437/F2.large.jpg | |
400,000,000 YBN 7 | 436) The Cartilaginous fishes Subclass: "Elasmobranchii" {elaZmOBrANKEE or I4 5 } evolve, (the ancestor of sharks, dogfishes, skates and rays).6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Elasmobranchii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/elasmobranc hii-1 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=elasmo branchii&submit=Submit 3. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p26-29. 4. ^ "Elasmobranchii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/elasmobranc hii-1 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=elasmo branchii&submit=Submit 6. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p26-29. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361. MORE INFO [1] "Sharks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharks [2] Prothero, D.R., and C.D. Buell. Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters. Columbia University Press, 2007 |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361. [2] Grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) Description Un gran tiburón surcando aguas oceánicas. Date 14 March 2004 Source Original image: Carcharhinus-amblyrynchos.jpg by Fbattail at fr.wikipedia, March 14, 2004 cropped image: Greyreefsharksmall.jpg by Chris huh at en.wikipedia, August 29. 2006 Transfered to Commons by Harryemi, September 21, 2008 Author original author is Fbattail , the image is cropped by Chris huh GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/bb/Tibur%C3%B3n.jpg | |
395,000,000 YBN 3 | 6429) The Green Algae Charophytes evolve (Stoneworts).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110. 2. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110. 3. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110. |
[1] Description English: The stoneworts alga Chara globularis (Syn.: Chara fragilis; Characeae). Deutsch: Habitus der Zerbrechlichen Armleuchteralge (Chara globularis; Syn.: Chara fragilis). Bild mit Flachbettscanner angefertigt. Date October 2005 Source Own work. Location: North-eastern Lower Saxony, Germany. Author Christian Fischer CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/cf/CharaFragilis.jpg [2] Description English: The stoneworts alga Chara globularis (Syn.: Chara fragilis; Characeae). Deutsch: Habitus der Zerbrechlichen Armleuchteralge (Chara globularis; Syn.: Chara fragilis); drapiert in einem mit Wasser gefüllten Teller und senkrecht von oben fotografiert. Diese Art ist die wohl häufigste Armleuchteralge in Deutschland (bei regionalen Unterschieden) – die meisten anderen Arten stehen auf der Roten Liste, einige sind extrem selten. Date 2 July 2011 Source Own work. Location: North-eastern Lower Saxony, Germany. Author Christian Fischer CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CharaGlobularis .jpg/833px-CharaGlobularis.jpg | |
395,000,000 YBN 12 13 | 6430) The earliest fungi lichen {lIKiN6 }.7 A lichen is a fungus, usually of the class Ascomycetes {aSKOmISETS8 }, that grows symbiotically with algae and cyanobacteria9 , resulting in a composite organism that characteristically forms a crustlike or branching growth on rocks or tree trunks.10 Lichens have a planet-wide distribution and thrive in some of the Earth's harshest environments, such as polar regions, deserts, and high mountains.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "lichen." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 08 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lichen 2. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110. 3. ^ "Ascomycetes." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. scomycetes>. 4. ^ Willis and McElwain, "The Evolution of Plants", 2002, p45. 5. ^ "lichen." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lichen 6. ^ "lichen." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 08 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lichen 7. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110. 8. ^ "Ascomycetes." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. scomycetes>. 9. ^ Willis and McElwain, "The Evolution of Plants", 2002, p45. 10. ^ "lichen." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lichen 11. ^ "lichen." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lichen 12. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110. 13. ^ Taylor, T. N. et al. “The Oldest Fossil Lichen.” Nature 378.6554 (1995): 244–244. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v378/n6554/abs/378244a0.html MORE INFO [1] "lichen." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 27 Dec. 2012. ichen> |
[1] Xanthoparmelia cf. lavicola, a foliose lichen, on basalt. Photograph of lichen on basalt taken at Ulupo, Kailua, O'ahu, Hawai'i by Eric Guinther (Marshman at en.wikipedia) and released under the GNU Free Documentation License. first upload en.wikipedia 23:52, 23 September 2003 . . Marshman (185124 bytes) (Lichen photograph) GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2c/Lichen_squamulose.jpg [2] Fig 1 from: Taylor, T. N. et al. “The Oldest Fossil Lichen.” Nature 378.6554 (1995): 244–244. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v378/n6554/abs/378244a0.html C OPYRIGHTED source: Taylor, T. N. et al. “The Oldest Fossil Lichen.” Nature 378.6554 (1995): 244–244. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v378/n6554/abs/378244a0.html | |
392,000,000 YBN 11 12 | 359) The Cartilaginous fishes Infraclass7 : "Selachii" {SelAKEE8 or I9 } evolves, (the ancestor of all sharks: includes great white, hammerhead, mako, tiger and nurse sharks).10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selach ii&submit=Submit 2. ^ "Selachii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/selachii-2 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selach ii&submit=Submit 5. ^ "Selachii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/selachii-2 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=119203&lvl= 3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selach ii&submit=Submit 9. ^ "Selachii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/selachii-2 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Prothero, D.R., and C.D. Buell. Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters. Columbia University Press, 2007, p198. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {190 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selach imorpha&submit=Submit |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361. [2] Grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) Description Un gran tiburón surcando aguas oceánicas. Date 14 March 2004 Source Original image: Carcharhinus-amblyrynchos.jpg by Fbattail at fr.wikipedia, March 14, 2004 cropped image: Greyreefsharksmall.jpg by Chris huh at en.wikipedia, August 29. 2006 Transfered to Commons by Harryemi, September 21, 2008 Author original author is Fbattail , the image is cropped by Chris huh GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/bb/Tibur%C3%B3n.jpg | |
392,000,000 YBN 7 | 437) The Cartilaginous fishes Subclass: "Holocephali" {HoloSeFolE or I4 } evolves, (the ancestor of the chimaeras {KiMERoZ5 } also called rabbit-fishes or ratfishes).6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holoce phali&submit=Submit 2. ^ "chimaera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. himaera>. 3. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p26-29. 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holoce phali&submit=Submit 5. ^ "chimaera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. himaera>. 6. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002, p26-29. 7. ^ Prothero, D.R., and C.D. Buell. Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters. Columbia University Press, 2007, p198. MORE INFO [1] "Sharks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharks [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361 [3] "Holocephali." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/holocephali -2 |
[1] Description Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) observed off Pt Pinos during a sanctuary seafloor monitoring survey using the Delta submersible. Date 13 August 2004 Source http://www.mbnms-simon.org/other/photos /photo_info.php?photoID=1307 Author Linda Snook / MBNMS Permission (Reusing this file) All SIMoN photos and video are in the public domain and CANNOT be copyrighted. Although at present, no fee is charged for using the media. Credit MUST be given to the photographer or other source as stated with the photo metadata. [1] PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f9/Hydrolagus_colliei.jp g [2] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361. | |
386,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 | 406) The Arachnids Spiders evolve.1 2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Paul A. Selden, William A. Shear & Patricia M. Bonamo (1991). "A spider and other arachnids from the Devonian of New York, and reinterpretations of Devonian Araneae" . Palaeontology 34: 241–281. http://homepage.mac.com/paul selden/Sites/Website/Attercopus.pdf 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p111. 3. ^ Paul A. Selden, William A. Shear & Patricia M. Bonamo (1991). "A spider and other arachnids from the Devonian of New York, and reinterpretations of Devonian Araneae" . Palaeontology 34: 241–281. http://homepage.mac.com/paul selden/Sites/Website/Attercopus.pdf 4. ^ Selden, Paul A., William A. Shear, and Mark D. Sutton. “Fossil Evidence for the Origin of Spider Spinnerets, and a Proposed Arachnid Order.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.52 (2008): 20781 –20785. http://www.pnas.org/content/1 05/52/20781.full 5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p111. | earliest fossils: (Givetian of) Gilboa, New York, USA3 |
[1] Fig. 1. Attercopus fimbriunguis, Devonian of New York (localities: G, Gilboa; SM, South Mountain), macerated from matrix with HF and slide-mounted. (A) First-described “spinneret,” G 334.1b.34; darkness of cuticle reflects number of layers, so this fragment is folded over twice. (B) Palpal femur, SM 1.11.12; arrow indicates patch of distinctive spinules. (C) Piece of cuticle from corner of opisthosomal ventral plate showing setae, spigots, and possible silk strand, SM 1.11.4. (D) Close-up of E showing possible silk strand emerging from spigot shaft, SM 1.11.4. (E) Flagellar structure with 12 segments (including possible distalmost) from original Gilboa locality; segments show distal collars and setae, G 334.1a.4. (F) Close-up of cheliceral fang showing a number of holes (arrowed), the most distal of which had been interpreted as a venom-gland opening, G 329.22.9. (Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except F, 0.25 mm.) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.pnas.org/content/105/ 52/20781/F1.large.jpg [2] Permarachne novokshonovi, Permian of Russia, from the Kungurian c276mybn UNKNOWN source: http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_l y6ahnZoxc1qgxyxw.jpg |
385,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 | 405) The first forests. The earliest large tree fossils.9 10 The first progymnosperms (treelike plants), like Archaeopteris.11 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 5. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 7. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 9. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 10. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 11. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p111. 12. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 13. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html {385 mybn} 14. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p111. 15. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {380mybn} | earliest fossils: Gilboa, New York, USA12 |
[1] a, General view of the crown portion, showing longitudinal ranks of branch bases on the trunk proximally, and attached branches with digitate ramification and speckled surface pattern distally. Scale bar, 20 cm. b, Line drawing of the specimen as recovered including trunk and crown; the box shows the portion in a, and the arrow indicates the branch in c. Scale bar, 10 cm. c, Close-up of a distal branch showing speckled texture and lateral appendages. Scale bar, 20 mm. figure 1 from: William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, ''Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa'', Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html CO PYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v446/n7138/images/nature05705-f1.2. jpg [2] a, Composite image of large trunk specimen, a cast with upper and lower counterparts, NYSM 17040. Arrows at the distal end (top) correspond to the region in Fig. 3a; arrows at the proximal end (bottom) correspond to the region in Fig. 3b. b, Line drawing showing the architecture of Wattieza attached to Eospermatopteris. The length of the trunk is not firmly established, so the minimum tree height is shown. Light branches right, also in Fig. 1a right, appear in life position but are not definitively attached. Scale bar, 1 m for both panels. figure 2 from: William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, ''Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa'', Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html CO PYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v446/n7138/images/nature05705-f2.2. jpg |
385,000,000 YBN 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 | 411) The first flying animal, an arthropod insect, the ancestor of all winged insects (Pterygota {TARiGOTu22 }). The earliest extant winged insects are the Orders23 24 Ephemeroptera {eFeMeroPTRo25 }: Mayflies, and the Odonata {ODenoDo26 }: Dragonflies and Damselflies.27 28 29 Insect wings evolve only once, and all winged insects descend from the first winged insect.30 31 The development of wings may have helped early insects to escape predators32 and to move over larger distances to find new habitats33 . FOOTNO TES 1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 3. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pteryg ota&submit=Submit 5. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 6. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 7. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pteryg ota&submit=Submit 9. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 10. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 11. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pteryg ota&submit=Submit 13. ^ "Ephemeroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ephemeropte ra-1 14. ^ "Odonata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/odonata-1 15. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148-148. http://books.google.com/books ?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 16. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 17. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 18. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/pterygota.html 19. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 20. ^ Belayeva, "History of Insects" 2002, p81. 21. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p155. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA155 22. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pteryg ota&submit=Submit 23. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=30073&lvl=3 &lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 24. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6961&lvl=3& lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 25. ^ "Ephemeroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ephemeropte ra-1 26. ^ "Odonata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/odonata-1 27. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148-148. http://books.google.com/books ?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 28. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 29. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 30. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/pterygota.html 31. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 32. ^ Belayeva, "History of Insects" 2002, p81. 33. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p155. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA155 34. ^ Knecht, R. J., Engel, M. S., & Benner, J. S. (2011). Late carboniferous paleoichnology reveals the oldest full-body impression of a flying insect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 108 (16), 6515-6519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pn as.1015948108 35. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 36. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146 37. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p163. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA163 38. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142. 39. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 {324 MYBN} 40. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {315 MYBN} 41. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 42. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142. MORE INFO [1] Engel MS, Grimaldi DA (2004) New light shed on the oldest insect. Nature 427: 627–630 [2] Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge) [3] Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archoaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 [4] "Orthoptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/orthoptera- 1 [5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA159 | earliest fossils: (Wamsutta Formation) southeastern Massachusetts34 and Upper Silesian Basin, Czech Republic35 |
[1] English: A female subimago of March Brown (Rhithrogena germanica) of family Heptageniidae. Mayflies are insects which belong to the Order Ephemeroptera (from the Greek ephemeros, short-lived and pteron, wing, referring to the short life span of adults). They have been placed into an ancient group of insects termed the Paleoptera, which also contains the dragonflies and damselflies. They are aquatic insects whose immature stage (called naiad or, colloquially, nymph) usually lasts one year in fresh water. The rests on Rough Horsetail or Scouringrush Horsetail (Equisetum hyemale) Date 8 January 2008 Source Own work Author Richard Bartz, Munich aka Makro Freak Image:MFB.jpg CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/49/Rhithrogena_germanica _subimago_on_Equisetum_hyemale.jpg [2] FIGURE 2—Preliminary hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among major and interesting groups of living and extinct hexapods and basal pterygote Insecta. Numbers refer to synapomorphies (see Table 1); empty boxes are homoplasious synapomorphies. Some significant fossils are-CSCO-3h--F3.large denoted by circled letters (see Table 2), but many fossils are not listed for most groups. Thick lines indicate the approximate chronology of lineages. The number of lineages depicted for paraphyletic lineages (‘‘Protodonata,’’‘‘Protortho ptera,’’ Blattaria [Blattoptera]) are arbitrary, and simply indicate multiple, unresolved lineages. The names of orders with freshwater aquatic larvae are shaded (a presumed ancestral habit). Relationships are based on Kristensen (1975, 1991, 1999), Willmann (1997, 1999), Grimaldi (1997, for Dictyoptera), Engel and Grimaldi (2000, Zoraptera and related orders), and others. Figure 2 from: Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history .pdf COPYRIGHTED source: www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2 000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_hist ory.pdf |
375,000,000 YBN 16 17 18 19 20 | 380) The Jawed fishes superclass Tetrapoda {TeTC-ru-PoDu11 } evolves. The first tetrapods (vertebrates with four feet) evolve in fresh water.12 These are the first vertebrate limbs (arms and legs) and fingers.13 This is also the first amphibian, the ancestor of caecillians, frogs, toads, and salamanders.14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=tetrap oda&submit=Submit 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 13. ^ Ted Huntington. 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} {375(360+-15) mybn} 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. {340 mybn} 18. ^ P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298 - 301 (28 November 1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html {368 mybn (fossil} 19. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates /tetrapods/amphibfr.html {368 mybn (fossil} 20. ^ http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles /Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html {368 mybn (fossil} | Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)15 |
[1] Timeline of phylogeny of animals, figure 6 from: S. Blair Hedges, ''The origin and evolution of model organisms'', Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} a) The relationships and divergence times (millions of years ago (Mya) plusminus one standard error) of selected model animals are shown, based on recent multigene and multiprotein studies51, 61, 84. The fossil divergence time of birds and mammals (310 Mya) was used to calibrate the molecular clock. Branch lengths are not proportional to time. b ) The relationships and numbers of living species, from a diversity of sources in most of the main groups. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa l/v3/n11/images/nrg929-f6.jpg [2] Reconstructions of (a) Acanthostega and (b) Ichthyostega, from Benton, 1997. COPYRIGHTED source: http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Pal aeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/amphibpic s/ichthyostega.jpg |
367,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 408) The late Devonian mass extinction caused by an ice age.3 70% of all species go extinct. This includes 3 of 5 trilobite orders, 90% of brachiopod genera, and major loss of reefs.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 4. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p111. 5. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 {367 mybn} 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {360 mybn} MORE INFO [1] David Jablonski, "Lessons from the Past: Evolutionary Impacts of Mass Extinctions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 98, No. 10 (May 8, 2001), pp. 5393-5398. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 3055638 |
[1] Description English: Antarctica: The blue ice covering Lake Fryxell, in the Transantarctic Mountains, comes from glacial meltwater from the Canada Glacier and other smaller glaciers. The freshwater stays on top of the lake and freezes, sealing in briny water below. http://photolibrary.usap.gov/Por tscripts/PortWeb.dll?query&field1=Filena me&op1=matches&value=LakeFryxell.jpg&cat alog=Antarctica&template=ShowMidThumbs Français : Antarctique: La glace bleue couvrant le Lac Fryxell, dans la Chaîne Transantarctique, vient des eaux de fonte du Glacier Canada et d'autres glaciers plus petits. L'eau fraîche se trouve au sommet du lac et gèle, scellant une eau saumâtre située en-dessous. Date 10 December 2002 Source From Antarctic Photo Library: LAKEFRYXELL.JPG Author Joe Mastroianni, National Science Foundation PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fryxellsee_Opt. jpg/1280px-Fryxellsee_Opt.jpg [2] Description Deutsch: Der Vulkan Mount Erebus, Antarktika. English: Mount Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica. Español: Monte Erebus, Isla Ross,Antártida Français : Le mont Erebus, île de Ross, Antarctique. Türkçe: Erebus Dağı, Antarktika Русский: Вулкан Эребус, Антарктида Date 1972 Source U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Author Richard Waitt, U.S. Geological Survey Permission (Reusing this file) PD-US Other versions Image:Mt Erebus (original).jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/4e/Mt_erebus.jpg | |
363,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 379) The first vertebrates live on land (an amphibian).5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 7. ^ http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles /Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html {363mybn} 8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates /tetrapods/tetrafr.html {360mybn} MORE INFO [1] P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298 - 301 (28 November 1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html [2] http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates /tetrapods/amphibfr.html | Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)6 |
[1] Yes, it's time for the Palaeozoic scenes of Life before Man. Or some of them, anyway - if you really want to see a load of trilobites, you're probably Richard Fortey, and I will ignore any comments that claim otherwise. (Also, I can't include everything - otherwise we'd have to rename this blog Love in the Time of Burian, which sounds a bit rubbish.) My bias is most definitely towards vertebrates and, in particular, tetrapods, and the below scene - featuring Ichthyostega - marks their first appearance in the book. This painting is perhaps unique in this book as it combines the elements of the animal-free landscapes with, well, some animals. Burian's skill is in making this scene, filled as it is with flora so utterly different to what we are accustomed to seeing today, look as if he just took a casual stroll out into the country to paint it. UNKNOWN source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zdvegv 1Fny4/UCk-Z929irI/AAAAAAAABM8/_7c21BO7T1 s/s1600/Ichthyostega.jpg [2] Timeline of phylogeny of animals, figure 6 from: S. Blair Hedges, ''The origin and evolution of model organisms'', Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} a) The relationships and divergence times (millions of years ago (Mya) plusminus one standard error) of selected model animals are shown, based on recent multigene and multiprotein studies51, 61, 84. The fossil divergence time of birds and mammals (310 Mya) was used to calibrate the molecular clock. Branch lengths are not proportional to time. b ) The relationships and numbers of living species, from a diversity of sources in most of the main groups. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa l/v3/n11/images/nrg929-f6.jpg |
360,000,000 YBN 38 39 40 41 42 | 226) The second largest Fungi phylum, "Basidiomycota" {Bo-SiDEO-mI-KO-Tu25 } evolves (the ancestor of many mushrooms: button, chanterelle {saNTRreL26 }, cremini {KremENE27 }, enoki {inoKE28 }, fly agaric {uGaRiK29 }, oyster, porcino {PORCEnO 30 }, portabella, psilocybe, puffball, shiitake {sEToKE31 }, woodear, rusts, and club fungi).32 33 34 The Basidiomycota phylum contains 37% of the described species of Fungi35 and all produce basidia, which are the cells on which sexual spores are produced.36 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidi omycota&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidi omycota&submit=Submit 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chante relle&submit=Submit 7. ^ "cremini." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cremini 8. ^ "enoki?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/e noki?s=t 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=agaric &submit=Submit 10. ^ "porcino." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/porcino 11. ^ "shiitake." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/shiitake 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 13. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidi omycota&submit=Submit 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chante relle&submit=Submit 17. ^ "cremini." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cremini 18. ^ "enoki?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/e noki?s=t 19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=agaric &submit=Submit 20. ^ "porcino." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/porcino 21. ^ "shiitake." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/shiitake 22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 23. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 25. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidi omycota&submit=Submit 26. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chante relle&submit=Submit 27. ^ "cremini." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cremini 28. ^ "enoki?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/e noki?s=t 29. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=agaric &submit=Submit 30. ^ "porcino." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/porcino 31. ^ "shiitake." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/shiitake 32. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 33. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 34. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 35. ^ http://tolweb.org/Basidiomycota/20520 36. ^ http://tolweb.org/Basidiomycota/20520 37. ^ Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985) Studies of Paleozoic fungi. V. Wood-decaying fungi in Callixylon newberryi from the Upper Devonian. Am J Bot 72:1765–1774 http://paleobotany.bio.k u.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1985%5D%20Stubblef ield%20et%20al.-Wood%20decaying%20fungi% 20in%20Callixylon%20newberryi%20from%20t he%20Upper%20Devonian.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443734 38. ^ Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985) Studies of Paleozoic fungi. V. Wood-decaying fungi in Callixylon newberryi from the Upper Devonian. Am J Bot 72:1765–1774 http://paleobotany.bio.k u.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1985%5D%20Stubblef ield%20et%20al.-Wood%20decaying%20fungi% 20in%20Callixylon%20newberryi%20from%20t he%20Upper%20Devonian.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443734 39. ^ Michael Krings, Nora Dotzler, Jean Galtier and Thomas N. Taylor, "Oldest fossil basidiomycete clamp connections", Mycoscience, Volume 52, Number 1 (2011), 18-23, DOI: 10.1007/s10267-010-0065-4 http://www.sp ringerlink.com/content/725614321xj0604w/ 40. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968my) 41. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1210my) 42. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my) MORE INFO [1] "Basidiomycota". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomyco ta [2] McLAUGHLIN, DAVID J., ALAN BECKETT, and KWON S. YOON. “Ultrastructure and Evolution of Ballistosporic Basidiospores.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 91.1-2 (1985): 253–271. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c om/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb01149. x/abstract | earliest fossils: Indiana37 |
[1] Amanita muscaria (Homobasidiomycetes) source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Agaricales.jpg [2] Basidiomycete Life Cycle tjv source: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/ima ges/332/Basidiomycota/General_basidio/Ba sidiomycete_Life_Cycle_tjv.php?highres=t rue |
360,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | 6353) The Neoptera, folding wing insects evolve.6 A mechanism to fold the wings against the body after landing has a selective advantage by making the wings less conspicuous, awkward, and susceptible to breakage.7 The Neoptera are a very successful lineage and are the ancestors of all "higher" orders of insects.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 3. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 4. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/pterygota.html 5. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/pterygota.html 6. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 7. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/pterygota.html 8. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/pterygota.html 9. ^ Garwood, Russell, and Mark Sutton. “X-ray Micro-tomography of Carboniferous stem-Dictyoptera: New Insights into Early Insects.” Biology Letters 6.5 (2010): 699 –702. Print. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/6/5/699.full 10. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 11. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p191. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191 12. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/con tent/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 13. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143. 14. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 {324 MYBN} 15. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 16. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 17. ^ Garwood, Russell, and Mark Sutton. “X-ray Micro-tomography of Carboniferous stem-Dictyoptera: New Insights into Early Insects.” Biology Letters 6.5 (2010): 699 –702. Print. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/6/5/699.full MORE INFO [1] Video: Virtual fossil of Archimylacris eggintoni, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR-_nq2 UsOc | earliest fossils: (Archimylacris eggintoni, Coseley Lagerstätte) Staffordshire, UK9 |
[1] Stonefly in the genus Dinotoperla. Taken in Swifts Creek, Victoria in November 2007 GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e6/Stonefly_-_dinotoperl a.jpg [2] Nymph of unidentified stonefly Description Deutsch: Steinfliegenlarve Date 16 June 2006 Source Own work Author böhringer friedrich CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SteinfliegenLar ve2.JPG/1280px-SteinfliegenLarve2.JPG |
359,200,000 YBN 4 | 124) The end of the Devonian (416-359.2 mybn), and start of the Carboniferous (359.2-299 mybn) Period.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 3. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 370 Ma Middle Devonian UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/370 _Devonian_2globes.jpg | |
359,000,000 YBN 42 43 | 243) The first plant seed evolves; the ancestor of all seed plants.28 29 30 31 The earliest fossil seed is from a seed fern (Pteridosperm {TARiDOSPRM32 }).33 34 35 36 Pteridosperms are a group of extinct seed plants with fernlike leaves and naked seeds.37 Fossils indicate that the first seed evolves from an enclosing ring of vegetative lobes that fuse together.38 A seed can be described as an "integumented megasporangium". In the most primitive vascular plants, the spores are all the same size, but eventually gender evolves, producing small male "microspores" and larger female "megaspores". Then individual female megaspores are enclosed by a ring of vegetative lobes which form an integument or cover.39 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html 2. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 3. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401. 4. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper ms 5. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html 6. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 7. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401. 8. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper ms 9. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html 10. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 11. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401. 12. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper ms 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterid ospermae 14. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html 15. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 16. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401. 17. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper ms 18. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html 19. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 20. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401. 21. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper ms 22. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterid ospermae 23. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html 24. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 25. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401. 26. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper ms 27. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 28. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html 29. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 30. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401. 31. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper ms 32. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterid ospermae 33. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html 34. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 35. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401. 36. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper ms 37. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper ms 38. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 39. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 40. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 41. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>. 42. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 {359 MYBN (Lower Carboniferous} 43. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>. {359 MYBN (Lower Carboniferous} MORE INFO [1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms [2] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/412 3845 [3] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 (c320 (360 for living species) [4] Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation) [5] Dr. Singh, Dr. Pande & Dr. Jain, "Diversity and Systematics of Seed Plants", 2005. http://books.google.com/books?id= GTUgfghg80gC [6] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/412 3845 | earliest fossils: Scotland40 41 |
[1] Henry N. Andrews, ''Early Seed Plants'', Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711 577 [2] Fig. 2. Chronogram showing estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among the major groups of extant land plants. The estimate of relationships is synthesized from the following papers in this issue: Burleigh and Mathews (2004) , Pryer et al. (2004) , Shaw and Renzaglia (2004) , and Soltis and Soltis (2004) . Divergence time estimates are mostly based on analyses of molecular data with fossil constraints (Wikström et al., 2001 ; Pryer et al., 2004 ) and are augmented by fossil evidence (Kenrick and Crane, 1997 ; Wellman et al., 2003 ). Estimates of the number of species in each group are from Judd et al. (2002) and W. S. Judd (personal communication). Groups covered by a particular article in this special issue are circled and connected to the names of the article's authors. ''Other conifers'' refers to the clade consisting of all conifers except for Pinaceae (see Burleigh and Mathews, 2004 ). ''Lepto. ferns'' refers to leptosporangiate ferns fig 2 from: Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, ''The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view'', American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.amjbot.org/content/91 /10/1437/F2.large.jpg |
355,000,000 YBN 3 4 | 6410) Hearing in Amphibians adapts to sounds transmitted through the air. This is the beginning of vertebrates making vocal sounds.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ E G Wever and C Gans, "The caecilian ear: further observations", PNAS 1976 73 (10) 3744-3746. http://www.pnas.org/content/ 73/10/3744.abstract 2. ^ E G Wever and C Gans, "The caecilian ear: further observations", PNAS 1976 73 (10) 3744-3746. http://www.pnas.org/content/ 73/10/3744.abstract 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {325 MYBN} 4. ^ Roelants, K., Gower, D. J., Wilkinson, M., Loader, S. P., Biju, S. D., Guillaume, K., Moriau, L., & Bossuyt, F. (2007). Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104 (3), 887-892. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.060837810 4 {370 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Andrea E. Feller, S. Blair Hedges, Molecular Evidence for the Early History of Living Amphibians, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 9, Issue 3, June 1998, Pages 509-516, ISSN 1055-7903, DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1998.0500. (http://www.sci encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055 790398905000) [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=47210 [3] Peter M. Narins, Albert S. Feng, Richard R. Fay and Arthur N. Popper, "Hearing and Sound Communication in Amphibians", Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, Volume 28, 2006, DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-47796-1 http://www.sp ringer.com/life+sciences/animal+sciences /book/978-0-387-32521-7 |
[1] Figure 6.2 from: Peter M. Narins, Albert S. Feng, Richard R. Fay and Arthur N. Popper, ''Hearing and Sound Communication in Amphibians'', Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, Volume 28, 2006, DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-47796-1 http://www.sp ringerlink.com/content/l637813537l70704/ COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/l637813537l70704/ [2] Description Eocaecilia micropodia, an early caecilian from the Lower Jurassic of Arizona, pencil drawing Date 22 August 2007 Source Own work Author Nobu Tamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com www.palaeocritti.com Permission (Reusi ng this file) See below. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/27/Eocaecilia_BW.jpg | |
350,000,000 YBN 5 | 361) The Ray-finned fishes, Sturgeons and Paddlefish evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {350 MYBN} |
[1] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. [2] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. | |
350,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 16 17 18 | 6355) The Neoptera: Dictyoptera {DiKTEoPTRu10 } evolve (the ancestor of Cockroaches, Termites, and Mantises).11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dictyo ptera&submit=Submit 2. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143. 3. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dictyo ptera&submit=Submit 5. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143. 6. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dictyo ptera&submit=Submit 8. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143. 9. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dictyo ptera&submit=Submit 11. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143. 12. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 13. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 14. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p191. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191 15. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143. 16. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 {324 MYBN} 17. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/con tent/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 18. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283. MORE INFO [1] "orthopteran". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/433540/orthopteran/39576/Evoluti on-and-paleontology> |
[1] Description English: Juvenile, Madagascar hissing cockroach at the Atlanta Botanical Garden. Taken 9/23/2007. Date 25 September 2007 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper. Author Original uploader was Almabes at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released into the public domain (by the author). Other versions Derivative works of this file: Female Madagascar hissing cockroach2.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/46/Female_Madagascar_his sing_cockroach.JPG [2] Figure 4.11. German Cockroaches, Various Stages and Ages PD source: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/publicat ions/books/housing/Graphics/chapter_04/F igure4.11.jpg | |
340,000,000 YBN 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 | 384) The first hard-shell egg.22 The Tetrapods Amniota {aMnEOtu23 } evolve; the ancestor of all reptiles, mammals and birds and the first hard-shell egg.24 The hard-shell egg is waterproof.25 This is the start of vertebrate internal fertilization, because on land the egg cannot be fertilized as most fishes and amphibians do, by a male swimming near the eggs and spraying them with sperm. Amniote males and females must copulate {KoPYelAT26 } so that the sperm can reach the eggs inside the female.27 Amniotes (reptiles, mammals, and birds) are distinguished from non-amniote tetrapods (amphibians) by the presence of complex embryonic membranes. One of these, the amnion, gives its name to the group.28 All living amniotes lay hard-shelled eggs, except most mammals and some snakes and lizards, where egg laying has been replaced by live birth.29 The egg shell of amniotes may be flexible (like the eggs of many turtles and lizards) or mineralized and hard (like the eggs of birds, crocodiles and many tortoises).30 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=am niota&submit=Submit 3. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=am niota&submit=Submit 7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1 8. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=am niota&submit=Submit 11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234. 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=am niota&submit=Submit 16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ "copulate." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/copulate 19. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234. 20. ^ Benton MJ, 2010 Studying Function and Behavior in the Fossil Record. PLoS Biol 8(3): e1000321. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000321 21. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p163. 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 23. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=am niota&submit=Submit 24. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 26. ^ "copulate." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/copulate 27. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234. 28. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07 December 1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html 29. ^ Benton MJ, 2010 Studying Function and Behavior in the Fossil Record. PLoS Biol 8(3): e1000321. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000321 30. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p163. 31. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07 December 1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html 32. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17, 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17 /us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found -in-scotland.html 33. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p232. 34. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07 December 1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html {338 MYBN (oldest reptil fossil} 35. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17, 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17 /us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found -in-scotland.html {338 MYBN (oldest reptil fossil} 36. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN} 37. ^ "Eryops". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryops {295 MYBN (verify} 38. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree", 2009. 39. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/24/1/26.abstract MORE INFO [1] Romer, Alfred Sherwood, Price, Llewellyn Ivor, "The oldest vertebrate egg", Am J Sci 1939 237: 826-829. http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/c ontent/abstract/237/11/826?maxtoshow=&hi ts=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=The+oldest+ve rtebrate+egg&andorexacttitle=and&andorex acttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&s earchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevanc e&resourcetype=HWCIT [2] Karl F. Hirsch, "The Oldest Vertebrate Egg?", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1979), pp. 1068-1084. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 1304086 [3] Robert R. Reisz, Johannes Müller, Molecular timescales and the fossil record: a paleontological perspective, Trends in Genetics, Volume 20, Issue 5, 1 May 2004, Pages 237-241, ISSN 0168-9525, 10.1016/j.tig.2004.03.007. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 168952504000757) [4] "fenestrae." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012. enestrae> [5] "orbit." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012. rbit> | earliest fossils: Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland31 32 |
[1] Figure 2 from: [t Note that this egg is only of Permian age: 299-251 mybn] Karl F. Hirsch, ''The Oldest Vertebrate Egg?'', Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1979), pp. 1068-1084. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 1304086 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1304 086 [2] Prothero, ''Bringing Fossils To Life'', 2004. COPYRIGHTED source: Prothero, "Bringing Fossils To Life", 2004. COPYRIGHTED |
335,000,000 YBN 20 21 | 6331) The Amniota divide into the Sauropsida {SOR-roP-SiDu14 } and the Synapsida {Si-naP-Si-Du15 }.16 The Sauropsida have two major lineages: the Parareptilia (turtles) and the Eureptilia (dinosaurs, crocodiles and birds).17 The Synapsids also have two major lineages: the pelycosaurs (which are sail-backed amniotes) and the therapsids (which are mammal-like amniotes).18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=saurop sida&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=synaps ida&submit=Submit 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108. 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=saurop sida&submit=Submit 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=synaps ida&submit=Submit 6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108. 7. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108-109. 8. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119. 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=saurop sida&submit=Submit 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=synaps ida&submit=Submit 11. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108. 12. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108-109. 13. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119. 14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=saurop sida&submit=Submit 15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=synaps ida&submit=Submit 16. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108. 17. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108-109. 18. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119. 19. ^ Carroll, R.L., 1964, The ear1iest reptiles: Jour. Linn. Soc (Zool.), v. 45, p. 61-83. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1964.tb00488.x/ab stract 20. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p232. 21. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/24/1/26.abstract MORE INFO [1] Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p271 [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p263 [3] Reisz RR. Pelycosaurian reptiles from the Middle Pennsylvanian of North America. Bull Mus Comp Zool Harv 1972;144:27-62. http://digitool.library .mcgill.ca/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object _id=47789&local_base=GEN01-MCG02 [4] "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile | earliest possible Synapsid fossils: (Cumberland group, Joggins formation) Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada19 |
[1] Prothero, ''Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters'', 2007, p232. COPYRIGHTED source: Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p232. [2] Prothero, ''Bringing Fossils To Life'', 2004. COPYRIGHTED source: Prothero, "Bringing Fossils To Life", 2004. COPYRIGHTED |
330,000,000 YBN 11 | 6307) The Synapsids Pelycosauria {PeLiKuSOREu7 } evolve (the ancestor of Edaphosaurus {eDaFoSORuS8 } and Dimetrodon).9 The most notable feature in some species of Pelycosaur is a broad "sail" along the back.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Pelycosaur." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012. elycosaur>. 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=edapho saurus&submit=Submit 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122. 4. ^ "Pelycosaur." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012. elycosaur>. 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=edapho saurus&submit=Submit 6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122. 7. ^ "Pelycosaur." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012. elycosaur>. 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=edapho saurus&submit=Submit 9. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122. 10. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122. 11. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122. |
[1] Description This just might be a depiction of Edaphosaurus pogonias, to make a guess from the title. If you know more about this image, please place a good description here. Date 2007-04-30 (original upload date) Source Originally from ru.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was ДиБгд at ru.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain; PD-ART. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7d/Edaphosaurus_pogonias .jpg [2] Kardong, ''Vertebrates'', 2002. COPYRIGHTED source: Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002. COPYRIGHTED | |
325,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 381) The earliest extant Amphibians: Caecilians evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {325 MYBN} 6. ^ Roelants, K., Gower, D. J., Wilkinson, M., Loader, S. P., Biju, S. D., Guillaume, K., Moriau, L., & Bossuyt, F. (2007). Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104 (3), 887-892. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.060837810 4 {370 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Andrea E. Feller, S. Blair Hedges, Molecular Evidence for the Early History of Living Amphibians, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 9, Issue 3, June 1998, Pages 509-516, ISSN 1055-7903, DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1998.0500. (http://www.sci encedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055 790398905000) |
[1] Description Eocaecilia micropodia, an early caecilian from the Lower Jurassic of Arizona, pencil drawing Date 22 August 2007 Source Own work Author Nobu Tamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com www.palaeocritti.com Permission (Reusi ng this file) See below. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/27/Eocaecilia_BW.jpg [2] Figure 1 from: Roelants, K., Gower, D. J., Wilkinson, M., Loader, S. P., Biju, S. D., Guillaume, K., Moriau, L., & Bossuyt, F. (2007). Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104 (3), 887-892. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.060837810 4 COPYRIGHTED source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0 608378104 | |
320,000,000 YBN 28 29 30 31 32 | 238) The seed plants: Gymnosperms evolve.19 Gymnosperms are the earliest surviving seed plants, and ancestor of all Cycads, Ginkgos and the Conifers20 21 ).22 23 The most primitive extant Gymnosperms, the Cycads evolve now.24 Gymnosperm is Greek for "Naked Seed".25 A gymnosperm reproduces by a seed that is in direct contact with the environment, as opposed to an angiosperm (a flowering plant) whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries, or fruits.26 27 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer 2. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/412 3845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 5. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer 6. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/412 3845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/412 3845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 10. ^ "gymnosperm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm 11. ^ "spermatophyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/spermatophy te-1 12. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper ms 13. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 { Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 14. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/412 3845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 16. ^ "gymnosperm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm 17. ^ "gymnosperm." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm 18. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta 19. ^ "gymnosperm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm 20. ^ "spermatophyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/spermatophy te-1 21. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper ms 22. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 { Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 23. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 24. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/412 3845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 25. ^ "gymnosperm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm 26. ^ "gymnosperm." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm 27. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta 28. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008. 29. ^ Norstog K, Nicholls TJ. 1997.The biology of cycads. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 30. ^ Pant, D.D., R. Osborne, and Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany. An Introduction to Gymnosperms, Cycas, and Cycadales. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 2002. BSIP Monograph. http://books.google.com/book s?ei=twN6UJqpA5D2qQGvhYHoAQ 31. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 { Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} (c320 (360 for living species) 32. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation) MORE INFO [1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms [2] Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html [3] Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 11577 [4] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Overview/ 3213.htm |
[1] Fig. 2. Chronogram showing estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among the major groups of extant land plants. The estimate of relationships is synthesized from the following papers in this issue: Burleigh and Mathews (2004) , Pryer et al. (2004) , Shaw and Renzaglia (2004) , and Soltis and Soltis (2004) . Divergence time estimates are mostly based on analyses of molecular data with fossil constraints (Wikström et al., 2001 ; Pryer et al., 2004 ) and are augmented by fossil evidence (Kenrick and Crane, 1997 ; Wellman et al., 2003 ). Estimates of the number of species in each group are from Judd et al. (2002) and W. S. Judd (personal communication). Groups covered by a particular article in this special issue are circled and connected to the names of the article's authors. ''Other conifers'' refers to the clade consisting of all conifers except for Pinaceae (see Burleigh and Mathews, 2004 ). ''Lepto. ferns'' refers to leptosporangiate ferns fig 2 from: Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, ''The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view'', American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.amjbot.org/content/91 /10/1437/F2.large.jpg [2] Fig. 2. Chronogram showing estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among the major groups of extant land plants. The estimate of relationships is synthesized from the following papers in this issue: Burleigh and Mathews (2004) , Pryer et al. (2004) , Shaw and Renzaglia (2004) , and Soltis and Soltis (2004) . Divergence time estimates are mostly based on analyses of molecular data with fossil constraints (Wikström et al., 2001 ; Pryer et al., 2004 ) and are augmented by fossil evidence (Kenrick and Crane, 1997 ; Wellman et al., 2003 ). Estimates of the number of species in each group are from Judd et al. (2002) and W. S. Judd (personal communication). Groups covered by a particular article in this special issue are circled and connected to the names of the article's authors. ''Other conifers'' refers to the clade consisting of all conifers except for Pinaceae (see Burleigh and Mathews, 2004 ). ''Lepto. ferns'' refers to leptosporangiate ferns fig 2 from: Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, ''The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view'', American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.amjbot.org/content/91 /10/1437/F2.large.jpg | |
320,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 6356) The Neoptera Order4 : Orthoptera evolves (the ancestor of crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, and walking sticks).5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p191. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191 2. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p191. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191 3. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p191. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191 4. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6993&lvl=3& lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 5. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p191. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191 6. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p191. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191 7. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/con tent/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 8. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p208. MORE INFO [1] "orthopteran". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/433540/orthopteran/39576/Evoluti on-and-paleontology> [2] http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/orthopteroids.html#A |
[1] African Field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus at Bristol Zoo, Bristol, England. Photographed by Adrian Pingstone in February 2005 and released to the public domain. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/2/27/African.field.c ricket.arp.jpg/1200px-African.field.cric ket.arp.jpg [2] Description grasshopper Source self made Date unknown Author Stephen Friedt PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Grasshopper_%2827%29 .JPG/1280px-Grasshopper_%2827%29.JPG | |
317,000,000 YBN 33 34 35 36 37 | 385) The Sauropsid Class Reptilia {reP-TiL-E-u21 } evolves, the Reptiles; the ancestor of all turtles, crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs and birds22 .23 24 The class Reptilia is a group of air-breathing vertebrates that have internal fertilization, and scales covering part or all of their body.25 26 27 All reptiles are cold-blooded, except for birds28 , and possibly some or all pterosaurs29 and dinosaurs30 .31 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/24/1/26.abstract 6. ^ "reptile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 21 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/498684/reptile>. 7. ^ "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile 8. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p163. 9. ^ Douglas Palmer, "The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals", 1999, p59. 10. ^ "reptilia." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 May. 2013. eptilia>. 11. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/24/1/26.abstract 14. ^ "reptile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 21 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/498684/reptile>. 15. ^ "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile 16. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p163. 17. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p110-111. 18. ^ Peter Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p163-164. 19. ^ Robert Bakker, "The Dinosaur Heresies", 1986. 20. ^ "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile 21. ^ "reptilia." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 May. 2013. eptilia>. 22. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108. 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 24. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/24/1/26.abstract 25. ^ "reptile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 21 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/498684/reptile>. 26. ^ "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile 27. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p163. 28. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p110-111. 29. ^ Peter Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p163-164. 30. ^ Robert Bakker, "The Dinosaur Heresies", 1986. 31. ^ "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile 32. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/24/1/26.abstract 33. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What The Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2009, p232. 34. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07 December 1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html {338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil} 35. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17, 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17 /us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found -in-scotland.html {338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil} 36. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN} 37. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/24/1/26.abstract | earliest fossils: (Joggins Formation) Nova Scotia, Canada32 |
[1] from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. [2] Description English: Reptilia (reptiles), based on: File:Buberel cayman 3.jpg File:Crotalus adamanteus (5).jpg File:Karettschildkroete 01.jpg File:Henry at Invercargill.jpg All of them are either under a free licence already in Wikicommons or in the public domain Date 3/2/09 Source Compilation made by myself Author see respective profiles of photos PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/67/Reptiles.jpg |
314,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 22 23 | 240) The Gymnosperms Pinophyta {PInoFiTu11 } evolve (the ancestor of the Conifers: includes Pine, Fir, Spruce, Redwood, Cedar, Juniper, Hemlock, Larch, Yew, and Cypress.12 13 ).14 15 The oldest known living plants are found among the conifers, some estimated to be around 5000 years old.16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinoph yta&submit=Submit 2. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer 3. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinoph yta&submit=Submit 7. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer 8. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta 9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 10. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinoph yta&submit=Submit 12. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer 13. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta 14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 15. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 16. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008, p805. 17. ^ SCOTT, ANDREW. “The Earliest Conifer.” Nature 251.5477 (1974): 707–708. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v251/n5477/abs/251707a0.html 18. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008, p806. 19. ^ SCOTT, ANDREW. “The Earliest Conifer.” Nature 251.5477 (1974): 707–708. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v251/n5477/abs/251707a0.html 20. ^ Lyons, Paul C. et al. “Radiometric Ages of the Fire Clay Tonstein Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous), Westphalian, Duckmantian. ^: A Comparison of U–Pb Zircon Single-crystal Ages and 40Ar/39Ar Sanidine Single-crystal Plateau Ages.” International Journal of Coal Geology 67.4 (2006): 259–266. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0166516206000140 21. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008, p806. 22. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/9 1/10/1437.abstract (c270 (290 for living species) 23. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation) MORE INFO [1] Burleigh J. G. S. Mathews 2004 Phylogenetic signal in nucleotide data from seed plants: implications for resolving the seed plant tree of life. American Journal of Botany 91: 1599-1613 http://www.amjbot.org/content /91/10/1599.abstract?ijkey=b60985db66551 09e270893676c522743d400bc1e&keytype2=tf_ ipsecsha | earliest fossils: Wakefield, Yorkshire, England17 18 |
[1] Closeup shot of a stem of needles (perhaps Norway spruce?) by USFWS and obtained from the GIMP photo library. United States Federal Government This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the United States Federal Government. This applies worldwide. See Copyright Close-up of pinophyte leaves (needles): Norway Spruce (Picea abies) source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin ophyta [2] Native Pinus sylvestris forest, Scotland: Deeside, Mar Lodge, April 2005 GNU 1.2 source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin aceae |
310,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 16 17 18 | 6357) The Neoptera: Paraneoptera evolve (the ancestor of bark lice, true lice, thrips, and the Hemiptera {HemiPTRu9 }. The Hemiptera have mouthparts adapted for piercing and sucking and include:10 Cicadas, Aphids, and "true bugs": such as Bed bugs, and Stink bugs).11 12 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/hemipteroids.html 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=hemipt era&submit=Submit 3. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/hemipteroids.html 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p261. 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=hemipt era&submit=Submit 6. ^ "true bug." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 06 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/true-bug 7. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/hemipteroids.html 8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p261. 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=hemipt era&submit=Submit 10. ^ "true bug." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 06 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/true-bug 11. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/hemipteroids.html 12. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p261. 13. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 14. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/1 0.1664/10-RA-011.1 15. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/hemipteroids.html 16. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/con tent/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p286. 18. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p321. |
[1] Description Tibicen linnei English: Annual cicada. Date 22 June 2003 Source Own work http://www.cirrusimage.com/homoptera_cic ada_T_linnei.htm Author Bruce Marlin CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tibicen_linnei. jpg/1142px-Tibicen_linnei.jpg [2] Description English: Pea aphids extracting sap from the stem and leaves of garden peas. Date February 2010 Source PLoS Biology, February 2010 direct link to the image description Author Shipher Wu (photograph) and Gee-way Lin (aphid provision), National Taiwan University CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/20/Acyrthosiphon_pisum_% 28pea_aphid%29-PLoS.jpg | |
310,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 22 | 6359) The Neoptera Holometabola {HoLomeTaBolu or HOlOmeTABolu13 14 } evolve: Holometabolous insects: (insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, the ancestor of beetles, bees, true flies, and butterflies).15 The holometabolous insects account for nearly 85% of all insects.16 The Holometabola are insects that have complete metamorphosis (or holometabolous development). Unlike hemimetabolous insects in which the immature structures (legs, eyes, antennae, etc.) must also serve the adults, holometabolous insects have a morphologically reduced larval stage17 and acquire a completely new body during the pupal stage.18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "holometabolous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jan. 2013. olometabolous>. 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holome tabolous+&submit=Submit 3. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146,331. 4. ^ "holometabolous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jan. 2013. olometabolous>. 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holome tabolous+&submit=Submit 6. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146,331. 7. ^ "holometabolous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jan. 2013. olometabolous>. 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holome tabolous+&submit=Submit 9. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146,331. 10. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p331. 11. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p331. 12. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/holometabola.html 13. ^ "holometabolous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jan. 2013. olometabolous>. 14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holome tabolous+&submit=Submit 15. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146,331. 16. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p331. 17. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p331. 18. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/holometabola.html 19. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 20. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/holometabola.html 21. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 22. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/1 0.1664/10-RA-011.1 |
[1] Description wespenpoppen in verschillende ontwikkelstadia Eigen foto's Date 2005-06-13 (original upload date) Source Originally from nl.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Asaf at nl.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) SELF2 GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/79/Ontwikkelstadia_wespe npoppen.jpg [2] Miomoptera- viewed by many as stem-group Holometabola. UNKNOWN source: http://wdict.net/img/miomoptera, 2.jpg | |
305,000,000 YBN 11 | 242) The Amphibians: Anura {unRu8 } evolve (the ancestor of all Frogs and Toads).9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anura& submit=Submit 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ "frog." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/frog 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anura& submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "frog." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/frog 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anura& submit=Submit 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ "frog." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/frog 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {305 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Neil H. Shubin and Farish A. Jenkins, Jr (7 September 1995). "An Early Jurassic jumping frog". Nature 377 (6544): 49–52. doi:10.1038/377049a0.http://www.nature.c om/nature/journal/v377/n6544/full/377049 a0.html [2] "Pliensbachian Stage." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/464801/Pliensbachian-Stage> |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 303. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 303. [2] Description English: A green frog on a palm frond. Date 18 October 2003 Source Burning Well Author Leon Brooks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8d/Frog_on_palm_frond.jp g | |
300,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 1310) The Stramenopiles Chrysophyta {KriSoFiTu5 } evolve (Golden algae).6 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chryso phyta&submit=Submit 2. ^ Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010) A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12759. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chryso phyta&submit=Submit 4. ^ Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010) A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12759. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chryso phyta&submit=Submit 6. ^ Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010) A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12759. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759 7. ^ Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010) A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12759. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759 8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/c hrysophyta.html |
[1] Description Dinobryon sp. / from Shishitsuka Pond, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki Pref., Japan / Microscope:Leica DMRD (DIC) Date 20 May 2007 Source Own work Author ja:User:NEON / commons:User:NEON_ja CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/68/Dinobryon_sp.jpg [2] Dinobryon, a colony of Chrysophytes showing flagella and red eyespots UNKNOWN source: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/ mag//imagsmall/Dinobryonb.jpg | |
299,000,000 YBN 4 | 125) The end of the Carboniferous (359.2-299 mybn), and start of the Permian (299-251 mybn) Period.3 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 3. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 300 Ma Late Pennsylvanian UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/300 _Penn_2globes.jpg | |
299,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 20 | 6360) The Holometabola Order: Coleoptera {KOlEoPTRu10 11 } evolves (the ancestor of the Beetles).12 13 Coleoptera is the largest order of all organisms known containing 350,000 named species; 40% of all the insects.14 Well known beetles include: Ladybugs, Fireflies, Dung beetles, Japanese beetles, weevils, and scarabs.15 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "Coleoptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coleoptera- 2 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=coleop tera&submit=Submit 3. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 4. ^ "Coleoptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coleoptera- 2 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=coleop tera&submit=Submit 6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 7. ^ "Coleoptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coleoptera- 2 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=coleop tera&submit=Submit 9. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 10. ^ "Coleoptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coleoptera- 2 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=coleop tera&submit=Submit 12. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 13. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7041&lvl=3& lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 14. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p357. 15. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p357-406. 16. ^ Béthoux, Olivier. “The Earliest Beetle Identified.” Journal of Paleontology 83.6 (2009): 931–937. http://www.bioone.org/doi/ab s/10.1666/08-158.1 17. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/1 0.1664/10-RA-011.1 18. ^ Béthoux, Olivier. “The Earliest Beetle Identified.” Journal of Paleontology 83.6 (2009): 931–937. http://www.bioone.org/doi/ab s/10.1666/08-158.1 19. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 20. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. | earliest fossils: (Pennsylvanian deposit) Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA16 |
[1] Figure 1. 1–7, Adiphlebia lacoana Scudder, 1885. 1, 2, holotype specimen (USNM 38143), reconstruction of the wing venation (1), and photograph (negative imprint, light-mirrored, composite; 2); 3, specimen USNM 38140, photograph (negative imprint, light-mirrored, composite); 4,5, specimen FMNH PE 3416, reconstruction of the wing venation (forewings separated; 4) and photograph (negative imprint, composite; 5); 6, 7, specimen FMNH PE 60291, reconstruction of the wing venation (6) and photograph (positive imprint; 7); 8, 9, details of forewing main and intercalary veins (black and white arrows, respectively) in Adiphlabia lacoana (specimen FMNH PE 3416, right forewing; 8) and Tetraphalerus bruchi Heller, 1913 (♀, ventral view; 9). Abbreviations: LFW, left forewing; RFW, right forewing; ScP, posterior Subcosta; R, Radius; RA, anterior Radius; RP, posterior Radius; M, Media; CuA, anterior Cubitus; CuP, posterior Cubitus; AA: anterior anal vein. Color-coding: Subcosta, yellow; Radius, blue; Media, red; Cubitus, green; Analis, yellow. from Béthoux, Olivier. “The Earliest Beetle Identified.” Journal of Paleontology 83.6 (2009): 931–937. http://www.bioone.org/doi/ab s/10.1666/08-158.1 COPYRIGHTED source: http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworl d.org/content/vol83/issue6/images/large/ i0022-3360-83-6-931-f01.jpeg [2] {ULSF: Early Permian fossil beetles see {Kukalová (1969), in particular pl. 1; Ponomarenko (1969), in particular figs. 16, 31, 32, 36, 40 41, 43, 44} and representatives of the beetle sub-order Archostemata, represented nowadays, exhibit intercalary veins (Fig. 1.9) similar to those exhibited by A. lacoana} Archostemata is the smallest suborder of beetles, consisting of fewer than fifty known species organized into five families. Archostemata is an ancient lineage with a number of primitive characteristics. They are similar in morphology to the first beetles, which appear in the fossil record approximately 250 million years ag Description Tenomerga mucida (Chevrolat, 1829) (Coleoptera: Cupedidae) - female. Loc: Yokohama, kanagawa, japan. ja: ナガヒラタムシ(鞘翅目: ナガヒラタムシ科)のメス。 浜市内。産卵管をさかんに し入れし、朽木の割れ目に挿 し込もうとしていたことから 産卵に来ていたものと思わ る。 Date 13 July 2005 Source my own file Author me PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/68/Tenomerga_mucida01.jp g |
290,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 239) The Gymnosperms: Ginkgophyta evolve (Ginkgos).5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c290 (300 for living species) 8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation) |
[1] * Description: Leaves of Ginkgo biloba. * Source: picure taken by Reinhard Kraasch in his own garden in August 2003 (from German wikipedia) * Licence: released per the GNU Free Documentation License by the photographer source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin kgo [2] Name Ginkgo biloba Family Ginkgoaceae Image no. 1 Permission granted to use under GFDL by Kurt Stueber GNU Ginkgo fruit and leaves source: same | |
290,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | 6358) The Holometabola Order: Hymenoptera evolves (the ancestor of all bees, ants, and wasps).4 5 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 3. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 5. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7399&lvl=3& lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 6. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 7. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/1 0.1664/10-RA-011.1 8. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/holometabola.html 9. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283. 11. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283. 12. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/t ext02/holometabola.html |
[1] {ULSF: Xyelidae saw flies are the most primitive of the hymenoptera} Hymenoptera, Xyelidae, dorsal - Macroxyela ferruginea - Female Ames - Tullamore, Story County, Iowa, USA April 30, 2008 Size: 11 mm It's a big one. (11 mm includes the ovipositor) Oak hickory maple basswood woodland malaise, April 23-30, 2008. Photo - still floating in alcohol. Copyright © 2008 MJ Hatfield COPYRIGHTED Fig. 2 Placement of fossil evidence for the earliest Holometabola within a phylogenetic context. Geologic time line at left is after Ogg, et al. (2008); note that the Mississippian is equivalent to the Early Carboniferous and Pennsylvanian equivalent to the Late Carboniferous. Earliest reliable occurrences of taxa (solid dots, followed by a thick black line) are after various sources mentioned in the text; major localities for the initial diversification of the Holometabola are: Elmo, Kansas, the “insect bed” of the Wellington Formation from the Artinskian Stage of the Early Permian; Calhoun, the Calhoun Coal Member of the Mattoon Formation, from the Kasimovian Stage of the Late Pennsylvanian; Mazon Creek of the Francis Creek Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation, from the Moscovian Stage of the Middle Pennsylvanian; and the Terril Shale at Pas-de-Calais, Bruay-la-Bussière, France, from the Bashkirian Stage of the Early Pennsylvanian. The horizontal stippled bar at bottom represents the initial diversification and the earliest fossil occurrences of holometabolan insects in the fossil record. Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/1 0.1664/10-RA-011.1 COPYRIGHTED source: http://bugguide.net/images/raw/S H8RHHPR0H7RDZHZULYLULRZ2LLZTLSZBLQZKH4RH H7ZVL4RVL0ZALSZBLXZKH8RVLXZHHPRLHQRLH.jp g [2] Macroxyela ferruginea Trusted Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) © SusanneSchulmeister Source: Morphbank Image Repository COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.bioone.org/na101/home /literatum/publisher/bioone/journals/con tent/nynt.1/2011/19475144-117.1/10-ra-01 1.1/production/images/large/i1947-5144-1 17-1-9-f02.jpeg | |
287,000,000 YBN 4 | 6308) The Synapsid Therapsids evolve (Cynodonts).2 The Therapsids evolve from Pelycosaurs and largely replace them for a time as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates. The legs of Therapsids are more directly positioned under the weight of their body, which results in a more efficient mode of movement.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122. 2. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122. 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122. 4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122. |
[1] Kardong, ''Vertebrates'', 2002. COPYRIGHTED source: Description English: Moschops capensis - Middle Permian of South Africa. Based on skeleton from AMNH. Русский: Moschops capensis - средняя пермь Южной Африки. Основано на скелете из Американского музея Естественной истории. Date 2008 Source dmitrchel@mail.ru Author Creator:Dmitry Bogdanov GNU [2] Kardong, ''Vertebrates'', 2002. COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Moschops11DB.jp g/1024px-Moschops11DB.jpg | |
274,000,000 YBN 21 22 23 24 25 26 | 307) The Stramenopiles: Phaeophyta {FEoFiTu15 } evolve (the ancestor of all Brown Algae, includes many seaweeds like the giant kelps16 ).17 18 19 Note that brown algae are not plants but are protists.20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2{Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110 .pdf} 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full {Baldauf_Doolittle_199911 17.pdf} has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=phaeop hyta&submit=Submit 5. ^ "Phaeophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/phaeophyta 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full {Baldauf_Doolittle_199911 17.pdf} has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=phaeop hyta&submit=Submit 10. ^ "Phaeophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/phaeophyta 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full {Baldauf_Doolittle_199911 17.pdf} has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 14. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p117. timetree.org 15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=phaeop hyta&submit=Submit 16. ^ "Phaeophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/phaeophyta 17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 19. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full {Baldauf_Doolittle_199911 17.pdf} has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 20. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p117. timetree.org 21. ^ Linda Medlin, et al, "Phylogenic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids", Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement), v11, 1997, p187-219. http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med 1997c.pdf {genetic) 274 mybn} 22. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {genetic) 200 mybn} 23. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp. 620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/28 88330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf} {Fossil) 1600-1800 mybn} 24. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Alveolates) 1956mybn} {Alveolates and Plants) 1956mybn} 25. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my} 26. ^ Cécile Gueidan, Constantino Ruibal, G.S. de Hoog, Harald Schneider, Rock-inhabiting fungi originated during periods of dry climate in the late Devonian and middle Triassic, Fungal Biology, Volume 115, Issue 10, October 2011, Pages 987-996, ISSN 1878-6146, 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.002. (http://w ww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii /S1878614611000675) {822.5 my} MORE INFO [1] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch [2] Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. et al. “The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101.43 (2004): 15386 -15391. http://www.pnas.org/content/101 /43/15386.long [3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [4] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120 [5] "Phaeophyta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyta [6] Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989) [7] "Brown algae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_algae [8] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html |
[1] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/co ntent/full/300/5626/1703 [2] Pacific Rockweed (Fucus distichus) in Olympic National Park Cropped from PhotoCD image, from Kodak ISO 800 film, taken by k.lee June 2004, hereby released under GFDL. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Pacific_rockweed%2C_Olympic_National_ Park%2C_USA.jpg | |
266,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 308) The Stramenopiles: Diatoms evolve.4 Diatoms are microscopic unicellular or colonial algae, having cell walls of silica consisting of two interlocking symmetrical valves.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S1055790396900883 2. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S1055790396900883 3. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S1055790396900883 4. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S1055790396900883 5. ^ "diatom." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diatom 6. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S1055790396900883 {no earlier than) 266 MYBN} 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf} (1 973mybn) {Alveolates) 1956mybn} 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 |
[1] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/co ntent/full/300/5626/1703 [2] Figure 1. Phylogenetic hypothesis of the eukaryotic lineage based on ultrastructural and molecular data. Organisms are divided into three main groups distinguished by mitochondrial cristal shape (either discoidal, flattened or tubular). Unbroken lines indicate phylogenetic relationships that are firmly supported by available data; broken lines indicate uncertainties in phylogenetic placement, resolution of which will require additional data. Color coding of organismal genus names indicates mitochondrial genomes that have been completely (Table 1), almost completely (Jakoba, Naegleria and Thraustochytrium) or partially (*) sequenced by the OGMP (red), the FMGP (black) or other groups (green). Names in blue indicate those species whose mtDNAs are currently being sequenced by the OGMP or are future candidates for complete sequencing. Amitochondriate retortamonads are positioned at the base of the tree, with broken arrows denoting the endosymbiotic origin(s) of mitochondria from a Rickettsia-like eubacterium. Macrophar., Macropharyngomonas. COPYRIGHTED source: http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cg i/content/full/26/4/865 | |
260,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 | 232) The earliest endothermic (or "warm-blooded") and hair growing animal, a therapsid.13 14 Endothermy is the physiological maintenance, by a body, of a constant temperature independent of the external environmental temperature. Hair for insulation is correlated to endothermy.15 Both birds and mammals are endothermic (also called "warm blooded") as opposed to other vertebrates (like amphibians and crocodiles16 ) which are ectothermic (or "cold blooded) and cannot internally generate heat.17 Endothermy allows birds and mammals to maintain a high and relatively constant body temperature, even at rest, during a wide range of external environmental conditions.18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol 57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.or g/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0 00441 2. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol 57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.or g/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0 00441 3. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol 57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.or g/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0 00441 4. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089 5. ^ "mammal." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 07 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/360838/mammal>. 6. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089 7. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol 57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.or g/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0 00441 8. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089 9. ^ "mammal." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 07 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/360838/mammal>. 10. ^ Ted Huntington. 11. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089 12. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089 13. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol 57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.or g/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0 00441 14. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089 15. ^ "mammal." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 07 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/360838/mammal>. 16. ^ Ted Huntington. 17. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089 18. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089 19. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089 20. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol 57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.or g/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0 00441 {c250 MYBN (Late Permian} 21. ^ Ted Huntington. {230 MYBN (between crocodilia 240mybn and pterosaur 220mybn} MORE INFO [1] Schweitzer, Mary Higby, and Cynthia Lee Marshall. “A molecular model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod-bird lineage.” Journal of Experimental Zoology 291.4 (2001) : 317-338. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com /doi/10.1002/jez.1132/abstract |
[1] Description English: Life restoration of Purlovia maxima. Based on figures 8-10 of ''Permian and Triassic therocephals (Eutherapsida) of Eastern Europe'' by M. F. Ivakhnenko (Paleontological Journal 45 (9): 981-1144). Date 8 January 2012 Source Own work Author Smokeybjb CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a5/Purlovia_maxima.jpg [2] Description Bauria , a therocephalian therapsid from the early Middle Triassic of South Africa, pencil drawing Date 20 February 2007 Source Own work Author Nobu Tamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com www.palaeocritti.com GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c0/Bauria_BW.jpg | |
256,000,000 YBN 15 16 17 18 19 | 6362) The Holometabola Order: Diptera10 11 {DiPTRe12 } evolves, true flies, having a single pair of wings: the ancestor of the mosquito, gnat, deer fly, horse fly, fruit fly, drosophila {DrO-SoF-u_lu13 }, and house fly)14 . FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 2. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 3. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 5. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 6. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 7. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 8. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 9. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 10. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 11. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7147&lvl=3& lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 12. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 13. ^ "drosophila." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 13 Jul. 2013. rosophila>. 14. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 15. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 16. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/1 0.1664/10-RA-011.1 17. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 18. ^ Wiegmann, Brian M. et al. “Episodic Radiations in the Fly Tree of Life.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2011): n. pag. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/ 2011/03/15/1012675108.full.pdf+html 19. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p469. MORE INFO [1] Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p197 |
[1] Nymphomyia alba adult UNKNOWN source: http://whyevolutionistrue.files. wordpress.com/2011/03/nymphomyia-alba.jp g [2] Nymphomyia alba larva UNKNOWN source: http://whyevolutionistrue.files. wordpress.com/2011/03/nymphomyia.jpg | |
251,400,000 YBN 8 9 10 | 102) The largest mass extinction of history, the End-Permian mass extinction. 82% of all genera are observed extinct.4 The Permian–Triassic extinction event is the Earth's most severe extinction event, with up to 96% of all marine species5 and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species becoming extinct6 . It is the only known mass extinction of insects.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 2. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 3. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 4. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 5. ^ Benton M J (2005). When life nearly died: the greatest mass extinction of all time. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28573-X. 6. ^ Sahney S and Benton M.J (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological 275 (1636): 759–765. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148. 7. ^ Labandeira CC, Sepkoski JJ (1993). "Insect diversity in the fossil record". Science 261 (5119): 310–315. doi:10.1126/science.11536548. PMID 11536548. 8. ^ Jin YG, Wang Y, Wang W, Shang QH, Cao CQ, Erwin DH (2000). "Pattern of Marine Mass Extinction Near the Permian–Triassic Boundary in South China". Science 289 (5478): 432–436. Bibcode 2000Sci...289..432J. doi:10.1126/science.289.5478.432. PMID 10903200. {251.4 MYBN} 9. ^ Bowring SA, Erwin DH, Jin YG, Martin MW, Davidek K, Wang W (1998). "U/Pb Zircon Geochronology and Tempo of the End-Permian Mass Extinction". Science 280 (5366): 1039–1045. doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1039. {251.4 MYBN} 10. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 {245 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm [2] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/200 6/06/060601174729.htm [3] http://www.ia.ucsb.edu/pa/display.aspx?p key=1073 |
[1] Description English: Description: Illustration of an en:impact event. Source Made by Fredrik. Cloud texture from public domain NASA image. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/cb/Impact_event.jpg [2] Timeline of mass extinctions. COPYRIGHTED Benjamin Cummings. COPYRIGHTED source: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/ 16cm05/1116/16macro.htm | |
251,000,000 YBN 4 | 54) The end of the Paleozoic and start of the Mesozoic Era, and the end of the Permian (299-251 mybn) and start of the Triassic (251-201.6 mybn) period.3 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 3. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 260 Ma Late Permian UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/260 _Permian_2globes.jpg | |
251,000,000 YBN | 452) The supercontinent Pangea (PaNJEe) forms.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm |
[1] 260 Ma Late Permian UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/260 _Permian_2globes.jpg [2] In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Greek root ''to build.'' Putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics, which refers to how the Earth's surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile material. Before the advent of plate tectonics, however, some people already believed that the present-day continents were the fragmented pieces of preexisting larger landmasses (''supercontinents''). The diagrams below show the break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea (meaning ''all lands'' in Greek), which figured prominently in the theory of continental drift -- the forerunner to the theory of plate tectonics. PD source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic /graphics/Fig2-5globes.gif | |
250,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 241) The gymnosperms "Gnetales" {ne-TA-lEZ1 } evolve;2 3 thought to be the closest living gymnosperm relatives of the angiosperms.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Gnetales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 08 Mar. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/gnetales-1 2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 3. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 4. ^ "Gnetales." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Mar. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/gnetales-1 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c250 (270 for living species) 6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation) |
[1] Description English: Ephedra fragilis growing at Cap de Formentor, peninsula of Formentor, Pollença, Mallorca Date created 18. Dec. 2009 Source Own work Author Frank Vincentz Permission (Reusing this file) GFDL (self made) GFDL source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pollen%C3%A7a_- _Ma-2210_-_Cap_de_Formentor_-_Ephedra_fr agilis_05_ies.jpg/1280px-Pollen%C3%A7a_- _Ma-2210_-_Cap_de_Formentor_-_Ephedra_fr agilis_05_ies.jpg [2] Ephedra viridis in western Nevada Ephedra_viridis_1.jpg (59KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) GFDL Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Ephedra viridis ('Green Mormon Tea'), photo taken near Reno, Nevada GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eph edra | |
235,000,000 YBN 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 | 304) The Protist Phlyum "Haptophyta" {HaPTuFITu16 } evolves, the Coccolithophores {KoK-o-lit-u-FORZ17 }.18 19 20 Most haptophytes are coccolithophores, unicellular (flagellated21 22 ) marine protists with calcified plates (or coccoliths) embedded in their cell walls.23 24 25 Some haptophytes turn parts of the ocean bright turquoise during their blooms.26 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=haptop hyta&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=co ccolithophores&submit=Submit 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=haptop hyta&submit=Submit 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=co ccolithophores&submit=Submit 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=haptop hyta&submit=Submit 12. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=co ccolithophores&submit=Submit 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=haptop hyta&submit=Submit 17. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=co ccolithophores&submit=Submit 18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 20. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 21. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P10520 22. ^ empty 23. ^ empty 24. ^ empty 25. ^ Morrissey, J., and J. Sumich. Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011, p67. 26. ^ http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Bior ealm/eukaryotes/emiliania/emiliania.htm 27. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008, p145. http://books.google.com/books?id= _29tNNeQKeMC 28. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809.abstract {c1050 mybn} 29. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {920 mybn} 30. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {genetic)1382 mybn} 31. ^ De Vargas, Aubry, Probert, Young, "Origin and Evolution of Cocolithophores: From Coastal Hunters to Oceanic Farmers", Chapter 12, p251. in: Paul G. Falkowski, Andrew H. Knoll, "Evolution of primary producers in the sea", 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id= 5tRSAr1JMhwC {DNA)1900mybn} {genetic)1900mybn} 32. ^ Linda Medlin, et al, "Phylogenic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids", Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement), v11, 1997, p187-219. http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med 1997c.pdf {DNA)1750 mybn} {genetic)1750 mybn} 33. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/p rymnesiophyta.html {possible fossil) 318mybn} 34. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {genetic) 920 mybn} 35. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ {possible fossil) 318mybn} 36. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/p rymnesiophyta.html {certain fossil) 201mybn} 37. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ {certain fossil) 201mybn} MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [3] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). (has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch) [4] http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PS life/lectures/Haptophyta.html |
[1] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/co ntent/full/300/5626/1703 [2] Emiliania huxleyi, a coccolithophore. Photo courtesy Dr. Markus Geisen - photographer, and The Natural History Museum. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Emiliania_huxleyi_3.jpg | |
228,000,000 YBN 22 23 24 | 412) The Reptiles: Dinosaurs evolve.16 17 18 19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 4. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 6. ^ "dinosaur." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinosaur 7. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 8. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 9. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 10. ^ "dinosaur." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinosaur 11. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 12. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 13. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 14. ^ "dinosaur." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinosaur 15. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 16. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 17. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 18. ^ "dinosaur." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinosaur 19. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 20. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 21. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 22. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html {228 MYBN} 23. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {228 MYBN} 24. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. {230-220 MYBN} | earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina20 21 |
[1] Figure 2 from: Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html COPYR IGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html [2] Eoraptor was a genus of small, slender theropod native to northwest Argentina. It was quite possibly the earliest theropod genus and has not been classified in any family. UNKNOWN source: http://images.wikia.com/deadtime s/images/a/a2/Eoraptor.jpg |
228,000,000 YBN 13 | 6282) Dinosaurs divide into two major lines: the Ornithischians {ORnitiSKEiNZ9 } (Bird-hipped dinosaurs) and the Saurischians {SoriSKEiNZ10 } (Lizard-hipped dinosaurs).11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ornithischian." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012. rnithischian>. 2. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian 3. ^ James O. Farlow, M. K. Brett-Surman, "The Complete Dinosaur", 1999, p210. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&lr=&id=FOViD-lDPy0C 4. ^ Harold Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p417. 5. ^ "ornithischian." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012. rnithischian>. 6. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian 7. ^ James O. Farlow, M. K. Brett-Surman, "The Complete Dinosaur", 1999, p210. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&lr=&id=FOViD-lDPy0C 8. ^ Harold Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p417. 9. ^ "ornithischian." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012. rnithischian>. 10. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian 11. ^ James O. Farlow, M. K. Brett-Surman, "The Complete Dinosaur", 1999, p210. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&lr=&id=FOViD-lDPy0C 12. ^ Harold Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p417. 13. ^ James O. Farlow, M. K. Brett-Surman, "The Complete Dinosaur", 1999, p210. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&lr=&id=FOViD-lDPy0C {Carnian: average of) 235-228 mybn} |
[1] Harold Levine, ''The Earth Through Time'', 2006, p417. COPYRIGHTED source: Harold Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p417. [2] Harold Levine, ''The Earth Through Time'', 2006, p418. COPYRIGHTED source: Harold Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p418. | |
228,000,000 YBN 27 28 29 | 6283) The Saurischian {SoriSKEiN17 } Dinosaurs split into two major lines: The Sauropodomorpha (SoroPiDimORFu18 } and the Therapoda {tiRoPiDu19 }.20 The Sauropodomorphs are divided into prosauropods and sauropods, are mostly plant-eating, and include the large, long-necked dinosaurs like Apatosaurus.21 The Theropod {tERePoD22 } dinosaurs are bipedal and carnivorous and include Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, and Velociraptor. All birds descend from a Therapod ancestor.23 24 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian 2. ^ "sauropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sauropod 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=therop oda 4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116. 5. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116. 6. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 7. ^ "theropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 8. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116. 9. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian 10. ^ "sauropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sauropod 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=therop oda 12. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116. 13. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116. 14. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 15. ^ "theropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 16. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116. 17. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian 18. ^ "sauropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sauropod 19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=therop oda 20. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116. 21. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116. 22. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 23. ^ "theropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 24. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116. 25. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 26. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 27. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html {228 MYBN} 28. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {228 MYBN} 29. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. {230-220 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=saurop odomorpha&submit=Submit | earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina25 26 |
[1] Fig 3.38 from Kardong, ''Vertebrates'', p116, 2002. COPYRIGHTED source: Kardong, "Vertebrates", p116, 2002. [2] Figure 2 from: Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html COPYR IGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html |
225,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 | 126) The Synapsids Mammals evolve.8 The first mammary gland.9 Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates that have four limbs (except for some aquatic species).10 The female has mammary glands, which secrete milk for the nourishment of the young after birth. In the majority of mammals the body is partially or entirely covered with hair.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 2. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ "mammal." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/mammal 11. ^ "mammal." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/mammal 12. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 13. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 {225 MYBN} 14. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p197. 15. ^ Palmer, Tree of Life, 2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Shedlock2 009Chap52.pdf MORE INFO [1] http://www.abqtrib.com/albq/nw_science/a rticle/0,2668,ALBQ_21236_4546322,00.html | earliest fossils: (Dockum Formation) Kalgary, Crosby County, Texas, USA12 |
[1] Figure 6 from: Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, ''Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal'', Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523 514 [2] [t Note that this image is not clearly from a scholarly source] Description English: Adelobasileus cromptoni, a mammaliaform from the Late Triassic of Texas. Digital. Date 9 September 2008 Source Own work Author Nobu Tamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com www.palaeocritti.com Permission (Reusi ng this file) See below. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2f/Adelobasileus_BW.jpg |
225,000,000 YBN 9 10 | 369) The Ray-Finned Fishes Teleost (TeLEoST) fishes evolve.6 Teleosts are a large group of fishes with bony skeletons, including most common fishes.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "teleost." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/teleost 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ "teleost." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/teleost 9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p197. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Inoue, JG, Miya, M, Tsukamoto, K, Nishida, M (2003) "Basal actinopterygian relationships: A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of the ldquoancient fish.rdquo" Mol Phylogenet Evol 26: 110-120 http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1055790302003317 |
[1] Fig. 2. The single most-parsimonious (MP) tree derived from unweighted analysis of mitogenomic data comprising concatenated nucleotide sequences from 12 protein-coding (excluding the ND6 gene and third codon positions) and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes (stem regions only) from all 28 species examined. Tree length, 12,709 steps; consistency index, 0.355; retention index, 0.471; and rescaled consistency index, 0.167. Numbers above and below internal branches indicate jackknife values obtained for 500 replicates using the heuristic search option in PAUP*4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002) with 20 random-addition sequences being performed in each replication and decay indices, respectively. The scale indicates 100 changes. from: Inoue, JG, Miya, M, Tsukamoto, K, Nishida, M (2003) ''Basal actinopterygian relationships: A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of the ldquoancient fish.rdquo'' Mol Phylogenet Evol 26: 110-120 http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1055790302003317 COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/cac he/MiamiImageURL/B6WNH-475B9D7-6-1K/0?wc hp=dGLbVlz-zSkzk [2] Arapaima gigas at the Smithsonian Zoo. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b1/Arapaima_gigas.jpg | |
220,000,000 YBN 14 15 | 387) The most primitive extant reptiles9 , the Testudines {TeSTUDinEZ10 } evolve: the ancestor of all Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins.11 12 The turtle shell evolves from broadened ribs.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=testud ines&submit=Submit 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 4. ^ "turtle." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/turtle 5. ^ Cracraft, J., and M.J. Donoghue. Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, USA, 2004. Nueva Colecci�n Labor, p452. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6lXTP0YU6_kC&pg=PA452 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=testud ines&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 8. ^ "turtle." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/turtle 9. ^ Cracraft, J., and M.J. Donoghue. Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, USA, 2004. Nueva Colecci�n Labor, p452. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6lXTP0YU6_kC&pg=PA452 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=testud ines&submit=Submit 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 12. ^ "turtle." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/turtle 13. ^ Melissa Hogenboom, "How the turtle got its unique hard shell", BBC 5/31/2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/sc ience-environment-22715018 14. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p196. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. {300 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] "terrapin." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/terrapin |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 262. [2] English: Odontochelys semitestacea, from the Late Triassic of China, the oldest known turtle. Digital. 中文(简体): 半甲齿龟,已知最为古老的乌 ,于2007年在中国贵州境内发 。(三维模拟图) Date 4 December 2008 Source Own work Author Nobu Tamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com www.palaeocritti.com GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/39/Odontochelys_BW.jpg | |
220,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 | 389) The reptiles: Tuataras {TUeToRoZ} evolve.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 4. ^ "tuatara." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tuatara 5. ^ "tuatara." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/608113/tuatara>. 6. ^ Cracraft, J., and M.J. Donoghue. Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, USA, 2004. Nueva Colecci�n Labor, p452. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6lXTP0YU6_kC&pg=PA452 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. {255 MYBN} | (Islands of) New Zealand4 |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. [2] A male tuatara named Henry, living at the Southland Museum and Art Gallery, is still reproductively active at 111 years of age. 111-Year-Old Reptile Becomes a Dad After Tumor Surgery Discover Magazine, 26 January 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc over_Magazine Description English: Henry, the world's oldest Tuatara in captivity at Invercargill, New Zealand Date 22 November 2007 Source Own work Author KeresH CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/96/Henry_at_Invercargill .jpg |
220,000,000 YBN 19 20 | 428) The first flying vertebrate, the Reptiles Pterosaurs evolve.11 12 Flight in pterosaurs, birds, and bats evolves independently.13 14 Pterosaurs actively fly (contracting their wing muscles to flap), as opposed to only glide.15 That some pterosaurs had hair16 is evidence that they may have been warm-blooded.17 18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8CKYxcylOycC 2. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition, 2009, p390. 3. ^ Unwin, David M. “Pterosaurs: back to the traditional model?” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14.7 (1999) : 263-268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/article/pii/S0169534799016055 4. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8CKYxcylOycC 5. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition, 2009, p390. 6. ^ Unwin, David M. “Pterosaurs: back to the traditional model?” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14.7 (1999) : 263-268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/article/pii/S0169534799016055 7. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8CKYxcylOycC 8. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition, 2009, p390. 9. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8CKYxcylOycC 10. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition, 2009, p390. 11. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8CKYxcylOycC 12. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition, 2009, p390. 13. ^ Alexander, D.E., and S. Vogel. Nature’s Flyers: Birds, Insects, and the Biomechanics of Flight. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Nature’s Flyers, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=zj 395mz_GYkC&pg=PA3 14. ^ Publishing, DK. DK Eyewitness Books: Animal. DK Publishing, 2012. DK EYEWITNESS BOOKS, p38. http://books.google.com/books?id=j l0cNGQ0gJ0C&pg=PT40 15. ^ Martill, David M., and David M. Unwin. “Exceptionally well preserved pterosaur wing membrane from the Cretaceous of Brazil.” Nature 340.6229 (1989) : 138-140. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v340/n6229/abs/340138a0.html 16. ^ R. Wild, "A juvenile specimen of Eudimorphodon ranzii Zambelli (Reptilia, Pterosauria) from the upper Triassic (Norian) of Bergamo", Rivista del Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali 'Enrico Caffi', Bergamo, 16, 95-120. 17. ^ Niels Bonde and Per Christiansen, "The detailed anatomy of Rhamphorhynchus: axial pneumaticity and its implications", Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2003, v. 217, p. 217-232 doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.13 http:/ /sp.lyellcollection.org/content/217/1/21 7.abstract 18. ^ Martill, David M., and David M. Unwin. “Exceptionally well preserved pterosaur wing membrane from the Cretaceous of Brazil.” Nature 340.6229 (1989) : 138-140. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v340/n6229/abs/340138a0.html 19. ^ Peter Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p59-60,166. {220MYBN} 20. ^ http://www.dinodata.net/DNM/dallav.htm {215 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://dipbsf.uninsubria.it/paleo/dvecch ia.htm [2] Eberhard Frey, Helmut Tischlinger, Marie-Céline Buchy, and David M. Martill, "New specimens of Pterosauria (Reptilia) with soft parts with implications for pterosaurian anatomy and locomotion ", Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2003, 217:233-266; doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.14 |
[1] Eudimorphon and Peteinosaurus from: Wellnhofer, ''Pterosaurs'', 1991, p60-61. COPYRIGHTED source: Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p60-61. [2] Eudimorphon and Peteinosaurus from: Wellnhofer, ''Pterosaurs'', 1991, p60-61. COPYRIGHTED source: Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p60-61. | |
210,000,000 YBN 5 | 390) The Reptiles Iguania evolve: (the ancestor of iguanas, chameleons, and spiny lizards).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. {210 MYBN} |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 262. [2] Description Iguana sp. Foto tomada en el Zoo de Madrid. Date Summer 2007 Source Own work Author Manuel de Corselas ARS SUMMUM, Centro para el Estudio y Difusión Libres de la Historia del Arte PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/57/AA_Iguana_Fot_Ars_Sum mum.JPG | |
210,000,000 YBN 5 | 391) The Reptiles: Scleroglossa evolve (the ancestor of snakes, skinks, and geckos).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {210 MYBN} |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 262. [2] Description Deutsch: Versteinerung eines Archaeophis proavus Massalongo - aus Monte Bolca. Museum für Naturkunde (Berlin). English: Fossil of a Archaeophis proavus Massalongo, Monte Bolca. Museum für Naturkunde (Berlin). Date 22 July 2007 Source Own work Author Raymond - Raimond Spekking Permission (Reusing this file) See below. Attribution (required by the license) © Raimond Spekking / CC-BY-SA-3.0 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f1/Naturkundemuseum_Berl in_-_Archaeophis_proavus_Massalongo_-_Mo nte_Bolca.jpg | |
210,000,000 YBN 4 | 6313) The earliest extant Teleosts: Bonytongues evolve.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Inoue, JG, Miya, M, Tsukamoto, K, Nishida, M (2003) "Basal actinopterygian relationships: A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of the ldquoancient fish.rdquo" Mol Phylogenet Evol 26: 110-120 http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1055790302003317 |
[1] Fig. 2. The single most-parsimonious (MP) tree derived from unweighted analysis of mitogenomic data comprising concatenated nucleotide sequences from 12 protein-coding (excluding the ND6 gene and third codon positions) and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes (stem regions only) from all 28 species examined. Tree length, 12,709 steps; consistency index, 0.355; retention index, 0.471; and rescaled consistency index, 0.167. Numbers above and below internal branches indicate jackknife values obtained for 500 replicates using the heuristic search option in PAUP*4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002) with 20 random-addition sequences being performed in each replication and decay indices, respectively. The scale indicates 100 changes. from: Inoue, JG, Miya, M, Tsukamoto, K, Nishida, M (2003) ''Basal actinopterygian relationships: A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of the ldquoancient fish.rdquo'' Mol Phylogenet Evol 26: 110-120 http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1055790302003317 COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/cac he/MiamiImageURL/B6WNH-475B9D7-6-1K/0?wc hp=dGLbVlz-zSkzk [2] Arapaima gigas at the Smithsonian Zoo. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b1/Arapaima_gigas.jpg | |
201,600,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 127) The End-Triassic mass extinction. 53% of all genera are observed extinct.4 Many terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians go extinct.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 2. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 3. ^ Palmer, et, al., "Primitive Life" 2009, p197. 4. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 5. ^ Palmer, et, al., "Primitive Life" 2009, p197. 6. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 7. ^ Whiteside, Jessica H.; Paul E. Olsen, Timothy Eglinton, Michael E. Brookfield, and Raymond N. Sambrotto (March 22, 2010). "Compound-specific carbon isotopes from Earth's largest flood basalt eruptions directly linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction". PNAS 107 (15): 6721–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001706107. PMC 2872409. PMID 20308590. {201.4 MYBN} 8. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 {208 mybn} MORE INFO [1] David Jablonski, "Lessons from the Past: Evolutionary Impacts of Mass Extinctions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 98, No. 10 (May 8, 2001), pp. 5393-5398. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 3055638 |
[1] A modified version of Image:Extinction Intensity.svg. Changes: Time runs from left to right Periods are coloured as per the Paris system - see w:Template:Period color for full explanation Text removed so wikilinks can be floated over. See w:Template:Annotated image/Extinction for implementation. Cubic polynomial removed as this doesn't convey any useful information and is mainly an artefact. The caption on the original file is: Marine Genus Biodiversity: Extinction Intensity GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/06/Extinction_intensity. svg [2] Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. May 1954 eruption of Kilauea Volcano. Halemaumau fountains. Photo by J.P. Eaton, May 31, 1954. Image file: /htmllib/batch37/batch37j/batch37z/batch 37/hvo00014.jpg PD source: http://libraryphoto.cr.usgs.gov/ htmllib/batch37/batch37j/batch37z/batch3 7/hvo00014.jpg | |
201,600,000 YBN 4 | 228) The end of the Triassic (251-201.6 mybn), and start of the Jurassic (201.6-145.5 mybn) Period.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 3. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 4. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf MORE INFO [1] USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Description English: Global paleogeographic reconstruction of the Earth in the late Jurassic period 150 million years ago. Deutsch: Globale paläogeografische Rekonstruktion der Erde während des späten Jura vor 150 Millionen Jahren. Русский: Глобальная палеогеографическая реконструкция Земли в конце Юрского периода, 150 миллионов лет назад. Date 23 April 2008 Source http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/mollgl obe.html Author Dr. Ron Blakey - http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/76/LateJurassicGlobal.jp g [2] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf | |
201,600,000 YBN 14 15 | 6372) The Ornithischians Thyreophora {tIrEoFeru9 } evolve; the ancestor of the armored ankylosaurs {ANKilOSORZ10 } and the plated stegosaurs {STeGeSORZ11 }.12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreo phora&submit=Submit 2. ^ "ankylosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ankylosauru s 3. ^ "stegosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/stegosaur 4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p271. 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreo phora&submit=Submit 6. ^ "ankylosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ankylosauru s 7. ^ "stegosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/stegosaur 8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p271. 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreo phora&submit=Submit 10. ^ "ankylosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ankylosauru s 11. ^ "stegosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/stegosaur 12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p271. 13. ^ Colbert, "A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona", Bulletin (Museum of Northern Arizona), No 53, 1981. 14. ^ Colbert, "A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona", Bulletin (Museum of Northern Arizona), No 53, 1981, p56-57. 15. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p224. MORE INFO [1] Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 134–135. ISBN 1-84028-152-9 | (Kayenta Formation) Arizona, USA13 |
[1] Description Scutellosaurus lawleri, an ornithischian from the Early Jurassic of North America, pencil drawing, digital coloring Date November 30, 2006, modified October 11, 2007 Source Own work Author Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/12/Scutellosaurus.jpg [2] Description Scutellosaurus Date Source Own Work by Pavel Riha (see also the paleo-gallery by Pavel Riha) Author Pavel Riha = user Pavel.Riha.CB GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b0/Scutellosaurus1.jpg |
201,000,000 YBN 2 | 6652) Wasps evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p409,412. 2. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p409,412. MORE INFO [1] Labandeira, C. C. and T. L. Phillips. 2002. Stem borings and petiole galls from Pennsylvanian tree ferns of Illinois, USA: Implications for the origin of the borer and galler functional-feeding-groups and holometabolous insects. Palaeontographica A 264:1–84, 16 pls [2] "gall." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/gall [3] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p408 [4] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p428 [5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p458 [6] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146 |
[1] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, ''Evolution of the Insects'', 2005, p411. COPYRIGHTED source: David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p411. [2] Description English: Xiphydria prolongata (Symphyta) Date Source British Phytophagous Hymenoptera Author Peter Cameron (died 1912) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f6/Xiphydria_prolongata. jpg | |
200,000,000 YBN 5 | 370) The Teleosts: eels and tarpons evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {200 MYBN} |
[1] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. [2] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. | |
200,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 | 392) The Reptiles: Crocodilia {KroKoDiLEu6 } evolve (the ancestor of Crocodiles, allegators, and caimans {KAmeNS}).7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=crocod ilia&submit=Submit 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=crocod ilia&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=crocod ilia&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 8. ^ "crocodile." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/143679/crocodile>. 9. ^ Cracraft, J., and M.J. Donoghue. Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, USA, 2004. Nueva Colecci�n Labor, p452. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6lXTP0YU6_kC&pg=PA452 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. {245 MYBN} |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. [2] Nile crocodile, taken at the Le Bonheur Crocodile Farm near Stellenbosch, South Africa. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/81/NileCrocodile.jpg | |
195,000,000 YBN 25 26 | 246) The Saurischian {SoriSKEiN16 } Sauropods {SoRuPoDZ17 } evolve; the ancestor of the large, long-necked dinosaurs like Apatosaurus {uPaTuSORuS18 }, Brachiosaurus {BrAKEuSORuS19 }, and Diplodocus {DiPloDiKuS20 }.21 22 23 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sauropod." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 14 Jun. 2012. auropod>. 2. ^ "apatosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatosaurus 3. ^ "brachiosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiosaur us 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplod ocus&submit=Submit 5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002. 7. ^ Palmer et al, "Primative Life", 2009, p224. 8. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian 9. ^ "Sauropod." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 14 Jun. 2012. auropod>. 10. ^ "apatosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatosaurus 11. ^ "brachiosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiosaur us 12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplod ocus&submit=Submit 13. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 14. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002. 15. ^ Palmer et al, "Primative Life", 2009, p224. 16. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian 17. ^ "Sauropod." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 14 Jun. 2012. auropod>. 18. ^ "apatosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatosaurus 19. ^ "brachiosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiosaur us 20. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplod ocus&submit=Submit 21. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 22. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002. 23. ^ Palmer et al, "Primative Life", 2009, p224. 24. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 25. ^ Palmer et al, "Primative Life", 2009, p224. 26. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {150 MYBN} | western USA24 |
[1] [t may not be scholarly] Description Brachiosaurus altithorax Date 2007 Source Own work Author Богданов dmitrchel@mail.ru PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d9/Brachiosaurus_DB.jpg [2] Description English: Bronze Brachiosaurus mount outside of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL. Date 10/12/2009 Source Own work Author AStrangerintheAlps CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/4b/FMNH_Brachiosaurus.JP G |
195,000,000 YBN 10 | 6373) The Ornithischian Ornithopoda {ORnitoPiDu7 } evolve; the duck-billed dinosaurs, ancestor of the Hadrosaurs.8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ornith opoda 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p224. 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002. 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ornith opoda 5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p224. 6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002. 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ornith opoda 8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p224. 9. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002. 10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p224. |
[1] Heterodontosaurus UNKNOWN source: http://www.wikidino.com/wp-conte nt/uploads/Heterodontosaurus-Jan-Sovak.j pg [2] Harold Levine, ''The Earth Through Time'', 2006, p417. COPYRIGHTED source: Harold Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p417. | |
190,000,000 YBN 5 | 371) The Teleosts: herrings and anchovies evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {190 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201773&tree=0.1 |
[1] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. [2] Description Northern anchovies are important prey for marine mammals and game fish Image ID: nur00009, National Undersearch Research Program (NURP) Collection Location: Pacific Ocean. Credit: OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) Downloaded from: http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/nur00 009.htm Note: Another image from this collection had fish described as northern anchovies, with the scientific name Engraulis mordax, or Californian anchovy. The species may be misidentified. Date 2006-12-08 (original upload date) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0f/Anchovy_closeup.jpg | |
190,000,000 YBN 6 | 6289) The Supercontinent Pangea splits into Laurasia and Gondwana. The northern part, Laurasia will form North America and Europe. The southern part, Gondwana will form South America and Africa.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375. 2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375. 3. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375. 4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375. 5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375. 6. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375. {190 mybn} | Pangea5 |
[1] 200 Ma Early Jurassic UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/200 _Jurassic_2globes.jpg [2] In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Greek root ''to build.'' Putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics, which refers to how the Earth's surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile material. Before the advent of plate tectonics, however, some people already believed that the present-day continents were the fragmented pieces of preexisting larger landmasses (''supercontinents''). The diagrams below show the break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea (meaning ''all lands'' in Greek), which figured prominently in the theory of continental drift -- the forerunner to the theory of plate tectonics. PD source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic /graphics/Fig2-5globes.gif |
190,000,000 YBN 15 16 17 18 19 20 | 6347) The Holometabola Order Lepidoptera {lePiDoPTRu10 } evolves (the ancestor of moths, butterflies, and caterpillars).11 12 13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lepido ptera&submit=Submit 2. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/con tent/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 3. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/4 3/15386.abstract 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lepido ptera&submit=Submit 5. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/con tent/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 6. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/4 3/15386.abstract 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lepido ptera&submit=Submit 8. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/con tent/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 9. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/4 3/15386.abstract 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lepido ptera&submit=Submit 11. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/con tent/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 12. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/4 3/15386.abstract 13. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7088&lvl=3& lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p556. 15. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p224. 16. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p556. 17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p469. 18. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p262. 19. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/4 3/15386.abstract 20. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/con tent/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} | earliest fossils: Dorset, England14 |
[1] Description Photograph of a male Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus en ). This butterfly was stationary on a leaf with his wings outstretched in an attempt to show off and attract a mate. The picture was taken in the butterfly house at the Tyler Arboretum. Camera and Exposure Details: Camera: Nikon D50 Lens: Nikon Nikkor ED AF-S DX 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6G Exposure: 55mm (82.5mm in 35mm equivalent) f/9 @ 1/125 s. Date 9 September 2006 Source Own work (Own Picture) Author Photo (c)2006 Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man) Permission (Reusing this file) You may NOT use this image on your own web site or anywhere else unless you release this image and any derivative works (which may include the web page or other medium where this image is used, if it is not considered a ''collective work'') by following the terms of the following license. Any other use will be considered a breach of copyright law. Please do not copy this image illegally by ignoring the terms of the license, as it is not in the public domain. If you would like special permission to use, license, or purchase the image or prints of the image, or for use in any other fashion or would simply like a copy of the original file, please contact me or email me first to ask. Please see the non-legalese usage guide for more information. Note: While you are not required to do so by the license, please consider letting me know when you reuse one of my photograph images, as a courtesy. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Monarch_Butterf ly_Showy_Male_3000px.jpg/1280px-Monarch_ Butterfly_Showy_Male_3000px.jpg [2] Description Photograph of a female Monarch Butterflyen (Danaus plexippus en ) laying an egg on a Mexican Milkweeden (Asclepias curassavica en 'Silky Gold'). The picture was taken in Aston Township, Pennsylvania. Camera and Exposure Details: Camera: Nikon D50 Lens: Sigma 70mm f/2.8 EX DG Macro Exposure: 70mm (105mm in 35mm equivalent) f/8 @ 1/160 s. (200 ISO) Date Friday, August 8, 2008 Source Own Picture. Author Photo by and (c)2009 Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man) Permission (Reusing this file) You may NOT use this image on your own web site or anywhere else unless you release this image and any derivative works (which may include the web page or other medium where this image is used, if it is not considered a ''collective work'') by following the terms of the following license. Any other use will be considered a breach of copyright law. Please do not copy this image illegally by ignoring the terms of the license, as it is not in the public domain. If you would like special permission to use, license, or purchase the image or prints of the image, or for use in any other fashion or would simply like a copy of the original file, please contact me or email me first to ask. Please see the non-legalese usage guide for more information. Note: While you are not required to do so by the license, please consider letting me know when you reuse one of my photograph images, as a courtesy. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Monarch_Butterf ly_Danaus_plexippus_Laying_Eggs.jpg/1096 px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_La ying_Eggs.jpg |
180,000,000 YBN 23 24 25 | 456) The earliest extant mammals, the Mammal Order Monotremata10 {moN-O-Tre-moD-e11 } evolves: the Monotremes {moNeTrEMZ12 }.13 Monotremes are an order of primitive egg-laying mammals restricted to Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea. The Monotremes consist of only the platypus and two species of echidna.14 15 Monotreme means "single hole" in Greek.16 Like birds and reptiles, monotremes have a single opening, the cloaca {KlO-A-Ko17 }, for the passage of liquid and solid wastes, the transfer of sperm, and, in the female, the laying of eggs.18 After hatching, young cling to the belly of the mother. Monotremes have no nipples, but milk is secreted for the young by mammary glands on the belly of the mother through openings in the mother's skin.19 20 Monotremes are also the most primitive extant warm blooded and hair growing species.21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 238-260. 3. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 238-260. 5. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 238-260. 7. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 8. ^ "monotreme." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9255&lvl=3& lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 11. ^ "Monotremata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotremata -2 12. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 238-260. 14. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 15. ^ "monotreme." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 238-260. 17. ^ "cloaca." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cloaca 18. ^ "monotreme." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 25 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 19. ^ Starr, C., C.A. Evers, and L. Starr. Biology: Concepts and Applications Without Physiology. Cengage Learning, 2010. http://books.google.com/books?id= edTsIG--n5QC&pg=PA387 20. ^ Campbell et al, "Biology", 2008, p722. 21. ^ Ted Huntington. 22. ^ "monotreme." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {180 MYBN} 24. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 25. ^ Hedges, Tree of Life, 2009 http://timetree.org/pdf/Madsen2009 Chap68.pdf MORE INFO [1] "Monotremata". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotremata | Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea22 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 239. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 239. [2] Description Photo: model of Steropodon galmani at the Australian Museum, Sydney. Date 20 April 2008 Source Own work Author Matt Martyniuk (Dinoguy2) Permission (Reusing this file) See below. Other versions Derivative works of this file: Prototheria collage.png GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f8/Steropodon_model_aus. jpg |
170,000,000 YBN 5 | 372) The Teleosts: carp, minnows, and piranhas evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {170 MYBN} |
[1] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. [2] Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Commo n_carp.jpg Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Public domain image from USFWS National Image Library. Created by Duane Raver. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a8/Common_carp.jpg | |
170,000,000 YBN 5 | 373) The Teleosts: salmon, trout, and pike evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). |
[1] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. [2] Fig. 2. The single most-parsimonious (MP) tree derived from unweighted analysis of mitogenomic data comprising concatenated nucleotide sequences from 12 protein-coding (excluding the ND6 gene and third codon positions) and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes (stem regions only) from all 28 species examined. Tree length, 12,709 steps; consistency index, 0.355; retention index, 0.471; and rescaled consistency index, 0.167. Numbers above and below internal branches indicate jackknife values obtained for 500 replicates using the heuristic search option in PAUP*4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002) with 20 random-addition sequences being performed in each replication and decay indices, respectively. The scale indicates 100 changes. from: Inoue, JG, Miya, M, Tsukamoto, K, Nishida, M (2003) ''Basal actinopterygian relationships: A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of the ldquoancient fish.rdquo'' Mol Phylogenet Evol 26: 110-120 http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1055790302003317 COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/cac he/MiamiImageURL/B6WNH-475B9D7-6-1K/0?wc hp=dGLbVlz-zSkzk | |
170,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 383) The Amphibians: Salamanders evolve.4 Salamanders are able to regenerate a lost limb or tail,5 by cells in the damaged area changing back to slightly less mature versions6 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "salamander." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/salamander 6. ^ Keim, Brandon (July 1, 2009). "Salamander Discovery Could Lead to Human Limb Regeneration". Wired. http://www.wired.com/wiredscienc e/2009/07/regeneration/ 7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p225. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {305 MYBN} |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 303. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 303. [2] Description central Pennsylvania Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) Source self-made Date 25 March 2008 Author Camazine (talk) Scott Camazine web.mac.com/camazine CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/b/b2/SpottedSalamander.jpg | |
165,000,000 YBN 13 14 | 358) The Cartilaginous fishes: batoidea {BuTOEDEu9 } evolve, the ancestor of all rays, skates, and sawfishes.10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=batoid ea&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 3. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl 4. ^ Douady, Christophe J. et al. “Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence Refuting the Hypothesis of Batoidea (rays and Skates) as Derived Sharks.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26.2 (2003): 215–221. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1055790302003330 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=batoid ea&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl 8. ^ Douady, Christophe J. et al. “Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence Refuting the Hypothesis of Batoidea (rays and Skates) as Derived Sharks.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26.2 (2003): 215–221. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1055790302003330 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=batoid ea&submit=Submit 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl 12. ^ Douady, Christophe J. et al. “Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence Refuting the Hypothesis of Batoidea (rays and Skates) as Derived Sharks.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26.2 (2003): 215–221. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1055790302003330 13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. {190 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Elasmobranchii |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361. [2] Description Manta Ray (Manta birostris) at Hin Daeng, Thailand. Date 30 November 2005 Source Flickr Author jon hanson from london, UK CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/df/Manta_birostris-Thail and4.jpg | |
150,000,000 YBN 8 9 | 330) Stegosaurus, an armored, plant-eating Thyreophoran {tIRrEoFereN4 } dinosaur lives around this time.5 6 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreo phora&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116. 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreo phora&submit=Submit 5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116. 7. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {150 MYBN} 9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p225. | western USA7 |
[1] [t may not be scholarly] Description Stegosaurus stenops, a stegosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America, pencil drawing Date 6 May 2007 Source Own work Author Nobu Tamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com www.palaeocritti.com Permission (Reusi ng this file) See below. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/70/Stegosaurus_BW.jpg [2] Description Deutsch: Rekonstruktion eines Stegosaurus-Skeletts im Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt am Main English: Reconstruction of a Stegosaurus skeleton in the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am Main Date 2 September 2007 Source EvaK Author EvaK GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6a/Stegosaurus_Senckenbe rg.jpg |
150,000,000 YBN 6 | 374) The Teleosts: Lightfish and Dragonfish evolve.4 Lightfish are characterized by luminescent organs on the undersides of their bodies.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "lightfish>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "lightfish." © Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.. 04 May. 2013. ightfish>. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {150 MYBN} |
[1] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. [2] Description English: This deep-sea fish, Photostomias guernei, has a built-in bioluminescent ''flashlight'' it uses to help it see in the dark. Date 1999 Source Photostomias.jpg Author derivative work: Una Smith Photostomias.jpg: Edith Widder/HBOI PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/63/Photostomias2.jpg | |
150,000,000 YBN 17 | 393) The Therapods {tERePoDZ10 } Birds evolve. The first feather.11 Fossils of therapod dinosaurs from China indicate that feathers may have originally evolved on non-flying reptiles for insulation (or courting12 ) and not for flight.13 At least one known feathered dinosaur can probably glide, which suggests that flapping flight evolves as an extension of gliding from trees.14 15 Birds have highly developed color vision.16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Sumida, Stuart S, and Christopher A Brochu. “Phylogenetic Context for the Origin of Feathers.” American Zoologist 40.4 (2000) : 486-503. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/40/4/486.abstract 7. ^ Ji, Q., P. J. Currie, M. A. Norell, and S.-A. Ji. 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature, 393753-761. http://www.nature.com/natur e/journal/v393/n6687/full/393753a0.html 8. ^ Xu, Xing et al. “Four-winged dinosaurs from China.” Nature 421.6921 (2003) : 335-340. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v421/n6921/abs/nature01342.html 9. ^ Smith, Patrick E. et al. “Dates and rates in ancient lakes: 40Ar–39Ar evidence for an Early Cretaceous age for the Jehol Group, northeast China.” Can. J. Earth Sci. 32.9 (2011) : 1426-1431. http://www.nrcresearchpress. com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1139%2F e95-115 10. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Sumida, Stuart S, and Christopher A Brochu. “Phylogenetic Context for the Origin of Feathers.” American Zoologist 40.4 (2000) : 486-503. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/40/4/486.abstract 13. ^ Ji, Q., P. J. Currie, M. A. Norell, and S.-A. Ji. 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature, 393753-761. http://www.nature.com/natur e/journal/v393/n6687/full/393753a0.html 14. ^ Xu, Xing et al. “Four-winged dinosaurs from China.” Nature 421.6921 (2003) : 335-340. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v421/n6921/abs/nature01342.html 15. ^ Smith, Patrick E. et al. “Dates and rates in ancient lakes: 40Ar–39Ar evidence for an Early Cretaceous age for the Jehol Group, northeast China.” Can. J. Earth Sci. 32.9 (2011) : 1426-1431. http://www.nrcresearchpress. com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1139%2F e95-115 16. ^ Mark Pagel, "Encyclopedia of Evolution", 2002, vol 1, p110. {Pagel_Encyclopedia_Of_Evolution_ 2002.pdf} 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {245 MYBN} {245 MYBN (bird and croc split} MORE INFO [1] Xu, X., Z. Tang, and X. Wang. 1999a. A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China. Nature, 399350-354 [2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) : 1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full [3] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 [4] Hedges, S. Blair et al. “Continental breakup and the ordinal diversification of birds and mammals.” Nature 381.6579 (1996) : 226-229. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v381/n6579/abs/381226a0.html [5] Ivanov, M., Hrdlickova, S. & Gregorova, R. (2001) The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils. Rebo Publishers, Netherlands. pp. 312 [6] Zhang, Z., Gao, C., Meng, Q., Liu, J., Hou, L., & Zheng, G. (2009). Diversification in an early cretaceous avian genus: evidence from a new species of Confuciusornis from china. Journal of Ornithology , 150 (4), 783-790. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-009-039 9-x [7] Hou L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Zhang H (1995a) Confuciusornis sanctus, a new Late Jurassic sauriurine bird from China. Chin Sci Bull 40:1545–1551 |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. [2] Description English: Archaeopteryx lithographica, specimen displayed at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. (This image shows the original fossil - not a cast.) Deutsch: Archaeopteryx lithographica, Exemplar im Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. (Dieses Bild zeigt das Original-Fossil, keinen Abguss.) Date 5 July 2009 Source Own work Author H. Raab (User:Vesta) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithogr aphica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg | |
145,000,000 YBN 27 28 29 30 31 | 245) The Seed plants angiosperms evolve. The first flowering plant.21 22 23 Almost all grains, beans, nuts, fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices come from plants with flowers. Much of our clothing comes from flowering plants too, for example: cotton and linen are made from "fibers" of flowering plants, as are rope and burlap. Many commercial dyes and drugs also come from flowering plants.24 Angiosperms represent approximately 80 percent of all the known green plants now living. The angiosperms are vascular seed plants in which the ovule (or egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The ovary is usually enclosed in a flower, the part of the angiosperm that contains the male or female reproductive organs or both.25 The fruit is the ovary of a plant which encloses seeds.26 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/9 1/10/1437.short 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc /articles/PMC1088868/ 4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/ anthophyta.html 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/ anthophyta.html 9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 10. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 12. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/ anthophyta.html 13. ^ "Article". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "angiosperm", Encyclopedia Britannica 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to pic/24667/angiosperm/24667main/Article 14. ^ "fruit". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "fruit", Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBcheck ed/topic/221056/fruit 15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 16. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 18. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/ anthophyta.html 19. ^ "Article". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "angiosperm", Encyclopedia Britannica 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to pic/24667/angiosperm/24667main/Article 20. ^ "Article". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "angiosperm", Encyclopedia Britannica 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to pic/24667/angiosperm/24667main/Article 21. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 22. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 23. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 24. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/ anthophyta.html 25. ^ "Article". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "angiosperm", Encyclopedia Britannica 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to pic/24667/angiosperm/24667main/Article 26. ^ "Article". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "angiosperm", Encyclopedia Britannica 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to pic/24667/angiosperm/24667main/Article 27. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p607-613. 28. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 29. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.short (175mybn) {Gymno-angio spilt) 320 mybn (radiation at 180my} 30. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/c ontent/21/5/809.abstract (c100mybn) {320-290 mybn (radiation at 100 mybn} 31. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009, p135. http://timetree.org/pdf/Magallon2 009Chap11.pdf MORE INFO [1] "Fruit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit [2] THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. “An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG III.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161.2 (2009): 105–121. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339 [3] Kumar, Hedges, "Time Tree of Life", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php | Israel, Morocco, Libya, and possibly China |
[1] Description 辽宁古果(Archaefructus liaoningensis),为迄今发现的最 早的花(早白垩纪),于北京 然博物馆 Date 17:15, 18 October 2006 (UTC) Source Own work Author Shizhao CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Archaefructus_l iaoningensis.jpg/1280px-Archaefructus_li aoningensis.jpg [2] Figure 2 from: Sun, G. , Dilcher, D. L. , Zheng, S.-L. & Zhou, Z.-K. In search of the first flower: A Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from northeast China. Science 282, 1692–1695 (1998). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/282/5394/1692 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2896858 COPYRIGHTED source: Sun, G. , Dilcher, D. L. , Zheng, S.-L. & Zhou, Z.-K. In search of the first flower: A Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from northeast China. Science 282, 1692–1695 (1998). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/282/5394/1692http://www.jstor.org/sta ble/2896858 |
144,000,000 YBN | 128) The end of the Jurassic (201.6-145.5 mybn), and start of the Cretaceous (145.5-65.5 mybn) Period.3 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 3. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 150 Ma Late Jurassic UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/150 _Jurassic_2globes.jpg | |
143,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 20 21 | 6288) The earliest extant Angiosperm "Amborella".13 14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 10. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 12. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 13. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 14. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 16. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 18. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 19. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (175mybn) {179mybn} 20. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (175mybn) 21. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c100mybn) MORE INFO [1] "Fruit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit [2] Sun, G. , Dilcher, D. L. , Zheng, S.-L. & Zhou, Z.-K. In search of the first flower: A Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from northeast China. Science 282, 1692–1695 (1998). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/282/5394/1692 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2896858 |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract [2] Photo of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae; photo © Sangtae Kim). source: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=ang iosperms | |
140,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 16 | 247) The Angiosperms Nymphaeales {niM-FE-A-lEZ10 } evolve, the Water Lilies.11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ based on: http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nympha eaceae 2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ based on: http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nympha eaceae 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 7. ^ based on: http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nympha eaceae 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 9. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 10. ^ based on: http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nympha eaceae 11. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 13. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 14. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (171mybn) 16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (165mybn) |
[1] Nymphaea alba Nymphaea alba - image taken on 29 August 2004 in the outdoor botanical garden of Technion - Haifa, Israel public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nym phaeaceae [2] Nymphaea colorata from Africa presume is gnu or pd source: same | |
140,000,000 YBN 10 11 | 421) The Ornithiscian5 Ceratopsian dinosaurs evolve (the ancestor of Triceratops).6 Ceratopsian dinosaurs are plant-eating dinosaurs.7 Later ceratopsians have massive heads armed with a sharp beak, long horns and a large sheet of bone that grows from the back of the skull.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p116, 2002. 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p116, 2002. 4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 5. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p116, 2002. 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 7. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115. 8. ^ Palmer, "The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals", 1999, p162-163. 9. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 11. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {80 MYBN} | Mongolia, China9 |
[1] Psittacosaurus Palmer, ''The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals'', 1999, p162-163. COPYRIGHTED source: Palmer, "The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals", 1999, p162-163. [2] Description Protoceratops andrewsi skeleton at Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Date 28 November 2009, 14:07 Source http://www.flickr.com/photos/139061 48@N00/4168549790/ Uploaded by FunkMonk Author Tadek Kurpaski from London, Poland CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7c/Andrewsi.jpg |
140,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 457) The Mammals Marsupials evolve.12 The first nipple and breast.13 14 Marsupium means pouch in Latin. Marsupials are born as tiny embryos and crawl through their mother's fur into the pouch where they clamp their mouths to a nipple. The other main group of mammals are called placentals because they feed their embryos using a placenta which allows the baby to be born much later. The pouch is like an external womb.15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 4. ^ Williams, W.R. A Monograph on Diseases of the Breast: Their Pathology and Treatment, with Special Reference to Cancer. Bale, 1894, p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=QB 01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9 5. ^ Loke, Y.W. Life�s Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the Placenta. OUP Oxford, 2013. http://books.google.com/books?id= ELoP_omQfkoC&pg=PP34 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 7. ^ Williams, W.R. A Monograph on Diseases of the Breast: Their Pathology and Treatment, with Special Reference to Cancer. Bale, 1894, p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=QB 01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9 8. ^ Loke, Y.W. Life�s Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the Placenta. OUP Oxford, 2013. http://books.google.com/books?id= ELoP_omQfkoC&pg=PP34 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 10. ^ Williams, W.R. A Monograph on Diseases of the Breast: Their Pathology and Treatment, with Special Reference to Cancer. Bale, 1894, p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=QB 01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9 11. ^ Loke, Y.W. Life�s Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the Placenta. OUP Oxford, 2013. http://books.google.com/books?id= ELoP_omQfkoC&pg=PP34 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 13. ^ Williams, W.R. A Monograph on Diseases of the Breast: Their Pathology and Treatment, with Special Reference to Cancer. Bale, 1894, p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=QB 01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9 14. ^ Loke, Y.W. Life�s Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the Placenta. OUP Oxford, 2013. http://books.google.com/books?id= ELoP_omQfkoC&pg=PP34 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 16. ^ Rincon, Paul (2003-12-12). "Rincon, P., Oldest Marsupial Ancestor Found, BBC, Dec 2003". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-03-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ science/nature/3311911.stm 17. ^ "Pickrell, J., Oldest Marsupial Fossil Found in China, National Geographic, December 2003". News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.ht ml 18. ^ "Vertebrate Paleontology: Sinodelphys szalayi". Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2010-10-21. http://www.carnegiemnh.org/ vp/sinodelphys.html 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. {140 MYBN} 20. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p. 42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html {nature10291.pdf} {165MYBN} 21. ^ Hedges, Tree of Life, 2009 http://timetree.org/pdf/Madsen2009 Chap68.pdf 22. ^ van Rheede, T. et al. The platypus is in its place: nuclear genes and Indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and therians. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 587–597 (2006). {143-178MYBN} 23. ^ Phillips, M. J., Bennett, T. H. & Lee, M. S. Y. Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17089–17094 (2009). {193-186} 24. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. | China16 17 18 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. [2] Description English: Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in a juniper tree in northeastern Ohio. Date 27 December 2008 Source Own work Author Wilson44691 Permission (Reusing this file) See below. Other versions PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6a/Possum122708.JPG |
136,000,000 YBN 7 | 460) The Birds Enantiornithes {iNaNTEORNitEZ5 } evolve.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=enanti ornithes&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.500.html#Enantiornithes 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=enanti ornithes&submit=Submit 4. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.500.html#Enantiornithes 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=enanti ornithes&submit=Submit 6. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.500.html#Enantiornithes 7. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.500.html#Enantiornithes {136 MYBN (estimate from} MORE INFO [1] http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil-Pictu res/Birds/Protopteryx/Protopteryx-fengni ngensis.htm |
[1] Protopteryx fengningensis Name: Protopteryx fengningensis Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum Vertebrata; Class Aves; Subclass Enantiornithes Geological Time: Early Cretaceous Size: 120 mm long (tip of skull to tip of toes); Matrix: 85 mm by 141 mm Fossil Site: Yixian Formation, Fengning County, Hebei Province of China UNKNOWN source: http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Foss il-Pictures/Birds/Protopteryx/CF017A.jpg [2] Sinornis santensis Artist: James Reece COPYRIGHTED AUSTRALIA source: http://www.amonline.net.au/chine se_dinosaurs/feathered_dinosaurs/photo07 .htm | |
134,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 | 250) The Angiosperms: "Magnoliids" {maGnOlEiDZ14 } evolve (the ancestor of nutmeg, avocado, sassafras, cinnamon, black and white pepper, camphor, bay (or laurel) tree, and magnolia.15 16 ).17 18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "magnoliid>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "magnoliid." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 20 May. 2012. agnoliid>. 2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.short 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1088868/ 4. ^ "magnoliid>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "magnoliid." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 20 May. 2012. agnoliid>. 5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1088868/ 6. ^ "Magnoliid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliid 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). entire group is called magnoliids 9. ^ "magnoliid>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "magnoliid." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 20 May. 2012. agnoliid>. 10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1088868/ 11. ^ "Magnoliid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliid 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). entire group is called magnoliids 14. ^ "magnoliid>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "magnoliid." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 20 May. 2012. agnoliid>. 15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1088868/ 16. ^ "Magnoliid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliid 17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). entire group is called magnoliids 19. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 20. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 21. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). entire group is called magnoliids {179 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) |
[1] Magnolia This photo is a part of the Wikipedia:Plant photo collection I. Downloaded URL: http://tencent.homestead.com/files/magno lia.jpg Warning sign This image has no source information. Source information must be provided so that the copyright status can be verified by others. Unless the copyright status is provided and a source is given, the image will be deleted seven days after this template was added (see page history). If you just added this template, please use {{no source source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag noliales [2] ~~~~~}} (to include the date here). Please consider using source: same | |
133,000,000 YBN 18 19 20 | 253) The Angiosperms Eudicots {YUDIKoTS13 } evolve (the largest lineage of flowers).14 15 The two main groups of the Eudicots are the "rosids" and the "asterids".16 Eudicots are also called "tricolpates" which refers to the structure of the pollen.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "eudicot>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "eudicot." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 29 Dec. 2011. udicot>. 2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ "eudicot>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "eudicot." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 29 Dec. 2011. udicot>. 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 8. ^ "eudicot>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "eudicot." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 29 Dec. 2011. udicot>. 9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 11. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ "eudicot>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "eudicot." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 29 Dec. 2011. udicot>. 14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 18. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 19. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 20. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (153mybn) {155 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=eudico t&submit=Submit |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract | |
132,000,000 YBN 5 | 462) The Birds Hesperornithiformes {HeS-Pe-rOR-nit-e-FOR-mEZ3 } evolve.4 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "Hesperornithiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/hesperornit hiformes 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.500.html#Hesperornithiforme s (estimate from) 3. ^ "Hesperornithiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/hesperornit hiformes 4. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.500.html#Hesperornithiforme s (estimate from) 5. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.500.html#Hesperornithiforme s (estimate from) |
[1] Hesperornis. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.savageancientseas.com /images/labels/hesperornis.jpg [2] Detail of a painting by Ely Kish, Copyright © Ely Kish; used with permission of Ely Kish (EMAIL) Hesperornis regalis Hesperornis (pronounced HES-per-OR-nis) means ''western bird''. Toothed marine birds of the Late Cretaceous seas COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.oceansofkansas.com/He sperornis/kish-01.jpg | |
130,000,000 YBN 9 | 375) The Teleosts: Perch, seahorses, flying fish, pufferfish, and barracuda evolve.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=44719&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=44719&tree=0.1 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=44719&tree=0.1 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=44719&tree=0.1 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {130 MYBN} |
[1] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. [2] Seahorse - Hippocampus sp. Image ID reef2027, The Coral Kingdom Collection Location Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea Photographer Mr. Mohammed Al Momany, Aqaba, Jordan Source http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/reef2 027.htm PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/4b/Hippocampus.jpg | |
130,000,000 YBN 5 | 376) The Teleosts: cod and anglerfish evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {130 MYBN} |
[1] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. [2] Fig. 2. The single most-parsimonious (MP) tree derived from unweighted analysis of mitogenomic data comprising concatenated nucleotide sequences from 12 protein-coding (excluding the ND6 gene and third codon positions) and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes (stem regions only) from all 28 species examined. Tree length, 12,709 steps; consistency index, 0.355; retention index, 0.471; and rescaled consistency index, 0.167. Numbers above and below internal branches indicate jackknife values obtained for 500 replicates using the heuristic search option in PAUP*4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002) with 20 random-addition sequences being performed in each replication and decay indices, respectively. The scale indicates 100 changes. from: Inoue, JG, Miya, M, Tsukamoto, K, Nishida, M (2003) ''Basal actinopterygian relationships: A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of the ldquoancient fish.rdquo'' Mol Phylogenet Evol 26: 110-120 http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1055790302003317 COP YRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/cf/Gadus_morhua-Cod-2-At lanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG | |
125,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 16 | 163) The Mammals Eutheria evolve: Placental mammals.8 The Eutheria are mammals that have a placenta. The placenta is an organ that forms in the uterus to aid in the exchange of food and wastes between the blood of the mother and fetus through an umbilical cord.9 10 Placental mammals include all living mammals except marsupials and monotremes. The placenta allows for a longer developmental period within the protection of the womb which may give the placentals a selective advantage.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 3. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 4. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 5. ^ "placental mammal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/462577/placental-mammal>. 6. ^ "placenta." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 25 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/placenta 7. ^ "placental mammal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/462577/placental-mammal>. 8. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 9. ^ "placental mammal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/462577/placental-mammal>. 10. ^ "placenta." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 25 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/placenta 11. ^ "placental mammal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/462577/placental-mammal>. 12. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p. 42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html {nature10291.pdf} 13. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p. 42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html {nature10291.pdf} {160MYBN} 14. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). {130MYBN} 15. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225. MORE INFO [1] Nature. "Ji, Q., et al., The Earliest Known Eutherian Mammal, Nature, 416, Pages 816-822, Apr 2002". Nature.com. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 416/n6883/full/416816a.html | earliest fossils: (Daxigou) Jianchang County, Liaoning Province, China12 |
[1] Description English: Juramaia Date 30 April 2012 Source Own work Author Nobu Tamura http://paleoexhibit.blogspot.com/ http://spinops.blogspot.com/ http://www.palaeocritti.com CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg [2] Figure 1 from: Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), ''A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals'', Nature 476(7361): p. 42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html {nature10291.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://nature.com/nature/journal /v476/n7361/carousel/nature10291-f1.2.jp g |
125,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 | 395) The bird beak evolves.4 5 6 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Hou L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Zhang H (1995a) Confuciusornis sanctus, a new Late Jurassic sauriurine bird from China. Chin Sci Bull 40:1545–1551 2. ^ Swisher, Carl C., Wang, Yuan-qing, Wang, Xiao-lin, Xu, Xing, Wang, Yuan. (1999). "Creatceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China". Nature 400:58–61 1 July 1999. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 400/n6739/abs/400058a0.html 3. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/bi rds/birdfr.html 4. ^ Hou L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Zhang H (1995a) Confuciusornis sanctus, a new Late Jurassic sauriurine bird from China. Chin Sci Bull 40:1545–1551 5. ^ Swisher, Carl C., Wang, Yuan-qing, Wang, Xiao-lin, Xu, Xing, Wang, Yuan. (1999). "Creatceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China". Nature 400:58–61 1 July 1999. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 400/n6739/abs/400058a0.html 6. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/bi rds/birdfr.html 7. ^ Swisher, Carl C., Wang, Yuan-qing, Wang, Xiao-lin, Xu, Xing, Wang, Yuan. (1999). "Creatceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China". Nature 400:58–61 1 July 1999. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 400/n6739/abs/400058a0.html 8. ^ Swisher, Carl C., Wang, Yuan-qing, Wang, Xiao-lin, Xu, Xing, Wang, Yuan. (1999). "Creatceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China". Nature 400:58–61 1 July 1999. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 400/n6739/abs/400058a0.html {125 MYBN} 9. ^ Smith, Patrick E. et al. “Dates and rates in ancient lakes: 40Ar–39Ar evidence for an Early Cretaceous age for the Jehol Group, northeast China.” Can. J. Earth Sci. 32.9 (2011) : 1426-1431. http://www.nrcresearchpress. com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1139%2F e95-115 {145 MYBN} 10. ^ "Jurassic." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/jurassic {145 MYBN} | earliest fossils: (Yixian Formation) Liaoning Province, northeastern China7 |
[1] Confuciusornis source: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/dia psids/birds/confuciusornislg.jpg [2] Description Confuciusornis sanctus skeleton displayed in Hong Kong Science Museum Date 30 June 2007 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/78/Confuchisornis_sanctu s.JPG |
120,000,000 YBN 9 | 463) The birds Neornithes {nEORnitEZ7 } evolve (modern birds: the most recent common ancestor of all extant birds).8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ne ornithes&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ne ornithes&submit=Submit 4. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ne ornithes&submit=Submit 6. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ne ornithes&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) {120 MYBN (estimate from} MORE INFO [1] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) : 1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full [2] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 [3] Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008): 6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741- 7007/6/6 |
[1] aepyornis The same image appears in: Palmer, The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals, 1999, p176. COPYRIGHTED source: http://photo.starnet.ru/Thematic _Wallpapers/Zhizn/Dikie_zhivotnye/dinosa urs_fossils/images/aepyornis.jpg [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. | |
120,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 | 6361) Bees evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p458. 2. ^ Sara Ball, "100-million-year-old discovery pushes bees' evolutionary history back 35 million years", Cornell Chronicle, Nov. 6, 2006. http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2 006/11/two-studies-bee-evolution-reveal- surprises 3. ^ Poinar, G. O., and B. N. Danforth. A Fossil Bee from Early Cretaceous Burmese Amber. Science 314.5799 (2006): 614614. http://www.sciencemag.org/cont ent/314/5799/614.short 4. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p458. 5. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p283. MORE INFO [1] Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/1 0.1664/10-RA-011.1 [2] Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263 | (possibly) Africa2 |
[1] Fig. 1. Melittosphex burmensis. (A) Ventral view of fossil with key features labeled. (B) Photograph of fossil as seen in ventral view. (C) Reconstruction of head based on details visible in fossil and information from modern bees. (D) Morphology of branched hairs on the hind femur. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/314/5799/614/F1.large.jpg |
120,000,000 YBN 2 | 6653) Ants evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p431,440. 2. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p431,440. MORE INFO [1] Labandeira, C. C. and T. L. Phillips. 2002. Stem borings and petiole galls from Pennsylvanian tree ferns of Illinois, USA: Implications for the origin of the borer and galler functional-feeding-groups and holometabolous insects. Palaeontographica A 264:1–84, 16 pls [2] "gall." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/gall [3] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p408 [4] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p428 [5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p458 [6] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146 |
[1] Description Atta cephalotes. Left most 7 are workers of various castes, right 2 are queens (rightmost: winged form). Date 2008-06-08 10:32 (UTC) Source Atta.cephalotes.gamut.jpg Author derivative work: GameKeeper Atta.cephalotes.gamut.jpg: Sarefo CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Atta.cephalotes .gamut.selection.jpg/1280px-Atta.cephalo tes.gamut.selection.jpg [2] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, ''Evolution of the Insects'', 2005, p431. COPYRIGHTED source: David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p431. | |
112,000,000 YBN 21 22 23 | 252) The Angiosperms Monocotyledons (or "Monocots") evolve: Flowering plants that have a single cotyledon (or seed leaf) in the embryo.15 16 17 Monocots are the second largest lineage of flowers after the Eudicots, and include lilies, palms, orchids, and grasses.18 19 The two main orders of Monocots are "Base Monocots" and "Commelinids".20 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ "Monocotyledon", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry, http://www.answers.com/topic/monocotyled on 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 6. ^ "Monocotyledon", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry, http://www.answers.com/topic/monocotyled on 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 11. ^ "Monocotyledon", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry, http://www.answers.com/topic/monocotyled on 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 16. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 17. ^ "Monocotyledon", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry, http://www.answers.com/topic/monocotyled on 18. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 19. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 20. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 21. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 22. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 23. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (154mybn) MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract | |
108,000,000 YBN 17 18 19 | 254) The Basal Eudicots evolve (the ancestor of the buttercup, clematis, poppy, macadamia, lotus, and sycamore).13 14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 9. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 18. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 19. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (145mybn) {147 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] wiki |
[1] Creeping butercup (Ranunculus repens). GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Creeping_butercup_close_800.jpg [2] Clematis hybrid from http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/phot os/ public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cle matis | |
106,000,000 YBN 21 22 | 267) The "Core Eudicots" evolve (the ancestor of the cactus, caper, buckwheat, rhubarb, venus flytrap, old world pitcher plants, beet, quinoa, spinach, and grape plants).16 17 18 19 20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 5. ^ wiki 6. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract 9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 10. ^ wiki 11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 13. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract 14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 15. ^ wiki 16. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 17. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract 19. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 20. ^ wiki 21. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 22. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract (145my) {124 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 ( 128mybn) |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract | |
105,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 | 491) The Eutheria Superorder7 Afrotheria evolves (the ancestor of all elephants, manatees, and aardvarks).8 Afrotheres originate in Africa and are the earliest extant placental mammals.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 7. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=311790&lvl= 3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p= genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl ock 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. {105 MYBN} 12. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 13. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). | Africa10 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225. [2] Description Afrotheria Date 18 December 2007 Source self-made, based on: Image:Orycteropus afer.jpg Image:Dugong.jpg Image:Elephant Shrew.jpg Image:Manatee Looking at the Camera.jpg Image:Taupe doree.jpg Image:Klippschliefer Suedafrika Hermanus.jpg Image:Elefante Lake Manyara Park.jpg Image:Tanrek.jpg Author Esculapio GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f0/Afrotheria.jpg |
100,000,000 YBN 11 | 465) The Birds "Ratites" evolve (the ancestor of the ostrich, rhea {rEe7 }8 , emu, cassowary {KaSOwaRE9 }, and kiwi).10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ca ssowary&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ca ssowary&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ca ssowary&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) 7. ^ "rhea." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/rhea 8. ^ http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree .aspx?id=51257&tree=0.1 9. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ca ssowary&submit=Submit 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) {100 MYBN (estimate from} MORE INFO [1] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /350Aves/350.900.html#Ratites [2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) : 1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full [3] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. [2] Description Various Ratite birds (clockwise from top left): Brown kiwi Apteryx mantelli, Greater rhea, double-wattled cassowary Casuarius casuarius, Haast's eagle attacking New Zealand moa, Masai ostrich (photographed in Nairobi National Park, Kenya). Date 19 June 2007 Source self-made from Image:Brown_kiwi.jpg, Image:Nandu-Portrait 2.jpg, Image:Casuarius_casuarius_-_double-wattl ed_cassowary.jpg, Image:Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Z ealand_moa.jpg, Image:Masai ostrich.jpg (see original images for copyright information). Author Richard001 GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/31/Ratites.PNG | |
95,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 | 498) The Eutheria Superorder "Xenarthra" {ZeN-oR-tro13 } evolves in South America, the Xenarthrans {ZeNoRtreNZ14 } (the ancestor of Sloths, Anteaters, and Armadillos).15 16 17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenart hran 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p219-223. 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenart hran 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p219-223. 7. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 8. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenart hran 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p219-223. 11. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 12. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenart hra&submit=Submit 14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenart hran 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p219-223. 16. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 17. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p219-223. 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),219-223. {95 MYBN} 20. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 21. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Cornelis, Guillaume et al. “Ancestral Capture of syncytin-Car1, a Fusogenic Endogenous Retroviral Envelope Gene Involved in Placentation and Conserved in Carnivora.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.7 (2012): E432–E441. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/109/7/E432.abstract [2] Delsuc, Frédéric et al. “Molecular Phylogenetics Unveils the Ancient Evolutionary Origins of the Enigmatic Fairy Armadillos.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62.2 (2012): 673–680. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1055790311004799 [3] Shattuck, Milena R., and Scott A. Williams. “Arboreality Has Allowed for the Evolution of Increased Longevity in Mammals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.10 (2010): 4635–4639. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/107/ 10/4635.abstract | South America18 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p220. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p220. [2] Description Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) in Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens Date 8 January 2006 Source Flickr Author Woodsm CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b5/Choloepus_hoffmanni.j pg |
93,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 | 256) The Angiosperms: "Rosids" evolve (Basal Rosids include: the pomegranate, clove, guava, allspice, and eucalyptus).10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 6. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 9. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 12. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 13. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (122mybn) {117} {109} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract [2] A photo of the tree Staphylea colchica taken by me in Århus, Denmark GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro ssosomatales | |
93,000,000 YBN 18 19 | 261) The Rosids Order "Fabales" {FoBAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of beans, pea, peanut, soy, and lentil).14 15 16 17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=fabace ae 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=fabace ae 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=fabace ae 10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=fabace ae 14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 17. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=72025&lvl=3 &lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 18. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 19. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {94 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract [2] Abrus precatorius (Black-eyed Susan) USGS public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abr us | |
93,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 | 265) The Monocots "Base Monocots" evolve (the ancestor of vanilla, orchid, asparagus, onion, garlic, agave, aloe, and lily).7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 4. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 10. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 11. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (153my) {141 MYBN} {154 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/res earch/APweb/welcome.html |
[1] Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) - spadix Spadix of Sweet Flag. usgs public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aco rus [2] Ivy Duckweed (Lemna trisulca) Name Lemna trisulca Family Lemnaceae source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali smatales | |
93,000,000 YBN 17 18 | 266) The Monocots "Commelinids" {KomelIniDZ13 } evolve (the ancestor of palms, coconut, corn, rice, barley, oat, wheat, rye, sugarcane, bamboo, grass, pineapple, papyrus, turmeric {TRmRiK14 }, banana, and ginger).15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Commelinidae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/commelinida e 2. ^ "turmeric." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/turmeric 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 4. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 5. ^ "Commelinidae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/commelinida e 6. ^ "turmeric." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/turmeric 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 9. ^ "Commelinidae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/commelinida e 10. ^ "turmeric." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/turmeric 11. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 13. ^ "Commelinidae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/commelinida e 14. ^ "turmeric." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/turmeric 15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 16. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (153my) {94 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) |
[1] Manila dwarf coconut palm from http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/phot os/ Manila dwarf coconut palm thumbnail A Manila dwarf coconut palm on the grounds of the Tropical Agriculture Research Station in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. dept of ag public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are cales [2] coconut GOV public domain source: http://www.nps.gov/kaho/KAHOckLs /KAHOplnt/images/IMG_03957.jpg | |
93,000,000 YBN 21 22 | 275) The Basal Asterids Order "Ericales" {AReKAlEZ16 17 } evolves (the ancestor of the kiwifruit, ebony, persimmon, blueberry, cranberry, brazil nut, new world pitcher plant, and tea).18 19 20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ericac eae&submit=Submit 2. ^ "Ericales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ericales-1 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ericac eae&submit=Submit 7. ^ "Ericales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ericales-1 8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 9. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ericac eae&submit=Submit 12. ^ "Ericales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ericales-1 13. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 14. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ericac eae&submit=Submit 17. ^ "Ericales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ericales-1 18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 19. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 20. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 21. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 22. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {113 MYBN} {100 MYBN} {114 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract [2] Actinidia fruit. kiwifruit. public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Aethionema_grandiflora0.jpg | |
93,000,000 YBN 17 18 | 283) The Asterids Order "Apiales" {APEAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of dill, celery, cilantro, carrot, parsnip, fennel, parsley, and ivy).14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apiace ae+&submit=Submit 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apiace ae+&submit=Submit 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apiace ae+&submit=Submit 10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apiace ae+&submit=Submit 14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) {95 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) |
[1] Variegated Ground-elder (Aegopodium podagraria L.) in flower. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ground-elder_bloom.jpg [2] An established spread of variegated Ground-elder (Aegopodium podagraria L.). GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ground-elder.jpg | |
93,000,000 YBN 17 18 | 285) The Asterids Order "Asterales" {aSTRAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of tarragon, daisy, artichoke, sunflower, lettuce, and dandelion).14 15 16 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "Asterales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/asterales 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ "Asterales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/asterales 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 9. ^ "Asterales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/asterales 10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ "Asterales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/asterales 14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 18. ^ wiki MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) |
[1] Ray floret, typical for flowers of the family Asteraceae. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ray.floret01.jpg [2] disc floret, typical part of a flower of the family Asteraceae. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Disc_floret01.jpg | |
91,000,000 YBN 20 21 | 259) The Rosids Order "Malpighiales" {maLPiGEAlEZ15 } evolves 16 17 18 (the ancestor of coca, rubber tree, cassava, poinsettia, willow, poplar, and aspen).19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Malpighiaceae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malpighiace ae-1 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ "Malpighiaceae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malpighiace ae-1 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 9. ^ wiki 10. ^ "Malpighiaceae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malpighiace ae-1 11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 12. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 13. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 14. ^ wiki 15. ^ "Malpighiaceae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malpighiace ae-1 16. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 17. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 18. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 19. ^ wiki 20. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {90 MYBN} {81 MYBN} {91 MYBN} 21. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) |
[1] mangosteen public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar cinia [2] Mangosteen fruit public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man gosteen | |
90,000,000 YBN 21 | 270) The Rosids Order "Brassicales" {BraSiKAlEZ16 } evolves (the ancestor of horseradish, mustard, cabbage, broccoli, radish, and papaya).17 18 19 20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brassi cacea 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ wiki 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brassi cacea 7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 8. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 9. ^ wiki 10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brassi cacea 12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 13. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 14. ^ wiki 15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brassi cacea 17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 18. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 19. ^ wiki 20. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 21. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {88 MYBN} {90 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my) |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract [2] Aethionema grandiflora, GFDL by Kurt Stueber source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Aethionema_grandiflora0.jpg | |
89,000,000 YBN 17 18 | 262) The Rosids Order "Rosales" {ROZAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of hemp, hop, jackfruit, fig, strawberry, rose, raspberry, apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, and almond).14 15 16 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "Rosales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/rosales-1 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ "Rosales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/rosales-1 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 9. ^ "Rosales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/rosales-1 10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ "Rosales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/rosales-1 14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87 MYBN} {76 MYBN} {89 MYBN} 18. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) |
[1] Filipendula ulmaria, GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil ipendula [2] A display of different apples, We've even worked on bashless bagging-packaging systems that are used by wholesalers to bring you apples without bruises. US ARS public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App le | |
89,000,000 YBN 19 | 279) The Asterids Order "Gentianales" {JeNsinAlEZ14 } evolves15 16 17 (the ancestor of oleander, and coffee).18 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ "Gentianales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gentianales -1 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ "Gentianales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gentianales -1 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 9. ^ "Gentianales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gentianales -1 10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ wiki 14. ^ "Gentianales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gentianales -1 15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 16. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 18. ^ wiki 19. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87 MYBN} {89 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract [2] Anthocleista grandiflora. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Anthocleista_grandiflora.jpg | |
86,000,000 YBN 17 | 278) The Asterids Order "Solanales" {SOlanAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of bell pepper, tomato, tobacco, potato, and eggplant).14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=solana cea 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=solana cea 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=solana cea 10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=solana cea 14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87 MYBN} {86 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) | Americas |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract [2] Atropa belladonna. Deadly nightshade. GFDL by Kurt Stueber source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Atropa_bella-donna1.jpg |
85,000,000 YBN 17 18 | 263) The Rosids Order "Cucurbitales" (KYUKRBiTAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of melon, cucumber, pumpkin, squash, and zucchini).14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cucurbit." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cucurbit 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ "cucurbit." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cucurbit 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 9. ^ "cucurbit." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cucurbit 10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ "cucurbit." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cucurbit 14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {85 MYBN} {65 MYBN} 18. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) | Americas |
[1] White bryony (Bryonia dioica). GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:White_bryony_male_800.jpg [2] watermelon public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Vampire_watermelon.jpg |
85,000,000 YBN 20 21 | 264) The Rosids Order "Fagales" {FaGAlEZ15 } evolves (the ancestor of many flowers that produce edible nuts: for example Birch, Hazel {nut}, Chestnut, Beech {nut}, Oak, Walnut, Pecan {PEKoN16 }, and Hickory).17 18 19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Fagales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/fagales-1 2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 5. ^ "Fagales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/fagales-1 6. ^ "pecan." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/peca 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 9. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 10. ^ "Fagales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/fagales-1 11. ^ "pecan." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/peca 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 14. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 15. ^ "Fagales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/fagales-1 16. ^ "pecan." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/peca 17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 19. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 20. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). {85 MYBN} {61 MYBN} 21. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my) |
[1] Alnus serrulata (Tag Alder) Male catkins on right, mature female catkins left Johnsonville, South Carolina GFDL source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Tagalder8139.jpg [2] Speckled Alder (Alnus incana subsp. rugosa) - leaves GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Alnus_incana_rugosa_leaves.jpg | |
85,000,000 YBN 9 | 466) The Bird Order "Galliformes" {GaLliFORmEZ7 } evolves (the ancestor of the Chicken, Turkey, Pheasant, Peacock, and Quail).8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gallif ormes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gallif ormes&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gallif ormes&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gallif ormes&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {85 MYBN (estimate from} MORE INFO [1] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /360Galloanserae/360.100.html#Galloanser ae |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. [2] Description English: Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) Date 30 July 2006 Source Own work Author MONGO PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/69/Meleagris_gallopavo_W ild_Turkey.jpg | |
85,000,000 YBN 9 | 467) The Bird Order "Anseriformes" {aNSRiFORmEZ7 } evolves (the ancestor of ducks, geese, and swans).8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Anseriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/anseriforme s-1 and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anse riformes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "Anseriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/anseriforme s-1 and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anse riformes&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "Anseriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/anseriforme s-1 and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anse riformes&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "Anseriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/anseriforme s-1 and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anse riformes&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {85 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /360Galloanserae/360.500.html#Anseriform es |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. [2] Description English: Pair of Wood Ducks Date 18 April 2007 Source http://flickr.com/photos/sherseydc/ 1623995158/ Author http://www.flickr.com/people/sherse ydc/ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/08/Pair_of_Wood_Ducks.jp g | |
85,000,000 YBN 12 13 | 499) The Eutheria Superorder7 "Laurasiatheres" evolves.8 The Laurasiatheres are a major line of placental mammals9 that originate in the northern continent Laurasia.10 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 7. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=314145&lvl= 3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p= genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl ock 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. {85 MYBN} 13. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) | Laurasia11 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. [2] Description Mamíferos (mammals), based on: Image:Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis (head).jpg Image:Golden crowned fruit bat.jpg Image:Hedgehog-en.jpg Image:Lion waiting in Nambia.jpg All of them under a free licence already in Wikicommons Date 11-01-2008 Source Compilation made by myself, Authors of the photos see below. Author Hans Hillewaert (Giraffe); (Bat) Original uploader was Latorilla at en.wikipedia; (Hedgehog-en) John Mittler at 777Life.com Free Image Archive; (Lion) yaaaay CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a5/Mam%C3%ADferos.jpg |
85,000,000 YBN 3 | 6654) The Eutheria Superorder Euarchontoglires {YU-oR-KoNT-u-GlI-rEZ1 } evolves (the ancestor of all Rabbits, rodents, tree shrews, colugos, and the primates).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euarch ontoglires&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=314146&lvl= 3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p= genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl ock 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. {85 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [2] Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360 |
[1] Description English: American pika (Ochotona princeps) ''haying'' in rocks (carrying back a mouthful of grass it has dried for winter food). At 2,340 m (7,700 ft) in streamside campsite below Black Rock Pass, Sequoia National Park, California. Date 6 August 2006 Source Own work Author Dcrjsr CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ochotona_prince ps_pika_haying_in_rocks.jpg/1280px-Ochot ona_princeps_pika_haying_in_rocks.jpg [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. | |
84,000,000 YBN | 454) The Rocky mountains start to form.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm |
[1] 90 Ma Late Cretaceous UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/090 _Cretaceous_3globes.jpg [2] A satellite image of Canada taken in Summer. Snow cover is still prominent in the Artic and on the Rocky Mountains. UNKNOWN source: http://www.virtualamericas.net/c anada/maps/canada-satellite.jpg | |
82,000,000 YBN 27 | 271) The Rosids Order "Malvales" {moLVAlEZ20 } evolves (the ancestor of okra, marsh mallow {malO21 }, durian {DUREiN22 }, cotton, balsa, and cacao {KoKoU23 }.24 25 26 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Malvales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malvales-1 2. ^ "cacao." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cacao 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ "Malvales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malvales-1 7. ^ "mallow." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 13 Jun. 2012. allow>. 8. ^ "Durian", The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004. Licensed from Columbia University Press http://www.reference.com/browse/Durian ?s=ts 9. ^ "cacao." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cacao 10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 13. ^ "Malvales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malvales-1 14. ^ "mallow." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 13 Jun. 2012. allow>. 15. ^ "Durian", The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004. Licensed from Columbia University Press http://www.reference.com/browse/Durian ?s=ts 16. ^ "cacao." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cacao 17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 18. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 19. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 20. ^ "Malvales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malvales-1 21. ^ "mallow." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 13 Jun. 2012. allow>. 22. ^ "Durian", The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004. Licensed from Columbia University Press http://www.reference.com/browse/Durian ?s=ts 23. ^ "cacao." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cacao 24. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 25. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 26. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 27. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {83 MYBN} {68 MYBN} {82 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my) [3] wiki | Americas |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract [2] Bixa orellana L., floro en Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazilo, GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Aethionema_grandiflora0.jpg |
82,000,000 YBN 21 | 272) The Rosids Order "Sapindales" {SaPiNDAlEZ16 } evolves (the ancestor of the maple, lychee, mahogany, cashew, mango, pistachio, and the citrus trees: orange, lemon, and grapefruit).17 18 19 20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sapindales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/sapindales- 1 and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=s apindaceae 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ wiki 6. ^ "Sapindales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/sapindales- 1 and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=s apindaceae 7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 8. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 10. ^ wiki 11. ^ "Sapindales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/sapindales- 1 and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=s apindaceae 12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 13. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 15. ^ wiki 16. ^ "Sapindales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/sapindales- 1 and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=s apindaceae 17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 18. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 19. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 20. ^ wiki 21. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {80 MYBN} {61 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) | Americas |
[1] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, ''Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree'', Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/268/1482/2211.abstract COPYRIG HTED source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Aethionema_grandiflora0.jpg [2] Field Maple foliage and flowers, Acer campestre. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Acer-campestre.JPG |
82,000,000 YBN | 420) The Ornithopods {ORnitePoDZ5 } Hadrosaurs evolve; the duck-billed dinosaurs.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ornithopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ornithopod 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ "ornithopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ornithopod 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 5. ^ "ornithopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ornithopod 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm |
[1] Description Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus skeleton, Field Museum. Date 1 October 2006, 00:00 Source Field Museum Dinosaur Author Lisa Andres from Riverside, USA Permission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/14/Parasaurolophus_cyrto cristatus.jpg [2] Description English: A clickable image of the en:Hadrosauroidea. Illustration by en:User:Debivort. The en:Hadrosaurids comprise the dinosaurs commonly known as ''duck-billed'' dinosaurs. They were common herbivores during the en:Cretaceous period, and prey to en:therapods such as en:Tyrannosaurus. Spectacular fossils of hadrosaurs have been found, including mummified specimens in which soft tissue was preserved, skin impressions, tracks of footprints, and nest sites that demonstrate the animals had parental care of offspring. Animals are shown to scale. A crisp diagram showing the evolutionary relationships between the tribes of the Hadrosauroidea, with representative individuals shown to scale. Conveys the diversity of the group. Every dinosaur shown has passed review for scientific accuracy at en:Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs/Image review. The individual drawings are genera, and the branches of the tree go down to tribe. All these groups were alive in the late Cretaceous, and are generally known only from a single fossil site en:Category:Approved dinosaur images en:Category:Approved dinosaur scale diagrams Date 2007-06-21 (first version); 2007-10-14 (last version) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Debivort at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/14/Hadrosaur-tree-v4.jpg | |
82,000,000 YBN 10 11 | 500) The Laurasiatheres Order7 Insectivora evolves (the ancestor of shrews, moles, and hedgehogs).8 9 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 7. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9362&lvl=3& lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 9. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. {82 MYBN} 11. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiathe ria |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. | |
80,000,000 YBN 10 | 422) The Therapods {tERePoDZ7 } Dromaeosaurs {DrOmEoSORZ8 } evolve: Raptors.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dromae osaur&submit=Submit 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 4. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dromae osaur&submit=Submit 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 7. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dromae osaur&submit=Submit 9. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 10. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {80 MYBN} |
[1] Buitreraptor (foreground) and Deinonychus (background) skeletons on display at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. Taken August 2006 by my girlfriend, C. Horwitz, and uploaded with permission under the GFDL. —Steven G. Johnson GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/29/Buitreraptor-Deinonyc hus.jpg [2] Description Digital + graphite drawing of Velociraptor mongoliensis Date 4 August 2006 Source image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Veloc iraptor_dinoguy2.jpg Author Matt Martyniuk GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/cd/Velociraptor_dinoguy2 .jpg | |
80,000,000 YBN 11 | 482) The earliest extant Marsupials, the Order7 "Didelphimorphia" evolve (New World opossums).8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree of Life, 2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Springer2 009Chap70.pdf 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree of Life, 2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Springer2 009Chap70.pdf 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree of Life, 2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Springer2 009Chap70.pdf 7. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=38605&lvl=3 &p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=g enome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlo ck 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 9. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree of Life, 2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Springer2 009Chap70.pdf 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. {80 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] "Didelphimorphia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimor phia | Americas10 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. [2] Description English: North American Opossum with winter coat. Français : Opossum de Virginie en livrée d'hiver. Deutsch: Ein Nordopossum (Didelphis virginiana) im Winterfell Date 21 February 2007 Source Wikipedia:User:Cody.pope Author Cody Pope CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/27/Opossum_2.jpg |
75,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 492) The Afrotheres: Aardvarks evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {75 MYBN} 7. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 8. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). | Africa5 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225. [2] Description An aardvark at Detroit Zoo Date 15 April 2008 Source Cropped from File:Porcs formiguers (Orycteropus afer).jpg Author MontageMan is the author of the original image, I did the crop Permission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8a/Porc_formiguer.JPG |
74,000,000 YBN 20 | 280) The Asterids Order "Lamiales" {lAmEAlEZ15 } evolves (the ancestor of many spices: mint, basil, marjoram {moRJ uruM16 }, oregano, rosemary, sage, savory, thyme, teak, sesame, olive, ash, lilac and jasmine).17 18 19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Lamiales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lamiales 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ "Lamiales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lamiales 6. ^ "marjoram." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/marjoram 7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 8. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 10. ^ "Lamiales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lamiales 11. ^ "marjoram." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/marjoram 12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 13. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 15. ^ "Lamiales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lamiales 16. ^ "marjoram." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/marjoram 17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 18. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 19. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 20. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my) {74 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) |
[1] Common Bugle (Ajuga reptans) GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ajuga-reptans01.jpg [2] Calamintha grandiflora. GFDL by Kurt Stueber source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Calamintha_grandiflora2.jpg | |
73,000,000 YBN 10 | 484) The Marsupials: Bandicoots and Bilbies {BiLBEZ7 } evolve; in Australia.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bi lby&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bi lby&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bi lby&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bi lby&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {73 MYBN} | Australia9 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. [2] Description Eastern Barred Bandicoot (Perameles gunnii), Poimena Reserve, Austin's Ferry, Tasmania, Australia. The photo taken at night with off camera flashes. Date 31 July 2010 Source Own work Author Noodle snacks (http://www.noodlesnacks.com/) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8b/Perameles_gunni.jpg |
70,000,000 YBN 14 | 424) Two of the largest meat-eating dinosaurs known are common (both Therapods {tERePoDZ9 }): Tyrannosaurus rex {TiraNiSORuS reKS10 } is the top predator in North America and Giganotosaurus {JiGuNOTuSORuS11 } is the top predator in South America.12 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=tyrann osaurus+rex&submit=Submit 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gigano tosaurus&submit=Submit 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 5. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=tyrann osaurus+rex&submit=Submit 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gigano tosaurus&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 9. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod 10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=tyrann osaurus+rex&submit=Submit 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gigano tosaurus&submit=Submit 12. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 13. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 14. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {70 MYBN} | Americas13 |
[1] Description English: View of the fossil/cast Tyranausaurus Rex at the Royal Tyrell Museum in Alberta, Canada. The image has been modified to remove background persons and objects. Français : Le fossile du Tyranausaurus Rex dans le Royal Tyrell Museum en Alberta au Canada. L'image a été modifié pour enlever les personnes et objets en arrière plan. Date 27 June 2010 Source Own work Author Pierre Camateros CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a8/Fossil_Tyranausaurus_ Rex_at_the_Royal_Tyrell_Museum%2C_Albert a%2C_Canada.jpg [2] Description English: The Wonderful Paleo Art of Heinrich Harder - Illustrations for Die Wunder der Urwelt 1912 Date 1912 Source http://www.copyrightexpired.com/Hei nrich_Harder/gigantosaurus_dwdu_1912.htm l Author Heinrich Harder (1858-1935) Permission (Reusing this file) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/92/500_gigantosaurus_dwd u1912cropped.jpg |
70,000,000 YBN 7 | 425) The Thyreophoran {tIRrEoFereNZ4 } Ankylosaurs {ANKilOSORZ5 } evolve (the shield back and/or clubbed tail dinosaurs); the most heavily armored land-animals known.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreo phora&submit=Submit 2. ^ "ankylosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ankylosauru s 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreo phora&submit=Submit 5. ^ "ankylosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ankylosauru s 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 7. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {70 MYBN} |
[1] Description the image shows an edmontonia. a sort of dinosaur Date 5 July 2006 Source the image i did myself based on the images found here: [1], [2],[3] and [4] Author Mariana Ruiz (aka:LadyofHats) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/92/Edmontonia_dinosaur.p ng [2] Description the image shows an edmontonia. a sort of dinosaur Date 5 July 2006 Source the image i did myself based on the images found here: [1], [2],[3] and [4] Author Mariana Ruiz (aka:LadyofHats) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/92/Edmontonia_dinosaur.p ng | |
70,000,000 YBN | 426) The Marine reptiles Mosasaurs {mOSeSORZ7 } evolve.8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "mosasaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mosasaur 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ "Mosasaurs". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurs 4. ^ "mosasaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mosasaur 5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 6. ^ "Mosasaurs". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurs 7. ^ "mosasaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mosasaur 8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 9. ^ "Mosasaurs". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurs |
[1] Description English: Mosasaurus skeleton; Maastricht Natural History Museum, The Netherlands. Date 9 August 2010 Source Own work Author Wilson44691 Permission (Reusing this file) See below. Photograph taken by Mark A. Wilson (Department of Geology, The College of Wooster). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/06/MosasaurMaastricht080 910.JPG [2] Restoration of Aigialosaurus bucchichi, a basal mosasaur Description Aigialosaurus bucchichi Date 2009 Source Own work Author FunkMonk (Michael B. H.) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aigialosaurus_b ucchichi.jpg/1280px-Aigialosaurus_bucchi chi.jpg | |
70,000,000 YBN 10 | 469) The Bird Order "Podicipediformes" {PoDiSiPeDeFORmEZ7 } evolves (grebes {GreBS8 }).9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Podicipediformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/podicipedif ormes-1 2. ^ "grebe." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/grebe 3. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 4. ^ "Podicipediformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/podicipedif ormes-1 5. ^ "grebe." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/grebe 6. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 7. ^ "Podicipediformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/podicipedif ormes-1 8. ^ "grebe." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/grebe 9. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 10. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) {70 MYBN (need to check with fossil record 2} |
[1] Fig. 4. Our phylogeny differs from and agrees with previous classifications. We merged well-supported (>70% bootstrap values) monophyletic clades at the tips with the same ordinal designation across all three classifications (e.g., 24 species called Passerines). Only higher relationships supported by bootstrap values >50% are shown. Colors are as in Fig. 2. Color bars to the right of the tree show membership in three different classifications: Peters' (25) (left), Sibley and Monroe's (30) (middle), and Livezey and Zusi's (13) (right). Black text within the bars indicates monophyletic orders in our phylogeny, whereas white text within the bars indicates nonmonophyletic orders. Ordinal name codes: ANS (Anseriformes), APO (Apodiformes), APT (Apterygiformes), ARD (Ardeiformes), BAL (Balaenicipitiformes), BUC (Bucerotiformes), CAP (Caprimulgiformes), CAS (Casuariiformes), CHA (Charadriiformes), CIC (Ciconiiformes), CLM (Columbiformes), COL (Coliiformes), COR (Coraciiformes), CRA (Craciformes), CUC (Cuculiformes), FAL (Falconiformes), GAL (Galliformes), GAV (Gaviiformes), GLB (Galbuliformes), GRU (Gruiformes), MUS (Musophagiformes), OPI (Opisthocomiformes), PAS (Passeriformes), PEL (Pelecaniformes), PIC (Piciformes), POD (Podicipediformes), PRO (Procellariiformes), PSI (Psittaciformes), RAL (Ralliformes), RHE (Rheiformes), SPH (Sphenisciformes), STH (Struthioniformes), STR (Strigiformes), TIN (Tinamiformes), TRC (Trochiliformes), TRO (Trogoniformes), TUR (Turniciformes), and UPU (Upupiformes). Figure 4 from: Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763/F4.large.jpg [2] Description Podiceps nigricollis English: Black-necked Grebe, Jan. 2007, Ibaraki JAPAN 日本語: ハジロカイツブリ 2007年1月 茨城県神栖市波崎 (投稿者自身による撮影) Date 5 January 2007 Source photo taken by Maga-chan Author Maga-chan CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/66/Podiceps_nigricollis_ 001.jpg | |
70,000,000 YBN 14 15 | 507) The Euarchontoglires {YU-oR-KoNT-u-GlI-rEZ8 } Order "Lagomorpha" {loGomORFo9 } evolves: the ancestor of Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas {PIKuZ10 }.11 12 Rabbits, like Rodents also have very prominent gnawing teeth at the front.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "pika." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pika 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "pika." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pika 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lagomo rpha&submit=Submit 6. ^ "pika." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pika 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euarch ontoglires&submit=Submit 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lagomo rpha&submit=Submit 10. ^ "pika." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pika 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=314146&lvl= 3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p= genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl ock 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {70 MYBN} 15. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. MORE INFO [1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. | |
70,000,000 YBN 11 | 516) The Euarchontoglires {YU-oR-KoNT-u-GlI-rEZ7 } Tree Shrews and Colugos {KolUGOZ8 } evolve.9 10 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "colugo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/colugo-1 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "colugo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/colugo-1 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "colugo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/colugo-1 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euarch ontoglires&submit=Submit 8. ^ "colugo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/colugo-1 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=314146&lvl= 3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p= genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl ock 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {70 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog lires [3] "Colugo". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo [4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ [6] "Colugos". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugos |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p182. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p182. [2] Description English: Indian Tree-shrew (Anathana ellioti) in Yercaud, India. Date Taken on film in the 1990s - scanned on 2005-09-26 (according to EXIF data) Source Photographed by S. Karthikeyan ( palmfly at gmail . com ) Please contact author for usage of any higher resolution images. Author S. Karthikeyan CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/78/Anathana_ellioti.jpg | |
66,000,000 YBN 8 | 120) The largest Pterosaur and largest flying animal ever known, Quetzalcoatlus {KeTZLKWoTLuS5 } evolves.6 Quetzalcoatlus has a wing span of 12 meters (or 40 feet).7 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=quetza lcoatl 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=quetza lcoatl 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=quetza lcoatl 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 7. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 8. ^ Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p142. |
[1] Description English: fossil of Quetzalcoatlus, an extinct pterosaur Date June 2009 Source Own work Author Ghedoghedo GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/ab/Quetzalcoatlus_1.JPG [2] Description Size comparison of the azhdarchid pterosaurs Quetzalcoatlus northropi and Quetzalcoatlus unnamed species, with a human. Modified from a diagram featured in Witton and Naish (2008). Date 29 May 2008 Source Own work Author Matt Martyniuk (Dinoguy2), Mark Witton and Darren Naish CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e5/Quetzscale1.png | |
65,500,000 YBN 15 | 129) The End-Cretaceous mass extinction. 47% of all genera are observed extinct.9 Made extinct are: 60% of plant species, and all dinosaurs, mosasaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs {PlESEoSORZ10 } and pliosaurs {PlIoSORZ11 }.12 A comet or meteor collides with the Earth in what is now the Yucatan {YUKoTaN13 } Peninsula of Mexico and huge amounts of lava erupt from India. No large animals survive on land, in the air, or in the sea.14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 2. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 3. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 4. ^ "plesiosaur." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/plesiosaur 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pliosa ur&submit=Submit 6. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p283. 7. ^ "Yucatán." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/yucat-n 8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 9. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 10. ^ "plesiosaur." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/plesiosaur 11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pliosa ur&submit=Submit 12. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p283. 13. ^ "Yucatán." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/yucat-n 14. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 15. ^ http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1 116/16macro.htm {65.5 MYBN} |
[1] Cretaceous meteor impact. Benjamin Cummings. COPYRIGHTED source: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/ 16cm05/1116/16macro.htm [2] Cretaceous meteor impact. Benjamin Cummings. COPYRIGHTED source: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/ 16cm05/1116/16macro.htm | |
65,500,000 YBN 5 | 397) The end of the Mesozoic and start of the Cenozoic Era, and the end of the Cretaceous (145.5-65.5 mybn), and start of the Tertiary (65.5-1.8 mybn) Period.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Tertiary period." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/tertiary-1 2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 3. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 4. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf 5. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science /timescale/timescl.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 65 Ma K-T Boundary - Tertiary/Cretaceous UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/065 _K_Tboundary_3globes.jpg | |
65,000,000 YBN 4 5 | 429) The start of the rapid diversification of mammals.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {65 MYBN} 5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. |
[1] UNKNOWN source: http://bp0.blogger.com/_AejGb2Gc r_o/SIlTsz-2RrI/AAAAAAAAAAY/8b_-LPsmDbc/ s1600/mammal3.jpg [2] Fig 3.46 from: Kardong, ''Vertebrates'', 2002, p123. COPYRIGHTED source: from: Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p123. | |
65,000,000 YBN 11 | 468) The Bird Order "Gruiformes" {GrUiFORmEZ8 } evolves (the ancestor of cranes, rails, and bustards {BuSTRDZ9 }).10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Gruiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gruiformes- 1 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ "Gruiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gruiformes- 1 4. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 5. ^ "Gruiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gruiformes- 1 6. ^ "bustard." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jan. 2013. ustard>. 7. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 8. ^ "Gruiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gruiformes- 1 9. ^ "bustard." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jan. 2013. ustard>. 10. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 11. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) |
[1] Fig. 4. Our phylogeny differs from and agrees with previous classifications. We merged well-supported (>70% bootstrap values) monophyletic clades at the tips with the same ordinal designation across all three classifications (e.g., 24 species called Passerines). Only higher relationships supported by bootstrap values >50% are shown. Colors are as in Fig. 2. Color bars to the right of the tree show membership in three different classifications: Peters' (25) (left), Sibley and Monroe's (30) (middle), and Livezey and Zusi's (13) (right). Black text within the bars indicates monophyletic orders in our phylogeny, whereas white text within the bars indicates nonmonophyletic orders. Ordinal name codes: ANS (Anseriformes), APO (Apodiformes), APT (Apterygiformes), ARD (Ardeiformes), BAL (Balaenicipitiformes), BUC (Bucerotiformes), CAP (Caprimulgiformes), CAS (Casuariiformes), CHA (Charadriiformes), CIC (Ciconiiformes), CLM (Columbiformes), COL (Coliiformes), COR (Coraciiformes), CRA (Craciformes), CUC (Cuculiformes), FAL (Falconiformes), GAL (Galliformes), GAV (Gaviiformes), GLB (Galbuliformes), GRU (Gruiformes), MUS (Musophagiformes), OPI (Opisthocomiformes), PAS (Passeriformes), PEL (Pelecaniformes), PIC (Piciformes), POD (Podicipediformes), PRO (Procellariiformes), PSI (Psittaciformes), RAL (Ralliformes), RHE (Rheiformes), SPH (Sphenisciformes), STH (Struthioniformes), STR (Strigiformes), TIN (Tinamiformes), TRC (Trochiliformes), TRO (Trogoniformes), TUR (Turniciformes), and UPU (Upupiformes). Figure 4 from: Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763/F4.large.jpg [2] By Aaron Logan, from http://www.lightmatter.net/gallery/album s.php w:en:Creative Commons attribution CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8d/Grey_Crowned_Crane.jp g | |
65,000,000 YBN 6 | 485) Marsupial moles evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN} | Australia5 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. [2] English: The southern marsupial mole (Notoryctes typhlops). Date Originally uploaded to pl.wikipedia on 10 May 2006. Source Own work; originally from pl.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Bartus.malec at pl.wikipedia. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/4b/Notoryctes_typhlops.j pg |
65,000,000 YBN 10 | 486) The Marsupials Tasmanian Devil and Numbat {nuMBaT7 } evolve.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=nu mbat&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=nu mbat&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=nu mbat&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=nu mbat&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN} | Australia9 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. [2] Description English: Quoll imaged at a rescue park, Tasmania, Austrailia, probably Tiger Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), indicated by spots on tail Photographer's note. This is a lucky through-the-fence shot using an old Sony camera as the animal was quite active. The small size of the lens is a distinct advantage in this case (my Canon xTi would not have been able to get the shot). Category:Dasyurus maculatus Date Taken November 18, 2008, uploaded December 28, 2008 (28 December 2008 (original upload date)) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Berichard using CommonsHelper. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f6/Dasyurus_maculatus.jp g |
65,000,000 YBN 10 | 488) The Marsupial Order "Diprotodontia" {DIPrOTODoNsEu7 } evolves (the ancestor of Wombats, Kangeroos, Possums, and Koalas).8 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diprot odontia&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diprot odontia&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diprot odontia&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diprot odontia&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN} | Australia9 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. [2] Eastern Grey Kangaroo with joey PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Kangaroo_and_joey03.j pg |
65,000,000 YBN 26 27 | 508) The Euarchontoglires {YU-oR-KoNT-u-GlI-rEZ18 } Order19 "Rodentia" evolves; rodents. The Rodents: "Myomorpha" {MIemORFu20 } evolve (the ancestor of rats, mice, gerbils, voles {VOLZ21 }, lemmings, and hamsters).22 23 24 25 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ "vole." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vole 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 8. ^ "Myomorpha." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/myomorpha-2 9. ^ "vole." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vole 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 13. ^ "Myomorpha." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/myomorpha-2 14. ^ "vole." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vole 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 17. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 18. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euarch ontoglires&submit=Submit 19. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9989&lvl=3& lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock 20. ^ "Myomorpha." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/myomorpha-2 21. ^ "vole." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vole 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 23. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 24. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 25. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=314146&lvl= 3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p= genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl ock 26. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN} 27. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog lires [3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. | |
63,000,000 YBN 11 | 587) The Euarchontoglires {YU-oR-KoNT-u-GlI-rEZ6 } Order Primates evolve, most likely in Africa or the Indian subcontinent.7 8 The first opposable thumb. The primates contain more than 300 species, including monkeys, apes, and humans.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "primate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/primate 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euarch ontoglires&submit=Submit 7. ^ "The Origin of Primates", Walter Carl Hartwig 2002 8. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=314146&lvl= 3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p= genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl ock 9. ^ "primate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/primate 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=63my) {63 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/ first_primates.htm [2] http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/T oumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html | Africa or India10 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p168. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p168. [2] Description English: Gray slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus) photographed at Dindigal in Tamil Nadu. Date 27 June 2008 Source Own work Author Kalyan Varma (Kalyanvarma) GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8f/Slender_Loris.jpg |
60,000,000 YBN 13 14 | 470) The Bird Order "Strigiformes" {STriJiFORmEZ10 } evolve (owls).11 12 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "Strigiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/strigiforme s-1 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ "Strigiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/strigiforme s-1 5. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 7. ^ "Strigiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/strigiforme s-1 8. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 10. ^ "Strigiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/strigiforme s-1 11. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 14. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) {65 MYBN(need to check with fossil record 2} MORE INFO [1] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 [2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) : 1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full |
[1] Fig. 4. Our phylogeny differs from and agrees with previous classifications. We merged well-supported (>70% bootstrap values) monophyletic clades at the tips with the same ordinal designation across all three classifications (e.g., 24 species called Passerines). Only higher relationships supported by bootstrap values >50% are shown. Colors are as in Fig. 2. Color bars to the right of the tree show membership in three different classifications: Peters' (25) (left), Sibley and Monroe's (30) (middle), and Livezey and Zusi's (13) (right). Black text within the bars indicates monophyletic orders in our phylogeny, whereas white text within the bars indicates nonmonophyletic orders. Ordinal name codes: ANS (Anseriformes), APO (Apodiformes), APT (Apterygiformes), ARD (Ardeiformes), BAL (Balaenicipitiformes), BUC (Bucerotiformes), CAP (Caprimulgiformes), CAS (Casuariiformes), CHA (Charadriiformes), CIC (Ciconiiformes), CLM (Columbiformes), COL (Coliiformes), COR (Coraciiformes), CRA (Craciformes), CUC (Cuculiformes), FAL (Falconiformes), GAL (Galliformes), GAV (Gaviiformes), GLB (Galbuliformes), GRU (Gruiformes), MUS (Musophagiformes), OPI (Opisthocomiformes), PAS (Passeriformes), PEL (Pelecaniformes), PIC (Piciformes), POD (Podicipediformes), PRO (Procellariiformes), PSI (Psittaciformes), RAL (Ralliformes), RHE (Rheiformes), SPH (Sphenisciformes), STH (Struthioniformes), STR (Strigiformes), TIN (Tinamiformes), TRC (Trochiliformes), TRO (Trogoniformes), TUR (Turniciformes), and UPU (Upupiformes). Figure 4 from: Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763/F4.large.jpg [2] Description Athene noctua English: Little owl Español: Mochuelo Date 2011-02-27 07:27 (UTC) Source Athene_noctua_(portrait).jpg Author Athene_noctua_(portrait).jpg: Trebol-a derivative work: Stemonitis (talk) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/39/Athene_noctua_%28crop ped%29.jpg | |
60,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 | 504) The Laurasiatheres Order "Carnivora" evolves (the ancestor of Cats, Dogs, Bears, Weasels, Hyenas, Seals, and Walruses).10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "carnivora?s=t&ld=1089". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c arnivora?s=t&ld=1089 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 4. ^ "carnivora?s=t&ld=1089". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c arnivora?s=t&ld=1089 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 7. ^ "carnivora?s=t&ld=1089". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c arnivora?s=t&ld=1089 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {75 MYBN} 15. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiathe ria | Laurasia12 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. [2] Description English: Two-spotted palm civet Nandinia binotata mounted specimen in Manchester Museum Date 2008-07-28 (original upload date) (Original text : July 2008) GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5a/14-nandinia_binotata. JPG |
58,000,000 YBN 9 | 524) The Primates: Tarsiers {ToRSERZ7 } evolve.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "tarsier." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tarsier 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "tarsier." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tarsier 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "tarsier." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tarsier 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "tarsier." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tarsier 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {58 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog lires [4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [5] "Tarsier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsier |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p164. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p164. [2] Description Tarsius syrichta (Philippine Tarsier) Date - Source http://www.sxc.hu/photo/490924 Aut hor Jasper Greek Golangco PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1d/Tarsius_Syrichta-GG.j pg | |
55,000,000 YBN 13 14 | 471) The Bird Order "Apodiformes" {oPoD-i-FORmEZ10 } evolves (the ancestor of hummingbirds, and swifts).11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Apodiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/apodiformes -1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apod iformes&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ "Apodiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/apodiformes -1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apod iformes&submit=Submit 5. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 7. ^ "Apodiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/apodiformes -1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apod iformes&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 10. ^ "Apodiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/apodiformes -1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apod iformes&submit=Submit 11. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 14. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil record 2} |
[1] Fig. 4. Our phylogeny differs from and agrees with previous classifications. We merged well-supported (>70% bootstrap values) monophyletic clades at the tips with the same ordinal designation across all three classifications (e.g., 24 species called Passerines). Only higher relationships supported by bootstrap values >50% are shown. Colors are as in Fig. 2. Color bars to the right of the tree show membership in three different classifications: Peters' (25) (left), Sibley and Monroe's (30) (middle), and Livezey and Zusi's (13) (right). Black text within the bars indicates monophyletic orders in our phylogeny, whereas white text within the bars indicates nonmonophyletic orders. Ordinal name codes: ANS (Anseriformes), APO (Apodiformes), APT (Apterygiformes), ARD (Ardeiformes), BAL (Balaenicipitiformes), BUC (Bucerotiformes), CAP (Caprimulgiformes), CAS (Casuariiformes), CHA (Charadriiformes), CIC (Ciconiiformes), CLM (Columbiformes), COL (Coliiformes), COR (Coraciiformes), CRA (Craciformes), CUC (Cuculiformes), FAL (Falconiformes), GAL (Galliformes), GAV (Gaviiformes), GLB (Galbuliformes), GRU (Gruiformes), MUS (Musophagiformes), OPI (Opisthocomiformes), PAS (Passeriformes), PEL (Pelecaniformes), PIC (Piciformes), POD (Podicipediformes), PRO (Procellariiformes), PSI (Psittaciformes), RAL (Ralliformes), RHE (Rheiformes), SPH (Sphenisciformes), STH (Struthioniformes), STR (Strigiformes), TIN (Tinamiformes), TRC (Trochiliformes), TRO (Trogoniformes), TUR (Turniciformes), and UPU (Upupiformes). Figure 4 from: Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763/F4.large.jpg [2] Description Ruby-throated hummingbird public domain USFWA Date 11 February 2003 Source Cropped from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Digital Library System Author Steve Maslowski PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/87/Rubythroathummer65.jp g | |
55,000,000 YBN 13 14 | 476) The Bird Order "Piciformes" {PESiFORmEZ10 } evolves (the ancestor of woodpeckers, and toucans).11 12 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "Piciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/piciformes- 1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=p iciformes&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ "Piciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/piciformes- 1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=p iciformes&submit=Submit 5. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 7. ^ "Piciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/piciformes- 1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=p iciformes&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 10. ^ "Piciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/piciformes- 1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=p iciformes&submit=Submit 11. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 14. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil record 2} MORE INFO [1] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 |
[1] Fig. 4. Our phylogeny differs from and agrees with previous classifications. We merged well-supported (>70% bootstrap values) monophyletic clades at the tips with the same ordinal designation across all three classifications (e.g., 24 species called Passerines). Only higher relationships supported by bootstrap values >50% are shown. Colors are as in Fig. 2. Color bars to the right of the tree show membership in three different classifications: Peters' (25) (left), Sibley and Monroe's (30) (middle), and Livezey and Zusi's (13) (right). Black text within the bars indicates monophyletic orders in our phylogeny, whereas white text within the bars indicates nonmonophyletic orders. Ordinal name codes: ANS (Anseriformes), APO (Apodiformes), APT (Apterygiformes), ARD (Ardeiformes), BAL (Balaenicipitiformes), BUC (Bucerotiformes), CAP (Caprimulgiformes), CAS (Casuariiformes), CHA (Charadriiformes), CIC (Ciconiiformes), CLM (Columbiformes), COL (Coliiformes), COR (Coraciiformes), CRA (Craciformes), CUC (Cuculiformes), FAL (Falconiformes), GAL (Galliformes), GAV (Gaviiformes), GLB (Galbuliformes), GRU (Gruiformes), MUS (Musophagiformes), OPI (Opisthocomiformes), PAS (Passeriformes), PEL (Pelecaniformes), PIC (Piciformes), POD (Podicipediformes), PRO (Procellariiformes), PSI (Psittaciformes), RAL (Ralliformes), RHE (Rheiformes), SPH (Sphenisciformes), STH (Struthioniformes), STR (Strigiformes), TIN (Tinamiformes), TRC (Trochiliformes), TRO (Trogoniformes), TUR (Turniciformes), and UPU (Upupiformes). Figure 4 from: Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763/F4.large.jpg [2] Description Hispaniolan Woodpecker / Melanerpes striatus Date 20 January 2004 Source http://www.pbase.com/wwcsig/image/4 1280575 Author Wolfgang Wander GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1b/Melanerpes_striatus00 1.jpg | |
55,000,000 YBN 21 22 | 477) The Bird Order "Passeriformes" {PaSRiFORmEZ14 } evolves (perching songbirds). This order includes many common birds: for example crows, jays, sparrows, warblers, mockingbirds, wrens, robins, orioles, bluebirds, vireos {VEREOZ15 }, larks, swallows, and finches.16 17 More than half of all species of birds are passerines.18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Passeriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/passeriform es-1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=p asseriformes&submit=Submit 2. ^ "vireo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vireo 3. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriform es 4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 5. ^ "Passeriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/passeriform es-1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=p asseriformes&submit=Submit 6. ^ "vireo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vireo 7. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriform es 8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 9. ^ "Passeriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/passeriform es-1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=p asseriformes&submit=Submit 10. ^ "vireo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vireo 11. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriform es 12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 13. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriform es 14. ^ "Passeriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/passeriform es-1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=p asseriformes&submit=Submit 15. ^ "vireo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vireo 16. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriform es 17. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 18. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriform es 19. ^ Boles, Walter E. (1997): Fossil Songbirds (Passeriformes) from the Early Eocene of Australia. Emu '97'(1): 43–50. doi:10.1071/MU97004 20. ^ L. Christidis, A. Cooper, M. Irestedt, et al., "A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens" Proceedings of the Royal Society B, February 2002:235–241. 21. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 22. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) MORE INFO [1] Ericson, Per G. P. et al. “A Gondwanan Origin of Passerine Birds Supported by DNA Sequences of the Endemic New Zealand Wrens.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 269.1488 (2002): 235–241. http://rspb.royalsocietypubl ishing.org/content/269/1488/235.abstract | earliest fossils: Australia19 |Gondwana20 |
[1] Fig. 4. Our phylogeny differs from and agrees with previous classifications. We merged well-supported (>70% bootstrap values) monophyletic clades at the tips with the same ordinal designation across all three classifications (e.g., 24 species called Passerines). Only higher relationships supported by bootstrap values >50% are shown. Colors are as in Fig. 2. Color bars to the right of the tree show membership in three different classifications: Peters' (25) (left), Sibley and Monroe's (30) (middle), and Livezey and Zusi's (13) (right). Black text within the bars indicates monophyletic orders in our phylogeny, whereas white text within the bars indicates nonmonophyletic orders. Ordinal name codes: ANS (Anseriformes), APO (Apodiformes), APT (Apterygiformes), ARD (Ardeiformes), BAL (Balaenicipitiformes), BUC (Bucerotiformes), CAP (Caprimulgiformes), CAS (Casuariiformes), CHA (Charadriiformes), CIC (Ciconiiformes), CLM (Columbiformes), COL (Coliiformes), COR (Coraciiformes), CRA (Craciformes), CUC (Cuculiformes), FAL (Falconiformes), GAL (Galliformes), GAV (Gaviiformes), GLB (Galbuliformes), GRU (Gruiformes), MUS (Musophagiformes), OPI (Opisthocomiformes), PAS (Passeriformes), PEL (Pelecaniformes), PIC (Piciformes), POD (Podicipediformes), PRO (Procellariiformes), PSI (Psittaciformes), RAL (Ralliformes), RHE (Rheiformes), SPH (Sphenisciformes), STH (Struthioniformes), STR (Strigiformes), TIN (Tinamiformes), TRC (Trochiliformes), TRO (Trogoniformes), TUR (Turniciformes), and UPU (Upupiformes). Figure 4 from: Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763/F4.large.jpg [2] Western Bluebirds (female on left) Irvine, CA PD source: http://tedhuntington.com/bluebir ds.jpg |
55,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 16 | 495) The Afrotheres Order Proboscidea {PrO-Be-SiD-E-e7 } evolves (the ancestor of Mammoths, Mastodons, and Elephants).8 9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 5. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 7. ^ "Proboscidea." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/proboscidea -1 8. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 9. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 10. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Bro wser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=9779&lvl=3 &srchmode=1&keep=1&unlock 11. ^ Delmer, C., Mahboubi, M., Tabuce, R. & Tassy, P. 2006. "A new species of Moeritherium (Proboscidae, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Algeria: new perspectives on the ancestral morphotype of the genus." Palaeontology 49 (2), 421-434. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com /doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00548.x/ab stract 12. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 14. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). {62 MYBN} 15. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 16. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 238. ISBN 1-84028-152-9. MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) | Algeria, Africa11 |Africa12 |
[1] Description Moeritherium Date 1920 (probably) Source The Wonderful Paleo Art of Heinrich Harder Author Heinrich Harder (1858-1935) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/97/Moeritherium.jpg [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225. |
55,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 13 | 497) The Afrotheres: Manatee and Dugong evolve.7 8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 9. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {59 MYBN} 12. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 13. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225. [2] Description Trichechus manatus English: This group of three West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) was photographed while feeding on seagrass. Date Source from http://www.csc.noaa.gov/benthic/resource s/gallery/life/manatee.htm Author PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/81/Manatee.jpg | |
55,000,000 YBN 34 35 36 | 502) The Laurasiatheres "Cetartiodactyla" {SiToRTEODaKTilu26 } evolve (the ancestor of all Artiodactyla {oRTEODaKTiLu27 }: camels, pigs, ruminants, hippos, and all Cetacea {SiTASEu or SiTAsEu28 }: Whales, and Dolphins).29 30 31 Hippos are the closest living land relative of the whales and dolphins.32 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetart iodactyla&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=artiod actyla&submit=Submit 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetace a&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 6. ^ "Cetartiodactyla", Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors. New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors. © 1991 http://www.answers.com/topic/cetar tiodactyla 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetart iodactyla&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=artiod actyla&submit=Submit 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ungula te&submit=Submit 10. ^ "ungulate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate 11. ^ "artiodactyla." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/artiodactyl a-1 12. ^ "artiodactyla." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/artiodactyl a-1 13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetace a&submit=Submit 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 15. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 16. ^ "Cetartiodactyla", Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors. New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors. © 1991 http://www.answers.com/topic/cetar tiodactyla 17. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetart iodactyla&submit=Submit 18. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=artiod actyla&submit=Submit 19. ^ "artiodactyla." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/artiodactyl a-1 20. ^ "artiodactyla." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/artiodactyl a-1 21. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetace a&submit=Submit 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 23. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 24. ^ "Cetartiodactyla", Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors. New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors. © 1991 http://www.answers.com/topic/cetar tiodactyla 25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 26. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetart iodactyla&submit=Submit 27. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=artiod actyla&submit=Submit 28. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetace a&submit=Submit 29. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 30. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 31. ^ "Cetartiodactyla", Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors. New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors. © 1991 http://www.answers.com/topic/cetar tiodactyla 32. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 34. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 35. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. {78 MYBN} 36. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiathe ria | Laurasia33 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. [2] [t may or may not be accurate] Description Pakicetus inachus, a whale ancestor from the Early Eocene of Pakistan, after Nummelai et al., (2006), pencil drawing, digital coloring Date 29 November 2007 Source Own work Author Nobu Tamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com www.palaeocritti.com GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/34/Pakicetus_BW.jpg |
55,000,000 YBN 27 28 29 | 503) The Laurasiatheres "Perissodactyla" {PeriSODaKTilu19 } evolve (also called "odd-toed ungulates"20 ) {uNGYUlATS21 or uNGYUliTS22 } (the ancestor of all Horses, Tapirs {TAPRZ 23 }, and Rhinos).24 25 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Perissodactyla." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/perissodact yla-2 2. ^ "tapir." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tapir 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 5. ^ "Perissodactyla." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/perissodact yla-2 6. ^ "ungulate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ungula te&submit=Submit 8. ^ "ungulate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate 9. ^ "tapir." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tapir 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 11. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 12. ^ "Perissodactyla." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/perissodact yla-2 13. ^ "ungulate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate 14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ungula te&submit=Submit 15. ^ "ungulate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate 16. ^ "tapir." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tapir 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 18. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 19. ^ "Perissodactyla." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/perissodact yla-2 20. ^ "ungulate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate 21. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ungula te&submit=Submit 22. ^ "ungulate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate 23. ^ "tapir." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tapir 24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 25. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 26. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 27. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. {76 MYBN} 29. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiathe ria | Laurasia26 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. [2] Description Two young Nokota mares Date 2010-02-11 22:34 (UTC) Source Nokota_Horses.jpg Author Nokota_Horses.jpg: François Marchal derivative work: Dana boomer (talk) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/de/Nokota_Horses_cropped .jpg |
55,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 | 509) The Rodents: Beavers.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN} 11. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). {65 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog lires [3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. [2] Description he was happily sitting back and munching on something. and munching, and munching... Date 4 July 2007, 12:55 Source American Beaver Author Steve from washington, dc, usa Permission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6b/American_Beaver.jpg | |
55,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 | 511) The Rodents: Dormouse, Mountain Beaver, Squirrel and Marmot {moRmuT6 } evolve.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=marmot &submit=Submit 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=marmot &submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=marmot &submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {58 MYBN} 10. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). {58 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog lires [3] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. [2] Description Membres de la famille des Suridés Date Source Own work Author Chicoutimi (montage) Montage 9 pictures.jpg Karakal AndiW National Park Service en:User:Markus Krötzsch The Lilac Breasted Roller Nico Conradie from Centurion, South Africa Hans Hillewaert Sylvouille National Park Service GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/68/Sciuridae.jpg | |
55,000,000 YBN 10 11 | 585) The Bird Order Psittaciformes {SiTaS-iFORmEZ7 } evolves (Parrots).8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Psittaciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/psittacifor mes-1 2. ^ Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008): 6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741- 7007/6/6 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ "Psittaciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/psittacifor mes-1 5. ^ Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008): 6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741- 7007/6/6 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 7. ^ "Psittaciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/psittacifor mes-1 8. ^ Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008): 6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741- 7007/6/6 9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 11. ^ Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008): 6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741- 7007/6/6 MORE INFO [1] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) : 1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full [2] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 [3] "Neornithes." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/neornithes [4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) |
[1] Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David Mindell. ''Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern avian lineages.'' BMC Biology 6 (January 2008): 6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741- 7007/6/6 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/174 1-7007/6/6 [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. | |
55,000,000 YBN 4 | 6381) Horses evolve.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {55 MYBN} |
[1] Description English: This reproduction of a painting of an undetermined species of Hyracotherium was made to illustrate one card of a set of 30 collector cards from ''Tiere der Urwelt'' (Animals of the Prehistoric World). From the Series III. Deutsch: Diese Reproduktion eines Gemäldes einer nicht näher bezeichneten Art von Hyracotherium wurde zur Illustration einer Karte aus einem Set von 30 Sammelkarten mit dem Titel „Tiere der Urwelt“ angefertigt. Aus der Serie III. Date 1920 (probably) Source The Wonderful Paleo Art of Heinrich Harder Author Heinrich Harder (1858-1935) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6e/Hyracotherium_Eohippu s_hharder.jpg [2] The artwork depicting horse evolution is from Professor Donald Levin's course in BioEvolution at the University of Texas in Austin. This is a brief, highly illustrated course with many examples given of macroevolution. Notice that the generalized branching diagram in this illustration is less twiggy than the more bushy branching depicted at other resources mentioned here. UNKNOWN source: http://darwiniana.org/equid2t.gi f | |
55,000,000 YBN 3 | 6387) The Ruminants Giraffes evolve.2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388. 2. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388. 3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388. MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiathe ria [3] "ruminant." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ruminant [4] Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360 [5] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218 |
[1] Description Adult male Reticulated giraffe feeding high up on an acacia, in central Kenya Date 8 July 2010, 10:25 Source High-rise living Author Steve Garvie from Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f4/Flickr_-_Rainbirder_- _High-rise_living.jpg [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. | |
54,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 810) The last common ancestor between hippos with dolphins and whales.4 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=54) {54 MYBN} 6. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (=53) {53 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) |
[1] Fig. 2. Molecular time scale for the orders of placental mammals based on the 16,397-bp data set and maximum likelihood tree of ref. 14 with an opossum outgroup (data not shown), 13 fossil constraints (Materials and Methods), and a mean prior of 105 mya for the placental root. Ordinal designations are listed above the branches. Orange and green lines denote orders with basal diversification before or after the K/T boundary, respectively. Black lines depict orders for which only one taxon was available. Asterisks denote placental taxa included in the ''K/T body size'' taxon set. The composition of chimeric taxa, including caniform, caviomorph, strepsirrhine, and sirenian, is indicated elsewhere (14). Numbers for internal nodes are cross-referenced in the supporting information. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.pnas.org/content/vol1 00/issue3/images/large/pq0334222002.jpeg [2] Description Deutsch: Eine Gruppe Flußpferde im Luangwa-Tal, Sambia. English: Pod of Hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius) in Luangwa Valley, Zambia Français : Groupe d'hippopotames (Hippopotamus amphibius) dans la vallée du Luangua, en Zambie Date 2005 Source Own work Author Paul Maritz GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a3/Hippo_pod_edit.jpg | |
53,500,000 YBN 8 9 10 11 | 812) The earliest marine mammal (and earliest whale) "Himalayacetus".5 6 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ S. Bajpai and P. D. Gingerich. 1998. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:15464-15468 http://www.pnas.org/cont ent/95/26/15464.abstract 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 3. ^ S. Bajpai and P. D. Gingerich. 1998. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:15464-15468 http://www.pnas.org/cont ent/95/26/15464.abstract 4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 5. ^ S. Bajpai and P. D. Gingerich. 1998. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:15464-15468 http://www.pnas.org/cont ent/95/26/15464.abstract 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 7. ^ http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc9 8/10_10_98/fob3.htm 8. ^ S. Bajpai and P. D. Gingerich. 1998. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:15464-15468 http://www.pnas.org/cont ent/95/26/15464.abstract 9. ^ http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc9 8/10_10_98/fob3.htm (=53.5) {53.5 MYBN} 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=50) {50 MYBN} 11. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (=52) {52 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) | earliest fossils: (Subathu Formation) Northern India7 |
[1] The evolution of whales The first thing to notice on this evogram is that hippos are the closest living relatives of whales, but they are not the ancestors of whales. In fact, none of the individual animals on the evogram is the direct ancestor of any other, as far as we know. That's why each of them gets its own branch on the family tree. UNKNOWN source: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/ev olibrary/images/evograms/whale_evo.jpg [2] Description Pakicetus inachus, a whale ancestor from the Early Eocene of Pakistan, after Nummelai et al., (2006), pencil drawing, digital coloring Date 29 November 2007 Source Own work Author Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/34/Pakicetus_BW.jpg |
52,000,000 YBN 14 15 16 | 501) The Laurasiatheres Order "Chiroptera" {KIroPTRu10 } evolves (the ancestor of fruit bats, and echolocating bats).11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Chiroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chiroptera- 1 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 4. ^ "Chiroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chiroptera- 1 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 7. ^ "Chiroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chiroptera- 1 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 10. ^ "Chiroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chiroptera- 1 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {80 MYBN} 16. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiathe ria | Laurasia13 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. |
51,000,000 YBN 5 | 513) The Rodents: Old World Porcupines evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {51 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog lires [3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. [2] Photograph of a brush-tailed porcupine in Berlin Zoologischer Garten. Taken by Eloquence in July 2005 and released into the public domain. Public domain PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/21/Brush_tailed_porcupin e_Berlin_Zoo.jpg | |
50,000,000 YBN 8 | 438) The Himalayan {HiMolAYeN5 } mountains start to form.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Himalayan." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013. imalayan>. 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ "Himalayan." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013. imalayan>. 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 5. ^ "Himalayan." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013. imalayan>. 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 7. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {50 MYBN} | Himalyia Mountains, India7 |
[1] 50 Ma Eocene NONCOMMERCIAL source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/050 _Eocene_3globes.jpg [2] Himalayas as pictured by NASA Landsat 7 Satellite. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/2/25/Himalayas_landsat_7.png |
50,000,000 YBN 4 | 816) The early whale Ambulocetus evolves.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/article s/5359_71_miller_1999_iof_panda_12_6_200 4.asp 2. ^ http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/article s/5359_71_miller_1999_iof_panda_12_6_200 4.asp 3. ^ http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/article s/5359_71_miller_1999_iof_panda_12_6_200 4.asp 4. ^ http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/article s/5359_71_miller_1999_iof_panda_12_6_200 4.asp (=40) |
[1] Ambulocetus natans in action. A reconstruction of an early close cousin of whales. by artist Carl Buell. UNKNOWN source: http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/ images/whal.amb.jpeg [2] Ambulocetus The name Ambulocetus gives away its early ancestry. It means 'walking whale'. UNKNOWN source: http://www.abc.net.au/beasts/evi dence/prog1/images/evi_amulocetus_large. jpg | |
50,000,000 YBN 3 | 6382) The first camels.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetart iodactyla&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiathe ria [3] "ruminant." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ruminant | Laurasia2 |
[1] Description English: Dromedary camel in outback Australia, near Silverton, NSW. Date 7 July 2007 Source Own work Author Jjron Taken by John O'Neill This image has been released for use worldwide under the licensing specified below. If you require different licensing (e.g., for commercial publishing), or a larger or higher quality version of this image, it may be available from the author. You can contact the author by clicking here and leaving a message, or by sending me an email. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/43/07._Camel_Profile%2C_ near_Silverton%2C_NSW%2C_07.07.2007.jpg [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. |
50,000,000 YBN 3 | 6383) The first rhinos.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiathe ria | Laurasia2 |
[1] English: Male Diceros bicornis (Black rhinoceros or Hook-lipped rhinoceros) at the Saint Louis Zoological Park in Missouri Date 4 March 2011 Source Own work Author Jonathunder GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/63/Diceros_bicornis.jpg [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. |
49,000,000 YBN 9 10 | 474) The Bird Order "Falconiformes" {FaLKoNiFORmEZ7 } evolves (the ancestor of falcons, hawks, eagles, and Old World vultures).8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Falconiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/falconiform es-1 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ "Falconiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/falconiform es-1 4. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 5. ^ "Falconiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/falconiform es-1 6. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 7. ^ "Falconiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/falconiform es-1 8. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. 10. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) {49 MYBN (need to check with fossil record 2} |
[1] Fig. 4. Our phylogeny differs from and agrees with previous classifications. We merged well-supported (>70% bootstrap values) monophyletic clades at the tips with the same ordinal designation across all three classifications (e.g., 24 species called Passerines). Only higher relationships supported by bootstrap values >50% are shown. Colors are as in Fig. 2. Color bars to the right of the tree show membership in three different classifications: Peters' (25) (left), Sibley and Monroe's (30) (middle), and Livezey and Zusi's (13) (right). Black text within the bars indicates monophyletic orders in our phylogeny, whereas white text within the bars indicates nonmonophyletic orders. Ordinal name codes: ANS (Anseriformes), APO (Apodiformes), APT (Apterygiformes), ARD (Ardeiformes), BAL (Balaenicipitiformes), BUC (Bucerotiformes), CAP (Caprimulgiformes), CAS (Casuariiformes), CHA (Charadriiformes), CIC (Ciconiiformes), CLM (Columbiformes), COL (Coliiformes), COR (Coraciiformes), CRA (Craciformes), CUC (Cuculiformes), FAL (Falconiformes), GAL (Galliformes), GAV (Gaviiformes), GLB (Galbuliformes), GRU (Gruiformes), MUS (Musophagiformes), OPI (Opisthocomiformes), PAS (Passeriformes), PEL (Pelecaniformes), PIC (Piciformes), POD (Podicipediformes), PRO (Procellariiformes), PSI (Psittaciformes), RAL (Ralliformes), RHE (Rheiformes), SPH (Sphenisciformes), STH (Struthioniformes), STR (Strigiformes), TIN (Tinamiformes), TRC (Trochiliformes), TRO (Trogoniformes), TUR (Turniciformes), and UPU (Upupiformes). Figure 4 from: Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763/F4.large.jpg [2] Description English: Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in Tree Date July 2005 Source U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Author Hillebrand, Steve PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/69/Haliaeetus_leucocepha lus-tree-USFWS.jpg | |
49,000,000 YBN 11 | 515) The Rodents: New World porcupines, guinea pigs, agoutis {uGUTEZ8 }, and capybaras {KaPuBoRoZ9 } evolve.10 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "capybara." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capybara 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "capybara." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capybara 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "agouti." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/agouti 6. ^ "capybara." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capybara 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ "agouti." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/agouti 9. ^ "capybara." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capybara 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {49 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog lires [3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p187. [2] Description English: A North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) rests in a tree in Montreal's BioDome. Date 20 July 2004 Source self-made with a Nikon D70 Author J. Glover CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/83/Porcupine-BioDome.jpg | |
40,000,000 YBN 12 | 525) The Primates "New World Monkeys" evolve (the ancestor of the Sakis, Spider, Howler and Squirrel monkeys, Capuchins {KaP YU CiNZ8 }, and Tamarins).9 The ancestor of all New World monkeys probably originates in Africa, but all surviving descendants now live in the Americas, which suggests that a small group of New World monkeys got across the early Atlantic Ocean to South America, perhaps by rafting on fallen trees over a chain of islands.10 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "capuchin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capuchin 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "capuchin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capuchin 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "capuchin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capuchin 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ "capuchin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capuchin 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p147 (guess is in Africa). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {40 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog lires [4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [5] "New world monkey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_world_m onkey | Africa11 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p149. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p149. [2] Description English: A critically endangered Brown Spider Monkey, Ateles hybridus, with uncommon blue eyes. Shot in captivity in Barquisimeto, Venezuela Русский: Паукообразная обезьяна Ateles hybridus с редко встречающимися голубыми глазами. Сфотографирована в неволе в Венесуэле. Date September 2008 Source Image:BrownSpiderMonkey.jpg Author http://www.birdphotos.com edit by Fir0002 Permission (Reusing this file) See below. Attribution must appear on same page as photo. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/dc/BrownSpiderMonkey_%28 edit2%29.jpg |
37,000,000 YBN 4 5 | 442) Dogs evolve.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {37 MYBN} 5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. |
[1] Cynodictus from: A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere By William Berryman Scott PD source: https://play.google.com/books/re ader?id=HbAlAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover &output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.P A529 [2] Description Hesperocyon gregarius 32 - 30 million years ago; Early Oligocene; Oldest recognized member of the dog family. Date 10 October 2008, 10:42 Source Hesperocyon gregarius (Dog) Uploaded by FunkMonk Author Claire H. from New York City, USA Permission (Reusing this file) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5f/Hesperocyon_Gregarius .jpg | |
37,000,000 YBN 9 | 475) The Bird Order Cuculiformes {KUKUliFORmEZ7 } evolves (the ancestor of cuckoos, and roadrunners).8 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cuculi formes&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cuculi formes&submit=Submit 4. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cuculi formes&submit=Submit 6. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cuculi formes&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 9. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units /370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil record 2} |
[1] Fig. 4. Our phylogeny differs from and agrees with previous classifications. We merged well-supported (>70% bootstrap values) monophyletic clades at the tips with the same ordinal designation across all three classifications (e.g., 24 species called Passerines). Only higher relationships supported by bootstrap values >50% are shown. Colors are as in Fig. 2. Color bars to the right of the tree show membership in three different classifications: Peters' (25) (left), Sibley and Monroe's (30) (middle), and Livezey and Zusi's (13) (right). Black text within the bars indicates monophyletic orders in our phylogeny, whereas white text within the bars indicates nonmonophyletic orders. Ordinal name codes: ANS (Anseriformes), APO (Apodiformes), APT (Apterygiformes), ARD (Ardeiformes), BAL (Balaenicipitiformes), BUC (Bucerotiformes), CAP (Caprimulgiformes), CAS (Casuariiformes), CHA (Charadriiformes), CIC (Ciconiiformes), CLM (Columbiformes), COL (Coliiformes), COR (Coraciiformes), CRA (Craciformes), CUC (Cuculiformes), FAL (Falconiformes), GAL (Galliformes), GAV (Gaviiformes), GLB (Galbuliformes), GRU (Gruiformes), MUS (Musophagiformes), OPI (Opisthocomiformes), PAS (Passeriformes), PEL (Pelecaniformes), PIC (Piciformes), POD (Podicipediformes), PRO (Procellariiformes), PSI (Psittaciformes), RAL (Ralliformes), RHE (Rheiformes), SPH (Sphenisciformes), STH (Struthioniformes), STR (Strigiformes), TIN (Tinamiformes), TRC (Trochiliformes), TRO (Trogoniformes), TUR (Turniciformes), and UPU (Upupiformes). Figure 4 from: Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/320/5884/1763/F4.large.jpg [2] Description English: Common cuckoo Deutsch: Kuckuck Date Source Own work Author Vogelartinfo GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b0/Cuculus_canorus_vogel artinfo_chris_romeiks_CHR0791.jpg | |
35,000,000 YBN 2 | 6384) The Xenarthrans Ground sloths evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. |
[1] Description English: (Rusty, the giant ground sloth, at the Iowa Museum of Natural History, University of Iowa. Based on Megalonyx jeffersonii.) Date 16 October 2008 (original upload date) Source Uploader - Billwhittaker (talk) Author Billwhittaker (talk) at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released into the public domain (by the author). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Giant_ground_sl oth_Iowa.JPG/768px-Giant_ground_sloth_Io wa.JPG | |
34,000,000 YBN 10 | 813) Toothed and Baleen whale lines split.7 Toothed whales include dolphins, sperm, and killer whales. Baleen whales include blue, humpback, and gray whales.8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ "toothed whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/toothed-wha le 3. ^ "baleen whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/baleen-whal e 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "toothed whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/toothed-wha le 6. ^ "baleen whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/baleen-whal e 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ "toothed whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/toothed-wha le 9. ^ "baleen whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/baleen-whal e 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=34) {34 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) |
[1] Dorudon apparently from Walking With Beasts UNKNOWN source: http://www.makradafish.newmail.r u/WalkingWithBeast/dorudon.jpg [2] Fig. 2. Molecular time scale for the orders of placental mammals based on the 16,397-bp data set and maximum likelihood tree of ref. 14 with an opossum outgroup (data not shown), 13 fossil constraints (Materials and Methods), and a mean prior of 105 mya for the placental root. Ordinal designations are listed above the branches. Orange and green lines denote orders with basal diversification before or after the K/T boundary, respectively. Black lines depict orders for which only one taxon was available. Asterisks denote placental taxa included in the ''K/T body size'' taxon set. The composition of chimeric taxa, including caniform, caviomorph, strepsirrhine, and sirenian, is indicated elsewhere (14). Numbers for internal nodes are cross-referenced in the supporting information. . COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.pnas.org/content/vol1 00/issue3/images/large/pq0334222002.jpeg | |
30,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 444) Cats evolve.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 5. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 7. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. 8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm |
[1] Proailurus Wikimedia Commons Proailurus may or may not have been a true feline; some experts place it in the Feloidea family, which includes not only cats, but also hyenas and mongooses. Whatever the case, Proailurus was a relatively small carnivore, only a little bit bigger than a modern tabby. GNU source: http://0.tqn.com/d/dinosaurs/1/0 /e/6/-/-/proailurus.jpg | |
30,000,000 YBN 5 | 520) The Primates: True Lemurs evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) {30 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog lires [2] "Strepsirrhini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhi ni [3] "Lemuridae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuridae [4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [5] "Lemur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur [6] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) (=63 mybn) [7] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn) [8] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn) |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p168. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p168. [2] Description English: Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) at Berenty Private Reserve in Madagascar Date 4 October 2009 Source Own work Author Alex Dunkel (Visionholder) Permission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f5/Lemur_catta_001.jpg | |
30,000,000 YBN 3 | 6385) The first pigs evolve.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. 2. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. 3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. |
[1] Description Wild pig (Sus scrofa) stop near the Kennedy Space Center Press Site in the Launch Complex 39 Area on their daily foraging rounds. Not a native in the environment, the pigs are believed to be descendants from those brought to Florida by the early Spanish explorers. Without many predators other than human, the pigs have flourished in the surrounding environs. Date May 2002 Source http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail .cfm?mediaid=9807 Author NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9b/Wild_Pig_KSC02pd0873. jpg [2] en:Pig: sow with piglet de:Hausschwein: Sau mit Ferkel Photo by Scott Bauer. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/59/Sow_with_piglet.jpg | |
25,000,000 YBN 12 | 531) The Primates "Old World Monkeys" evolve (the ancestor of the Macaques, Baboons, Mandrills, Proboscis and Colobus {KoLiBeS7 } monkeys).8 This is also the last common ancestor of the Old World monkeys and the hominoids, which includes apes and humans.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "colobus monkey." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/black-and-w hite-colobus 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "colobus monkey." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/black-and-w hite-colobus 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "colobus monkey." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/black-and-w hite-colobus 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "colobus monkey." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/black-and-w hite-colobus 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ "hominoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/hominoid 10. ^ Stewart, Caro-Beth, and Todd R Disotell. “Primate evolution - in and out of Africa.” Current Biology 8.16 (1998) : R582-R588. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0960982207003673 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {25 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog lires [3] Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) . see image [4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [5] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) | (perhaps around Lake Victoria) Africa11 |
[1] From: Stewart, Caro-Beth, and Todd R Disotell. “Primate evolution - in and out of Africa.” Current Biology 8.16 (1998) : R582-R588. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0960982207003673 Figure 2. A synthetic hypothesis of catarrhine primate evolution. The branching order shown for the living species is well-supported by numerous molecular phylogenetic studies (for example [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24 and 25]). We present the dates of divergence calculated by Goodman and colleagues [11], on the understanding that these are still rough estimates and more precise measurements are needed, especially for the Old World monkeys. The fossil species (genus names in italics) were placed on this tree by parsimony analyses of relatively large morphological datasets [4, 11, 14 and 15]. Known dates for fossils [1, 2 and 21] are indicated by the thicker lines; these lines are attached to the tree as determined by the parsimony analyses, although the dates of the attachment points are our best guesses. Species found in Africa are in red and species found in Eurasia are in black. The continental locations of the ancestral lineages were inferred by parsimony using the computer program MacClade [30]. The intercontinental dispersal events required, at a minimum, to explain the distribution of the living and fossil species are indicated by the arrows. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4C4DVM4-D &_user=4422&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WC-MsSAYVW- UUW-U-AAVECYCCBC-AAVDAZZBBC-YCACYAZCV-WC -U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=07%2F30%2F1998&_ rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%236243 %231998%23999919983%23494082!&_cdi=6243& view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlV ersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=5558415c4ccd34 6c64e2e6be03c3865e [2] Description Colobus angolensis monkey Date 13 June 2007, 13:13 Source Angola Colobus Monkey #6 Author Ryan E. Poplin CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5a/Colobus_angolensis.jp g |
25,000,000 YBN 3 | 6386) The first deer evolves.2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. 2. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. 3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiathe ria [3] "ruminant." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ruminant [4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218 |
[1] White-tailed deer in Toronto, Canada PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/c/c2/White-tail_deer.jpg [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. | |
24,000,000 YBN 6 | 662) The ancestor of all Hominoids (Gibbons and Hominids) loses its tail.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (based on Aegyptopithecus=22my) {24 MYBN (based on Aegyptopithecus=22my} |
[1] From: Stewart, Caro-Beth, and Todd R Disotell. “Primate evolution - in and out of Africa.” Current Biology 8.16 (1998) : R582-R588. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0960982207003673 Figure 2. A synthetic hypothesis of catarrhine primate evolution. The branching order shown for the living species is well-supported by numerous molecular phylogenetic studies (for example [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24 and 25]). We present the dates of divergence calculated by Goodman and colleagues [11], on the understanding that these are still rough estimates and more precise measurements are needed, especially for the Old World monkeys. The fossil species (genus names in italics) were placed on this tree by parsimony analyses of relatively large morphological datasets [4, 11, 14 and 15]. Known dates for fossils [1, 2 and 21] are indicated by the thicker lines; these lines are attached to the tree as determined by the parsimony analyses, although the dates of the attachment points are our best guesses. Species found in Africa are in red and species found in Eurasia are in black. The continental locations of the ancestral lineages were inferred by parsimony using the computer program MacClade [30]. The intercontinental dispersal events required, at a minimum, to explain the distribution of the living and fossil species are indicated by the arrows. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4C4DVM4-D &_user=4422&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WC-MsSAYVW- UUW-U-AAVECYCCBC-AAVDAZZBBC-YCACYAZCV-WC -U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=07%2F30%2F1998&_ rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%236243 %231998%23999919983%23494082!&_cdi=6243& view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlV ersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=5558415c4ccd34 6c64e2e6be03c3865e [2] Gregoire: 62-year-old chimpanzee Description English: Chimpanzee named ''Gregoire'' born in 1944 (Jane Goodall sanctuary of Tchimpounga in Congo Brazzaville) - Picture taken the 9th of December 2006 Français : Chimpanzé nommé ''Grégoire'' né en 1944 (sanctuaire Jane Goodall de Tchimpounga au Congo Brazzaville) - Photo prise le 9 décembre 2006 Date 9 December 2006 Source Own work Author Delphine Bruyère Permission (Reusing this file) Attribution : Delphine Bruyere GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/ba/2006-12-09_Chimpanzee _Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG | |
23,000,000 YBN 6 | 478) The Monotreme: Echidna evolves.4 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "monotreme." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {23 MYBN} | Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea5 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 239. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 239. [2] The echidna is one of a handful of mammals to give birth to its offspring by laying eggs. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3b/Long-beakedEchidna.jp g |
23,000,000 YBN 6 | 479) The Monotreme: Duck-Billed Platypus evolves.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "platypus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/platypus 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {23 MYBN} | Australia and Tasmania5 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 239. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 239. [2] Description Description Swiming Platypus * Photographer Peter Scheunis * Source self-made Date September 2004 Location Broken River-Queensland-Australia Date 2010-01-18 03:46 (UTC) Source Platypus_BrokenRiver_QLD_Australia.jpg Author Platypus_BrokenRiver_QLD_Australia.jpg: Peterdvv derivative work: Bobisbob (talk) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/12/Platypus_BrokenRiver_ QLD_Australia2.png |
22,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 | 559) The Hominoid Proconsul evolves in East Africa.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). (c22-c16mybn) 9. ^ http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/apes /proconsul/ 22-10 mybn (22-10 mybn) 10. ^ "Proconsul (genus) 27-17 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul_% 28genus%29 27-17 mybn (27-17mybn) |
[1] Figure 2. A synthetic hypothesis of catarrhine primate evolution. The branching order shown for the living species is well-supported by numerous molecular phylogenetic studies (for example [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24 and 25]). We present the dates of divergence calculated by Goodman and colleagues [11], on the understanding that these are still rough estimates and more precise measurements are needed, especially for the Old World monkeys. The fossil species (genus names in italics) were placed on this tree by parsimony analyses of relatively large morphological datasets [4, 11, 14 and 15]. Known dates for fossils [1, 2 and 21] are indicated by the thicker lines; these lines are attached to the tree as determined by the parsimony analyses, although the dates of the attachment points are our best guesses. Species found in Africa are in red and species found in Eurasia are in black. The continental locations of the ancestral lineages were inferred by parsimony using the computer program MacClade [30]. The intercontinental dispersal events required, at a minimum, to explain the distribution of the living and fossil species are indicated by the arrows. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4C4DVM4-D &_user=4422&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WC-MsSAYVW- UUW-U-AAVECYCCBC-AAVDAZZBBC-YCACYAZCV-WC -U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=07%2F30%2F1998&_ rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%236243 %231998%23999919983%23494082!&_cdi=6243& view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlV ersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=5558415c4ccd34 6c64e2e6be03c3865e [2] Proconsul COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://www.andromeda.rutgers.edu /~biosci/RutgersHumanEcology/Proconsul.j pg | |
20,000,000 YBN 3 4 | 549) The ancestor of all Homonids may move (over land) from Africa into Eurasia.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {20MYBN} 4. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). {20MYBN} |
[1] Figure 2. A synthetic hypothesis of catarrhine primate evolution. The branching order shown for the living species is well-supported by numerous molecular phylogenetic studies (for example [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24 and 25]). We present the dates of divergence calculated by Goodman and colleagues [11], on the understanding that these are still rough estimates and more precise measurements are needed, especially for the Old World monkeys. The fossil species (genus names in italics) were placed on this tree by parsimony analyses of relatively large morphological datasets [4, 11, 14 and 15]. Known dates for fossils [1, 2 and 21] are indicated by the thicker lines; these lines are attached to the tree as determined by the parsimony analyses, although the dates of the attachment points are our best guesses. Species found in Africa are in red and species found in Eurasia are in black. The continental locations of the ancestral lineages were inferred by parsimony using the computer program MacClade [30]. The intercontinental dispersal events required, at a minimum, to explain the distribution of the living and fossil species are indicated by the arrows. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4C4DVM4-D &_user=4422&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WC-MsSAYVW- UUW-U-AAVECYCCBC-AAVDAZZBBC-YCACYAZCV-WC -U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=07%2F30%2F1998&_ rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%236243 %231998%23999919983%23494082!&_cdi=6243& view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlV ersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=5558415c4ccd34 6c64e2e6be03c3865e [2] Figure 1. Potential contacts between Africa and Eurasia during the past 40 million years, based upon geological and faunal evidence (after [28 and 29]). (a) Late Eocene, approximately 40 million years ago. The Tethys seaway prevents migration between Africa and Eurasia. Uplifting in the western region of the Arabian peninsula coincides with the rifting of the future Red Sea. (b) Early Miocene, approximately 20 million years ago. The Red Sea begins to form, while potential land bridges exist between Africa and Eurasia. (c) Late Miocene, approximately 10 million years ago. The Red Sea continues to grow, and potential connections between Africa and Eurasia exist along the Indian Ocean margin. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4C4DVM4-D &_user=4422&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WC-MsSAYVW- UUW-U-AAVECYCCBC-AAVDAZZBBC-YCACYAZCV-WC -U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=07%2F30%2F1998&_ rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%236243 %231998%23999919983%23494082!&_cdi=6243& view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlV ersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=5558415c4ccd34 6c64e2e6be03c3865e | |
18,000,000 YBN 10 | 537) The Hominoids: Gibbons evolve in South-east Asia.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) . 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) . 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) . 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) . 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {18 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog lires [4] "Old World monkey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_m onkey [5] "Gibbon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon [6] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [7] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ | South-East Asia9 |
[1] Figure 2. A synthetic hypothesis of catarrhine primate evolution. The branching order shown for the living species is well-supported by numerous molecular phylogenetic studies (for example [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24 and 25]). We present the dates of divergence calculated by Goodman and colleagues [11], on the understanding that these are still rough estimates and more precise measurements are needed, especially for the Old World monkeys. The fossil species (genus names in italics) were placed on this tree by parsimony analyses of relatively large morphological datasets [4, 11, 14 and 15]. Known dates for fossils [1, 2 and 21] are indicated by the thicker lines; these lines are attached to the tree as determined by the parsimony analyses, although the dates of the attachment points are our best guesses. Species found in Africa are in red and species found in Eurasia are in black. The continental locations of the ancestral lineages were inferred by parsimony using the computer program MacClade [30]. The intercontinental dispersal events required, at a minimum, to explain the distribution of the living and fossil species are indicated by the arrows. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4C4DVM4-D &_user=4422&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WC-MsSAYVW- UUW-U-AAVECYCCBC-AAVDAZZBBC-YCACYAZCV-WC -U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=07%2F30%2F1998&_ rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%236243 %231998%23999919983%23494082!&_cdi=6243& view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlV ersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=5558415c4ccd34 6c64e2e6be03c3865e [2] Description Deutsch: Weißhandgibbons Date 25 May 2006 Source Own work Author User:MatthiasKabel GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/38/Hylobates_lar_pair_of _white_and_black_01.jpg |
15,000,000 YBN 3 | 6388) The first Kangeroos evolve.2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388. 2. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388. 3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388. MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) | Australia |
[1] Description English: Agile Wallaby Latina: Macropus agilis Nederlands: Zandwallabie Deutsch: Flinkwallaby Date November 2004 Source Own work Author User:Nino Barbieri GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/26/Macropus_agilis_-_02. jpg [2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p231. |
15,000,000 YBN 7 | 6389) The first bovids {BOViDZ4 } evolve (hollow-horned ruminants: oxen, antelopes, sheep, cattle, and goats5 ).6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "bovid." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013. ovid>. 2. ^ "bovid." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012. ovid>. 3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388. 4. ^ "bovid." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013. ovid>. 5. ^ "bovid." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012. ovid>. 6. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388. 7. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388. MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiathe ria [3] "ruminant." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ruminant [4] Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360 [5] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218 |
[1] Description Slender-horned gazelle, at the Cincinnati Zoo Date 10 November 2007 Source Own work Author FisherQueen GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Slender-horned_ gazelle_%28Cincinnati_Zoo%29.jpg/1280px- Slender-horned_gazelle_%28Cincinnati_Zoo %29.jpg [2] Español: Antílope sable Sable Antelope (Bull), photo taken and submitted by Paul Maritz (paulmaz). Photo taken near Kafue River in Zambia, 2004 GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sable_bull.jpg/ 1186px-Sable_bull.jpg | |
14,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 13 | 542) The earliest extant Hominids: Orangutans evolve in South-East Asia.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Begun, "African and Eurasian Miocene hominoids and the origins of the Hominidae", in Louis de Bonis, George D. Koufos, Peter Andrews, "Phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia", p232. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Begun, "African and Eurasian Miocene hominoids and the origins of the Hominidae", in Louis de Bonis, George D. Koufos, Peter Andrews, "Phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia", p232. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Begun, "African and Eurasian Miocene hominoids and the origins of the Hominidae", in Louis de Bonis, George D. Koufos, Peter Andrews, "Phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia", p232. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Begun, "African and Eurasian Miocene hominoids and the origins of the Hominidae", in Louis de Bonis, George D. Koufos, Peter Andrews, "Phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia", p232. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {14 MYBN} 11. ^ Chan Y-C, Roos C, Inoue-Murayama M, Inoue E, Shih C-C, et al. (2010) Mitochondrial Genome Sequences Effectively Reveal the Phylogeny of Hylobates Gibbons. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14419. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014419 http:/ /www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10 .1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014419 12. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p442. 13. ^ P-.H. Fabre, A. Rodrigues, E.J.P. Douzery, Patterns of macroevolution among Primates inferred from a supermatrix of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 53, Issue 3, December 2009, Pages 808-825, ISSN 1055-7903, 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.004. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1055790309003169) MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) | South-East Asia9 |
[1] From: Stewart, Caro-Beth, and Todd R Disotell. “Primate evolution - in and out of Africa.” Current Biology 8.16 (1998) : R582-R588. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0960982207003673 Figure 2. A synthetic hypothesis of catarrhine primate evolution. The branching order shown for the living species is well-supported by numerous molecular phylogenetic studies (for example [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24 and 25]). We present the dates of divergence calculated by Goodman and colleagues [11], on the understanding that these are still rough estimates and more precise measurements are needed, especially for the Old World monkeys. The fossil species (genus names in italics) were placed on this tree by parsimony analyses of relatively large morphological datasets [4, 11, 14 and 15]. Known dates for fossils [1, 2 and 21] are indicated by the thicker lines; these lines are attached to the tree as determined by the parsimony analyses, although the dates of the attachment points are our best guesses. Species found in Africa are in red and species found in Eurasia are in black. The continental locations of the ancestral lineages were inferred by parsimony using the computer program MacClade [30]. The intercontinental dispersal events required, at a minimum, to explain the distribution of the living and fossil species are indicated by the arrows. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4C4DVM4-D &_user=4422&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WC-MsSAYVW- UUW-U-AAVECYCCBC-AAVDAZZBBC-YCACYAZCV-WC -U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=07%2F30%2F1998&_ rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%236243 %231998%23999919983%23494082!&_cdi=6243& view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlV ersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=5558415c4ccd34 6c64e2e6be03c3865e [2] Taken from Wikipedia. Same name. ''Orangutan image taken by Tom Low at Camp Leakey, Tanjung Puting, Kalimantan, Indonesia (2003).'' PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0b/Orangutan.jpg |
10,500,000 YBN 3 4 5 | 550) The ancestor of all Gorillas, Chimpanzees, and archaic humans may move over land from Eurasia back into Africa.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). 3. ^ Record ID543. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {9 MYBN} 5. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). {9 MYBN} |
[1] Figure 2. A synthetic hypothesis of catarrhine primate evolution. The branching order shown for the living species is well-supported by numerous molecular phylogenetic studies (for example [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24 and 25]). We present the dates of divergence calculated by Goodman and colleagues [11], on the understanding that these are still rough estimates and more precise measurements are needed, especially for the Old World monkeys. The fossil species (genus names in italics) were placed on this tree by parsimony analyses of relatively large morphological datasets [4, 11, 14 and 15]. Known dates for fossils [1, 2 and 21] are indicated by the thicker lines; these lines are attached to the tree as determined by the parsimony analyses, although the dates of the attachment points are our best guesses. Species found in Africa are in red and species found in Eurasia are in black. The continental locations of the ancestral lineages were inferred by parsimony using the computer program MacClade [30]. The intercontinental dispersal events required, at a minimum, to explain the distribution of the living and fossil species are indicated by the arrows. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4C4DVM4-D &_user=4422&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WC-MsSAYVW- UUW-U-AAVECYCCBC-AAVDAZZBBC-YCACYAZCV-WC -U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=07%2F30%2F1998&_ rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%236243 %231998%23999919983%23494082!&_cdi=6243& view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlV ersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=5558415c4ccd34 6c64e2e6be03c3865e [2] Figure 1. Potential contacts between Africa and Eurasia during the past 40 million years, based upon geological and faunal evidence (after [28 and 29]). (a) Late Eocene, approximately 40 million years ago. The Tethys seaway prevents migration between Africa and Eurasia. Uplifting in the western region of the Arabian peninsula coincides with the rifting of the future Red Sea. (b) Early Miocene, approximately 20 million years ago. The Red Sea begins to form, while potential land bridges exist between Africa and Eurasia. (c) Late Miocene, approximately 10 million years ago. The Red Sea continues to grow, and potential connections between Africa and Eurasia exist along the Indian Ocean margin. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4C4DVM4-D &_user=4422&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WC-MsSAYVW- UUW-U-AAVECYCCBC-AAVDAZZBBC-YCACYAZCV-WC -U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=07%2F30%2F1998&_ rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%236243 %231998%23999919983%23494082!&_cdi=6243& view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlV ersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=5558415c4ccd34 6c64e2e6be03c3865e | |
10,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10 11 | 543) The Hominids: Gorillas evolve in Africa.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ P-.H. Fabre, A. Rodrigues, E.J.P. Douzery, Patterns of macroevolution among Primates inferred from a supermatrix of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 53, Issue 3, December 2009, Pages 808-825, ISSN 1055-7903, 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.004. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1055790309003169) 7. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p442. 8. ^ Suwa, Gen et al. "A New Species of Great Ape from the Late Miocene Epoch in Ethiopia." Nature 448.7156 (2007): 921–924. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v448/n7156/full/nature06113.htm l 9. ^ Kunimatsu, Yutaka et al. "A New Late Miocene Great Ape from Kenya and Its Implications for the Origins of African Great Apes and Humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.49 (2007): 19220 –19225. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/ 49/19220.abstract 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {7 MYBN} 11. ^ Chan Y-C, Roos C, Inoue-Murayama M, Inoue E, Shih C-C, et al. (2010) Mitochondrial Genome Sequences Effectively Reveal the Phylogeny of Hylobates Gibbons. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14419. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014419 http:/ /www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10 .1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014419 MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [3] "Gorilla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla [4] Prothero, "Bring Fossils To Life", Second Edition, 2004, p34 | Africa5 |
[1] From: Stewart, Caro-Beth, and Todd R Disotell. “Primate evolution - in and out of Africa.” Current Biology 8.16 (1998) : R582-R588. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0960982207003673 Figure 2. A synthetic hypothesis of catarrhine primate evolution. The branching order shown for the living species is well-supported by numerous molecular phylogenetic studies (for example [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24 and 25]). We present the dates of divergence calculated by Goodman and colleagues [11], on the understanding that these are still rough estimates and more precise measurements are needed, especially for the Old World monkeys. The fossil species (genus names in italics) were placed on this tree by parsimony analyses of relatively large morphological datasets [4, 11, 14 and 15]. Known dates for fossils [1, 2 and 21] are indicated by the thicker lines; these lines are attached to the tree as determined by the parsimony analyses, although the dates of the attachment points are our best guesses. Species found in Africa are in red and species found in Eurasia are in black. The continental locations of the ancestral lineages were inferred by parsimony using the computer program MacClade [30]. The intercontinental dispersal events required, at a minimum, to explain the distribution of the living and fossil species are indicated by the arrows. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4C4DVM4-D &_user=4422&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WC-MsSAYVW- UUW-U-AAVECYCCBC-AAVDAZZBBC-YCACYAZCV-WC -U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=07%2F30%2F1998&_ rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%236243 %231998%23999919983%23494082!&_cdi=6243& view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlV ersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=5558415c4ccd34 6c64e2e6be03c3865e [2] Description English: Male silverback w:Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla in SF zoo Date Source Own work Author Mila Zinkova Permission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/50/Male_gorilla_in_SF_zo o.jpg |
6,000,000 YBN 12 13 | 544) The Hominids: Chimpanzees evolve in Africa. This is the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 2. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/T oumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 4. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/T oumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 6. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/T oumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 8. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/T oumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 10. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/T oumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn (6mybn) {6 MYBN} 13. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/T oumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) (8mybn) {8 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) | Africa11 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p106. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p106. [2] Gregoire: 62-year-old chimpanzee Description English: Chimpanzee named ''Gregoire'' born in 1944 (Jane Goodall sanctuary of Tchimpounga in Congo Brazzaville) - Picture taken the 9th of December 2006 Français : Chimpanzé nommé ''Grégoire'' né en 1944 (sanctuaire Jane Goodall de Tchimpounga au Congo Brazzaville) - Photo prise le 9 décembre 2006 Date 9 December 2006 Source Own work Author Delphine Bruyère Permission (Reusing this file) Attribution : Delphine Bruyere GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/ba/2006-12-09_Chimpanzee _Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG |
4,400,000 YBN 40 41 | 546) The Hominid: Ardipithecus evolves.29 30 31 32 33 34 The earliest bipedal primate.35 Bipedalism may evolve so that hands are free to carry food for later use,36 and to use weapons37 . Hominids walking upright on two legs, away from a life in the trees, may signal that they have become the top of the food chain on land as the result of using weapons.38 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152 (2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1251805001015282 2. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 3. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html 4. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/cont ent/326/5949/64.abstract 5. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306. Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/ 5949/64.abstract 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p93. 7. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 8. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152 (2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1251805001015282 9. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 10. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html 11. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/cont ent/326/5949/64.abstract 12. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306. Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/ 5949/64.abstract 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p93. 14. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 15. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152 (2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1251805001015282 16. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 17. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html 18. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/ 5949/64.abstract 19. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306. Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/ 5949/64.abstract 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p93. 21. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 22. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152 (2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1251805001015282 23. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 24. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html 25. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/ 5949/64.abstract 26. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306. Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/ 5949/64.abstract 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p93. 28. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 29. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152 (2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1251805001015282 30. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 31. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html 32. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/ 5949/64.abstract 33. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306. Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/ 5949/64.abstract 34. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p93. 35. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 36. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) 37. ^ Ted Huntington. 38. ^ Ted Huntington. 39. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 40. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152 (2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S1251805001015282 {6 MYBN} 41. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 {6 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Haile-Selassie, Y. Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 412, 178-181 (2001). http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.103 8/35084063 | Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya, Africa39 |
[1] Fig. 1. Orrorin tugenensis nov. gen. nov. sp. A: BAR 1002′00, left femur, posterior view; B: BAR 1002′00, left femur, anterior view; C: BAR 1000′00, right mandibular fragment with M3, buccal view; D: BAR 1000′00, left mandibular fragment with M2–3, lingual view; E: BAR 1000′00, left mandibular fragment with M2–3, occlusal view; F: BAR 1900′00, right M3, occlusal view; G: BAR 1390′00, right P4, distal view; H: BAR 1001′00, upper I1, labial view; I: BAR 1425′00, right Image , lingual view; J: BAR 1004′00, right distal humerus, posterior view; K: BAR 1003′00, proximal left femur, anterior view; L: BAR 349′00, manual proximal phalanx, superior view; M: BAR 1426′00, left M3, distal view; N: BAR 1215′00, fragmentary right proximal femur, posterior view. Scale bars = 1 cm.Orrorin tugenensis nov. gen. nov. sp. A : BAR 1002′00, fémur gauche, vue postérieure ; B : BAR 1002′00, fémur gauche, vue antérieure ; C : BAR 1000′00, fragment mandibulaire droit avec M3, vue buccale ; D : BAR 1000′00, fragment mandibulaire gauche avec M2–3, vue linguale ; E : BAR 1000′00, fragment mandibulaire gauche avec M2–3, vue occlusale ; F : BAR 1900′00, M3 droite, vue occlusale ; G : BAR 1390′00, P4 droite, vue distale ; H : BAR 1001′00, I1, vue labiale ; I : BAR 1425′00, Image droite, vue linguale ; J : BAR 1004′00, humérus distal droit, vue postérieure ; K : BAR 1003′00, fémur proximal gauche, vue antérieure ; L : BAR 349′00, phalange proximale de la main, vue supérieure ; M : BAR 1426′00, M3 gauche, vue distale ; N : BAR 1215′00, fémur proximal fragmentaire, vue postérieure. Chaque barre équivaut à 1 cm. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/cac he/MiamiImageURL/B6VJ3-42FS9XV-9-1/0?wch p=dGLzVlz-zSkzS [2] Description Ardipithecus ramidus specimen, nicknamed ?Ardi?. After Gen Suwa, Berhane Asfaw, Reiko T. Kono, Daisuke Kubo, C. Owen Lovejoy, Tim D. White (2009): ''The Ardipithecus ramidus Skull and Its Implications for Hominid Origins.'' Science, 2 October 2009: Vol. 326. no. 5949, pp. 68e1-68e7, Fig. 2 Date 14 November 2009, 16:50 Source Zanclean skull Uploaded by FunkMonk Author T. Michael Keesey Permission (Reusing this file) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e1/Ardi.jpg |
4,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 22 | 547) The Hominid: Australopithecus (x-STrA-lO-PitiKuS13 } evolves.14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Australopithecus." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/australopit hecus 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269, 521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/269/5223/521 4. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003), "Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp. 607–612. 5. ^ "Australopithecus." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/australopit hecus 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269, 521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/269/5223/521 8. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003), "Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp. 607–612. 9. ^ "Australopithecus." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/australopit hecus 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269, 521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/269/5223/521 12. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003), "Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp. 607–612. 13. ^ "Australopithecus." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/australopit hecus 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269, 521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/269/5223/521 16. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003), "Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp. 607–612. 17. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269, 521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/269/5223/521 18. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003), "Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp. 607–612. 19. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003), "Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp. 607–612. {4MYBN} 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {4MYBN} 21. ^ "Australopithecus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopit hecus {3.9 to 3my} 22. ^ "Australopithecus afarensis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopit hecus_afarensis (3.9 to 3my) MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) | Sterkfontein, South Africa17 18 |
[1] Australopithecus squinted at the blue African sky. He had never seen a star in broad daylight before, but he could see one today. White. Piercing. Not as bright as the Sun, yet much more than a full moon. Was it dangerous? He stared for a long time, puzzled, but nothing happened, and after a while he strode across the savanna unconcerned. Millions of years later, we know better. ''That star was a supernova, one of many that exploded in our part of the galaxy during the past 10 million years,'' says astronomer Mark Hurwitz of the University of California-Berkeley. Right: Human ancestors, unconcerned by odd lights in the daytime sky. This image is based on a painting featured in The Economist. PD source: http://science.nasa.gov/headline s/y2003/06jan_bubble.htm?list847478 [2] Image Source * http://www.familie-rebmann.de/photo11.ht m COPYRIGHTED CLAIMED FAIR USE source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Laetoliafar.jpg.jpg |
SCIENCE | |||
3,390,000 YBN 7 | 269) Hominids use stones as tools.4 Some may view the use of stones as tools by hominids as the start of science on Earth.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) : 857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html 2. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) : 857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html 3. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) : 857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html 4. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) : 857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) : 857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html 7. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) : 857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html {3.39 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectu s [2] "Stone Age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age [3] "Paleolithic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic | Dikika, Ethiopia6 |
[1] a, The exterior surface of DIK-55-2, and the location of each of the surface marks. The rib is oriented such that the rib head (broken off) would be to the left. Dashed rule, 4 cm. b, Marks A1 and A2 (high-confidence stone-tool cut marks) under low-power optical magnification; the yellow rectangle demarcates c. Scale bar, 5 mm. c, ESEM image showing microstriations indicative of cutting with a stone tool. Scale bar, 100 μm. d, Mark B (high-confidence stone-tool-inflicted mark) under low-power optical magnification, indicative of a cutting and scraping action or percussion; the yellow rectangle demarcates e. Scale bar, 5 mm. e, ESEM image showing microstriations indicative of stone tool action. Scale bar, 500 μm. b–e, The direction of the rib head is indicated by the black arrows. See Supplementary Information for the details of mark C. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v466/n7308/images/nature09248-f2.2. jpg |
3,000,000 YBN 3 | 446) North and South America connect.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {3 MYBN} |
[1] Present Day NONCOMMERCIAL source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/000 _present_3globes.jpg | |
2,700,000 YBN 10 | 564) The Hominid: Paranthropus {Pa raN tru PuS7 } evolves; a line of extinct early bipedal hominids.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=pa ranthropus&submit=Submit 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=pa ranthropus&submit=Submit 4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=pa ranthropus&submit=Submit 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=pa ranthropus&submit=Submit 8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 9. ^ "Paranthropus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropu s 10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. MORE INFO [1] Thure E. Cerling, Emma Mbua, Francis M. Kirera, Fredrick Kyalo Manthi, Frederick E. Grine, Meave G. Leakey, Matt Sponheimer, and Kevin T. Uno. Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the early Pleistocene of East Africa; PNAS 2011; published ahead of print May 2, 2011, doi:10.1073/pnas.1104627108 http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/0 4/27/1104627108.full.pdf+html?sid=71bf86 4d-bcc2-420e-9c3d-6c390c4a31c3 [2] Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage To the Dawn of Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 90. ISBN 0-297-82503-8 | Africa9 |
[1] Description Deutsch: plastische wissenschaftliche Rekonstruktion eines Paranthropus boisei English: scientiffic reconstruction of a Paranthropus boisei Date 25 March 2007 Source Photographed at Westfälisches Museum für Archäologie, Herne Author Photographed by User:Lillyundfreya Permission (Reusing this file) own work GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6c/Paranthropus_boisei.J PG [2] Skull of Paranthropus boisei. From Smithsonian Institute website. COPYRIGHTED CLAIMED FAIR USE source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Zinj3.jpg |
2,500,000 YBN 13 | 455) The oldest formed stone tools.8 The start of the Paleolithic or "Old Stone Age".9 10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectu s 2. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectu s 3. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectu s 4. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectu s 5. ^ "Paleolithic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/paleolithic 6. ^ Fagan, Brian M, and Charlotte Beck. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Internet resource. 7. ^ "Paleolithic." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/paleolithic 8. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectu s 9. ^ "Paleolithic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/paleolithic 10. ^ Fagan, Brian M, and Charlotte Beck. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Internet resource. 11. ^ "Paleolithic." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/paleolithic 12. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333–336 (1997) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html 13. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333–336 (1997) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html {2.5 MYBN} | Gona, Ethiopia12 |
[1] Figure 3 from: Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333–336 (1997) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html [2] Early man lived on elephant meat, so much they died out in the Middle East 400,000 years ago Submitted by Anonymous on Wed Dec 14 2011 17:23:00 GMT-0800 (Pacific Standard Time) - Source: dailymail.co.uk Docile, lumbering elephants were so perfect for Homo erectus, that they provided up to 60 per cent of their diet - until constant hunting wiped out elephants in the Middle East. The disappearance of elephants helped kill off Homo erectus, and paved the way for Homo sapiens - modern humans - to take over. Findings from the University of Tel Aviv reveal how important the huge animals were to the diet of early humans - researchers that elephants provided 60 per cent of the meat eaten by Homo erectus. UNKNOWN source: http://i4.asntown.net/Mastodon-t vfm.jpg |
2,200,000 YBN 23 | 447) The first humans.16 The Hominid: Homo habilis evolves (the earliest member of the genus "Homo"17 ).18 This is when the human brain begins to get bigger.19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 4. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1 5. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 8. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1 9. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 10. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 12. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1 13. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 14. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 16. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1 17. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 18. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 20. ^ F. Spoor, M. G. Leakey, P. N. Gathogo, F. H. Brown, S. C. Antón, I. McDougall, C. Kiarie, F. K. Manthi & L. N. Leakey (2007-08-09). "Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya". Nature 448 (7154): 688–691. doi:10.1038/nature05986. PMID 17687323 http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v448/n7154/full/nature05986.html 21. ^ Donald C. Johanson, Fidelis T. Masao, Gerald G. Eck, Tim D. White, Robert C. Walter, William H. Kimbel, Berhane Asfaw, Paul Manega, Prosper Ndessokia & Gen Suwa (21 May 1987). "New partial skeleton of Homo habilis from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania". Nature 327 (6119): 205–209. doi:10.1038/327205a0. PMID 3106831 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 23. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. | (Kenya20 and Tanzania21 ) Africa22 |
[1] KNM ER 1813 Homo habilis This image is from the website of the Smithsonian Institution [1] and may be copyrighted. The Smithsonian Institution explicitly considers the use of its content for non-commercial educational purposes to qualify as fair use under United States copyright law, if: 1. The author and source of the content is clearly cited. 2. Any additional copyright information about the photograph from the Smithsonian Institution website is included. 3. None of the content is modified or altered. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:KNM_ER_1813.jpg [2] red= Homo rudolfensis black=Homo habilis COPYRIGHTED source: http://sesha.net/eden/Eerste_men sen.asp |
2,000,000 YBN 10 | 545) The Hominids: Bonobos {BunOBOZ7 } evolve.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "bonobo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bonobo 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "bonobo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bonobo 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ "bonobo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bonobo 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ "bonobo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bonobo 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {2 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [3] "Bonobo". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo | Africa9 |
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p106. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p106. [2] Gregoire: 62-year-old chimpanzee Description English: Chimpanzee named ''Gregoire'' born in 1944 (Jane Goodall sanctuary of Tchimpounga in Congo Brazzaville) - Picture taken the 9th of December 2006 Français : Chimpanzé nommé ''Grégoire'' né en 1944 (sanctuaire Jane Goodall de Tchimpounga au Congo Brazzaville) - Photo prise le 9 décembre 2006 Date 9 December 2006 Source Own work Author Delphine Bruyère Permission (Reusing this file) Attribution : Delphine Bruyere GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/ba/2006-12-09_Chimpanzee _Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG |
1,800,000 YBN | 130) The end of the Tertiary {TRsEARE7 } (65-1.8 mybn), and start of the Quaternary {KWoTRnARE or KWoTRNRE8 } (1.8 mybn-now) Period.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Tertiary period." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/tertiary-1 2. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary 3. ^ The geological Society of America 4. ^ "Tertiary period." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/tertiary-1 5. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary 6. ^ The geological Society of America 7. ^ "Tertiary period." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/tertiary-1 8. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary 9. ^ The geological Society of America |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 000 Ma - Present Time UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/000 _present_3globes.jpg | |
1,800,000 YBN 12 13 14 | 563) Homo erectus {hOmO ireKTuS9 } evolves in Africa.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectu s 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71 3. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectu s 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71 5. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectu s 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71 7. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectu s 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71 9. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectu s 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71 11. ^ Brown, Frank et al. “Early Homo Erectus Skeleton from West Lake Turkana, Kenya.” Nature 316.6031 (1985): 788–792. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v316/n6031/abs/316788a0.html 12. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergast er 1.9-1.4 mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4 MYBN} 13. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 14. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergast er 1.9-1.4 mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolut ion/johanson.html [2] Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p416 [3] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html [4] Vekua, Abesalom et al. “A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia.” Science 297.5578 (2002): 85–89. Print. New Series | Lake Turkana, East Africa11 |
[1] Homo ergaster. Capacité crânienne de 800 à 950 cm3 COPYRIGHTED source: http://ma.prehistoire.free.fr/er gaster.htm [2] Turkana Boy COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.anthropology.at/virta nth/evo_links/turkana%20boy.jpg |
1,700,000 YBN 14 | 449) Homo erectus moves into Eurasia from Africa.12 13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html 3. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47, No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer, 1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html 6. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47, No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer, 1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html 9. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47, No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer, 1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324 10. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectu s 11. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47, No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer, 1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324 12. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectu s 13. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47, No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer, 1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1.7 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p69-77 [2] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001. |
[1] G. Philip Rightmire, ''The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the Emergence of More Modern Humans'', Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47, No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer, 1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630 324 [2] All statistically significant inferences in Tables 1 and 2 are incorporated into this single model. Major expansions of human populations are indicated by red arrows. Genetic descent is indicated by vertical lines, and gene flow by diagonal lines. The timing of inferences lacking resolution at the 5% level and/or not validated by more than one locus are indicated by question marks. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v416/n6876/images/416045a-f1.2.jpg | |
1,500,000 YBN 8 | 583) The controlled use of fire by Hominids.5 Controlled fires may be made first by Australopithecus or Homo erectus.6 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} 2. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} 3. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} 4. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} 5. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} 6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3557 077.stm 7. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} 8. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} | (Swartkrans cave) Swartkrans, South Africa7 |
[1] Description English: A fire lit using twigs and pine cones. Date 2008-03-27 (original upload date) (Original text : 10:58, 27 March 2008 (UTC)) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia (Original text : http://waxingnonsensical.blogspot.com) Author Original uploader was Emeldil at en.wikipedia (Original text : Pavan Srinath) Permission (Reusing this file) CC-BY-SA-3.0. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Campfire_Pineco ne.png/450px-Campfire_Pinecone.png [2] Swartkrans Caves For any picture requests, please email: marketing@maropeng.co.za All photos should be credited (© Maropeng), unless otherwise stated in the caption. UNKNOWN source: http://maropeng.flowcommunicatio .netdna-cdn.com/images/sized/images/medi agallery/IMG_7223-600x450.JPG |
1,000,000 YBN 6 7 | 589) Homo erectus evolves far less body hair, except on the head, face, airpit, chest, and groin.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 {1 MYBN} 7. ^ Rogers AR, Iltis D, Wooding S, "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair." Curr Anthropol 2004;45:105-108. http://www.jstor.org/p ss/10.1086/381006 {1.2 MYBN} |
[1] escription English: A diorama in National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta, depicting the life size model of stone equipped hunter, a Homo erectus family living in Sangiran about 900,000 years ago. Bahasa Indonesia: Sebuah diorama di Museum Nasional Indonesia di Jakarta menampilkan adegan pemburu dengan alat-alat batu, sebuah keluarga Homo erectus yang hidup di Sangiran sekitar 900.000 tahun yang lalu. Date 24 August 2010 Source Own work Author Gunkarta Gunawan Kartapranata CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sangiran_Homo_e rectus_Diorama.jpg/1280px-Sangiran_Homo_ erectus_Diorama.jpg | |
1,000,000 YBN 3 | 6467) Homo erectus reaches China.1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC 2. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC 3. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC | Gongwangling, Lantian County, Shaanxi Province, China2 |
[1] Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC COPYRIGHTED source: Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC [2] Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC COPYRIGHTED source: Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC |
970,000 YBN 12 13 14 | 200) Humans wear clothing.9 10 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 /n7303/full/nature09117.html 2. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News, 07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10 531419 3. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 /n7303/full/nature09117.html 4. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News, 07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10 531419 5. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 /n7303/full/nature09117.html 6. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News, 07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10 531419 7. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 /n7303/full/nature09117.html 8. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News, 07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10 531419 9. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 /n7303/full/nature09117.html 10. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News, 07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10 531419 11. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 /n7303/full/nature09117.html 12. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 /n7303/full/nature09117.html {970,000} 13. ^ Melissa A. Toups, Andrew Kitchen, Jessica E. Light, and David L. Reed, "Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa", Mol Biol Evol (2011) 28(1): 29-32 first published online September 7, 2010 doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234 {83,000-170,000YBN} 14. ^ Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser, Mark Stoneking, Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing, Current Biology, Volume 13, Issue 16, 19 August 2003, Pages 1414-1417, ISSN 0960-9822, 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00507-4. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0960982203005074) {72,000YBN +/- 42,000years} | Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK11 |
[1] Homo erectus, artwork C010/4389 Rights Managed Credit: JOSE ANTONIO PEÑAS/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Homo erectus. Computer artwork of a Homo erectus man standing in a prehistoric landscape. Homo erectus is the most widespread and longest-surviving of all the fossil hominids. Its geographical spread included north and east Africa, Europe, Indonesia and China, where it lived between 1 and 2 million years ago. Release details: Model and property releases are not available UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/417426/large/C0104389-Homo_erectus,_ar twork-SPL.jpg [2] Flint artefacts include hard-hammer flakes, notches, retouched flakes and cores (a–c, hard-hammer flake; d, e, multiple notch; f, hard-hammer flake; g, h, hard-hammer flake, showing pronounced point of percussion on plain butt). Supplementary Information includes micro-CT volume rendering of artefacts (still example shown as a) with three-dimensional animations (see Supplementary Movies 1–10). i, Cone of Pinus cf. sylvestris. j, Upper second molar of Mammuthus cf. meridionalis. COPYRIGHTED source: http://nature.com/nature/journal /v466/n7303/images/nature09117-f2.2.jpg |
400,000 YBN 8 9 10 | 615) The earliest evidence of spears.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/338/6109/942 2. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/338/6109/942 3. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/338/6109/942 4. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/338/6109/942 5. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/338/6109/942 6. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/338/6109/942 7. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’, Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810 v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19 970227.pdf} {400,000YBN} 8. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/338/6109/942 9. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’, Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810 v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19 970227.pdf} {400,000YBN} 10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Hartmut Thieme. Letters to Nature. Nature 385, 807 - 810 (27 February 1997); doi:10.1038/385807a0 | Kathu Pan 1, South Africa6 |(Schöningen, Germany.7 ) |
[1] (Photo : Jayne Wilkins) Replicas of the 500,000-year-old stone points from Kathu Pan 1 were hafted onto wooden dowels with acacia resin and sinew, and plunged into antelope carcasses Read more at http://www.latinospost.com/articles/6938 /20121115/oldest-stone-spear-tips-found- came-200.htm#irhScS4kokLTYQJp.99 UNKNOW N source: http://images.latinospost.com/da ta/images/full/8174/early-hafted-spears. jpg?w=600 [2] Fig. 2 (A and B) Distal step-terminating bending fractures on ventral surfaces of complete nonretouched convergent blades, banded ironstone. (C) Distal impact burination on ventral surface of a complete nonretouched convergent flake, banded ironstone. (D) Distal impact burination on ventral surface of complete nonretouched convergent blade, banded ironstone. (E) Comparison of DIF frequencies (95% confidence intervals) at Holocene kill and habitation sites with well-established weapon tips (11, 27, 28, 36), experimental weapon tip studies (10, 27, 37–40), trampling experiments (32, 41), and KP1. Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/338/6109/942 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/338/6109/942 |
302,000 YBN 7 | 6517) There are 1 million humans on Earth, all hunter-gathering people.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 3. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 4. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 5. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 6. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 7. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 |
[1] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. COPYRIGHTED source: Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. | |
200,000 YBN 25 26 27 | 548) Homo sapiens evolve in Africa.17 18 19 20 The oldest Homo sapiens fossils are from Ethiopia.21 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf 2. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html 3. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011. 4. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html 5. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf 6. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html 7. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011. 8. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html 9. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf 10. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html 11. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011. 12. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html 13. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf 14. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html 15. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011. 16. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html 17. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf 18. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html 19. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011. 20. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html 21. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human Evolution 55.3 (2008) : 409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/article/pii/S0047248408001024 22. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf 23. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html 24. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human Evolution 55.3 (2008) : 409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/article/pii/S0047248408001024 25. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human Evolution 55.3 (2008) : 409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/article/pii/S0047248408001024 26. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html {200,000 YBN} 27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p65. (165,000 YBN) {200,000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) | Ethiopia, Africa22 23 24 |
[1] Figure from: Day, M. H. ''Omo human skeletal remains.'' Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf [2] Figure 1 from: Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html CO PYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v423/n6941/images/nature01669-f1.2. jpg |
200,000 YBN | 590) The Human language of thirty short sounds begins to develop.9 All words are single syllable.10 This is the beginning of the transition from the verbal language of chimpanzees and monkeys, to the language humans use now, which has shorter sound duration and a larger number of sounds.11 The majority of the 40 or so basic sounds in human language (A, B, K, D, E, etc.) are probably learned before humans leave Africa, because although words vary, all humans use the same base sounds.12 Humans start to name objects and actions.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ (The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of one-syllable words) Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117. 4. ^ Ted Huntington 5. ^ (The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of one-syllable words) Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117. 6. ^ Ted Huntington 7. ^ (The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of one-syllable words) Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117. 8. ^ Ted Huntington 9. ^ Ted Huntington 10. ^ (The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of one-syllable words) Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117. 11. ^ Ted Huntington 12. ^ Ted Huntington. 13. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] EARLY HUMANS SETTLED IN BRITAIN 800,000 YEARS AGO July 7, 2010 -- During the harsh winters, early humans almost certainly relied on hunting animals, as edible plants would have been in very short supply, the study says. UNKNOWN source: http://news.discovery.com/archae ology/2010/07/07/early-humans-zoom.jpg [2] Phonetic Alphabet Symbols used by Ted Huntington PD source: http://tedhuntington.com/fonikal f.jpg | |
130,000 YBN 7 8 | 450) Homo Neanderthalensis evolves in Europe and Western Asia.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolut ion/johanson.html 2. ^ Douglas Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p464. 3. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolut ion/johanson.html 4. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolut ion/johanson.html 5. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolut ion/johanson.html 6. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolut ion/johanson.html 7. ^Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolut ion/johanson.html {000} 8. ^ http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/gene tics/ancient-dna-and-neanderthals MORE INFO [1] "Neanderthal". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal | Europe and Western Asia6 |
[1] Description Deutsch: Rekonstruierter Neandertaler im Neanderthal-Museum Date 2007 Source Own work Author Ökologix Permission (Reusing this file) See below. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Neandertaler-im -Museum.jpg/1024px-Neandertaler-im-Museu m.jpg [2] Description English: Homo neanderthalensis. Skull discovered in 1908 at La Chapelle-aux-Saints (France). Date October 2005 Source Own work Author Luna04 GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e0/Homo_sapiens_neandert halensis.jpg |
120,000 YBN | 572) The start of the Wurm glaciation, which connects a land bridge between Asia and America.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.dbc.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/le c04/b65lec04.htm 2. ^ http://www.dbc.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/le c04/b65lec04.htm |
[1] Description English: Ice age Earth at glacial maximum. Based on: ''Ice age terrestrial carbon changes revisited'' by Thomas J. Crowley (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 9, 1995, pp. 377-389 Date 30 January 2010 Source Own work Author Ittiz CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/IceAgeEarth.jpg /1024px-IceAgeEarth.jpg | |
101,000 YBN [99000 BC] 10 11 12 | 594) Homo sapiens move out of Africa into Eurasia.8 This is the beginning of differences in race within the human species.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolutio n/johanson.html 2. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolutio n/johanson.html 3. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002 -6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/1 6/6002.short 4. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolutio n/johanson.html 5. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002 -6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/1 6/6002.short 6. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolutio n/johanson.html 7. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002 -6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/1 6/6002.short 8. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolutio n/johanson.html 9. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002 -6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/1 6/6002.short 10. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.scie ncedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125 11. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolutio n/johanson.html {000 YBN} 12. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002 -6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/1 6/6002.short {000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.h tml [2] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v416/n6876/abs/416045a.html |
[1] The northern route (along the Danube) is represented by the 'classic' Aurignacian technologies, while the southern (Mediterranean) route is represented by the 'proto-Aurignacian' bladelet technologies (Fig. 3)-with their inferred origins in the preceding early Upper Palaeolithic technologies in the Near East and southeastern Europe. Dates (in thousands of years bp) indicate the earliest radiocarbon dates for these technologies in different areas, expressed in thousands of radiocarbon years before present (bp). (These are likely to underestimate the true (calendar) ages of the sites by between 2,000 and 4,000 yr; see ref. 32). Dashed lines indicate uncertain routes. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v432/n7016/fig_tab/nature03103_F1.h tml [2] The figure shows the geographical and temporal distribution of hominid populations, based on fossil finds, using different taxonomic schemes. The new finds from Herto4, 5 (H) represent early Homo sapiens. a, This reflects the view that both Neanderthals and modern humans derived from a widespread ancestral species called H. heidelbergensis2. b, However, evidence is growing that Neanderthal features have deep roots in Europe2, 8, so H. neanderthalensis might extend back over 400,000 years. The roots of H. sapiens might be similarly deep in Africa, but this figure represents the alternative view that the ancestor was a separate African species called H. rhodesiensis. Different views of early human evolution are also shown. Some workers prefer to lump the earlier records together and recognize only one widespread species, H. erectus2 (shown in a). Others recognize several species, with H. ergaster and H. antecessor (or H. mauritanicus) in the West, and H. erectus only in the Far East8 (shown in b). Adapted with permission from refs 8, 11. 8. Hublin, J.-J in Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene (eds Barham, L. & Robson-Brown, K.) 99-121 (Western Academic & Specialist Press, Bristol, 2001). 11. Rightmire, G. P. in Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene (eds Barham, L. & Robson-Brown, K.) 123-133 (Western Academic & Specialist Press, Bristol, 2001). COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v423/n6941/fig_tab/423692a_F1.html | |
100,000 YBN [98000 BC] 5 6 | 257) The oldest Homo sapiens skull outside of Africa; in Israel.3 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/bill ings_africa.html (92,000-115,000) 2. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/bill ings_africa.html (92,000-115,000) 3. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/bill ings_africa.html (92,000-115,000) 4. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/bill ings_africa.html (92,000-115,000) 5. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.scie ncedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125 6. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/bill ings_africa.html (92,000-115,000) MORE INFO [1] Bar-Yosef, O. in The Geography of Neandertals and Modern Humans in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean (eds Bar-Yosef, O. & Pilbeam, D.) 107−156 (Peabody Museum, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2000) [2] Mellars, Paul. “Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe.” Nature 432.7016 (2004) : 461-465. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v432/n7016/full/nature03103.html [3] Bar-Yosef, O., B. Vandermeersch, B. Arensburg, A. Belfer-Cohen, P. Goldberg, H. Laville, L. Meignen, Y. Rak, J. D. Speth, E. Tchernov, A. M. Tillier, S. Weiner, G. A. Clark, A. Garrard, D. O. Henry, F. Hole, D. Roe, K. R. Rosenberg, L. A. Schepartz, J. J. Shea, F. H. Smith, E. Trinkaus, N. M. Whalen and L. Wilson. 199. The Excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel (and Comments and Replies). Current Anthropology 33(5):497-550. http://www.jstor.org/dis cover/10.2307/2743915?uid=3739256&uid=21 29&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101120105141 [4] "Skhul remains". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skhul_remai ns [5] McCown, Keith, "The Stone Age of Mount Carmel", Vol II, 1939 [6] Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989): 756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html | (Skhul Cave) Mount Carmel, Israel4 |
[1] Индекс: Кафзех 9 (Qafzeh IX) Место находки: Qafzeh Cave, Israel Найден: B. Vandermeersch, 1969 Предполагаемый возраст находки: 90–115 тыс. лет Разновидность: Homo sapiens Объем мозга: 1500 см3 Примечания: Женщина была захоронена вместе с маленьким ребенком. Автор: Sasha на 15:13 UNKNOWN source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-atwty2 hbM9Y/TxIL8eshIkI/AAAAAAAAGG4/KNd7DfaWco s/s1600/qafzeh_9_big.jpg [2] Figure 2: Three-quarter view of the Mousterian cranium Qafzeh 9 from Jebel Qafzeh in Israel, about 92,000 years old. Photo: Tsila Sagiv/IDAM. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.metmuseum.org/special /Genesis/tattersall_lecture.asp?printFla g=1&refPage=1 |
100,000 YBN [98000 BC] 6 7 8 | 597) The earliest human burial, Skhul {SKuL?} cave in Israel.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989): 756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html 2. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989): 756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html 3. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989): 756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html 4. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.scie ncedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125 5. ^ Philip Lieberman, "Uniquely human: the evolution of speech, thought, and selfless behavior", 1993, p163. 6. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989): 756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html 7. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.scie ncedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125 8. ^ Philip Lieberman, "Uniquely human: the evolution of speech, thought, and selfless behavior", 1993, p163. MORE INFO [1] Garrod, et al, "The Stone Age of Mount Carmel", 1939 | (es-Skhul cave) Mount Carmel, Israel3 4 5 |
[1] {ULSF: Skhul IV from Mugharet Es-Skhul, corresponds to images in pages between p112 and p113 Garrod, ''The Stone Age of Mount Carmel excavations at the Wady-el-Mughara'',1937} Reconstructio n of the burial of Skhul 4 , a strongly-built, ''early modern'' human. (photograph from Stringer C.S. et al., 1994) UNKNOWN source: http://indiaeng.com/Tsunami-2004 --Andaman%20fault/Toba%20Volcano,%20ch_5 %20-%20Human%20evolution_files/mht1055(1 ).TMP [2] [t Note that this may not be the actual 100,000 year burial.] This is a burial site of a Homo sapiens neaderthalensis young adult male who lived about 50,000 years ago. The burial site was found in the Kebara cave in Israel. UKNOWN source: http://www.mitchellteachers.net/ WorldHistory/MrMEarlyHumansProject/Trans parencies/NeanderthalensisTrans.jpg |
100,000 YBN [98000 BC] 9 10 11 | 6333) The theory that the universe is controlled by Gods.5 The explanation that many phenomena in the universe are controlled by objects with human and animal bodies that have supernatural powers is one of the earliest theories that tries to explain how the universe works.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989): 756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html 8. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.scie ncedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125 9. ^ Philip Lieberman, "Uniquely human: the evolution of speech, thought, and selfless behavior", 1993, p163. 10. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989): 756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html 11. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.scie ncedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125 | (Es-Skhul) Mount Carmel, Israel7 8 |
[1] {ULSF: Skhul IV from Mugharet Es-Skhul, corresponds to images in pages between p112 and p113 Garrod, ''The Stone Age of Mount Carmel excavations at the Wady-el-Mughara'',1937} Reconstructio n of the burial of Skhul 4 , a strongly-built, ''early modern'' human. (photograph from Stringer C.S. et al., 1994) UNKNOWN source: http://indiaeng.com/Tsunami-2004 --Andaman%20fault/Toba%20Volcano,%20ch_5 %20-%20Human%20evolution_files/mht1055(1 ).TMP [2] The following is taken from James Shreeve's book The Neandertal Enigma: solving the mystery of modern human origins (William Morrow and Company, New York, 1995.) UNKNOWN source: http://www.mesacc.edu/dept/d10/a sb/origins/hominid_journey/pictures/buri al.jpeg |
61,000 YBN [59000 BC] 13 14 15 16 17 | 614) Humans use a bow and arrows, and poison arrow heads.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also Antiquity 84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsr oom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx 2. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0305440307002142 3. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also Antiquity 84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsr oom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx 4. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0305440307002142 5. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also Antiquity 84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsr oom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx 6. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0305440307002142 7. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also Antiquity 84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsr oom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx 8. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0305440307002142 9. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also Antiquity 84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsr oom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx 10. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0305440307002142 11. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also Antiquity 84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsr oom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx 12. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0305440307002142 13. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0305440307002142 14. ^ "Modern culture emerged in Africa 20,000 years earlier than thought", LA Times, 07/30/2012 http://www.latimes.com/news/ science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-modern-cult ure-africa-20120730,0,4412702.story?trac k=rss 15. ^ Paola Villa, et al, "Border Cave and the beginning of the Later Stone Age in South Africa", PNAS, July 30, 2012. http://www.pnas.org/content/early /2012/07/23/1202629109.abstract 16. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. {10,000YBN} 17. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Jim Hamm, "The Traditional Bowyer's Bible", Volume 2, 2000, p86. books.google.com/books?id=D9yQiKTt prAC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86 [2] Collins, Desmond (1973). Background to archaeology: Britain in its European setting (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521201551 | Sibudu Cave, South Africa11 12 |
[1] Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). ''Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa''. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0305440307002142 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence/article/pii/S0305440307002142 [2] Objects found in the archaeological site called Border Cave include a) a wooden digging stick; b) a wooden poison applicator; c) a bone arrow point decorated with a spiral incision filled with red pigment; d) a bone object with four sets of notches; e) a lump of beeswax; and f) ostrich eggshell beads and marine shell beads used as personal ornaments. (Francesco d'Errico and Lucinda Backwell / July 30, 2012) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.trbimg.com/img-5016e6 83/turbine/la-sci-sn-modern-culture-afri ca-20120730-001/600 |
53,300 YBN [51300 BC] 5 | 557) Homo Erectus goes extinct.3 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.” Science 274.5294 (1996) : 1870 -1874. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/274/5294/1870 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2891688 2. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.” Science 274.5294 (1996) : 1870 -1874. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/274/5294/1870 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2891688 3. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.” Science 274.5294 (1996) : 1870 -1874. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/274/5294/1870 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2891688 4. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.” Science 274.5294 (1996) : 1870 -1874. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/274/5294/1870 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2891688 5. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.” Science 274.5294 (1996) : 1870 -1874. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/274/5294/1870 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2891688 {300 YBN} | Ngandong, Indonesia4 |
[1] homo erectus cranium COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/a/ad/Ng6f.jpg [2] [t Note that this skull is from Junniushan and is 280,000 years old] Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC COPYRIGHTED source: Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC |
50,000 YBN [48000 BC] 4 | 6399) The start of the mass extinction of large mammals due in part to human impact.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Koch, Paul L. and Anthony D. Barnosky. "Late Quaternary Extinctions : State of the Debate." (2006): 215-252. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/ba rnosky/Koch%20%20and%20Barnosky%202006.p df 2. ^ Koch, Paul L. and Anthony D. Barnosky. "Late Quaternary Extinctions : State of the Debate." (2006): 215-252. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/ba rnosky/Koch%20%20and%20Barnosky%202006.p df 3. ^ Koch, Paul L. and Anthony D. Barnosky. "Late Quaternary Extinctions : State of the Debate." (2006): 215-252. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/ba rnosky/Koch%20%20and%20Barnosky%202006.p df 4. ^ Koch, Paul L. and Anthony D. Barnosky. "Late Quaternary Extinctions : State of the Debate." (2006): 215-252. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/ba rnosky/Koch%20%20and%20Barnosky%202006.p df |
[1] Description Glyptodon Date 1920 (probably) Source The Wonderful Paleo Art of Heinrich Harder Author Heinrich Harder (1858-1935) PD AND Smilodon, Sabertooth Tiger Source: Painting; Smilodon from the American Museum of Natural History. By: Charles R. Knight Status: Public Domain in the USA* PD AND Description Wooly mammoths near the Somme River, AMNH mural. Date 1916 Source http://io9.com/5891441/celebrating-char les-r-knight-the-artist-who-first-brough t-dinosaurs-and-megafauna-to-life Autho r Charles R. Knight PD AND Description English: (Rusty, the giant ground sloth, at the Iowa Museum of Natural History, University of Iowa. Based on Megalonyx jeffersonii.) Date 16 October 2008 (original upload date) Source Uploader - Billwhittaker (talk) Author Billwhittaker (talk) at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released into the public domain (by the author). PD AND Artist [show]Roelant Savery (1576–1639) Link back to Creator infobox template Description One of the most famous and often copied paintings of a Dodo specimen, as painted by Roelant Savery in 1626. The image came into the posession of the ornithologist George Edwards, who later gave it to the British Museum, hence the name.[1][2] The bird swallowing a frog in the lower right may be the likewise extinct Red Rail. Date 1626 Current location [show]British MuseumLink back to Institution infobox template Source/Photographer http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uplo ads/2010/07/History-of-the-dodo-Hume.pdf PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a1/Glyptodon_old_drawing .jpghttp://www.fantasy-workshop.com/faw/ image-files/smilodon-1.jpghttp://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Woo ly_Mammoths.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.o rg/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Giant_ground_s loth_Iowa.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org /wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Edward%27s_Dodo. jpg [2] Koch, Paul L. and Anthony D. Barnosky. ''Late Quaternary Extinctions : State of the Debate.'' (2006): 215-252. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/ba rnosky/Koch%20%20and%20Barnosky%202006.p df COPYRIGHTED source: http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barn osky/Koch%20%20and%20Barnosky%202006.pdf | |
46,000 YBN [44000 BC] 11 12 13 | 577) The earliest water ship. Sapiens from Southeast Asia reach Australia by water ship.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview /0,10987,1169905,00.html 2. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 421/n6925/abs/nature01383.html 3. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview /0,10987,1169905,00.html 4. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003) 5. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview /0,10987,1169905,00.html 6. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003) 7. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview /0,10987,1169905,00.html 8. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003) 9. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview /0,10987,1169905,00.html 10. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003) 11. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003) 12. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview /0,10987,1169905,00.html 13. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p471. MORE INFO [1] David B. Goldstein and Lounès Chikhi, "HUMAN MIGRATIONS AND POPULATION STRUCTURE: What We Know and Why it Matters", Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vol. 3: 129 -152 (Volume publication date September 2002) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/ abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.3.022502.10320 0 [2] Peter A. Underhill and Toomas Kivisild, "Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations", Annual Review of Genetics, Vol. 41: 539 -564 (Volume publication date December 2007) http://www.annualreviews.org/acti on/showCitFormats?doi=10.1146%2Fannurev. genet.41.110306.130407 [3] doi:10.1038/nature01383 http://www.natu re.com/nature/journal/v421/n6925/abs/nat ure01383.html [4] http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.h tml |
[1] Palmer, et al, ''Prehistoric Life'', 2009, p470-471. COPYRIGHTED source: Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p470-471. [2] World map of human migrations, with the North Pole at center. Africa, harboring the start of the migration, is at the top left and South America at the far right. Migration patterns are based on studies of mitochondrial (matrilinear) DNA. Numbers represent thousand years before present. The blue line represents area covered in ice or tundra during the last great ice age. The letters are the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups (pure motherly lineages); Haplogroups can be used to define genetic populations and are often geographically oriented. For example, the following are common divisions for mtDNA haplogroups: African: L, L1, L2, L3 Near Eastern: J, N Southern European: J, K General European: H, V Northern European: T, U, X Asian: A, B, C, D, E, F, G (note: M is composed of C, D, E, and G) Native American: A, B, C, D, and sometimes X [edit]Data derivation Image:Northern icesheet hg.png shows the region that was covered by ice or tundra in the last ice age All migration data based on mitomap Geographic data from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Last_ glacial_vegetation_map.png and adding the following data http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ice_A ge_Temperature.png we get this interesting result http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Human -migration-temperature.jpg GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/37/Map-of-human-migratio ns.jpg | |
43,000 YBN [41000 BC] 10 11 12 | 1187) The earliest known mine: "Lion Cave" in Swaziland, Africa; mined for the iron mineral hematite which is ground to produce the red pigment ochre.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007. http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarc h.asp 2. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.ph p?mid=168&pid=148 3. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007. http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarc h.asp 4. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.ph p?mid=168&pid=148 5. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007. http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarc h.asp 6. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.ph p?mid=168&pid=148 7. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007. http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarc h.asp 8. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.ph p?mid=168&pid=148 9. ^ F. Yachir, "Mining in Africa Today: Strategies and Prospects", 1988, p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=9W yyamT93REC&pg=PA1 10. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007. http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarc h.asp 11. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.ph p?mid=168&pid=148 12. ^ F. Yachir, "Mining in Africa Today: Strategies and Prospects", 1988, p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=9W yyamT93REC&pg=PA1 | Swaziland, Africa7 8 9 |
[1] Oldest Mine in the World - Swaziland The Lion Cavern at Ngwenya Mountain, just north of the Swaziland Capital Mbabane, is thought to be the oldest evidence of human mining in the world. Carbon-dating has shown mining activity for red ocre (haematite) within this cavity dating back to a period between 41000 and 43000BC. The site is preserved as an open-air museum of visitors and is a popular tourism attraction. (By Darron Raw) www.swazi.travel CC source: http://farm3.staticflickr.com/27 23/4303217549_a15d58e869_b.jpg [2] Ngwenya Mountain Lion Cave in Swaziland UNKNOWN source: http://www.ancienttrenches.com/_ /rsrc/1328277651042/ancient-mines/bb92d5 f7-639a-42d2-aee1-daaaa87267b8.jpg?heigh t=300&width=400 |
40,000 YBN [38000 BC] 7 8 9 10 11 12 | 598) The earliest sapiens fossils in Europe (Romania).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase, Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003): 11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/cont ent/100/20/11231 2. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase, Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003): 11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/cont ent/100/20/11231 3. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase, Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003): 11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/cont ent/100/20/11231 4. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase, Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003): 11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/cont ent/100/20/11231 5. ^ Benazzi, Stefano et al. “Early Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe and Implications for Neanderthal Behaviour.” Nature 479.7374 (2011): 525–528. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10617.htm l 6. ^ Higham, Tom et al. “The Earliest Evidence for Anatomically Modern Humans in Northwestern Europe.” Nature 479.7374 (2011): 521–524. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10484.htm l 7. ^ Higham, Tom et al. “Revised Direct Radiocarbon Dating of the Vindija G1 Upper Paleolithic Neandertals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103.3 (2006): 553–557. http://www.pnas.org/content/ 103/3/553.abstract 8. ^ Tool to convert C14 age to calendar age: ht41264tp://radiocarbon.ldeo.colum bia.edu/cgi-bin/radcarbcal?id=0&fig=1&en try_type=0&add=1&age=34000&std=100 9. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought", NY Times, November 2, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03 /science/fossil-teeth-put-humans-in-euro pe-earlier-than-thought.html 10. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/bill ings_africa.html (40,000 YBN) 11. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolutio n/johanson.html 12. ^ Palmer, "primtive Life", 2009, p472. | Peştera cu Oase, Romania4 (and baby tooth: Grotta del Cavallo, Italy5 , jaw: Kent's Cavern, UK6 ) |
[1] Oblique view of the Oase 1 mandible. Figure 1 from: Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase, Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003): 11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/cont ent/100/20/11231 UNKNOWN source: http://www.pnas.org/content/100/ 20/11231/F1.large.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en /3/36/Cromagf.jpg [2] Front view of Cro-magnon 1 fossil COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.antikitera.net/images /imgNews/4253-european-head_169813t.jpg |
40,000 YBN [38000 BC] 7 8 9 | 604) The earliest oil lamp.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 6. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific American, March 1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.f r/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf {Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf} 7. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific American, March 1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.f r/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf {Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf} {40,000YBN} 8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5. {79,000BCE} 9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000YBN} MORE INFO [1] "Ancient oil lamp". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_oil _lamp | Southwest France6 |
[1] Figure from: Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall White, ''Ice Age Lamps'', Scientific American, March 1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.f r/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf source: http://halshs.archives-ouvertes. fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf |
40,000 YBN [38000 BC] 14 15 | 1262) The earliest known human-made painting.9 10 ; a cave painting made by using a blowing technique in Spain.11 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ", 6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/en tertainment-arts-18459492 2. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/336/6087/1409.abstract 3. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ", 6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/en tertainment-arts-18459492 4. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/336/6087/1409.abstract 5. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ", 6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/en tertainment-arts-18459492 6. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/336/6087/1409.abstract 7. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ", 6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/en tertainment-arts-18459492 8. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/336/6087/1409.abstract 9. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ", 6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/en tertainment-arts-18459492 10. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/336/6087/1409.abstract 11. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/336/6087/1409.abstract 12. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/336/6087/1409.abstract 13. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cav e 14. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/336/6087/1409.abstract 15. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cav e | (The Panel de las Manos) El Castillo Cave, Spain12 |Southern France13 |
[1] Drawings of horses from Chauvet Cave GNU source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/336/6087/F5.large.jpg [2] Fig 3 from: Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/336/6087/1409.abstract A time line of the cave art dated. A single arrow represents a minimum age, but, where two dates are indicated, both maximum and minimum ages have been obtained. The error bars for O-21 reflect the variation resulting from the two different methods of detrital correction (11). Larger versions of these images showing sample locations are available in the supplementary materials, figs. S2 to S12. COPYRIGHTED source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Chauvethorses.jpg |
40,000 YBN [38000 BC] 22 23 24 | 5871) The earliest musical instrument, a flute, made from the wing bone of a vulture.17 18 19 20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.n ature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/8117915.stm 3. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1. 4. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/art icle/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ 5. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.n ature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/8117915.stm 7. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1. 8. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/art icle/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ 9. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.n ature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 10. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/8117915.stm 11. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1. 12. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/art icle/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ 13. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.n ature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 14. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/8117915.stm 15. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1. 16. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/art icle/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ 17. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.n ature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 18. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/8117915.stm 19. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1. 20. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/art icle/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ 21. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.n ature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 22. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.n ature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 {40000YBN} 23. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/art icle/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ {35000BCE} 24. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1. {34000BCE} | Hohle Fels Cave, Germany21 |
[1] Prehistorian historian Nicholas Conard presents the bone flute from Hohle Fels to journalists COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.google.com/hostednews /afp/media/ALeqM5hlF6Vh9FxCmW4OYCeiBOJqR J3VgA?size=l [2] Conard et al.1 have discovered the oldest known flute, at Hohle Fels Cave in Germany. The flute is made from bird bone, and dates from the early Aurignacian, 40,000 years ago. H. JENSEN/UNIV. TÜBINGEN COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v460/n7256/images/460695a-f1.2.jpg |
40,000 YBN [38000 BC] 6 7 | 6483) Humans catch fish.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern humans in China PhysOrg.com, 6 July 2009. http://phys.org/news166120605.htm l 2. ^ First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern humans in China PhysOrg.com, 6 July 2009. http://phys.org/news166120605.htm l 3. ^ First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern humans in China PhysOrg.com, 6 July 2009. http://phys.org/news166120605.htm l 4. ^ Richards, Michael P., and Erik Trinkaus. “Isotopic Evidence for the Diets of European Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106.38 (2009): 16034–16039. http://www.pnas.org/content/106/38/160 34.abstract 5. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase, Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003): 11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/cont ent/100/20/11231 6. ^ Richards, Michael P., and Erik Trinkaus. “Isotopic Evidence for the Diets of European Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106.38 (2009): 16034–16039. http://www.pnas.org/content/106/38/160 34.abstract 7. ^ First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern humans in China PhysOrg.com, 6 July 2009. http://phys.org/news166120605.htm l MORE INFO [1] Higham, Tom et al. “Revised Direct Radiocarbon Dating of the Vindija G1 Upper Paleolithic Neandertals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103.3 (2006): 553–557. http://www.pnas.org/content/ 103/3/553.abstract | Peçstera cu Oase4 , Romania5 |
[1] This is the lower mandible of the 40,000-year-old human skeleton, found in the Tianyuan Cave near Beijing. Analyses of collagen extracted from this bone prove that this individual was a regular consumer of fish. Credit: Image: Hong Shang / Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Read more at: http://phys.org/news166120605.html#jCp UNKNOWN source: http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gf x/news/hires/2009/fishonthemen.jpg [2] Translated from Italian with translate.google.com Revealed the face of the first European PHOTOGALLERY reading time provided for 4 min. about This is the face of the first anatomically modern man lived in Europe. Belonged to a man - or woman - who inhabited the ancient forests of the Carpathian Mountains in Romania, about 35,000 years ago. The reconstruction of the artist - a face that can be of a male or of a female - is based on the parts of the skull and jaw found in a cave in which it was known that bears hibernate. The facial features indicate the close affinity of these first Europeans with their immediate ancestors Africans, even if it was not yet possible to determine the sex of the person. UNKNOWN source: http://www.antikitera.net/images /imgNews/4253-european-head_169813t.jpg |
39,000 YBN [37000 BC] 10 11 12 13 14 | 599) Sapiens reach China.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.16 (2007): 6573 –6578. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/ 16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee -04e66b845307 2. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC news. April 2, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2011. 3. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.16 (2007): 6573 –6578. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/ 16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee -04e66b845307 4. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC news. April 2, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2011. 5. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.16 (2007): 6573 –6578. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/ 16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee -04e66b845307 6. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC news. April 2, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2011. 7. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.16 (2007): 6573 –6578. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/ 16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee -04e66b845307 8. ^ Shen, G et al. “U-Series Dating of Liujiang Hominid Site in Guangxi, Southern China.” Journal of human evolution 43.6 (2002): 817–829. Print. http://europepmc.org/abstract/ME D/12473485/reload=0;jsessionid=lswboz0xC pa7qfBZuHb2.6 9. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p23. http://books.google.com/books?id=s P-PN2StH2cC 10. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.16 (2007): 6573 –6578. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/ 16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee -04e66b845307 11. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC news. April 2, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2011. 12. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p473. 13. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/bill ings_africa.html (30,000 YBN) 14. ^ Shen, G et al. “U-Series Dating of Liujiang Hominid Site in Guangxi, Southern China.” Journal of human evolution 43.6 (2002): 817–829. Print. http://europepmc.org/abstract/ME D/12473485/reload=0;jsessionid=lswboz0xC pa7qfBZuHb2.6 MORE INFO [1] Hu, Y. .; Shang, H. .; Tong, H. .; Nehlich, O. .; Liu, W. .; Zhao, C. .; Yu, J. .; Wang, C. . et al. (Jul 2009). "Stable isotope dietary analysis of the Tianyuan 1 early modern human". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (27): 10971–4. Bibcode 2009PNAS..10610971H. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0904826106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2706269. PMID 19581579 | (Tianyuan Cave) Zhoukoudian, China7 (Tongtianyan Cave, Liujiang County, Guangxi Zhuang8 9 ) |
[1] Fig. 1. Anterolateral oblique view of the Tianyuan 1 mandible (lower left), medial view of the right corpus and ramus (upper left), and occlusal view of the dentition and alveoli (upper right). Views are not to the same scale. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.pnas.org/content/104/ 16/6573/F1.large.jpg [2] Fossilized skull of the Liujiang hominid, H. sapiens sapiens, found in a cave in Liujiang County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p23. http://books.google.com/books?id=s P-PN2StH2cC COPYRIGHTED source: Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p23. http://books.google.com/books?id=s P-PN2StH2cC |
35,000 YBN [33000 BC] 4 | 3943) The oldest known sculpture of the human form, a statue made from mammoth-ivory.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Conard, Nicholas J., "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany", Nature, 2009/05/14, vol. 459, is 7244, p248-252. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v459/n7244/full/nature07995.html 2. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/arti cle/ALeqM5gXbk_JfASsVGU1F48--LEj7X8n6wD9 85HLD02 3. ^ Conard, Nicholas J., "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany", Nature, 2009/05/14, vol. 459, is 7244, p248-252. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v459/n7244/full/nature07995.html 4. ^ Conard, Nicholas J., "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany", Nature, 2009/05/14, vol. 459, is 7244, p248-252. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v459/n7244/full/nature07995.html {35000ybn} | Hohle Fels Cave, Germany3 |
[1] Photos by H. Jensen; copyright, University of Tübingen. source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v459/n7244/images/nature07995-f1.2. jpg |
32,000 YBN [30000 BC] 12 13 14 15 16 | 602) Humans weave textiles from flax and use coloring dyes.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1359 2. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1329.1 3. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1359 4. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1329.1 5. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1359 6. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1329.1 7. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1359 8. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1329.1 9. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1359 10. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1329.1 11. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1359 12. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1359 {32,000 YBN} 13. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534. {000 YBN} {26,000 YBN} 14. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN} 15. ^ {9000YBN} 16. ^ E. J. W. Barber, "Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze ...", 1991. http://books.google.com/books?id= HnSlynSfeEIC {7000YBN} MORE INFO [1] "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/589392/textile> | Dzudzuana Cave, Georgia11 |
[1] Fig. 1 (1 to 7) Fibers from Dzudzuana, Georgia, unit D. 1, twisted flax fibers; 2 to 4, flax fibers; and 5 to 7, unraveled flax fibers. (8 to 12) Fibers from Dzudzuana, unit C. 8 and 9, twisted flax fibers; 10 and 12, flax fibers; and 11, dyed flax fibers. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/325/5946/-CSCO-3h--1359/-CSCO-3h--F1.l arge.jpg [2] On a lump of fired clay from the Dolní Věstonice / Pavlov area were found the impressions of substances from plant fibres. The whole process of picking nettles, crushing the dried stem, preparation of tow, spinning the thread and then weaving was tested and shown to be possible using tools of the time by M. Bunatova. Urbanová (ca 1999) http://www.donsmaps.com/dolnivpot tery.html Dexterity of the First Weavers A decade ago, experts did not dare to think about people living in the last ice age making fabric. However, on a lump of fired clay from the Dolní Věstonice / Pavlov area were found the impressions of substances from plant fibres. The whole process of picking nettles, crushing the dried stem, preparation of tow, spinning the thread and then weaving was tested and shown to be possible using tools of the time by M. Bunatova. Urbanová (ca 1999) Source: Display, Dolní Věstonice Museum From Buňatová (1999) and Sosna (2000): Buňatová, M., 1999: Textilní produkce v mladém paleolitu, experiment pro dokumentární film ''Úsvit géniů'', in: AR LI, Praha, 104 - 111. Sosna, D., 2000: Počátky textilnictví. PhD. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Masaryk University, Brno. UNKNOWN source: http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/ Images/countries/Czech%20pics/dolnifabri c.jpg |
31,700 YBN [29700 BC] 7 8 | 42) Humans raise dogs.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) 2. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) 3. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) 4. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) 5. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) 6. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) 7. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) {31,700 YBN} 8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. {10,000BCE} MORE INFO [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticati on | Goyet cave, Belgium6 |
[1] Description Deutsch: Europäischer Grauwolf (Canis lupus) English: grey wolf Date February 2009 Source Own work (own photo) Author Gunnar Ries Amphibol Permission (Reusing this file) You must give the original author credit. If you use my pictures outside the wiki projects, please let me know. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Grauwolf_P11302 75.jpg/1024px-Grauwolf_P1130275.jpg [2] Description Español: Lobo en el zoo de Kolmården (Suecia). Date 2010-12-23 18:10 (UTC) Source Wolf_Kolmården.jpg Author Wolf_Kolmården.jpg: Daniel Mott from Stockholm, Sweden derivative work: Mariomassone Permission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5f/Kolm%C3%A5rden_Wolf.j pg |
29,000 YBN [27000 BC] 7 8 | 6215) The earliest ceramic objects, the Venus figurines.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/3173 81 2. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/3173 81 3. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/49 33/1002.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 4. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/49 33/1002.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 5. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/49 33/1002.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 6. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/49 33/1002.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 7. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/3173 81 {29,000} 8. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/49 33/1002.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 {26,000} | Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia6 |
[1] Description Věstonická venuše na výstavě Lovci mamutů v Národním muzeu v Praze Date 2. 9. 2007 Source che Author che (Please credit as ''Petr Novák, Wikipedia'' in case you use this outside WMF projects.) guidance: Danny B. Permission (Reusing this file) As they reached the Summit, he said: “Thou shall take this Snapshot and use it according to the Code of License, and let your people flourish all around the world.” They brought the Snapshot to their homes and there was much rejoicing. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b8/Vestonicka_venuse_edi t.jpg [2] Description Deutsch: Venus von Willendorf Date 1 January 2007 Source Own work Author User:MatthiasKabel Own work, attribution required (Multi-license with GFDL and Creative Commons CC-BY 2.5) GNU Figure 2 from: O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, ''The “Venus” Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic'', Current Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/3173 81 COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/50/Venus_von_Willendorf_ 01.jpg |
28,000 YBN [26000 BC] 5 6 | 451) The Neanderthals go extinct.3 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 4. ^ Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, Rodríguez-Vidal J, et al. (October 2006). "Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe" (PDF). Nature 443 (7113): 850–3. doi:10.1038/nature05195. PMID 16971951. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v443/n7113/abs/nature05195.html 5. ^ Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, Rodríguez-Vidal J, et al. (October 2006). "Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe" (PDF). Nature 443 (7113): 850–3. doi:10.1038/nature05195. PMID 16971951. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v443/n7113/abs/nature05195.html {000 YBN} 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Garrod, D. A. E., Buxton, L. H. D., Elliot Smith, G. & Bate, D. M. A. Excavation of a Mousterian Rock-shelter at Devil's Tower, Gibraltar. J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 58, 91–113 (1928) http://www.jstor.org/stable/4619 528 [2] Busk, G. On a very ancient cranium from Gibraltar. Report of the 34th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Bath, 1864) 91–92 (1865) | Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, Spain4 |
[1] Description English: View of Gorham's Cave, a sea cave in the east face of the Rock of Gibraltar, Gibraltar. Date {ULSF: with top part showing house removed} 3 July 2007 Source Own work Author Gibmetal77 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gorham%27s_Cave .jpg/800px-Gorham%27s_Cave.jpg [2] Description English: View of Gorham's Cave, a sea cave in the east face of the Rock of Gibraltar, Gibraltar. Date 3 July 2007 Source Own work Author Gibmetal77 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gorham%27s_Cave .jpg/800px-Gorham%27s_Cave.jpg |
26,000 YBN [24000 BC] 8 | 6224) The earliest "fired" clay (clay dried and hardened by fire).5 6 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534. 2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5. 3. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534. 4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5. 5. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534. 6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5. 7. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534. 8. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534. {26000 YBN} | Dolní Věstonice, Pavlov, Czech Republic7 |
[1] On a lump of fired clay from the Dolní Věstonice / Pavlov area were found the impressions of substances from plant fibres. The whole process of picking nettles, crushing the dried stem, preparation of tow, spinning the thread and then weaving was tested and shown to be possible using tools of the time by M. Bunatova. Urbanová (ca 1999) http://www.donsmaps.com/dolnivpot tery.html Dexterity of the First Weavers A decade ago, experts did not dare to think about people living in the last ice age making fabric. However, on a lump of fired clay from the Dolní Věstonice / Pavlov area were found the impressions of substances from plant fibres. The whole process of picking nettles, crushing the dried stem, preparation of tow, spinning the thread and then weaving was tested and shown to be possible using tools of the time by M. Bunatova. Urbanová (ca 1999) Source: Display, Dolní Věstonice Museum From Buňatová (1999) and Sosna (2000): Buňatová, M., 1999: Textilní produkce v mladém paleolitu, experiment pro dokumentární film ''Úsvit géniů'', in: AR LI, Praha, 104 - 111. Sosna, D., 2000: Počátky textilnictví. PhD. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Masaryk University, Brno. UNKNOWN source: http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/ Images/countries/Czech%20pics/dolnifabri c.jpg |
25,000 YBN [23000 BC] 10 11 12 | 724) Woven baskets.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526-534. {Adovasio_Fibre_technology_1996.pdf} 2. ^ "weaving." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/weaving 3. ^ Hoffecker, John F. “Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper Paleolithic of Northern Eurasia.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 14.5 (2005) : 186-198. 4. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526-534. {Adovasio_Fibre_technology_199 6.pdf} 5. ^ "weaving." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/weaving 6. ^ Hoffecker, John F. “Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper Paleolithic of Northern Eurasia.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 14.5 (2005) : 186-198. 7. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526-534. {Adovasio_Fibre_technology_199 6.pdf} 8. ^ "weaving." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/weaving 9. ^ Hoffecker, John F. “Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper Paleolithic of Northern Eurasia.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 14.5 (2005) : 186-198. 10. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526-534. {Adovasio_Fibre_technology_1996.pdf} 11. ^ "weaving." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/weaving 12. ^ Hoffecker, John F. “Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper Paleolithic of Northern Eurasia.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 14.5 (2005) : 186-198. MORE INFO [1] "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/589392/textile> [2] Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content /325/5946/1359 [3] ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534 [4] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000) [5] E. J. W. Barber, "Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze ...", 1991. http://books.google.com/books?id= HnSlynSfeEIC | Pavlov, Czech Republic 7 8 9 |
[1] Figures 3 and 4 from: ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÃMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526-534. {Adovasio_Fibre_technology_1996.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: [2] On a lump of fired clay from the Dolní Věstonice / Pavlov area were found the impressions of substances from plant fibres. The whole process of picking nettles, crushing the dried stem, preparation of tow, spinning the thread and then weaving was tested and shown to be possible using tools of the time by M. Bunatova. Urbanová (ca 1999) http://www.donsmaps.com/dolnivpot tery.html Dexterity of the First Weavers A decade ago, experts did not dare to think about people living in the last ice age making fabric. However, on a lump of fired clay from the Dolní Věstonice / Pavlov area were found the impressions of substances from plant fibres. The whole process of picking nettles, crushing the dried stem, preparation of tow, spinning the thread and then weaving was tested and shown to be possible using tools of the time by M. Bunatova. Urbanová (ca 1999) Source: Display, Dolní Věstonice Museum From Buňatová (1999) and Sosna (2000): Buňatová, M., 1999: Textilní produkce v mladém paleolitu, experiment pro dokumentární film ''Úsvit géniů'', in: AR LI, Praha, 104 - 111. Sosna, D., 2000: Počátky textilnictví. PhD. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Masaryk University, Brno. UNKNOWN source: http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/ Images/countries/Czech%20pics/dolnifabri c.jpg |
23,000 YBN [21000 BC] 6 | 6231) The earliest human-made structure. A stone wall.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest -man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave. html 2. ^ http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest -man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave. html 3. ^ http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest -man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave. html 4. ^ http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest -man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave. html 5. ^ http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest -man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave. html 6. ^ http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest -man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave. html {23,000 YBN} | (Theopetra Cave) Kalambaka, Greece5 |
[1] Picture: Remains of the stone wall. From the Greek Ministry of Culture. UNKNOWN source: http://blogs.discovery.com/files /wall.jpg |
23,000 YBN [21000 BC] 3 | 6461) The earliest fishing hooks.1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ http://www.archaeology.org/1203/trenches /jerimalai_cave_east_timor_fish_hooks.ht ml 2. ^ http://www.archaeology.org/1203/trenches /jerimalai_cave_east_timor_fish_hooks.ht ml 3. ^ http://www.archaeology.org/1203/trenches /jerimalai_cave_east_timor_fish_hooks.ht ml | (Jerimalai Cave, east end of East Timor, an island off northwestern Australia)2 |
[1] Fishing hook Source: Susan O'Connor UNKNOWN source: http://www.archaeology.org/1203/ trenches/images/fish-hooks.jpg |
19,000 YBN [17000 BC] 6 7 | 6175) Cereal gathering.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/311/5769/1886.short 2. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/311/5769/1886.short 3. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/311/5769/1886.short 4. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/311/5769/1886.short 5. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/311/5769/1886.short 6. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/311/5769/1886.short {19000 YBN} 7. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67. {Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_i n_the_Old_World_2000.pdf} | Near East (Southwest Asia Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia)5 |
[1] escription Русский: Дикая пшеница Эребунийского заповедника - Однозернянка араратская (Triticum araraticum) English: The Wild Wheat of Erebuni Reserve (Triticum araraticum) Date 5 June 2007 Source for-wikimedia.wowarmenia.ru Author uncredited Permission (Reusing this file) Released by WOWARMENIA for Wikimedia under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license (Multi-license with GFDL and Creative Commons CC-BY-SA-3.0 and older versions (2.5, 2.0 and 1.0)). If you wish to reuse the photos elsewhere, please read the instructions at COM:REUSE. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/WildWheat_Erebu ni_Reserve.jpg/1280px-WildWheat_Erebuni_ Reserve.jpg [2] Description Česky: Pšenice. Deutsch: Weizen. English: Wheat. Español: Trigo. Français : Blé. Magyar: Búza. Tiếng Việt: Lúa mì. Date August 2005 Source Own work Author User:Bluemoose GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up. JPG/800px-Wheat_close-up.JPG |
18,000 YBN [16000 BC] 12 13 14 15 | 603) The earliest pottery.7 8 9 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 5. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/8077168.stm 6. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009, doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/959 5.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4 f27ab46 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 8. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/8077168.stm 9. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009, doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/959 5.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4 f27ab46 10. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/8077168.stm 11. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009, doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/959 5.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4 f27ab46 12. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009, doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/959 5.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4 f27ab46 {18,000} 13. ^ "pottery." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pottery {17,500YBN} 14. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/8077168.stm {17,500YBN} 15. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN} | (Yuchanyan cave), Daoxian County, Hunan Province, China10 11 |
[1] Pottery Fu (Cooking Vessel)-Shaped Vessel Paleolithic Age to Neolithic Age 12000 years ago Diameter at mouth 32.5cm height 29.8cm Restored on the basis of unearthed pottery pieces at Yuchanyan, Dao County in 1995 It is by far the earliest pottery discovered, a cooking vessel. [t Note that there are apparently fragments of 2 or more pottery vessels, and they are redated in the article to 18000ybn: Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, ''Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;'' published ahead of print June 1, 2009, doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/959 5.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4 f27ab46] source: http://www.hnmuseum.com/hnmuseum /eng/whatson/exhibition/images/kg/2.jpg |
17,000 YBN [15000 BC] 16 | 6225) The earliest rope.10 11 12 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183. 2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. 3. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/hand le/10366/71521 4. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183. 5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. 6. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/hand le/10366/71521 7. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183. 8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. 9. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/hand le/10366/71521 10. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183. 11. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. 12. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/hand le/10366/71521 13. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183. 14. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. 15. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/hand le/10366/71521 16. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/hand le/10366/71521 {17000 YBN} | Lascaux, France13 14 15 |
[1] Remains of the rope. Fragments of the first piece of clay (at left the remains of the rope, at right, its mark). Images from: LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183. COPYRIGHTED source: LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183. [2] Figure 142. - Fragments of the second piece of clay. The remains of the cord appear on both sides. Images from: LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183. COPYRIGHTED source: LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183. |
17,000 YBN [15000 BC] 4 5 | 6516) There are 10 million humans on Earth, all hunter-gathering people.3 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 3. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 4. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 5. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 |
[1] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. COPYRIGHTED source: Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. | |
14,000 YBN [12000 BC] 12 | 6227) The earliest known map.7 8 9 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Gladkih, M. I., Kornietz, N. L., and Soffer, 0. "Mammoth Bone Dwellings on the Russian Plain." Scientific American (1984): 251. 2. ^ Bibikov, S. N. (Sergei Nikolaevich) (1981). Drevneishii Muzykalnyi Kompleks iz Kostei Mamonta: Ocherk Materialnoi i Dukhovnoi Kultury Paleoliticheskogo Cheloveka (The Oldest Musical Complex Made of Mammoth Bones). Akademiia Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Institut Arkheologii. Kiev, Ukraine: Naukova Dumka. In Russian. Contains summary in English and French; table of contents also in English and French. 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. 4. ^ Gladkih, M. I., Kornietz, N. L., and Soffer, 0. "Mammoth Bone Dwellings on the Russian Plain." Scientific American (1984): 251. 5. ^ Bibikov, S. N. (Sergei Nikolaevich) (1981). Drevneishii Muzykalnyi Kompleks iz Kostei Mamonta: Ocherk Materialnoi i Dukhovnoi Kultury Paleoliticheskogo Cheloveka (The Oldest Musical Complex Made of Mammoth Bones). Akademiia Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Institut Arkheologii. Kiev, Ukraine: Naukova Dumka. In Russian. Contains summary in English and French; table of contents also in English and French. 6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. 7. ^ Gladkih, M. I., Kornietz, N. L., and Soffer, 0. "Mammoth Bone Dwellings on the Russian Plain." Scientific American (1984): 251. 8. ^ Bibikov, S. N. (Sergei Nikolaevich) (1981). Drevneishii Muzykalnyi Kompleks iz Kostei Mamonta: Ocherk Materialnoi i Dukhovnoi Kultury Paleoliticheskogo Cheloveka (The Oldest Musical Complex Made of Mammoth Bones). Akademiia Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Institut Arkheologii. Kiev, Ukraine: Naukova Dumka. In Russian. Contains summary in English and French; table of contents also in English and French. 9. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. 10. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. 11. ^ http://www.infoukes.com/history/inventio ns/ 12. ^ http://www.infoukes.com/history/inventio ns/ {12,000 BC (verify} MORE INFO [1] Pidoplichko, I. H. (1998) Upper Palaeolithic dwellings of mammoth bones in the Ukraine: Kiev-Kirillovskii, Gontsy, Dobranichevka, Mezin and Mezhirich, Oxford: J. and E. Hedges. ISBN 0-86054-949-6 [2] Pidoplichko, I. H. (1978) The Mezhirich mammoth-bone houses, U.S. Geological Survey. ISBN B0006WZGIS [3] (Ukrainian) (1972). Icтopiя мicт i ciл Укpaїнcькoї CCP - Черкаськa область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR - Cherkasy Oblast), Kiev [4] "Mezhyrich". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezhyrich | Mezhirich, Ukraine10 11 |
[1] The oldest known map in the world, discovered by archeologists, is from 12,000 B.C. and was found in Mezhirich, Ukraine. source: http://www.infoukes.com/history/ images/inventions/figure02.gif |
14,000 YBN [12000 BC] 9 | 6439) Lime cement is used as an adhesive on small stone tools (microliths) from Northern Sinai.5 6 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Kingery, W D, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology, Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244. http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/ Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum %20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Ne olithic%20near%20East.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304 2. ^ Bar-Yosef, O., and A. N. Goring-Morris 1977 "Geometric Kebaran Occurrences,"in O. Bar-Yosef and J. L. Phillips, eds., Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 331-368. 3. ^ Kingery, W D, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology, Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244. http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/ Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum %20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Ne olithic%20near%20East.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304 4. ^ Bar-Yosef, O., and A. N. Goring-Morris 1977 "Geometric Kebaran Occurrences,"in O. Bar-Yosef and J. L. Phillips, eds., Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 331-368. 5. ^ Kingery, W D, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology, Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244. http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/ Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum %20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Ne olithic%20near%20East.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304 6. ^ Bar-Yosef, O., and A. N. Goring-Morris 1977 "Geometric Kebaran Occurrences,"in O. Bar-Yosef and J. L. Phillips, eds., Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 331-368. 7. ^ Kingery, W D, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology, Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244. http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/ Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum %20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Ne olithic%20near%20East.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304 8. ^ Bar-Yosef, O., and A. N. Goring-Morris 1977 "Geometric Kebaran Occurrences,"in O. Bar-Yosef and J. L. Phillips, eds., Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 331-368. 9. ^ Kingery, W D, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology, Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244. http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/ Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum %20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Ne olithic%20near%20East.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304 | Geometric Kebaran site Lagama North VIII, Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Egypt7 8 |
[1] Figure 6 from: Kingery, W D, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. ''The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology, Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East.'' Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244. http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304 CO PYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/5303 04 [2] See text ''In the north corner of the room was an interesting structure of unbaked plano-convex bricks (Fig. 44). It had a rectangular base measuring approximately 1.00 x 1.60 m., the north-east side of which was only 15 cm. from the outer inclosure wall. ... The tops of these two walls were rounded off toward the outside throughout their length, on the higher as well as on the lower parts (Fig. 45; cf. also Fig. 65), and trhe whole structure was originally coated with a thick layer of white lime plaster- a circumstance which greatly facilitated its excavation and the tracing of its peculiar shape. ... Fig 44 from: Delougaz, Pinhas, ''The temple oval at Khafājah'', University of Chicago Press/Chicago Ill., 1940. http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip53.pdf COPYRIGHTED source: http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip53 |
13,000 YBN [11000 BC] 18 19 20 | 578) Sapiens reach America. The oldest human bones in America.13 14 15 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/2538323.stm 3. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/an cient.woman/ 4. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html 5. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/2538323.stm 6. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/an cient.woman/ 7. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html 8. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/2538323.stm 9. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/an cient.woman/ 10. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html 11. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/2538323.stm 12. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/an cient.woman/ 13. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html 14. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/2538323.stm 15. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/an cient.woman/ 16. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/2538323.stm 17. ^ Michael Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine bioregions and the destruction of the Southern California Bight, Futures, Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN 0016-3287, DOI: 10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0016328705001382) 18. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur e/2538323.stm {13000 YBN} 19. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/an cient.woman/ {13000 YBN} 20. ^ Michael Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine bioregions and the destruction of the Southern California Bight, Futures, Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN 0016-3287, DOI: 10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0016328705001382) {13000 YBN} | Mexico City16 and Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, California, USA17 |
[1] A member of Arturo González's underwater archaeological team studies a skull in an underwater cave on the coast of the Yucatán Peninsula near Tulum, Mexico. Skeletons found in similar caves may be among the oldest human remains ever found in North or South America. Photograph courtesy Arturo Gonzáles COPYRIGHTED source: http://news.nationalgeographic.c om/news/bigphotos/images/080903-oldest-s keletons_big.jpg [2] Tulum, Mexico UNKNOWN source: maps.google.com |
12,000 YBN [10000 BC] 3 | 6522) Humans transform from hunting and gathering to agriculture, from a migratory to a sedentary life, building the first cities.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p16-17. 2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p16-17. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p16-17. COPYRIGHTED source: Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p16-17. | |
11,700 YBN [9700 BC] 7 8 | 827) The end of the Pleistocene (PlISTeSEN), and start of the Holocene {HoLoSEN or HOLoSEN4 } epoch.5 This is the end of the last Ice Age.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Holocene." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013. olocene>. 2. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/timescl.pdf 3. ^ "Holocene." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/holocene 4. ^ "Holocene." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013. olocene>. 5. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/timescl.pdf 6. ^ "Holocene." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/holocene 7. ^ "Holocene Epoch." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 05 Nov. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c//>. 8. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/timescl.pdf MORE INFO [1] 1999 Geologic Time Scale, Geological Society of America [2] "Mesolithic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf | |
11,700 YBN [9700 BC] 5 6 7 8 9 | 828) The start of the Neolithic or "New Stone Age" in the Fertile Crescent, a region of the Middle East arching from the Nile Valley to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers3 .4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Fertile Crescent." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/fertile-cre scent 2. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/neolithi c/qt/Neolithic.htm 3. ^ "Fertile Crescent." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/fertile-cre scent 4. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/neolithi c/qt/Neolithic.htm 5. ^ "Holocene Epoch." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 05 Nov. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c//>. 6. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/neolithi c/qt/Neolithic.htm 7. ^ "Neolithic." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/neolithic 8. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/mesolith icarchaic/qt/Mesolithic.htm 9. ^ "Neolithic" in Timothy Darvill, "The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.)", Oxford University Press, 2008. MORE INFO [1] "Mesolithic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic |
[1] Lake dwellers lived in central Europe and were ancestral to the Celts and northern Italians, and built their houses very near water so that their kind of wheat, that grew in marshy areas, could grow in fields nearby. They built their houses on stilts to keep them dry. They were genetically characterized by a very large clade of R2b1b2. UNKNOWN source: http://freepages.genealogy.roots web.ancestry.com/~villandra/McKinstry/I2 b1/lakedwellingNeolithic.jpg [2] Catal Hoyuk Reconstruction UNKNOWN source: http://www.veeb.net/wp-content/u ploads/2011/01/Catal_Hoyuk_Reconstructio n.jpg | |
11,500 YBN [9500 BC] 14 15 16 17 | 829) Humans shape metal objects.5 6 Copper is the first metal shaped by humans.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004, p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book /Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater ials%20Science.pdf 2. ^ Cyril Stanley Smith, "Metallurgy as a human experience", Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Volume 6, Number 4 (1975), 603-623, DOI: 10.1007/BF02672281 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/4r60p045832k01l6/ 3. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004, p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book /Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater ials%20Science.pdf 4. ^ Cyril Stanley Smith, "Metallurgy as a human experience", Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Volume 6, Number 4 (1975), 603-623, DOI: 10.1007/BF02672281 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/4r60p045832k01l6/ 5. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004, p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book /Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater ials%20Science.pdf 6. ^ Cyril Stanley Smith, "Metallurgy as a human experience", Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Volume 6, Number 4 (1975), 603-623, DOI: 10.1007/BF02672281 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/4r60p045832k01l6/ 7. ^ Noël H. Gale, "Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 282/283, Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp. 37-61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357 261 8. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004, p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book /Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater ials%20Science.pdf 9. ^ Noël H. Gale, "Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 282/283, Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp. 37-61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357 261 10. ^ http://www.codelco.com/english/cu_zonaco bre/pasado.asp 11. ^ Linda Braidwood and Robert Braidwood, "Prehistoric Village Archaeology in south-eastern Turkey: The eight-millennium B.C> site at Çayönü, its chipped and ground stone undustries and faunal remains:, 1982, p4,10-11. 12. ^ "Copper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper 13. ^ "Bronze Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 01 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/81017/Bronze-Age>. 14. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004, p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book /Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater ials%20Science.pdf 15. ^ Noël H. Gale, "Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 282/283, Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp. 37-61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357 261 16. ^ "Bronze Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 01 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/81017/Bronze-Age>. 17. ^ http://www.codelco.com/english/cu_zonaco bre/pasado.asp {700 YBN} MORE INFO [1] http://www.kkhec.ac.ir/Iran%20informatio n/iranian_copper_iran_exports.htm | (Shanidar Cave) North East Iraq8 |(Çayönü) Anatolia (modern Turkey)9 |Northern Iraq10 11 12 |Eastern Anatolia13 |
[1] from ''Metallurgy as a human experience'': fgi2: Copper pendant from Shanidar Cave, Northeast Iraq, about 9500 B.C. Length 2.3cm; thickness 0.3cm. Shaped by hammering a piece of native metal and finishing with abrasives. (It is completely mineralized and there is a slight possibility that it was originally simply carved from a lump of malachite.) Courtesy Professor Ralph S. Solecki. --- Malachite is a green mineral, basic copper carbonate, Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 , an ore of copper, used for making ornamental articles. ''Malachite.'' Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 04 Jul. 2012. ''Metallurgy as a human experience'', Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Volume 6, Number 4 (1975), 603-623, DOI: 10.1007/BF02672281 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/4r60p045832k01l6/ COPYR IGHTED source: http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/4r60p045832k01l6/ [2] Description View of the exterior of Shanidar Cave, taken during the summer of 2005. Note for scale the two crouching men in front of the cave. At the time this photo was taken, the interior of the cave was being used as a pen by a local shepherd. Licensing Date 2006-08-03 (original upload date) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was JosephV at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Licensed under the GFDL by the author; Released under the GNU Free Documentation License. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a8/Erbil_governorate_sha nidar_cave.jpg |
11,000 YBN [9000 BC] 8 9 | 606) The oldest city, Jericho.5 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 6. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/302707/Jericho>. {9,000 BC} 7. ^ "Jericho." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/jericho 8. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/302707/Jericho>. {9,000 BC} 9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {000 YBN} {8,000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Kathleen Kenyon, "Excavations at Jericho", 1981, p6. {Kenyon_Excavations_At_Jericho_1981 .pdf} | Jericho, (modern West Bank6 ) Palestine7 |
[1] An aerial view of Jericho showing the ruins of Tell es-Sultan Description Italiano: veduta aerea dell'area archeologica di Gerico Date 2008-03-05 (original upload date) Source Transferred from it.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Fullo88 at it.wikipedia PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f4/Tell_es-sultan.jpg [2] Plastered skulls figures from: Kathleen Kenyon, ''Excavations at Jericho'', 1981, vol5. {Kenyon_Excavations_At_Jericho_19 81.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: Kenyon_Excavations_At_Jericho_19 81.pdf |
11,000 YBN [9000 BC] 14 15 | 608) The oldest saddle quern {KWRN9 } (a flat stone and rounded stone used to grind grain into flour).10 11 12 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "quern." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ "saddle quern". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 Jun. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/515851/saddle-quern>. 4. ^ "quern." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press, 1995, 2003, 2005. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern 5. ^ "quern." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 7. ^ "saddle quern". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 Jun. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/515851/saddle-quern>. 8. ^ "quern." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press, 1995, 2003, 2005. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern 9. ^ "quern." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern 10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 11. ^ "saddle quern". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 Jun. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/515851/saddle-quern>. 12. ^ "quern." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press, 1995, 2003, 2005. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern 13. ^ British Museum: The oldest known tool for making flour found in the Middle East http://www.britishmuseum.org/explo re/highlights/highlight_objects/pe/q/que rn_stone_for_making_flour.aspx 14. ^ British Museum: The oldest known tool for making flour found in the Middle East http://www.britishmuseum.org/explo re/highlights/highlight_objects/pe/q/que rn_stone_for_making_flour.aspx 15. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). | Abu Hureyra, Syria13 |
[1] (presumably the:) Quern stone used for making flour 9,500–9,000 BC Abu Hureyra, Syria NONCOMMERCIAL USE source: http://www.britishmuseum.org/ima ges/quern_l.jpg [2] Setting where Quern stone was used for making flour 9,500–9,000 BC Abu Hureyra, Syria NONCOMMERCIAL USE source: http://www.britishmuseum.org/ima ges/quern_setting_l.jpg |
11,000 YBN [9000 BC] 5 6 7 | 617) Goats are kept, fed, milked, and killed for food.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Hirst, K. Kris. "The History of the Domestication of Goats". About.com. 5. ^ Hirst, K. Kris. "The History of the Domestication of Goats". About.com. 6. ^ Breeds of Livestock; Goats: (Capra hircus). Oklahoma State University Board of Regents 7. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.or g/content/105/33/11597 | Euphrates river valley at Nevali Çori, Turkey| (11,000 bp), and the Zagros Mountains of Iran at Ganj Dareh (10,000).4 |
[1] Description Bezoar Ibex (Capra aegagrus aegagrus) Deutsch: Bezoarziege, fotografiert im Tierpark Berlin Date January 2006 Source Uploaded first to de wikipedia on 13:25, 19. Feb 2006 by Der Irbis Author F. Spangenberg (Der Irbis, own photo) GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f6/Bezoarziege.jpg [2] Domestic goat kid, in field of capeweed. Swifts Creek, Victoria, September 2007 GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Domestic_goat_k id_in_capeweed.jpg/1024px-Domestic_goat_ kid_in_capeweed.jpg |
11,000 YBN [9000 BC] 7 | 1292) The earliest stone buildings and temple; in Turkey.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ K., Schmidt. �G�bekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. A Preliminary Report on the 1995-1999 Excavations.� Pal�orient (2000): 45�54. Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/ home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2 000_num_26_1_4697 2. ^ "The World's First Temple". Archaeology magazine. Nov/Dec 2008. p. 23. http://www.archaeology.org/0811/abs tracts/turkey.html 3. ^ K., Schmidt. �G�bekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. A Preliminary Report on the 1995-1999 Excavations.� Pal�orient (2000): 45�54. Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/ home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2 000_num_26_1_4697 4. ^ "The World's First Temple". Archaeology magazine. Nov/Dec 2008. p. 23. http://www.archaeology.org/0811/abs tracts/turkey.html 5. ^ K., Schmidt. �G�bekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. A Preliminary Report on the 1995-1999 Excavations.� Pal�orient (2000): 45�54. Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/ home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2 000_num_26_1_4697 6. ^ "G�bekli Tepe." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Nov. 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to pic/1498811/Gobekli-Tepe 7. ^ K., Schmidt. �G�bekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. A Preliminary Report on the 1995-1999 Excavations.� Pal�orient (2000): 45�54. Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/ home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2 000_num_26_1_4697 MORE INFO [1] "Neolithic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic [2] "Göbekli Tepe". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekl i_Tepe (=9000bce) | Göbekli Tepe, near Sanliurfa, Southeastern Turkey5 6 |
[1] Description English: Göbekli Tepe, Şanlıurfa Date 6 September 2011 Source Own work Author Teomancimit CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Te pe%2C_Urfa.jpg/1280px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe% 2C_Urfa.jpg [2] Göbekli Tepe may hold first human writings Prehistory specialist of the German Archeological Institute in Berlin announced the findings of a South Eastern Turkish Excavation site near Sanliurfa called Göbekli Tepe (''Nabelberg'') . Klaus Schmidt claims the 11 600 old stone markings of this temple are the worlds earliest known form of writing. ''The geometrical forms and small animal reliefs are surely more than just ornamentations. Humans somewhat wanted to communicate with future humans here '' he says in a February 14, 2006 Berliner Morgenpost article. Excavator Schmidt interprets Goebekli Tepe as a center for a complicated dead cult and adds, ''This was monumental architecture, 6000 years before the pyramids.'' The monoliths were lower than the surrounding walls indicating that the intention was not architectural in erecting them. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.lahana.org/blog/Gobek litepe.htm |
11,000 YBN [9000 BC] 3 | 6468) The earliest settlement in China.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC 2. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC 3. ^ Cheung, Felix. “Plant Domestication: The Grains of Time.” (2012): n. pag. http://www.nature.com/nchina/2012/ 120307/full/nchina.2012.20.html?WT.ec_id =NCHINA-20120307 MORE INFO [1] Chi, Zang. "The discovery of early pottery in China." Documenta Prehistorica 29 (2002): 34. http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/doc umenta/pdf29/29chi | Nanzhuangtou, Xushui County, Hebei Province, China2 |
[1] Chi, Zang. ''The discovery of early pottery in China.'' Documenta Prehistorica 29 (2002): 34. http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/doc umenta/pdf29/29chi UNKNOWN source: http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/ documenta/pdf29/29chi |
11,000 YBN [9000 BC] 5 6 | 6509) Rye is grown in modern Syria.2 The domestication of plants is thought to have originated in the Fertile Crescent.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge. Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p. 528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euph rates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510 8078 2. ^ Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge. Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p. 528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euph rates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510 8078 3. ^ �zkan, H. et al. �AFLP Analysis of a Collection of Tetraploid Wheats Indicates the Origin of Emmer and Hard Wheat Domestication in Southeast Turkey.� Molecular Biology and Evolution 19.10 (2002): 1797�1801. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/19/10/1797.full 4. ^ Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge. Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p. 528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euph rates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510 8078 5. ^ Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge. Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p. 528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euph rates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510 8078 6. ^ "First farmers discovered". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nat ure/489449.stm | Abu Hureyra, Syria4 |
[1] Description an ear of rye Date 11 June 2007 Source Own work Author LSDSL Permission (Reusing this file) Please quote me as LSDSL Bitte nennen Sie mich als LSDSL GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/79/Ear_of_rye.jpg [2] Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria in Google Maps UNKNOWN source: https://maps.google.com/maps?ll= 35.866,38.4&spn=0.01,0.01&t=m&q=35.866,3 8.4 |
10,870 YBN [8870 BC] 6 | 6438) The earliest settlement in Mesopotamia.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "history of Mesopotamia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 03 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/376828/history-of-Mesopotamia/55 488/The-emergence-of-Mesopotamian-civili zation>. 2. ^ Ralph S. Solecki and Meyer Rubin, "Dating of Zawi Chemi, an Early Village Site at Shanidar, Northern Iraq", Science , New Series, Vol. 127, No. 3312 (Jun. 20, 1958), p. 1446 http://www.jstor.org/stable/175603 0 3. ^ "history of Mesopotamia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 03 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/376828/history-of-Mesopotamia/55 488/The-emergence-of-Mesopotamian-civili zation>. 4. ^ Ralph S. Solecki and Meyer Rubin, "Dating of Zawi Chemi, an Early Village Site at Shanidar, Northern Iraq", Science , New Series, Vol. 127, No. 3312 (Jun. 20, 1958), p. 1446 http://www.jstor.org/stable/175603 0 5. ^ Ralph S. Solecki and Meyer Rubin, "Dating of Zawi Chemi, an Early Village Site at Shanidar, Northern Iraq", Science , New Series, Vol. 127, No. 3312 (Jun. 20, 1958), p. 1446 http://www.jstor.org/stable/175603 0 6. ^ Ralph S. Solecki and Meyer Rubin, "Dating of Zawi Chemi, an Early Village Site at Shanidar, Northern Iraq", Science , New Series, Vol. 127, No. 3312 (Jun. 20, 1958), p. 1446 http://www.jstor.org/stable/175603 0 | Zawi Chemi, Shanidar, Northern Iraq5 |
[1] Solecki, R.L. An Early Village Site at Zawi Chemi Shanidar. Undena Publications, 1981. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica. COPYRIGHTED source: Solecki, R.L. An Early Village Site at Zawi Chemi Shanidar. Undena Publications, 1981. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica. [2] Solecki, R.L. An Early Village Site at Zawi Chemi Shanidar. Undena Publications, 1981. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica. COPYRIGHTED source: Solecki, R.L. An Early Village Site at Zawi Chemi Shanidar. Undena Publications, 1981. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica. |
10,500 YBN [8500 BC] 6 7 | 610) Flax is grown.3 Flax is an oil and fiber crop.4 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Zohary, D., and M. Hopf. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley. Oxford University Press, 2000, p9. 2012 edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0q zk_4C 5. ^ Zohary, D., and M. Hopf. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley. Oxford University Press, 2000, p126-132. 2012 edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0q zk_4C 6. ^ Zohary, D., and M. Hopf. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley. Oxford University Press, 2000, p126-132. 2012 edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0q zk_4C 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). | Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria5 |
[1] Lewis Blue Flax seeding along I-86. PD source: http://itd.idaho.gov/highways/op s/maintenance/Roadside/ImageGalleries/Na tive-Management/LewisBlueFlax4.jpg [2] from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flax_ seeds.jpg I took this picture of flax seed in July of 2005 and grant its use under the Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg |
10,500 YBN [8500 BC] 6 7 | 6315) Sheep are raised for wool, skins, meat and dung (which is used for fuel).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory text. CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368. http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKS EgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false 2. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory text. CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368. http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKS EgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false 3. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory text. CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368. http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKS EgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false 4. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.or g/content/105/33/11597 5. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory text. CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368. http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKS EgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false 6. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.or g/content/105/33/11597 7. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory text. CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368. http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKS EgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false MORE INFO [1] Krebs, Robert E. & Carolyn A. (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31342-3 | Northern Zagros to southeastern Anatolia4 |(Middle East) Eastern Mediterranean5 |
[1] Ovis canadensis Information from en: Subject: Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep Camera: Canon D60 Lens: Canon 100--400mm IS Originally uploaded to en: by Sunborn Source http://pdphoto.org/Pict ureDetail.php?mat=pdef&pg=8208 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3a/Ovis_canadensis_2.jpg [2] Description Fotografía tomada en Brunete, Madrid, España. Date 30 March 2008, 10:24 Source Black sheep . Do u also feel different? // la Oveja negra. Tambien te sientes diferente? Uploaded by Petronas Author Jesus Solana from Madrid, Spain CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Black_sheep-1.j pg/1024px-Black_sheep-1.jpg |
10,000 YBN [8000 BC] 8 9 | 205) Pigs are raised and killed for food.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup ?view=long&pmid=10747069 2. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup ?view=long&pmid=10747069 3. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup ?view=long&pmid=10747069 4. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup ?view=long&pmid=10747069 5. ^ G. Larson, K. Dobney, U. Albarella, M. Fang, E. Matisso-Smith, J. Robins, S. Lowden, H. Finlayson, T. Brand, E. Willerslev, P. Rowley-Conwy, L. Andersson, A. Cooper (March 2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". Science 307 (5715): 1618. doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID 15761152. http://www.sciencemag.org/con tent/307/5715/1618.full.pdf 6. ^ G. Larson, K. Dobney, U. Albarella, M. Fang, E. Matisso-Smith, J. Robins, S. Lowden, H. Finlayson, T. Brand, E. Willerslev, P. Rowley-Conwy, L. Andersson, A. Cooper (March 2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". Science 307 (5715): 1618. doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID 15761152. http://www.sciencemag.org/con tent/307/5715/1618.full.pdf 7. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.or g/content/105/33/11597 8. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.or g/content/105/33/11597 9. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup ?view=long&pmid=10747069 | (Near East) Eastern Mediterranean4 5 and Island South East Asia6 |southeastern Anatolia7 |
[1] Description English: A baby Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in a wildlife park in the Netherlands Français : Marcassin (Sus scrofa) dans une réserve faunique au Pays-Bas Date 12 May 2010, 15:10 Source Frisling Author S ander van der Wel CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sus_scrofa_pigl et.jpg/1024px-Sus_scrofa_piglet.jpg [2] Edited version of Image:Wild Boar Habbitat 2.jpg slightly cropped with artifacts removed. [edit]Summary Description Deutsch: Das Wildschwein (Sus scrofa) gehört zur Familie der altweltlichen oder echten Schweine (Suidae) aus der Ordnung der Paarhufer. Hier zu sehen in seinem natürlichen Umfeld: Eine Suhle English: The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domestic pig. As shown in his natural habitat. Español: El jabalí salvaje (Sus scrofa), ancestro del cerdo doméstico, en su hábitat natural. Français : Sanglier (Sus scrofa) dans son habitat naturel. Le sanglier est l'ancêtre sauvage du porc. Grünvalder forst, Bavière (Allemagne). Cymraeg: Baedd gwyllt (Sus scrofa), hynafiad y mochyn dof. Italiano: Il cinghiale (Sus scrofa), è la forma ancestrale del maiale domestico, ritratto nel suo habitat naturale. Nederlands: Wild zwijn (Sus scrofa) neemt een modderbad Norsk (bokmål): Villsvin (Sus scrofa) i sitt naturlige miljø Português: Um javali da espécie Sus scrofa, ancestral selvagem do porco doméstico. Русский: Кабан (Sus scrofa), валяющийся в грязи; предок домашней свиньи. Svenska: Ett vildsvin (Sus scrofa) i sin naturliga miljö. Date 2007-05-22 Source O wn work Author Richard Bartz, Munich Makro Freak CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wild_Boar_Habbi tat_3.jpg/1024px-Wild_Boar_Habbitat_3.jp g |
10,000 YBN [8000 BC] 12 13 14 15 | 1259) Clay tokens of various geometrical shapes that represent products are used in Mesopotamia.7 8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25. 2. ^ Nissen, et al, "Archaic Bookkeeping", 1993, p11. 3. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 4. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25. 5. ^ Nissen, et al, "Archaic Bookkeeping", 1993, p11. 6. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 7. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25. 8. ^ Nissen, et al, "Archaic Bookkeeping", 1993, p11. 9. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 10. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25. 11. ^ Nissen, et al, "Archaic Bookkeeping", 1993, p11. 12. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25. 13. ^ Nissen, et al, "Archaic Bookkeeping", 1993, p11. 14. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablet s.htm 15. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a | eastern Iran, southern Turkey, Israel, Sumer (modern Iraq)10 |Babylonia11 |Syria, Sumer and Highland Iran |
[1] Pre-literate counting and accounting MS 5067/1-8 NEOLITHIC PLAIN COUNTING TOKENS POSSIBLY REPRESENTING 1 MEASURE OF GRAIN, 1 ANIMAL AND 1 MAN OR 1 DAY'S LABOUR, RESPECTIVELY ms5067/1-8Counting tokens in clay, Syria/Sumer/Highland Iran, ca. 8000-3500 BC, 3 spheres: diam. 1,6, 1,7 and 1,9 cm , (D.S.-B 2:1); 3 discs: diam. 1,0x0,4 cm, 1,1x0,4 cm and 1,0x0,5 cm (D.S.-B 3:1); 2 tetrahedrons: sides 1,4 cm and 1,7 cm (D.S.-B 5:1). Exhibited: The Norwegian Intitute of Palaeography and Historical Philology (PHI), Oslo, 13.10.2003- COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.earth-history.com/_im ages/ms5067.jpg [2] MS 4631 BULLA-ENVELOPE WITH 11 PLAIN AND COMPLEX TOKENS INSIDE, REPRESENTING AN ACCOUNT OR AGREEMENT, TENTATIVELY OF WAGES FOR 4 DAYS' WORK, 4 MEASURES OF METAL, 1 LARGE MEASURE OF BARLEY AND 2 SMALL MEASURES OF SOME OTHER COMMODITY ms4631Bulla in clay, Syria/Sumer/Highland Iran, ca. 3700-3200 BC, 1 spherical bulla-envelope (complete), diam. ca. 6,5 cm, cylinder seal impressions of a row of men walking left; and of a predator attacking a deer, inside a complete set of plain and complex tokens: 4 tetrahedrons 0,9x1,0 cm (D.S.-B.5:1), 4 triangles with 2 incised lines 2,0x0,9 (D.S.-B.(:14), 1 sphere diam. 1,7 cm (D.S.-B.2:2), 1 cylinder with 1 grove 2,0x0,3 cm (D.S.-B.4:13), 1 bent paraboloid 1,3xdiam. 0,5 cm (D.S.-B.8:14). Context: MSS 4631-4646 and 5114-5127are from the same archive. Total number of bulla-envelopes worldwide is ca. 165 intact and 70 fragmentary. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.earth-history.com/_im ages/ms4631.jpg |
10,000 YBN [8000 BC] 8 9 | 6316) Cows are raised for milk, for meat and eventually for plowing.5 6 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.or g/content/105/33/11597 2. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestic ations/qt/cattle.htm 3. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.or g/content/105/33/11597 4. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestic ations/qt/cattle.htm 5. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.or g/content/105/33/11597 6. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestic ations/qt/cattle.htm 7. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.or g/content/105/33/11597 8. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.or g/content/105/33/11597 9. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestic ations/qt/cattle.htm | upper Euphrates Valley7 |
[1] Description Deutsch: Heckrinder in den Niederlanden. English: An Heck cattle group, in Oostvaardersplassen, a nature reserve in the province of Flevoland in the Netherlands. Français : Aurochs de Heck Nederlands: Heckrunderen in de Oostvaardersplassen, een natuurgebied in de provincie Flevoland, Nederland. Date 16 septembre 2004 Source Travail personnel Auteur GerardM GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Heckrund1.JPG/1 280px-Heckrund1.JPG [2] Wild Cattle in Britain The Chillingham Herd Chillingham cattle (picture from Whitepark.org.uk) UNKNOWN source: http://www.vegaresearch.org/imag es/Chillingham1.jpg |
9,800 YBN [7800 BC] 10 11 12 | 607) The earliest flint sickle.6 7 A sickle has a semicircular blade and is used for cutting grain or tall grass.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. The Cradle of Agriculture. Science 288.5471 (2000): 16021603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/288/5471/1602.summary 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. The Cradle of Agriculture. Science 288.5471 (2000): 16021603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/288/5471/1602.summary 5. ^ "sickle." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sickle 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 7. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. The Cradle of Agriculture. Science 288.5471 (2000): 16021603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/288/5471/1602.summary 8. ^ "sickle." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sickle 9. ^ Unger-Hamilton, Romana (July 1985). "Microscopic Striations on Flint Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant Cultivation: Preliminary Results". World Archaeology 17 (1): 121-6. doi:10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955. http ://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1985.99 79955 10. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. The Cradle of Agriculture. Science 288.5471 (2000): 16021603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/288/5471/1602.summary 11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 12. ^ Unger-Hamilton, Romana (July 1985). "Microscopic Striations on Flint Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant Cultivation: Preliminary Results". World Archaeology 17 (1): 121-6. doi:10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955. http ://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1985.99 79955 http://www.jstor.org/stable/12468 0 MORE INFO [1] Banning, E.B. (1998). "The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture, and Art". Near Eastern Archaeology 61 (4): 188–237. doi:10.2307/3210656. JSTOR 3210656. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F32 10656 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210656 | Tell Aswad (modern Syria)|Palestine9 |
[1] [t NOTE not- earliest sickle] [1] Faucille néolithique danoise en silex 1/Danish Neolithic flint sickle flint 105 UNKNOWN source: http://idata.over-blog.com/4/25/ 41/68/danois/flint-130.jpg [2] [t NOTE not- earliest sickle] Ancient Stone Age Neolithic Flint Sickle Denmark UNKNOWN source: http://www.artancient.com/ebay/2 50310/020412JSA010.jpg |
9,500 YBN [7500 BC] 9 10 11 12 | 612) Wheat is grown in modern Syria.5 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/288/5471/1602.full 2. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/288/5471/1602.full 3. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/288/5471/1602.full 4. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/288/5471/1602.full 5. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/288/5471/1602.full 6. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/288/5471/1602.full 7. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?"� Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/311/5769/1886.short 8. ^ Which came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News. 2008-12-14. 9. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/288/5471/1602.full 10. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?" Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/311/5769/1886.short {9300 YBN} 11. ^ Which came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News. 2008-12-14. 12. ^ "First farmers discovered". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nat ure/489449.stm MORE INFO [1] Diamond, Jared. "Evolution, Consequences and Future of Plant and Animal Domestication." Nature 418.6898 (2002): 700�707. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v418/n6898/full/nature01019.htm l [2] Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge. Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p. 528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euph rates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510 8078 [3] Ozkan, H; Brandolini, A; Sch�fer-Pregl, R; Salamini, F (October 2002). "AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey". Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (10): 1797�801. PMID 12270906 [4] Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67 | Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria6 |southeastern Turkey and northern Syria7 (Nevali Cori, Turkey8 ) |
[1] Description Česky: Pšenice. Deutsch: Weizen. English: Wheat. Español: Trigo. Français : Blé. Magyar: Búza. Tiếng Việt: Lúa mì. Date August 2005 Source Own work Author User:Bluemoose GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up. JPG/800px-Wheat_close-up.JPG [2] Nevali Cori, Turkey from Google Maps UNKNOWN source: https://maps.google.com/maps?ll= 37.518333,38.605556&spn=0.01,0.01&t=m&q= 37.518333,38.605556 http://localhost/ul sf/images/Nevali_Cori_Turkey.jpg |
9,500 YBN [7500 BC] 8 9 10 11 | 613) Common millet is grown in China.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li, Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (18): 7367–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID 19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p mc/articles/PMC2678631/ 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li, Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (18): 7367–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID 19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p mc/articles/PMC2678631/ 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 5. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li, Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (18): 7367–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID 19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p mc/articles/PMC2678631/ 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 7. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li, Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (18): 7367–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID 19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p mc/articles/PMC2678631/ 8. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li, Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (18): 7367–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID 19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p mc/articles/PMC2678631/ 9. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= sP-PN2StH2cC 10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 11. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 83-88. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf } | Cishan, North China7 |
[1] Description English: Panicum miliaceum Date 2008-5-4 Source Own work Author Dalgial CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Panicum_miliace um_2.JPG/768px-Panicum_miliaceum_2.JPG [2] Name Panicum miliaceum Family Poaceae Bildbeschreibung: noch grüne Rispenhirse Quelle: selbst erstellt Fotograf: User:MarkusHagenlocher Datum: 21. Juli GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/51/Rispenhirse_gr%C3%BCn .jpg |
9,500 YBN [7500 BC] 5 6 | 6185) Barley is grown in modern Syria.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 59-69. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA59 {Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_i n_the_Old_World_2000.pdf} 2. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 59–69. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA59 {Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_i n_the_Old_World_2000.pdf} 3. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 59–69. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA59 {Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_i n_the_Old_World_2000.pdf} 4. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67 {Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_i n_the_Old_World_2000.pdf} 5. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67 {Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_i n_the_Old_World_2000.pdf} 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). | Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria4 |
[1] Hordeum-barley - http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/ph otos/k5141-4.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/55/Hordeum-barley.jpg [2] Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria in Google Maps UNKNOWN source: https://maps.google.com/maps?ll= 35.866,38.4&spn=0.01,0.01&t=m&q=35.866,3 8.4 |
9,500 YBN [7500 BC] 4 5 | 6440) The earliest gypsum cement (or plaster).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Andrew M. T. Moore, "The Prehistory of Syria", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 270, Ancient Syria (May, 1988), pp. 3-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/13570 02 2. ^ Kingery, W D, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology, Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244. http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/ Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum %20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Ne olithic%20near%20East.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304 3. ^ Andrew M. T. Moore, "The Prehistory of Syria", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 270, Ancient Syria (May, 1988), pp. 3-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/13570 02 4. ^ Andrew M. T. Moore, "The Prehistory of Syria", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 270, Ancient Syria (May, 1988), pp. 3-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/13570 02 5. ^ Akkermans, P.M.M.G., and G.M. Schwartz. The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (C. 16,000-300 Bc). University Press, 2003. Cambridge World Archaeology Series. p110. http://books.google.com/books?id= _4oqvpAHDEoC&pg=PA110 | Abu Hureyra, Syria3 |
[1] Andrew M. T. Moore, ''The Prehistory of Syria'', Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 270, Ancient Syria (May, 1988), pp. 3-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/13570 02 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357 002 [2] Kingery, W D, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. ''The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology, Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East.'' Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244. http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/ Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum %20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Ne olithic%20near%20East.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304 CO PYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/5303 04 |
9,240 YBN [7240 BC] 7 8 | 1478) The earliest domesticated plants in America. Squash is grown in Peru.5 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract 2. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract 3. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract 4. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract 5. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract 6. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract 7. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract {9240} 8. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/scienc e/28cnd-squash.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=s login&adxnnlx=1183057296-Up92joKUeK1fZr+ Wt4cXsQ (10000ybn) | Paiján, Peru6 |
[1] Fig. 3. Close-up of two dark brown squash seed (C. moschata) fragments recovered from a buried house floor at CA-09-27. from: Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, ''Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru'', Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract COPYRIGHTE D source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/316/5833/1890/F3.large.jpg |
9,000 YBN [7000 BC] 7 | 1288) Mehrgarh {mARGoR}, an Indus Valley city is founded.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Brian M. Fagan, "The Oxford Companion to Archaeology", Oxford University Press, (Print) 1996, 9780195076189, (electronic) 2012 2. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g /mehrgarh.htm 3. ^ Brian M. Fagan, "The Oxford Companion to Archaeology", Oxford University Press, (Print) 1996, 9780195076189, (electronic) 2012 4. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g /mehrgarh.htm 5. ^ Brian M. Fagan, "The Oxford Companion to Archaeology", Oxford University Press, (Print) 1996, 9780195076189, (electronic) 2012 6. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g /mehrgarh.htm 7. ^ Brian M. Fagan, "The Oxford Companion to Archaeology", Oxford University Press, (Print) 1996, 9780195076189, (electronic) 2012 MORE INFO [1] "Indus Valley Civilization". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valle y_Civilization | Kachi plain of Baluchistan, Pakistan5 6 |
[1] Early farming village in Mehrgarh, c. 7000 BCE, with houses built with mud bricks. (Musée Guimet, Paris). The image was downloaded from the website of the Indus and Mehrgarh archaeological mission, Musée Guimet, by Fowler&fowler«Talk» 22:56, 6 March 2007 (UTC) COPYRIGHTED FAIRUSE source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Neolithic_mehrgarh.jpg [2] A relief map of Pakistan showing Mehrgarh This is an annotated version of a relief map of Pakistan in the public domain([1]). The map was annotated by Fowler&fowler«Talk» 08:07, 7 March 2007 (UTC) and rereleased to the public domain. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Mehrgarh_pakistan_rel96.JPG |
9,000 YBN [7000 BC] 4 | 6484) The earliest fishing net.1 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Miettinen, Arto, Kaarina Sarmaja-Korjonen, Eloni Sonninen, Högne Junger, Terttu Lempiäinen, Kirsi Ylikoski, Jari-Pekka Mäkiaho, Christian Carpelan & Högne Jungner. (2008) The palaeoenvironment of the Antrea Net Find Iskos 16, 71-87, (Journal of the Finnish Antiquarian Society). 2. ^ Miettinen, Arto, Kaarina Sarmaja-Korjonen, Eloni Sonninen, Högne Junger, Terttu Lempiäinen, Kirsi Ylikoski, Jari-Pekka Mäkiaho, Christian Carpelan & Högne Jungner. (2008) The palaeoenvironment of the Antrea Net Find Iskos 16, 71-87, (Journal of the Finnish Antiquarian Society). 3. ^ "Antrea Net". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrea_Net 4. ^ Miettinen, Arto, Kaarina Sarmaja-Korjonen, Eloni Sonninen, Högne Junger, Terttu Lempiäinen, Kirsi Ylikoski, Jari-Pekka Mäkiaho, Christian Carpelan & Högne Jungner. (2008) The palaeoenvironment of the Antrea Net Find Iskos 16, 71-87, (Journal of the Finnish Antiquarian Society). | Korpilahti, Karelian Isthmus, Finland2 (Antrea, Finland, now:Kamennogorsk, Russia3 ) |
[1] Description English: Some of the remains of the Paleolithic Antrea net. Suomi: Osa kivikautisen Antrean verkon jäännöksistä. Date 1920 Source Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja XXVIII Author Sakari Pälsi PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c1/AntreaNet.jpg |
8,800 YBN [6800 BC] 4 | 6511) Lentils are grown in Israel.2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98-99. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf } 2. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98-99. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf } 3. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98-99. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf } 4. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98-99. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf } | Yifta'el, North Israel3 |
[1] Name Lens culinaris Family Fabaceae Original book source: Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany Permission granted to use under GFDL by Kurt Stueber Source: www.biolib.de PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/da/Illustration_Lens_cul inaris0.jpg [2] Description English: Lentil plants 75 days after emergence, Castelltallat, Catalonia Català: Plantes de llentilla 75 dies després de l'emergència Date 14/05/2011 Source Own work Author Victor M. Vicente Selvas PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Llenties_maig.J PG/1280px-Llenties_maig.JPG |
8,500 YBN [6500 BC] 4 | 6512) Peas are grown in Turkey.2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 101-108. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf } 2. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 101-108. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf } 3. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 101-108. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf } 4. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 101-108. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf } | Çayönü, Turkey3 |
[1] Pea plant: Pisum sativum Picture taken by myself: (nl:Doperwt rijserwt peulen)Pisum sativum pods; GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/bc/Doperwt_rijserwt_peul en_Pisum_sativum.jpg [2] Description English: Studio photo of peas in their pods. Date 7 July 2011 Source Own work Author Bill Ebbesen CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Peas_in_pods_-_ Studio.jpg/1186px-Peas_in_pods_-_Studio. jpg |
8,000 YBN [6000 BC] 6 7 | 605) The oldest known boat, a dug-out boat.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ "Oudste bootje ter wereld kon werkelijk varen". Leeuwarder Courant. ANP. 12 April 2001. http://www.archeoforum.nl/Pesse10 .html 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 6. ^ "Oudste bootje ter wereld kon werkelijk varen". Leeuwarder Courant. ANP. 12 April 2001. http://www.archeoforum.nl/Pesse10 .html 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). | Netherlands5 |
[1] De boot van Pesse (Drenthe). C14-dateringen geven aan dat dit object uit het mesolithicum dateert (ca. 8600 voor Chr.). De lengte bedraagt iets minder dan 3 meter. foto: Drents Museum grotere afbeelding UNKNOWN source: http://www.archeoforum.nl/images /webboot.jpg [2] Afb. 1 Mark Jan Dielemans probeert een kopie van de kano van Pesse uit in een ven bij recreatiecentrum Witterzomer in Assen foto: GPD grotere afbeeldin UNKNOWN source: http://www.archeoforum.nl/images /Pesse10afb1.jpg |
8,000 YBN [6000 BC] 6 | 6220) The earliest drums.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/172045/drum>. 2. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/172045/drum>. 3. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/172045/drum>. 4. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/172045/drum>. 5. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/172045/drum>. 6. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/172045/drum>. {6000 BC} | Moravia, Czeck Republic5 |
[1] Curt Sachs, ''The History of Musical Instruments'', 1940, p81. PD source: Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p81. |
7,700 YBN [5700 BC] 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | 719) Rice is grown near the Yangtze river in China.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/275/5298/309.full {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 2. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/275/5298/309.full {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 3. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/275/5298/309.full {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 4. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/275/5298/309.full {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 5. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/275/5298/309.full {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 6. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921 (2009): 1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/ content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom estication_Rice_2009.pdf} 7. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007). 8. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/275/5298/309.full {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 9. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921 (2009): 1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/ content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom estication_Rice_2009.pdf} 10. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007). 11. ^ Domestication and the origins of agriculture: an appraisal Progress in Physical Geography 1 March 1999: 37-56. http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/23/1/37 .short {Mannion_Agriculture_1999.pdf} 12. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/275/5298/309.full {11500} {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 13. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3500 YBN} 14. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 91. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/ ?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA91 {Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_i n_the_Old_World_2000.pdf} 15. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p74. http://books.google.com/books?id=t c6vr0qzk_4C | Kuahuqiao, Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province6 7 |Yangtze (in Hubei and Hunan provinces), China8 |
[1] Description English: Paddy in West Bengal, India Date 18 October 2009 Source Own work Author Amartyabag CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Paddy_West_Beng al.jpg/1280px-Paddy_West_Bengal.jpg [2] Description: Cambodia, Kratie: A worker is removing the rice seedlings. Capture date: August 2002 Photographer: Oliver Spalt Published under CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/07/Rice_02.jpg |
7,100 YBN [5100 BC] 7 8 | 720) Corn is grown in Mexico.4 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001): 1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/292/5520/1370.abstract 2. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001): 1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/292/5520/1370.abstract 3. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001): 1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/292/5520/1370.abstract 4. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001): 1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/292/5520/1370.abstract 5. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001): 1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/292/5520/1370.abstract 6. ^ Piperno, D. R., and K. V. Flannery. “The earliest archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: New accelerator mass spectrometry dates and their implications.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98.4 (2001) : 2101 -2103. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/98/4 /2101.short 7. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001): 1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/292/5520/1370.abstract 8. ^ Piperno, D. R., and K. V. Flannery. “The earliest archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: New accelerator mass spectrometry dates and their implications.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98.4 (2001) : 2101 -2103. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/98/4 /2101.short {6250} MORE INFO [1] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000) | San Andrés, Mexico5 |(Oaxaca, Mexico6 ) |
[1] Description Deutsch: Maispflanzen (Zea mays) English: Maize (Zea mays) plant with ears, the baby corn growing level தமிழ்: இளங்கதிர்கள், நன்கு வளர்நிலையில் இருக்கிறது. Date 2004 Source Own work Author burgkirsch CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/32/Maispflanze.jpg |
7,000 YBN [5000 BC] 10 11 12 13 | 627) The first metal to be smelted and casted (copper).6 Smelting is separating a metal from its ore by using heat and a reducing or oxidizing material.7 Casting involves pouring liquid metal into a shaped mold of baked clay, stone, metal, or sand.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) 2. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) 3. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) 4. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) 5. ^ "smelt." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/smelting 6. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) 7. ^ "smelt." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/smelting 8. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries. The Archaeological Evidence", Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994, p269-270. {Mesopotamian_Materials_and_I ndustries_Moorey_1994.pdf} AND {Moorey-Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materi als_and_Industries-1994.pdf} 9. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) 10. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) {c7000 YBN} 11. ^ P.t., Craddock. “From hearth to furnace : evidences for the earliest metal smelting technologies in the Eastern Mediterranean.” Paléorient (2000) : 151-165. Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/ home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2 000_num_26_2_4716 {8000BCE} {article_paleo_0153-9345_2000_num_26_2 _4716.pdf} {5500BCE} 12. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce) 13. ^ "Copper (5000 BCE)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper (5000 BCE) (=5000bce) {5000BCE} MORE INFO [1] Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period Noël H. Gale Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 282/283, Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp. 37-61 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261 | Belovode, Eastern Serbia9 |
[1] Copper slag from Belovode (sample No. 21). Figure 3 from: Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence/article/pii/S0305440310001986 [2] Byzantine Roman Collection tanged arrowhead Inventory #: 308-316 Type: Arrowhead Material: Iron Period: Byzantine (Eastern Roman) 6th - 14th Cent. A.D. Provenance: Balkan Region Measurements: (lengths in cm, left to right): 14.5, 17 cm UNKNOWN source: http://www.worldmuseumofman.org/ img1000/308316b.jpg |
7,000 YBN [5000 BC] 6 7 | 727) The earliest reed boats.3 4 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes". Science (AAAS) 296 (5574): 1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ summary/296/5574/1791 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3076918 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes". Science (AAAS) 296 (5574): 1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ summary/296/5574/1791 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3076918 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 5. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes". Science (AAAS) 296 (5574): 1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ summary/296/5574/1791 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3076918 6. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes". Science (AAAS) 296 (5574): 1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ summary/296/5574/1791 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3076918 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). | Kuwait5 |
[1] Bitumin remains from older Kuwaiti boat show rope impressions. Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). ''Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes''. Science (AAAS) 296 (5574): 1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ summary/296/5574/1791 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3076918 COPYRIGHTED source: Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes". Science (AAAS) 296 (5574): 1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ summary/296/5574/1791http://www.jstor.or g/stable/3076918 [2] Description Totora reed fishing boats on the beach at Huanchaco, Peru Date 13 October 2006, 15:26 Source Totora reed fishing boats on the beach at Huanchaco, Peru Author Roy & Danielle CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Peruvian_fishin g_boats.jpg/768px-Peruvian_fishing_boats .jpg |
6,900 YBN [4900 BC] 9 10 11 | 648) The sail boat.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005): 21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf} 2. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/g /h3sabiyah.htm 3. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005): 21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf} 4. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/g /h3sabiyah.htm 5. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005): 21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf} 6. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/g /h3sabiyah.htm 7. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005): 21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf} 8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p9. 9. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005): 21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf} {5300-4900 BC} 10. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p9. {5000-4001 BC} 11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3000 BC} | Mesopotamia7 8 |
[1] Scale 1/20 model of a Bronze Age reed boat, as proposed by Tom Vosmer, Model of a Third Millennium BC Reed Boat Image from: Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005): 21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf} COPY RIGHTED source: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst ract |
6,800 YBN [4800 BC] 4 | 6527) The first fruit trees, olives are grown in Israel and Jordan.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p116-121. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C 2. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p116-121. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C 3. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p116-121. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C 4. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p116-121. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C | (Chalcolithic) Tuleilat Ghassul (north of the Dead Sea)3 |
[1] Description English: Olive trees on Thasos Deutsch: Alte Olivenbäume auf Thasos Date 9.7.2006 Source Own work Author Petr Pakandl CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Olive_trees_on_ Thassos.JPG/1280px-Olive_trees_on_Thasso s.JPG [2] Description English: Unique Ancient Olive Tree Date 30 January 2011 Source Own work Author Dennis koutou CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ancient_Olive_T ree_in_Pelion%2C_Greece.jpg/768px-Ancien t_Olive_Tree_in_Pelion%2C_Greece.jpg |
6,500 YBN [4500 BC] 7 8 | 6437) The earliest settlement in Europe, Provadia-Solnitsata {PrOVoDEYo SOLnETSoTo?}, in Bulgaria is founded.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria", BBC, 10/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/w orld-europe-20156681 2. ^ "Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town", The Telegraph, 12/31/2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/9646541/B ulgaria-archaeologists-find-Europes-most -prehistoric-town-Provadia-Solnitsata.ht ml 3. ^ "Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria", BBC, 10/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/w orld-europe-20156681 4. ^ "Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town", The Telegraph, 12/31/2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/9646541/B ulgaria-archaeologists-find-Europes-most -prehistoric-town-Provadia-Solnitsata.ht ml 5. ^ "Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria", BBC, 10/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/w orld-europe-20156681 6. ^ "Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town", The Telegraph, 12/31/2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/9646541/B ulgaria-archaeologists-find-Europes-most -prehistoric-town-Provadia-Solnitsata.ht ml 7. ^ "Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria", BBC, 10/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/w orld-europe-20156681 8. ^ "Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town", The Telegraph, 12/31/2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/9646541/B ulgaria-archaeologists-find-Europes-most -prehistoric-town-Provadia-Solnitsata.ht ml MORE INFO [1] Vasil Nikolov, Kiril Maslarov, "Ancient Settlements Near Eleshnitsa", Sofia Press, 1987 | (near) Provadia, Bulgaria5 6 |
[1] The remains of the settlement made of two-story houses near the town of Provadia The prehistoric town at Provadia features two-storey houses and a defensive wall (AFP/Getty) COPYRIGHTED source: http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multime dia/archive/02384/b2_2384873c.jpg [2] The remains of a man with a ceramic bowl Photo: AFP/GETTY COPYRIGHTED source: http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multime dia/archive/02384/b1_2384879b.jpg |
6,000 YBN [4000 BC] 7 8 | 665) Wine making.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Barnard, Hans et al. “Chemical Evidence for Wine Production Around 4000 BCE in the Late Chalcolithic Near Eastern Highlands.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38.5 (2011): 977–984. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0305440310004115 2. ^ Meg Sullivan, "Chemical analysis confirms discovery of oldest wine-making equipment ever found", January 10, 2011. http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/u cla/chemical-analysis-confirms-discovery -188683.aspx 3. ^ Barnard, Hans et al. “Chemical Evidence for Wine Production Around 4000 BCE in the Late Chalcolithic Near Eastern Highlands.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38.5 (2011): 977–984. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0305440310004115 4. ^ Meg Sullivan, "Chemical analysis confirms discovery of oldest wine-making equipment ever found", January 10, 2011. http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/u cla/chemical-analysis-confirms-discovery -188683.aspx 5. ^ Barnard, Hans et al. “Chemical Evidence for Wine Production Around 4000 BCE in the Late Chalcolithic Near Eastern Highlands.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38.5 (2011): 977–984. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0305440310004115 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 7. ^ Barnard, Hans et al. “Chemical Evidence for Wine Production Around 4000 BCE in the Late Chalcolithic Near Eastern Highlands.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38.5 (2011): 977–984. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0305440310004115 8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). | (Areni-1 cave complex in) southeastern Armenia5 |Egypt6 |
[1] Wine press The wine press (center) is clearly evident in this photograph of the excavation. Behind the press is an archaeological identification kit. The vat (to the right of the press), which was apparently used for accumulating grape juice and the consequent wine fermentation, emerges clearly here as a result of the excavation. (Photo credit: Gregory Areshian) UNKNOWN source: http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ ucla/artwork/8/8/6/8/3/188683/wine_press .jpg [2] Grape stems and seeds A range of 6,100-year-old desiccated grape stems and dried, pressed grapes was found on and around the wine press in the Armenian cave. The chemical studies were led by UCLA scientists and supported by the National Geographic Society, which also funded the archaeological work. (Photo credit: Gregory Areshian) UNKNOWN source: http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ ucla/artwork/8/8/6/8/3/188683/stems_seed s_grapes.jpg |
6,000 YBN [4000 BC] 8 | 6232) The earliest Sun-dried mud bricks and mud-brick house; in Mesopotamia.4 5 Mud brick, dried by the Sun, is one of the first building materials.6 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. 2. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. 3. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. 4. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. 5. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. 6. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. 7. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. 8. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. {4000 BC} | Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)7 |
[1] The Royal Tombs (Cemetery) of Ur. Courtesy Nathanm, Creative Commons. CC source: http://popular-archaeology.com/u pload/2697/urroyaltombs.jpg [2] Pre-Historic Tell Uqair UNKNOWN source: http://ancientneareast.tripod.co m/IMAGES/Uqair.jpg |
5,800 YBN [3800 BC] 4 | 6540) The earliest nut crops, almond trees are grown in the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p147-149. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C 2. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p147-149. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C 3. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p147-149. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C 4. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p147-149. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C | Eastern part of the Mediterranean Basin3 |
[1] Description English: Amond blossom, Plants of Israel עברית: פרי השקד, Original Image Name:שקדיה, Location:מודיעין Date circa 2010 Source Wild Flowers of Israel via the PikiWiki - Israel free image collection project Author שרה גולד Permission (Reusing this file) w:en:Creative Commons attribution CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/84/PikiWiki_Israel_7025_ Amond_blossom.jpg [2] Description English: Green Almonds. Date 4 April 2009 Source Own work Author 6th Happiness My own work. Green Almonds, originally posted here: http://fithfath.com/images/2009/04/04/yo ung-green-almonds/ PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a2/Green_almonds.jpg |
5,500 YBN [3500 BC] 20 21 22 23 24 | 233) The earliest writing (on clay objects in Mesopotamia). The first numbers. The first stamp (or seal).11 The first writing begins as symbols for numbers on clay bulla (hollow clay containers that hold clay tokens). These symbols represent the quantity and kind of tokens inside the bulla.12 13 14 Markings on clay tokens which represent products like sheep, oil, or metal, may lead to the first symbols of the alphabet.15 16 17 Hollow bullae and clay tokens are eventually replaced by solid clay tablets with the same impressions.18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14. 2. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14. 3. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14. 4. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 5. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25-27. 6. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14. 7. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14. 8. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 9. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25-27. 10. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 11. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14. 12. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14. 13. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 14. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25-27. 15. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p. 50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/T he_earliest_precursor_of_writing 16. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "Reckoning Before Writing", Archaeology. May/June 1979, Vol. 32, No. 3, p. 22-31. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Reckoni ng_before_writing 17. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 18. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 19. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14. 20. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablet s.htm {5500 YBN} 21. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "Reckoning Before Writing", Archaeology. May/June 1979, Vol. 32, No. 3, p. 22-31. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Reckoni ng_before_writing 22. ^ "writing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/649670/writing>. {3500 BC} 23. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {for stamp)3500BC} 24. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a MORE INFO [1] http://www.jstor.org/view/00030279/ap020 117/02a00010/0 (sexagesimal.pdf) [2] Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993) [3] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000) [4] "sigillography." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/543584/sigillography> [5] http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~hist ory/HistTopics/Babylonian_numerals.html [6] "Numeral system#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_sys tem#History | Mesopotamia (Babylonia)19 |Sumer (Syria, Sumer, Highland Iran) |
[1] Fig 109 from: Nissen, Archaic Bookkeeping, 1993, p127. COPYRIGHTED source: Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, p127. [2] Fig 110 from: Nissen, Archaic Bookkeeping, 1993, p128. COPYRIGHTED source: Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, p128. |
5,500 YBN [3500 BC] 9 10 11 | 294) The sundial, the earliest timekeeping device.4 The length of the shadow indicates the time of day.5 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/573826/sundial>. 2. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/573826/sundial>. 3. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/573826/sundial>. 4. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/573826/sundial>. 5. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/573826/sundial>. 6. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/573826/sundial>. 7. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p10. 8. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/573826/sundial>. 9. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/573826/sundial>. {-3500 BCE} 10. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/573826/sundial>. {-3500 BCE} 11. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p10. {2600-2501 BC} MORE INFO [1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p15 | China6 7 and Chaldea8 |
[1] Stick in sand with shadow UNKNOWN source: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/1 77/484077420_e01337d101.jpg [2] Description English: Ancient sundial from Marcianopolis, Museum of Mosaicas, Devnya, Bulgaria Български: Слънчев часовник от Марцианополис, Музей на мозайките, Девня Date 21 September 2010 Source Own work Author Edal Anton Lefterov CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/ff/Sundial-from-Marciano polis.jpg |
5,500 YBN [3500 BC] 7 | 621) The earliest plow. Plows are used to break up soil4 .5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ "plow." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 24 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/plough 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ "plow." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 24 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/plough 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 6. ^ Lal, R., D.C. Reicosky, and J.D. Hanson. “Evolution of the Plow over 10,000 Years and the Rationale for No-till Farming.” Soil and Tillage Research 93.1 (2007): 1–12. http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S0167198706002522 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). MORE INFO [1] M. Green/H. J. Nissen, Zeichenliste der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk (ATU 2; Berlin 1987) | Mesopotamia6 |
[1] [t determine source of drawing] Apparently mesopotamian drawing of animal pulled plow. UNKNOWN source: http://ed101.bu.edu/StudentDoc/A rchives/ED101fa06/jtobz87/pic-3-2plow-lg .png [2] Akkadian plough with seeder c2200 BCE Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, ''Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence'', 1999, p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=P_ Ixuott4doC&pg=PA3 UNKNOWN source: Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence", 1999, p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=P_ Ixuott4doC&pg=PA3 |
5,500 YBN [3500 BC] 7 | 622) The earliest irrigation (an artificial supply of water to land for food crops4 ).5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ "irrigation." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 24 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/irrigation 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ "irrigation." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 24 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/irrigation 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). | Middle east (eastern part of Mediterranean)6 |
[1] Illustration 1. A shaduf was used to raise water above the level of the Nile. UNKNOWN source: http://www.waterhistory.org/hist ories/nile/shaduf.jpg [2] This is a picture of how egyptians could have used the Nile to plant their crops. They are using an irrigation method. UNKNOWN source: http://www.amersol.edu.pe/class1 5/_15eescob/6th/humanities/images/nile_i rrigation.jpg |
5,500 YBN [3500 BC] 4 | 625) Donkeys are raised and used for transport.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). |
[1] Artist Maler der Grabkammer des Panehsi Title Deutsch: Grabkammer des Panehsi, Priester, Szene: Esel mit Bauern Date Deutsch: um 1298-1235 v. Chr. English: c. 1298-1235 BCE Medium Deutsch: Wandbild Dimensions Deutsch: 30 × 61 cm Current location Deutsch: Grab des Panehsi Deutsch: Theben Source/Photographer The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. http://mail.wikipedia.org/piperma il/wikide-l/2005-April/012195.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maler_der_Grabk ammer_des_Panehsi_001.jpg/1024px-Maler_d er_Grabkammer_des_Panehsi_001.jpg | |
5,500 YBN [3500 BC] 7 | 634) The Egyptian calendar (12 months of 30 days, plus 5 extra days5 ).6 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ O. Neugebauer, "A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy: Volume 2", p1975, 1064 http://books.google.com/books?id=v O5FCVIxz2YC&pg=PA1064 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ O. Neugebauer, "A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy: Volume 2", p1975, 1064 http://books.google.com/books?id=v O5FCVIxz2YC&pg=PA1064 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 5. ^ O. Neugebauer, "A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy: Volume 2", p1975, 1064 http://books.google.com/books?id=v O5FCVIxz2YC&pg=PA1064 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). |
[1] Egyptian Calendar UNKNOWN source: http://analyzer.depaul.edu/paper plate/2002%20vernal%20equinox/Egyptian_c alendar_dark.jpg | |
5,500 YBN [3500 BC] 18 19 | 646) The earliest known wheel, a pottery wheel, in Mesopotamia.13 14 15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27. 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) 3. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinve ntions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) 4. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27. 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) 6. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinve ntions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) 7. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27. 8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) 9. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinve ntions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) 10. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27. 11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) 12. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinve ntions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) 13. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27. 14. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) 15. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinve ntions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) 16. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) 17. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinve ntions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) 18. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) (=3500BCE) {35000BCE} 19. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinve ntions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) (=3500BCE) {35000BCE} MORE INFO [1] Margaret Sax, Nigel D. Meeks and Dominique Collon , "The Early Development of the Lapidary Engraving Wheel in Mesopotamia", Iraq, Vol. 62, (2000), pp. 157-176 Published by: British Institute for the Study of Iraq Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200487 [2] http://www.hartford-hwp.com/image_archiv e/ue/uea.html [3] Stuart Piggott, "The earliest wheeled transport : from the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea", Thames and Hudson, 1983 [4] "WORLD'S OLDEST WHEEL FOUND IN SLOVENIA" March 2003 http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_re lations/background_information/culture/w orlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/ | Mesopotamia16 17 (and a similar pottery wheel from Choga Mish, Iran) |
[1] These pots, found at al`Ubaid type site itself are typical of last phase of Ubaid pottery found throughout much of Mesopotamia, including Uruk. London: British Museum. [t Note that the first and tihrd match figures in Woolley's 1982 book.] PD source: http://www.hartford-hwp.com/imag e_archive/ue/pottery03.jpg [2] 14. Pottery jar of Jemdat Nasr type. It was found in the al`Ain region of the United Arab Emirates, which attests to contacts between Mesopotamia and Oman peninsula—an important source of copper. Ca. 3000 BC. London: British Museum. UNKNOWN source: http://www.hartford-hwp.com/imag e_archive/ue/pottery02.jpg |
5,490 YBN [3490 BC] 7 8 | 702) Cotton is grown in Peru.4 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract 2. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract 3. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract 4. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract 5. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 7. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract {5490 YBN} 8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {4000 YBN} | Northwestern Peru5 |Indus valley6 |
[1] English: cotton plant, Texas, 1996, after chemical haulm (topkilling Chemical ; usually by the Monosodium methyl arsenate used to quickly kill the leaves that would interfere with harvesting machines). This chemical is a growing source of residual contamination of soils by arsenic, which is not degradable; Photo courtesy of USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://photogallery.nrcs.usda. gov/Index.asp This came from the website PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CottonPlant.JPG /1024px-CottonPlant.JPG |
5,350 YBN [3350 BC] 38 39 40 41 | 1261) Writing on clay tablets.23 24 25 Symbols that represent a product (such as cows, sheep, and cereals26 ), drawn with a stylus on clay tablets, are the earliest record of what will become the modern alphabet.27 28 Many of the symbols look like the marked clay tokens that represent actual products, and that are replaced by the drawn symbols on clay tablets.29 30 31 This is the first training and industry of scribes,32 which will ultimately evolve into the modern school system.33 Writing will be continuously taught eventually in all major civilizations (even through the Dark Ages) until now.34 These tablets are all economic records, used to keep a record of objects owned or traded35 , and contain no stories.36 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablet s.htm 2. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 4. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablet s.htm 5. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 7. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablet s.htm 8. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 9. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 10. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). 11. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 12. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p. 50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/T he_earliest_precursor_of_writing 13. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, p105. 14. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablet s.htm 15. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 17. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). 18. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 19. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p. 50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/T he_earliest_precursor_of_writing 20. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, p105. 21. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). 22. ^ Ted Huntington 23. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablet s.htm 24. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 26. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). 27. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 28. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p. 50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/T he_earliest_precursor_of_writing 29. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p. 50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/T he_earliest_precursor_of_writing 30. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "Reckoning Before Writing", Archaeology. May/June 1979, Vol. 32, No. 3, p. 22-31. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Reckoni ng_before_writing 31. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 32. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, p105. 33. ^ Ted Huntington 34. ^ Ted Huntington 35. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). 36. ^ Ted Huntington 37. ^ "Sumerian writing>.". Encyclopedia wrBritannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 15 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/649670/writing/53659/Sumerian-wr iting>. 38. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p. 50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/T he_earliest_precursor_of_writing 39. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablet s.htm (3300bce) 40. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994. http://books.google.com/books?id= YBAzXV4YtQ8C&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false 41. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. MORE INFO [1] http://cdli.ucla.edu:16080/wiki/index.ph p/The_Late_Uruk_period [2] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000) [3] Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14 | Uruk37 |
[1] MS 4551 Account of grain products, bread, beer, butter oil. Sumer 32nd century COPYRIGHTED? source: http://www.earth-history.com/_im ages/ms4551.jpg [2] MS2963 Account of male and female slaves Sumer c3300-3200BCE COPYRIGHTED? source: http://www.earth-history.com/_im ages/ms2963.jpg |
5,310 YBN [3310 BC] 10 11 12 | 704) The earliest wheeled vehicles, and ox pulled wheeled vehicles; in Poland.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 6. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 8. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. 9. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. 10. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. {c3530-3310 BC} 11. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. {Standard of Ur) 2600-2400 BC} 12. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {4000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Zettler, Richard L.; Horne, Lee; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly. Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur, pp. 45-47. UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 1998. ISBN 9780924171543 [2] http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/hig hlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_stand ard_of_ur.aspx | (TRB - Funnel Beaker culture) Bronocice, Krakow, Poland9 |
[1] Stuart and Piggott, ''The Earliest Wheeled Transport'', 1983, p40,62-63. COPYRIGHTED source: Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. [2] According to: http://www.britishmuseum.org/explor e/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_ standard_of_ur.aspx 2600-2400 BC According to: http://sumerianshakespeare.com/687045.ht ml this image is 4500 years old - putting it at 2500bce - get more evidence of age [1] Description English: detail of the ''Standard of Ur'', ca. 2500 BC. Date 2500 BC Source http://www.alexandriaarchive.org/op encontext/iraq_ghf/ur_standard/ur_standa rd_8.jpg Author Anonymous Permission (Reusing this file) See below. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7d/Ur_chariot.jpg |
5,200 YBN [3200 BC] 3 | 6493) Cheese-making.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Salque, Melanie et al. “Earliest Evidence for Cheese Making in the Sixth Millennium Bc in Northern Europe.” Nature advance online publication (2012): n. pag. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11698.html 2. ^ Salque, Melanie et al. “Earliest Evidence for Cheese Making in the Sixth Millennium Bc in Northern Europe.” Nature advance online publication (2012): n. pag. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11698.html 3. ^ Salque, Melanie et al. “Earliest Evidence for Cheese Making in the Sixth Millennium Bc in Northern Europe.” Nature advance online publication (2012): n. pag. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11698.html MORE INFO [1] http://news.yahoo.com/cheese-first-made- least-7-500-years-ago-180758880.html [2] http://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese -making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020#/b1 | Linear Pottery settlements along the lower Vistula river (including Brześć Kujawski 3 and 4, Miechowice 4, Smólsk 4, Wolica Nowa 1, Stare Nakonowo 2, and Ludwinowo 6 and 7)2 |
[1] Figure 1: Drawings of representative reconstructed sieve vessels and photographs of specific sieve fragments from the region of Kuyavia submitted to lipid residue analyses. a, b, KUY0750, from Brześć Kujawski site 3. c, d, KUY0757 from Smólsk site 4. The typology of the sieve vessels is comparable to those used by modern-day cheese producers (Supplementary Fig. 1). Drawings used with permission from ref. 20. Figure 1ab from: Salque, Melanie et al. “Earliest Evidence for Cheese Making in the Sixth Millennium Bc in Northern Europe.” Nature advance online publication (2012): n. pag. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11698.html source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/vaop/ncurrent/images/nature11698-f1 .2.jpg |
5,100 YBN [3100 BC] 5 | 641) The earliest record of a belief in Gods and Goddesses.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p5, 20-21,116. 2. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p5, 20-21,116. 3. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p5, 20-21,116. 4. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p5, 20-21,116. 5. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p5, 20-21,116. | Uruk4 |
[1] Archaic Bookkeeping,Nissen,1993,p20-21. COPYRIGHTED source: Archaic Bookkeeping,Nissen,1993,p20-21. |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 10 11 | 569) The earliest stringed musical instrument (the lyre and the harp); in Mesopotamia.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80. 2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17. 3. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80. 4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17. 5. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80. 6. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17. 7. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80. 8. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17. 9. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80. 10. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80. {-3000 BC} 11. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17. {-3000 BC} MORE INFO [1] C. Leonard Woolley, "Ur Excavations. Vol. II. The Royal Cemetery.", 1934 {Ur_Excavations_Royal_Cemetary_1934.pd f} [2] http://www.penn.museum/long-term-exhibit s/267-iraq.html | Sumer (modern Iraq)9 |
[1] Bearded Harpists, detail from Sumerian tablet in the Temple of Sin in Khafage, Mesopotamia (presently Iraq) c 3000 BC. Reprinted by permission from The Harp by Rajka Dobronic-Mazzoni. Published by Graficki Zavrod Hrvatske, OOUR, Izdavcka djelatnost, Preobrazenska 4, Zagreb, Croatia, 1989 PD source: http://www.harpspectrum.org/time line/images/mesopotamia_1.jpg [2] Harp-player of Sumer, from a plaque of Khafaje (After Heras, 1953, p. 182). PD source: http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_hi story/sarasvati/html/HARPPL-1.jpg |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 15 16 | 596) Written symbols are combined to form words;9 there is a transition from word-writing to sound-writing in Sumarian10 .11 The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of one-syllable words.12 This suggests that all earlier spoken languages contained only single-syllable words.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48. 2. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117. 3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48. 4. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117. 5. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117. 6. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48. 7. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117. 8. ^ Ted Huntington 9. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117. 10. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117. 11. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48. 12. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117. 13. ^ Ted Huntington 14. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, 9. 15. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993 (during writing phase Uruk III 3000bce) 16. ^ "Sumer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer (3200bce) MORE INFO [1] encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565349/A lphabet.html | Jemdet Nasr14 |
[1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48. [2] Source: http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201 /writingsystems/sumeriancuneiform.htm U NKNOWN source: http://www.omniglot.com/images/w riting/sumerian_glyphs.jpg |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 14 15 16 | 628) Bronze (copper and tin) are smelted and casted; in modern Turkey.8 9 The start of the Bronze Age; which varies on different parts of Earth.10 Bronze is made by smelting together two separate ores, one bearing copper, and the other tin. Bronze tools will replace copper tools.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago News Office, Jan. 12, 2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/relea ses/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml 2. ^ Edwards I. E. S, "The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3", 1970. http://books.google.com/books?id=slR7S FScEnwC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=Tell+Judai dah+bronze&source=bl&ots=nsUpGgmod8&sig= hHbgeyEJy95EC7mkTgsuvCaMFR0&hl=en&sa=X&e i=MPkRT5anJamoiAKilaXXDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ 6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Tell%20Judaidah%20bro nze&f=false 3. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago News Office, Jan. 12, 2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/relea ses/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml 4. ^ Edwards I. E. S, "The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3", 1970. http://books.google.com/books?id=slR7S FScEnwC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=Tell+Judai dah+bronze&source=bl&ots=nsUpGgmod8&sig= hHbgeyEJy95EC7mkTgsuvCaMFR0&hl=en&sa=X&e i=MPkRT5anJamoiAKilaXXDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ 6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Tell%20Judaidah%20bro nze&f=false 5. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago News Office, Jan. 12, 2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/relea ses/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml 6. ^ Edwards I. E. S, "The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3", 1970. http://books.google.com/books?id=slR7S FScEnwC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=Tell+Judai dah+bronze&source=bl&ots=nsUpGgmod8&sig= hHbgeyEJy95EC7mkTgsuvCaMFR0&hl=en&sa=X&e i=MPkRT5anJamoiAKilaXXDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ 6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Tell%20Judaidah%20bro nze&f=false 7. ^ "Bronze Age." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/bronze-age 8. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago News Office, Jan. 12, 2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/relea ses/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml 9. ^ Edwards I. E. S, "The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3", 1970. http://books.google.com/books?id=slR7S FScEnwC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=Tell+Judai dah+bronze&source=bl&ots=nsUpGgmod8&sig= hHbgeyEJy95EC7mkTgsuvCaMFR0&hl=en&sa=X&e i=MPkRT5anJamoiAKilaXXDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ 6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Tell%20Judaidah%20bro nze&f=false 10. ^ "Bronze Age." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/bronze-age 11. ^ "hand tool". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/254115/hand-tool/39209/Smelting> . 12. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago News Office, Jan. 12, 2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/relea ses/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml 13. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce) 14. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago News Office, Jan. 12, 2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/relea ses/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml 15. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce) 16. ^ "Bronze (late 3000 BCE)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze (late 3000 BCE) (late 3000bce) {Late 3000 BCE} MORE INFO [1] "Copper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper [2] V. Gordon Childe, "The Bronze Age", Cambridge University Press, 2011 http://books.google.com/books?id=Fxb9brY SPVYC [3] "Bronze". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze (late 3000 BCE) [4] "Bronze Age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age [5] http://www.asa3.org/archive/ASA/199604/0 288.html | Tell Judaidah, Turkey12 |Egypt13 |
[1] Tell Judaidah bronze figurines These figurines of men and women from Tell Judaidah, Turkey, are the oldest examples of true bronze (combination of copper and tin) known. They date to about 3000 B.C. The male figures were originally equipped as warriors, and the women were dressed with accessories of precious metal. They are the forerunners of later figurines of gods who were ''dressed'' in gold and silver. Recently, the ore content of the figurines was tested at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. UNKNOWN source: http://www-news.uchicago.edu/rel eases/05/050112.oi-3.jpg [2] Female Figurine Amuq Valley Tell Judaidah Turkey Amuq G Early Bronze Age I (3400-2750 BCE) Bronze Photographed at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. UNKNOWN source: http://farm3.staticflickr.com/26 18/3859375883_ccc6b90ec4_b.jpg |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 6 7 | 650) Cuneiform writing. Pictures are not drawn with pointed reed, but drawn with a cut reed-stem pressed into the wet clay to make wedges.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). p32 2. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/tech/2002/05/21/ cuneiform.htm 3. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). p32 4. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/tech/2002/05/21/ cuneiform.htm 5. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping,Nissen,1993,p116. 6. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping,Nissen,1993,p116. 7. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/tech/2002/05/21/ cuneiform.htm (=3200BCE) | Uruk5 |
[1] Archaic Bookkeeping,Nissen,1993,p118. COPYRIGHTED source: Archaic Bookkeeping,Nissen,1993,p118. [2] Description Cuneiform script tablet from the Kirkor Minassian collection in the Library of Congress. From Year 6 in the reign from Amar-Suena/Amar-Sin between 2041 and 2040 BC. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.amed/amcune.cf001 3 Date 2012-02-28 16:01 (UTC) Source This file was derived from: Cuneiform_script2.jpg Cuneiform script2.jpg Author Cuneiform_script2.jpg: derivative work: Yjenith (talk) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/19/Cuneiform_script2.png |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 6 7 8 9 | 664) Soldering of metals.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p12. 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p12. 3. ^ Herbert Maryon, "Metal Working in the Ancient World", American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 53, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1949), pp. 93-125; p114. http://www.jstor.org/stable/50049 8 {Maryon_Metal_Working_1949.pdf} 4. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "The Archaeological Evidence for Metallurgy and Related Technologies in Mesopotamia, c. 5500-2100 B.C.", Iraq , Vol. 44, No. 1 (Spring, 1982), pp. 13-38; p27-28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/420 0150 5. ^ Puttlitz, K.J., and K.A. Stalter. Handbook of Lead-Free Solder Technology for Microelectronic Assemblies. Marcel Dekker, 2004. Mechanical Engineering. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=H75TywRXUK4C&pg=PA9 6. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "The Archaeological Evidence for Metallurgy and Related Technologies in Mesopotamia, c. 5500-2100 B.C.", Iraq , Vol. 44, No. 1 (Spring, 1982), pp. 13-38; p27-28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/420 0150 7. ^ Puttlitz, K.J., and K.A. Stalter. Handbook of Lead-Free Solder Technology for Microelectronic Assemblies. Marcel Dekker, 2004. Mechanical Engineering. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=H75TywRXUK4C&pg=PA9 8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p12. 9. ^ Singer, Charles Joseph, and Trevor Illtyd Williams. "A history of technology." (1954,1965). p640-641,653. | Tell al-'Ubaid3 4 |Mesopotamia5 |
[1] Im-Dugud El-Ubaid Mesopotamia the earliest soft solder 3000BC, presumably with tin UNKNOWN source: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3 116/2778973410_6db0e4ab03_o.jpg} http://www.britishmuseum.org/images/ps16 5397_l.jpg [2] {ULSF: Note that this may not be the earliest known soldered (soft-soldered joint) material presumably with tin- update- this is the correct panel- it's shown by the Singer source in the Footnotes} Copper frieze From the temple of Ninhursag, Tell al-'Ubaid, southern Iraq About 2600-2400 BC COPYRIGHTED source: http://link.springer.com/article /10.1007%2FBF03216523?LI=true# |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 2 | 668) Silk making; in China.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). |
[1] Making and Hanging Skeins of Silk Photo: Image ID: 1564083 + 1564090 NYPL Digital Gallery. From Twelve pictures showing various stages in the manufacture of silk. UNKNOWN source: http://0.tqn.com/d/ancienthistor y/1/0/d/E/3/Silk.png [2] Putting Silkworms on Bamboo Screens NYPL Digital Gallery UNKNOWN source: http://0.tqn.com/d/ancienthistor y/1/0/a/E/3/Silk.jpg | |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 10 11 | 672) The earliest dam;4 5 6 built in Egypt to provide a water reservoir.7 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ M. Kassas and M. Imam, "Habitat and Plant Communities in the Egyptian Desert: III. The Wadi Bed Ecosystem", Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jul., 1954), pp. 424-441 http://www.jstor.org/stable/225 6869 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Hellstrom, B. (1951). The oldest dam in the world. Bull. Inst. Hydraulics, Roy. Inst. Tech., Stockholm, no. 28. 4. ^ M. Kassas and M. Imam, "Habitat and Plant Communities in the Egyptian Desert: III. The Wadi Bed Ecosystem", Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jul., 1954), pp. 424-441 http://www.jstor.org/stable/225 6869 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 6. ^ Hellstrom, B. (1951). The oldest dam in the world. Bull. Inst. Hydraulics, Roy. Inst. Tech., Stockholm, no. 28. 7. ^ M. Kassas and M. Imam, "Habitat and Plant Communities in the Egyptian Desert: III. The Wadi Bed Ecosystem", Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jul., 1954), pp. 424-441 http://www.jstor.org/stable/225 6869 8. ^ M. Kassas and M. Imam, "Habitat and Plant Communities in the Egyptian Desert: III. The Wadi Bed Ecosystem", Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jul., 1954), pp. 424-441 http://www.jstor.org/stable/225 6869 9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 10. ^ M. Kassas and M. Imam, "Habitat and Plant Communities in the Egyptian Desert: III. The Wadi Bed Ecosystem", Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jul., 1954), pp. 424-441 http://www.jstor.org/stable/225 6869 11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). | Wadi Gerrawi, Egypt8 9 |
[1] M. Kassas and M. Imam, ''Habitat and Plant Communities in the Egyptian Desert: III. The Wadi Bed Ecosystem'', Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jul., 1954), pp. 424-441 http://www.jstor.org/stable/225 6869 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2256 869 |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 5 6 | 675) The earliest silver objects.2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p72. 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p72. 3. ^ Woolley, C. Leonard, and L. Legrain. Ur excavations. Oxford University Press, 1934. http://www.clintgoss.com/flutoped ia.com/refs/Woolley_1934_UrExcavations_V ol02_excerpt_FP.pdf 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p72. 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p72. 6. ^ "silver (Ag)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/544756/silver-Ag>. | Ur3 4 |
[1] Queen Shub-ad harp with silver Woolley, C. Leonard, and L. Legrain. Ur excavations. Oxford University Press, 1934. http://www.clintgoss.com/flutoped ia.com/refs/Woolley_1934_UrExcavations_V ol02_excerpt_FP.pdf COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.clintgoss.com/flutope dia.com/refs/Woolley_1934_UrExcavations_ Vol02_excerpt_FP.pdf |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 3 | 676) Metal casting where wax is melted in a clay mold.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). |
[1] Trevor I. Williams, ''A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips '', (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p79. source: Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p79. [2] Description English: Liquid bronze at 1200°C is poured into the dried and empty casting mold. Date Source Own work Author Takkk CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/de/Born_bronze_-_Bronze_ casts.jpg | |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 6 7 | 1276) The first recorded political assembly.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), pp29-31. 2. ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah, and Thorkild Jacobsen. “Gilgamesh and Agga.” American Journal of Archaeology 53.1 (1949): 1–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/501 208 3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), pp29-31. 4. ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah, and Thorkild Jacobsen. “Gilgamesh and Agga.” American Journal of Archaeology 53.1 (1949): 1–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/501 208 5. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p29. 6. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 3rd edition 1981, p30. 7. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p29. | Sumer, Uruk, Kish5 |
[1] Kramer, Samuel Noah, and Thorkild Jacobsen. “Gilgamesh and Agga.” American Journal of Archaeology 53.1 (1949): 1–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/501 208 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/5012 08 [2] Kramer, Samuel Noah, and Thorkild Jacobsen. “Gilgamesh and Agga.” American Journal of Archaeology 53.1 (1949): 1–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/501 208 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/5012 08 |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 5 6 7 | 6222) The inclined plane (or ramp).4 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9. 2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9. 3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9. 4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9. 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3000 BC} 6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p11. {2900 BCE (based on Pyramid of Giza} 7. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9. {2.4 Million BC} | Egypt? |
[1] Description A free body diagram of a mass on an inclined plane Date 27 May 2007 Source Own work Author Mets501 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Free_body.svg/1 000px-Free_body.svg.png |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 4 | 6226) The abacus; a counting and calculating device.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. 2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. 3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. 4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. {3000 BC} MORE INFO [1] Ifrah, Georges (2001), The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer, New York: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0471396710 | Mesopotamia3 |
[1] Suanpan (the number represented in the picture is 6,302,715,408). [t Note that each place represents a decimal place, and a bead on top at the bar indicates +5, a bead on bottom at the bar +1.] English: Abacus Scanned and uploaded by Malcolm Farmer (englische Wikipedia) Source: Article for ''abacus'', 9th edition Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 1 (1875) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/af/Abacus_6.png |
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 4 | 6441) The earliest bow drill.1 A bow drill can drill holes and start a fire from friction.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Woods, M., and M.B. Woods. Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels. Runestone Press, 2000. Ancient Technology, p16. books.google.com/books?id=E1tzW_aD nxsC&pg=PA16 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). | Egypt3 |
[1] Description Bow Drill Date 14:27, 7 April 2008 (UTC) Source Own work Author Reddi Permission (Reusing this file) GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6f/Bow_Drill.png |
4,980 YBN [2980 BC] 8 | 654) The earliest pyramid in Egypt, the step pyramid of Djoser, designed by Imhotep, the earliest known scientist of history.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.1. 2. ^ "pyramid". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/484720/pyramid>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.1. 4. ^ "pyramid". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/484720/pyramid>. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.1. 6. ^ "pyramid". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/484720/pyramid>. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.1. 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.1. {flourished 2980-2950 BCE} | Sakkara, Egypt7 |
[1] Description English: The Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara, Egypt. Date 6 February 2010 Source Own work Author Wknight94 talk GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pyramid_of_Djos er_2010.jpg/1280px-Pyramid_of_Djoser_201 0.jpg |
4,800 YBN [2800 BC] 5 6 | 6565) Musical reed instruments.3 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002, p34-35. 2. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002, p34-35. 3. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002, p34-35. 4. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002, p34-35. 5. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002, p34-35. 6. ^ Landels, J.G., and J.G. Landels. Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. Taylor & Francis, 2002. http://books.google.com/books?id= NIJCJ1acjisC&pg=PA25 | Greece4 |
[1] Description figurines of a flutist (playing a flute of the en:aulos type) and a harpplayer, bronze age, 2600 B.C., from the Greek island en:Keros in the island group of the Cyclades. On display at the en:National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Date see metadata Source Own work (my camera) Author sailko GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/85/Cycladic_idol_03_2_re touched.jpg [2] Artist English: Euaion Painter Français : Peintre d'Euaion Description English: Youth playing the aulos, detail of a banquet scene. Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup, ca. 460 BC–450 BC. Français : Jeune garçon jouant de l'aulos, détail d'une scène de banquet. Tondo d'une coupe attique à figures rouges, v. 460–450 av. J.-C. Dimensions D. 31.1 cm (12 in.) Current location (Inventory)Louvre MuseumLink back to Institution infobox template Department of Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antiquities, Sully, first floor, room 43, case 24 Accession number G 467 Credit line Campana Collection, 1861 References ARV² 792,47; Add² 290 Source/Photographer Jastrow (2008) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/33/Banquet_Euaion_Louvre _G467_n2.jpg |
4,750 YBN [2750 BC] 8 | 320) The earliest metal saw.5 6 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Deshayes, Jean, "Les outils de bronze, de l'Indus au Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire)", Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner/Paris, 1960 {Deshayes_Les_Outils_1960.pdf} 2. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974, p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition -back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.htm l 3. ^ Deshayes, Jean, "Les outils de bronze, de l'Indus au Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire)", Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner/Paris, 1960 {Deshayes_Les_Outils_1960.pdf} 4. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974, p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition -back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.htm l 5. ^ Deshayes, Jean, "Les outils de bronze, de l'Indus au Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire)", Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner/Paris, 1960 {Deshayes_Les_Outils_1960.pdf} 6. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974, p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition -back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.htm l 7. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974, p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition -back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.htm l 8. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974, p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition -back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.htm l {2750 BC} | Mesopotamia7 |
[1] [t Note that these are not the oldest known saws, but more recent saws from Minoa.] Figures from: Wells, H. Bartlett, ''The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete in the History of Tool Making'', Expedition, 16.4, 1974, p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition -back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.htm l source: http://www.penn.museum/expeditio n-back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-expe dition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.ht ml [2] Saws from: [1] Deshayes, Jean, ''Les outils de bronze, de l'Indus au Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire)'', Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner/Paris, 1960 {Deshayes_Les_Outils_1960.pdf} CO PYRIGHTED source: Deshayes, Jean, "Les outils de bronze, de l'Indus au Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire)", Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner/Paris, 1960 |
4,700 YBN [2700 BC] 6 | 1052) The earliest arch.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Handcock, P.S.P. Mesopotamian Archaeology: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Babylonia and Assyria. Putnam, 1912. http://books.google.com/books?id= ErcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170 2. ^"Ancient Mesopotamia:Architecture". The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/M ESO/architecture.html 3. ^ Handcock, P.S.P. Mesopotamian Archaeology: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Babylonia and Assyria. Putnam, 1912. http://books.google.com/books?id= ErcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170 4. ^"Ancient Mesopotamia:Architecture". The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/M ESO/architecture.html 5. ^ Handcock, P.S.P. Mesopotamian Archaeology: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Babylonia and Assyria. Putnam, 1912. http://books.google.com/books?id= ErcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170 6. ^ Handcock, P.S.P. Mesopotamian Archaeology: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Babylonia and Assyria. Putnam, 1912. http://books.google.com/books?id= ErcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170 | Nippur, Mesopotamia5 |
[1] One of the most ancient arches as yet discovered is that which was brough to light during the course of the excavations carried on ... at the ancient city of Nuippur (cf. Fig. 15). It was found at a great depth below the surface of the mound, being more than 22 1/2 feet below the pavement of Ur-Engur (c2400BC), and 14 feet below that of Naram-Sin (c2700 BC) Handcock, P.S.P. Mesopotamian Archaeology: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Babylonia and Assyria. Putnam, 1912. http://books.google.com/books?id= ErcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =ErcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170 |
4,500 YBN [2500 BC] 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 | 635) Iron is smelted and casted.14 15 16 The start of the Iron Age in Turkey.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 2. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722 3. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935. Ankara, 1937. 4. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 5. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722 6. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935. Ankara, 1937. 7. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 8. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722 9. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935. Ankara, 1937. 10. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 11. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722 12. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935. Ankara, 1937. 13. ^ "Iron Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/294368/Iron-Age>. 14. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 15. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722 16. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935. Ankara, 1937. 17. ^ "Iron Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/294368/Iron-Age>. 18. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 19. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722 20. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935. Ankara, 1937. 21. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1928. Egyptian Research Account. 22. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of Iron.” American Journal of Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101. http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136 23. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron Smelting Slag Formation at Tell Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006), (Proceedings) 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May 2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma. Diputacion de Zaragoza: Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11 494/ 24. ^ Xander Veldhuijzen and Eveline van der Steen, "Iron Production Center Found in the Jordan Valley", Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 195-199 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210714 25. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron, Prehistoric and Ancient.” American Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934): 555–583. http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191 26. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 27. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1928. Egyptian Research Account, p14-16, Plate 25-32. {Petrie_Gerar_1928.pdf} 28. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of Iron.” American Journal of Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101. http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136 29. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron Smelting Slag Formation at Tell Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006), (Proceedings) 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May 2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma. Diputacion de Zaragoza: Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11 494/ {930/910 BCE} 30. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 YBN) 31. ^ http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptabl e/fe.htm (3000 YBN) (3000) 32. ^ "Iron (3500 YBN)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron (3500 YBN) (3500) 33. ^ "Iron Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/294368/Iron-Age>. 34. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron, Prehistoric and Ancient.” American Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934): 555–583. http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191 MORE INFO [1] "Iron age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_age | Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia (modern Turkey)18 19 20 |Palestine21 22 |Tell Hammeh (az-Zarqa), Jordan23 24 |Central Europe and north Assyria25 |
[1] Description Dagger with iron blade and golden hilt from Alaca Höyük. Early evidence for the use of iron in Anatolia. Date 2005 Source Own work Author Stipich Béla GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b9/Alaca_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk _dagger.jpg [2] Xander Veldhuijzen and Eveline van der Steen, ''Iron Production Center Found in the Jordan Valley'', Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 195-199 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210714 COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210 714 |
4,500 YBN [2500 BC] 6 7 | 637) Scribes change from writing right to left in columns to writing left to right in rows.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p49-50. 3. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p49-50. 5. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). 6. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p49-50. 7. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). | Sumer5 |
[1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48. [2] Nissen, Archaic Bookkeeping, 1993, p22. COPYRIGHTED AND List of gods in order of seniority: Enlil, Ninlil, Enki, Nergal, Hendursanga, Inanna-Zabalam, Ninebgal, Inanna, Utu, Nanna. Sumerian cuneiform script clay tablet, Sumer, 2400-2200 BC, 1 tablet, 4,7x4,4x1,7 cm, single column, 5+5 lines. Binding: Barking, Essex, 1998, blue cloth gilt folding case by Aquarius. PD source: Nissen, Archaic Bookkeeping, 1993, p22.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi a/commons/e/e1/Sumerian_MS2272_2400BC.jp g |
4,500 YBN [2500 BC] 2 | 691) Skis are used in Skandinavia.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). |
[1] Norway has a long tradition of skiing. Skis have been used as a means of transportation in Norway for several thousand years. The Stone Age rock carving, presently called'' the Rødøy man'' found at Alstahaug in Nordland, shows the use of skis about 4000 years ago. The word ''ski'' originates from the old Norwegian word ski which means a split and flat piece of wood. UNKNOWN source: http://www.vest-telemark.museum. no/vest-telemark/bilder/Altamannen.JPG [2] Skiing is actually much older than Viking. There are ancient images carved in stone by the people of skiing and archery. Red Eye Man from Nordland is over 4,000 years old. In Alta there are a whole bunch skiers who hunt wild animals. They are over 3,000 years old. You might see them in here if you look closely. The world's second oldest ski, Drevja from Skien Norway is more than 5000 years old. But in Russia it certainly found a ski that is about 8,000 years old! UNKNOWN source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ofAN_C hFQts/TM2M6_X9y7I/AAAAAAAACMg/Qu9tZMLJNJ A/s1600/ski+pikt+ol+94.jpg | |
4,500 YBN [2500 BC] 7 | 6230) The earliest dice and boardgame.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ C.L. Woolley and others, Ur Excavations, vol. II: The Royal Cemetery (London, The British Museum Press, 1934), p. 276, plate 95. 2. ^ http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/hig hlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_royal _game_of_ur.aspx 3. ^ C.L. Woolley and others, Ur Excavations, vol. II: The Royal Cemetery (London, The British Museum Press, 1934), p. 276, plate 95. 4. ^ http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/hig hlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_royal _game_of_ur.aspx 5. ^ C.L. Woolley and others, Ur Excavations, vol. II: The Royal Cemetery (London, The British Museum Press, 1934), p. 276, plate 95. 6. ^ http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/hig hlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_royal _game_of_ur.aspx 7. ^ http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/hig hlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_royal _game_of_ur.aspx {2400-2600 BCE} MORE INFO [1] C. Leonard Woolley, "Ur Excavations. Vol. II. The Royal Cemetery.", 1934 | Ur, Mesopotamia5 6 |
[1] The Royal Game of Ur From Ur, southern Iraq, about 2600-2400 BC One of the most popular games of the ancient world This game board is one of several with a similar layout found by Leonard Woolley in the Royal Cemetery at Ur. The wood had decayed but the inlay of shell, red limestone and lapis lazuli survived in position so that the original shape could be restored. The board has twenty squares made of shell: Five squares each have flower rosettes, 'eyes', and circled dots. The remaining five squares have various designs of five dots. According to references in ancient documents, two players competed to race their pieces from one end of the board to another. Pieces were allowed on to the board at the beginning only with specific throws of the dice. We also know that rosette spaces were lucky. The gaming pieces for this particular board do not survive. However, some sets of gaming pieces of inlaid shale and shell were excavated at Ur with their boards. The boards appear to have been hollow with the pieces stored inside. Dice, either stick dice or tetrahedral in shape, were also found. Examples of this 'Game of Twenty Squares' date from about 3000 BC to the first millennium AD and are found widely from the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt to India. A version of the Mesopotamian game survived within the Jewish community at Cochin, South India until modern times. PD source: http://www.britishmuseum.org/ima ges/ps121289_l.jpg [2] he oldest backgammon in the world along with 60 pieces has been unearthed beneath the rubbles of the legendary Burnt City in Sistan-Baluchistan province, southeastern Iran, Iranian Cultural Heritage News Agency reported. Iranian archeologists working on the relics of the 5,000-year-old civilization argue this backgammon is much older than the one already discovered in Mesopotamia and their evidence is strong enough to claim the board game was first played in the Burnt City and then transferred to other civilizations. ''The backgammon reveals intriguing clues to the lifestyle of those people,'' said Mansour Sajjadi, head of the research team. ''The board is rectangular and made of ebony, which did not grow in Sistan and merchants used to import it from India.'' He added the board features an engraved serpent coiling around itself for 20 times, thus producing 20 slots for the game, more affectionately known in Persian as Nard. The engraving, artistically done, indicates artisans in the Burnt City were masters of the craft. ''The 60 pieces were also unearthed inside a terracotta vessel beside the board. They were made of common stones quarried in the city, including agate and turquoise,'' Sajjadi added. Experts still wonder why they played the game with 60 pieces and are trying to discern its rules, but it at least shows it is 100-200 years older than the one discovered in Mesopotamia. ... PD source: http://www.payvand.com/news/04/d ec/dice-ancient.jpg |
4,500 YBN [2500 BC] 3 4 | 6462) The Babylonians describe constellations.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.108, no.1, p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 998JBAA..108....9R 2. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.108, no.1, p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 998JBAA..108....9R 3. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.108, no.1, p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 998JBAA..108....9R 4. ^ "astronomical map". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/40018/astronomical-map/52790/The -constellations-and-other-sky-divisions> . | (Elamite capital) Susa, Iran2 |
[1] Rogers, J. H., ''Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions'', Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.108, no.1, p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 998JBAA..108....9R UNKNOWN source: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/19 98JBAA..108....9R [2] Seal of Adda From about 5,000 BC, stamp seals, cut with simple designs, were used to mark ownership on clay sealings on storeroom doors. They were also found on the bags, baskets etc in which goods were traded up and down the Tigris and Euphrates. Around 3,500 BC, the cylinder seal was invented; it provided room for elaborately carved designs, and could be rolled over clay. The Akkadian greenstone seal (height 3.9cm) shown here, dating to about 2,300 BC, is shown alongside its modern impression. Gods and goddesses are depicted, identified by their horned head-dresses and attributes as a hunting god, the goddess Ishtar, the sun god Shamash and the water god Enki followed by his vizier. 'Adda, scribe' is written in cuneiform above a lion, identifying the owner as a high official, who could also have sealed letters and administrative documents on clay. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/anc ient/cultures/images/mesopotamia_seal.jp g |
4,450 YBN [2450 BC] 4 5 | 708) Animal skin (leather) is used for writing (the earliest parchment).2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "history of publishing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/286 07/Vellum-and-parchment>. 2. ^ "history of publishing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/286 07/Vellum-and-parchment>. 3. ^ "history of publishing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/286 07/Vellum-and-parchment>. 4. ^ "history of publishing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/286 07/Vellum-and-parchment>. 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). MORE INFO [1] "vellum." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 24 May. 2012. ellum> | Egypt3 |
[1] Image: A detail of the Ten Commandments scroll. Credit: DCI UNKNOWN source: http://blogs.discovery.com/.a/6a 00d8341bf67c53ef0154384d333c970c-pi |
4,400 YBN [2400 BC] 6 | 1277) The earliest recorded written history.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), pp37-38. 2. ^ Nies, James Buchanan, Clarence Elwood Keiser, and Albert Tobias Clay. "Historical, religious and economic texts and antiquities." (1920). http://digital.library.stonybro ok.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/iraqiar cheology/id/25/rec/12 3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), pp37-38. 4. ^ Nies, James Buchanan, Clarence Elwood Keiser, and Albert Tobias Clay. "Historical, religious and economic texts and antiquities." (1920). http://digital.library.stonybro ok.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/iraqiar cheology/id/25/rec/12 5. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 3rd edition 1981, p43. 6. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 3rd edition 1981, p38. | Lagash5 |
[1] Nies, James Buchanan, Clarence Elwood Keiser, and Albert Tobias Clay. ''Historical, religious and economic texts and antiquities.'' (1920). http://digital.library.stonybro ok.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/iraqiar cheology/id/25/rec/12 COPYRIGHTED source: http://digital.library.stonybroo k.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/iraqiarc heology/id/25/rec/12 |
4,345 YBN [2345 BC] 6 7 8 9 | 800) Writing on papyrus.3 Papyrus sheets are made from the fibrous layers within the stem of the papyrus plant.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, "Egypt and its monuments: pharaohs, fellahs and explorers", 1891, p195. http://books.google.com/books?id= QIwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195 2. ^ Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, "Egypt and its monuments: pharaohs, fellahs and explorers", 1891, p195. http://books.google.com/books?id= QIwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195 3. ^ Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, "Egypt and its monuments: pharaohs, fellahs and explorers", 1891, p195. http://books.google.com/books?id= QIwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195 4. ^ "papyrus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/442267/papyrus>. 5. ^ Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, "Egypt and its monuments: pharaohs, fellahs and explorers", 1891, p195. http://books.google.com/books?id= QIwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195 6. ^ "papyrus." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 25 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/papyrus 7. ^ http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Egert on/BellSkeat2.html 8. ^ http://www.travellersinegypt.org/archive s/2005/07/prisse_davennes.html (=3300) 9. ^ "Djedkare Isesi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedkare_Is esi (=2407 or 2419) | Egypt5 |
[1] Papyrus Prisse. Egyptien 189. Enseignement de Ptahhotep(217-298) UNKNOWN source: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148 /btv1b8304612b/f1.highres |
4,300 YBN [2300 BC] 8 9 | 629) The Akkadian language, the earliest known semitic language. The earliest verb tense, and noun gender.4 5 The first dictionary.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Akkadian language". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/11690/Akkadian-language>. 2. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p117. 3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 5. 4. ^ "Akkadian language". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/11690/Akkadian-language>. 5. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p117. 6. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 5. 7. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 5. 8. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p5. 9. ^ "Akkad". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/11671/Akkad>. MORE INFO [1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series | Agade, Mesopotamia7 |
[1] Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p124. COPYRIGHTED source: Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p124. [2] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p50. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p50. |
4,300 YBN [2300 BC] 7 8 9 10 11 12 | 667) The earliest evidence of glass making, glass beads; in Mesopotamia.5 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf 2. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf 3. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf 4. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf 5. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf 6. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf 7. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf {4300 YBN} 8. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries. The Archaeological Evidence", Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994, p190. {Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Indus tries_Moorey_1994.pdf} AND {Moorey-Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materi als_and_Industries-1994.pdf} {c4000YBN} 9. ^ James Owen, "Ancient Egyptian City Yields World's Oldest Glassworks", National Geographic News June 16, 2005 http://news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2005/06/0616_050616_egyptglass.htm l {35000 YBN} 10. ^ Thilo Rehren and Edgar B. Pusch, "Late Bronze Age Glass Production at Qantir-Piramesses, Egypt", Science New Series, Vol. 308, No. 5729 (Jun. 17, 2005), pp. 1756-1758 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3841666 {35000 YBN} 11. ^ http://glassonline.com/infoserv/history. html {5500YBN} 12. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {5000YBN} | Mesopotamia6 |
[1] Figures 2b and 2a from: J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, ''ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN'', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_ journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf [2] Glass ingots (inset) from a Bronze Age shipwreck near Turkey fit Egyptian molds. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.toutankharton.com/IMG /jpg/a6260_1449.jpg |
4,300 YBN [2300 BC] 18 19 20 21 22 | 1271) The earliest written stories. These consist of epics and myths, hymns and laments, proverbs and wisdom.9 These writings record a belief in Gods, Goddesses, a Heaven, and an Under World.10 There are clear similarities between the Sumerian and the later Greek stories, for example stories about the creation of the universe, good and bad deeds of the gods, and of a flood.11 The Sumerians believe in a variety of Gods and Goddesses12 . People of other regions have similar Gods and Goddesses, but with different names, for example, the Sumerian Goddess of love and war, Inanna is analogous to the Babylonian Ishtar, the Greek Aphrodite, and the Roman Venus. Similarly the Sumerian sky-god An {oN13 }, is analogous to the Babylonian "Anu" {o-nU14 }, the Greek "Zeus", and Roman "Jupiter".15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books? id=77aDgCLAZS8C 2. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books? id=77aDgCLAZS8C 3. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books? id=77aDgCLAZS8C 4. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961. http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108 5. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books? id=77aDgCLAZS8C 6. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books? id=77aDgCLAZS8C 7. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961. http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108 8. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961. http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108 9. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books? id=77aDgCLAZS8C 10. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961. http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108 11. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961. http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108 12. ^ http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/godsm yth/g/sumeriandeities.htm 13. ^ "an." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jun. 2013. n>. 14. ^ "ANu." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jun. 2013. Nu>. 15. ^ King, K.C. Ancient Epic. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Blackwell Introductions to the Classical World, p189-190. http://books.google.com/books ?id=9dxRQbFV_jAC&pg=PA189 16. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270. 17. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books? id=77aDgCLAZS8C 18. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270. (there is also a 2000 edition {Hayes_Sumerian_2000.pdf}) 19. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books? id=77aDgCLAZS8C 20. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961. http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108 21. ^ Thomson, G.A. First Writers-The Sumerians: They Wrote on Clay. iUniverse, 2011, p xi. 22. ^ Alexander, T.D., and D.W. Baker. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity Press, 2002. The IVP Bible Dictionary Series, p608. MORE INFO [1] "Ancient literature". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_lit erature [2] Arno Poebel, "Historical and grammatical texts", vols 1-5, 1914. vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=tg0TAAA AYAAJ vol 4: http://books.google.com/books?id=mxwYAAA AYAAJ vol 5: http://books.google.com/books?id=_A0TAAA AYAAJ [3] Jeffrey H. Tigay, "The evolution of the Gilgamesh epic", http://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuH TH6I2sC [4] Kramer, S. N. "Sumerian Literature; A Preliminary Survey of the Oldest Literature in the World." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 85.3 (1942): 293�323. http://www.jstor.org/stable/985008 | Lagash16 |Nippur17 |
[1] Photo of Creation and deluge tablet - I did verify that this is the earliest tablet of the earliest written story with Kramer's Sumerian Mythology[t] Arno Poebel, ''Historical and grammatical texts'', vols 1-5, 1914. vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=tg0TAAA AYAAJ vol 4: http://books.google.com/books?id=mxwYAAA AYAAJ vol 5: http://books.google.com/books?id=_A0TAAA AYAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =_A0TAAAAYAAJ [2] Photo of Creation and deluge tablet - I did verify that this is the earliest tablet of the earliest written story with Kramer's Sumerian Mythology[t] Arno Poebel, ''Historical and grammatical texts'', vols 1-5, 1914. vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=tg0TAAA AYAAJ vol 4: http://books.google.com/books?id=mxwYAAA AYAAJ vol 5: http://books.google.com/books?id=_A0TAAA AYAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =_A0TAAAAYAAJ |
4,200 YBN [2200 BC] 7 | 6446) Egyptian writing becomes completely phonetic.3 The first alphabet.4 Egyptian scribes reduce Egyptian writing to only 26 signs with no vowels.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p84. 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series, p39. 3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p84. 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series, p39. 5. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p39,84. 6. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p84. 7. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p84. MORE INFO [1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47 | Egypt6 |
[1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p48. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p48. |
4,200 YBN [2200 BC] 5 | 6539) Citrus trees are grown in China.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p146-147. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C 2. ^ H. John Webber (1967). History and Development of the Citrus Industry. University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences. http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webb er/ http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/w ebber/Vol1/Chapter1.htm#origin 3. ^ H. John Webber (1967). History and Development of the Citrus Industry. University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences. http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webb er/ http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/w ebber/Vol1/Chapter1.htm#origin 4. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p146-147. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C 5. ^ H. John Webber (1967). History and Development of the Citrus Industry. University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences. http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webb er/ http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/w ebber/Vol1/Chapter1.htm#origin | China3 4 |
[1] Closeup of mandarin tree Photo taken December 16, 2004 by Allen Timothy Chang in the Berkeley Botanical Garden GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/58/Mandarin_tree_closeup .JPG [2] Description English: Ambersweet oranges, a new cold-resistant orange variety. Français : Oranges de la variété Ambersweet, une variété tolérante au froid. Date 22 March 2005 This image was released by the Agricultural Research Service, the research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture, with the ID k3644-12 (next). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ambersweet_oran ges.jpg/908px-Ambersweet_oranges.jpg |
4,130 YBN [2130 BC] 6 | 6234) The earliest musical horn.4 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p73. 2. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p73. 3. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p73. 4. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p73. 5. ^ http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/hig hlights/article_index/g/gudea,_king_of_l agash.aspx 6. ^ http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/hig hlights/article_index/g/gudea,_king_of_l agash.aspx {around) 2130 BCE} | Lagash, Mesopotamia5 |
[1] [t Note that this is not evidence of the earliest horn, but is from around 1250BC or 700 BCE] Hittites: Musical scene, Carchemish Height: 100 cm, 700 BC. Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara Three men are playing a drum, while on the left a man is holding a horn-shaped instrument to his mouth with both hands. PD source: http://farm1.staticflickr.com/6/ 10156251_017f473153_b.jpg |
4,100 YBN [2100 BC] 6 7 | 1279) The earliest Health science (or medical) text; which lists 10 remedies.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52. 2. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52. 3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52. 4. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), pp60-62. 5. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p60. 6. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p60. (=toward the end of the 3rd millenium) (=toward the end of the 3rd millenium) 7. ^ http://www.uic.edu/classes/osci/osci590/ 11_1OldestPrescription.htm (The tablet was inscribed toward the end of the dynasty founded by Sargon the Great, some time during the last quarter of Third Millennium B.C) | Nippur5 |
[1] Cuneiform medical recipes Picture from a reproduction of the original clay tablet dug in Nippur, Sumer, dated from the III millennium before Christ, and kept in the Museum of the University of Philadelphia (USA). This is considered to be the earliest medical recipes manual known. Thew original picture at 7 Mpixel resolution is available from the author. CC source: http://farm4.staticflickr.com/33 27/3524713203_7d0a64d7aa_b.jpg [2] Figure 2:The oldest medical text “handbook” Clay Tablet with pharmacological inscription from Nuppur late 3rd Millennium B.C. University museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia USA . UNKNOWN source: http://www.ispub.com/journal/the -internet-journal-of-health/volume-5-num ber-1/surgical-medical-and-anesthesia-in -the-middle-east-notes-on-ancient-and-me dieval-practice-with-reference-to-islami c-arabic-medicine.article-g05.fs.jpg |
4,100 YBN [2100 BC] 6 | 6376) The first place value number system, a sexagesimal (base 60) number system. Fractional values such as 1/60 and 1/3600 are also in use.3 This base 60 number system is still in use to measure time and angles.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp5,142-143. 2. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp5,142-143. 3. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp5,142-143. 4. ^ "sexagesimal." A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2004. Answers.com 19 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sexagesimal 5. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp5,142-143. 6. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp5,142-143. MORE INFO [1] http://www.jstor.org/view/00030279/ap020 117/02a00010/0 (sexagesimal.pdf) [2] Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993) [3] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000) [4] "sigillography." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/543584/sigillography> [5] http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~hist ory/HistTopics/Babylonian_numerals.html [6] "Numeral system#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_sys tem#History [7] http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablet s.htm [8] "writing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/649670/writing> [9] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000) | Babylonia5 |
[1] Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp145. COPYRIGHTED source: Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp145. [2] Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp145. COPYRIGHTED source: Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp145. |
4,050 YBN [2050 BC] 5 | 1278) The earliest recorded laws.3 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52. 2. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52. 3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52. 4. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52. 5. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52. | Ur4 |
[1] Tablet 3191 20 x 10 cm sun-baked tablet. Kramer, ''History Begins At Sumer'', 1956, p53. source: Kramer, "History Begins At Sumer", 1956, p53. [2] [t Note - this doesn't look like JKramer's image''] The Code of Ur-Namma, the world's first known codified list of laws. See the laws of Ur-Namma. source: http://sumerianshakespeare.com/m ediac/450_0/media/fa2c170b2842c984ffff80 05ffffe415.jpg |
4,000 YBN [2000 BC] 5 6 | 706) Humans ride horses.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.” Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/323/5919/1332.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2547163 9 2. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.” Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/323/5919/1332.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2547163 9 3. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.” Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/323/5919/1332.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2547163 9 4. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.” Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/323/5919/1332.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2547163 9 5. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.” Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/323/5919/1332.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2547163 9 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). | Kazakhstan4 |
[1] Tell-tale signs of 'bit damage' found by researchers in Kazakhstan are evidence that horses were harnessed and may have been ridden as early as 5,500 years ago. Researchers found traces of the use of thong bridles, which are simply leather thongs draped over the gap between the teeth of a horse's lower jaw and knotted under the chin, with the trailing ends acting as the reins. This is a depiction of the use of a rawhide thong bridle on a primitive domesticated horse. The thong loops over the bar, or diastema, between the anterior and cheek teeth, and is knotted below the chin. Credit: Illustration by Sandra Olsen, Carnegie Museum of Natural History Evidence of thong bridle use suggests horses may have been ridden as early as 5,500 years ago. Illustration by Sandra Olsen, Carnegie Museum of Natural History PD source: http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/medi a/images/horse1_f.jpg [2] Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.” Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/323/5919/1332.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2547163 9 source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/323/5919/1332.short |
4,000 YBN [2000 BC] 5 | 711) The earliest spoked wheel.3 Spokes make the wheel lighter in weight.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Ghosh, A. (1989). An Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. p.337. http://books.google.com/books?id =Wba-EZhZcfgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=it# v=onepage&q=wheel&f=false 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Ghosh, A. (1989). An Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. p.337. http://books.google.com/books?id =Wba-EZhZcfgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=it# v=onepage&q=wheel&f=false 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). |
[1] Fig. 4. Rakhigarhi: Terracotta wheel. The painted lines radiating from the central hub and reaching the circumference clearly represent the spokes of the wheel. Mature Harappan. UNKNOWN source: http://www.sksuman.110mb.com/ind ex_files/image542.jpg [2] Fig. 5. Banawali: Terracotta wheels showing the spokes in low relief. The specimen on the left is worn out but the spokes may still be seen. The specimen on the right, though broken, shows the spokes very clearly. Mature Harappan. UNKNOWN source: http://www.sksuman.110mb.com/ind ex_files/image620.jpg | |
4,000 YBN [2000 BC] 13 14 | 733) The earliest lock and key.9 10 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-426 3 2. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser vation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm 3. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-426 3 4. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser vation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm 5. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-426 3 6. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser vation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm 7. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-426 3 8. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser vation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm 9. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-426 3 10. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser vation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm 11. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser vation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm (=4000ybn/nineveh) 12. ^ "Nineveh." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/nineveh 13. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser vation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm (=4000ybn/nineveh) {4000 YBN(nineveh} 14. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=1200bce/egypt) {1200 BCE (egypt} | Nineveh,11 Assyria on the Tigris River12 |
[1] Ancient wooden lock and key from Khorsabad (Much reduced) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topi c/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8. htm |
4,000 YBN [2000 BC] 7 8 | 1283) The earliest library catalog.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p217. 2. ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/sum0 5.htm 3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p217. 4. ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/sum0 5.htm 5. ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/sum0 5.htm 6. ^ "Nippur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/nippur 7. ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/sum0 5.htm (2000BCE) 8. ^ Ted Huntington. (find more exact if possible) | Nippur5 an ancient city of Babylonia on the Euphrates River southeast of Babylon6 |
[1] PLATE II OLDEST LITERARY CATALOGUE This plate illustrates a literary catalogue compiled in approximately 2000 B. C. (clay tablet 29.15.155 in the Nippur collection of the University Museum). The upper part represents the tablet itself; the lower part, the author's hand copy of the tablet. The titles of those compositions whose actual contents we can now reconstruct in large part are as follows: 1. Hymn of King Shulgi (approximately 2100 B. C.). 2. Hymn of King Lipit-Ishtar (approximately 1950 B. C.). 3. Myth, ''The Creation of the Pickax'' (see p. 51). 4. Hymn to Inanna, queen of heaven. 5. Hymn to Enlil, the air-god. 6. Hymn to the temple of the mother-goddess Ninhursag in the city of Kesh. 7. Epic tale, ''Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Nether World'' (see p. 30). 8. Epic tale, ''Inanna and Ebih'' (see p. 82). 9. Epic tale, ''Gilgamesh and Huwawa.'' 10. Epic tale, ''Gilgamesh and Agga.'' 11. Myth, ''Cattle and Grain'' (see p. 53). 12. Lamentation over the fall of Agade in the time of Naram-Sin (approximately 2400 B. C.). 13. Lamentation over the destruction of Ur. This composition, consisting of 436 lines, has been almost completely reconstructed and published by the author as Assyriological Study No. 12 of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 14. Lamentation over the destruction of Nippur. 15. Lamentation over the destruction of Sumer. 16. Epic tale, ''Lugalbanda and Enmerkar.'' 17. Myth, ''Inanna's Descent to the Nether World'' (see p. 83). 18. Perhaps a hymn to Inanna. 19. Collection of short hymns to all the important temples of Sumer. 20. Wisdom compositions describing the activities of a boy training to be a scribe. 21. Wisdom composition, ''Instructions of a Peasant to His Son.'' 16 PD source: http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/ sum/img/pl02.jpg |
4,000 YBN [2000 BC] 5 | 6236) Metal is traded as money; in Babylonia.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 2. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 3. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 4. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 5. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. {older than) 2000 BCE} | Babylonia4 |
[1] Copper ingot from Zakros, Crete Photo by Chris 73 GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/02/Copper_Ingot_Crete.jp g |
4,000 YBN [2000 BC] 4 | 6542) The vegetables leek, garlic and onion are grown around the fertile crescent.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p155-157. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C 2. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p155-157. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C 3. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p155-157. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C 4. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p155-157. http://books.google.com/books ?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C | Mesopotamia3 |
[1] Description English: Leek field in Italy Date 19 January 2008, 10:07 Source Flickr: Porri, Lauch, Leek Author Peter Forster CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Leek_field_in_I taly_3.jpg/640px-Leek_field_in_Italy_3.j pg |
3,700 YBN [1700 BC] 3 4 | 1181) The earliest brass (a copper and zinc alloy).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Thornton, C.P and Ehlers, C.B. (2003) "Early Brass in the ancient Near East" in IAMS Newsletter 23 pp. 27–36 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iams/newsl etter/accordion/journals/iams_23/iams_23 _2003_thornton_ehlers {iams_23_2003_tho rnton_ehlers_2003.pdf} 2. ^ "calamine brass". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/88760/calamine-brass>. 3. ^ Thornton, C.P and Ehlers, C.B. (2003) "Early Brass in the ancient Near East" in IAMS Newsletter 23 pp. 27–36 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iams/newsl etter/accordion/journals/iams_23/iams_23 _2003_thornton_ehlers {iams_23_2003_tho rnton_ehlers_2003.pdf} 4. ^ "calamine brass". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/88760/calamine-brass>. MORE INFO [1] "Calamine brass". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamine_br ass (estimate millenium) [2] Thornton, Christopher P. et al. “On Pins and Needles: Tracing the Evolution of Copper-base Alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS Analysis of Common-place Items.” Journal of Archaeological Science 29.12 (2002): 1451–1460. http://www.sciencedirect.c om/science/article/pii/S0305440302908095 [3] "Calamine brass". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamine_br ass | Tepe Yahya (modern Iran)|Asia Minor2 |
[1] Thornton, Christopher P. et al. “On Pins and Needles: Tracing the Evolution of Copper-base Alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS Analysis of Common-place Items.” Journal of Archaeological Science 29.12 (2002): 1451–1460. http://www.sciencedirect.c om/science/article/pii/S0305440302908095 {Thornton_Brass_2002CE.pdf} PD source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence/article/pii/S0305440302908095 |
3,700 YBN [1700 BC] 4 | 1280) The earliest agricultural science text.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p65. 2. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p65. 3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p65. 4. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 3rd edition, 1981, p66. | Nippur3 |
[1] Samual Kramer, ''History Begins at Sumer'', (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 3rd edition, 1981, p66. copyrighted source: Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 3rd edition, 1981, p66. |
3,650 YBN [1650 BC] 4 | 716) The earliest mathematical text.2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/hig hlights/highlight_objects/aes/r/rhind_ma thematical_papyrus.aspx 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). | Egypt3 |
[1] Description Rhind Mathematical Papyrus Thebes, End of the Second Intermediate Period (c.1550 BC) Acquired by the Scottish lawyer A.H. Rhind during his sojourn in Thebes in the 1850s. Overall length 319 cm, width: 34.3 cm Frame length: 216 cm, width: 43 cm British Museum EA 10057 Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan Date 21 May 2006 Source http://www.archaeowiki.org/Image:Rhind_ Mathematical_Papyrus.jpg Author Paul James Cowie (Pjamescowie) source: http://kak.ru/vimg/article/f304a d8044c45bfa5b9a21fd400ae5b2.gif [2] Rhind Mathematical Papyrus UNKNOWN source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoft heworld/images/emp/00017_02.jpg |
3,600 YBN [1600 BC] 3 4 | 6460) The "Pythagorean Theorem" is known in Babylonia: that the sum of the squares of the two legs of a right triangle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Hist Topics/Babylonian_Pythagoras.html 2. ^ "Pythagorean theorem". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/485209/Pythagorean-theorem>. 3. ^ "Pythagorean theorem". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/485209/Pythagorean-theorem>. 4. ^ http://isaw.nyu.edu/exhibitions/before-p ythagoras/items/ybc-7289/ | Babylonia |
[1] YBC 7289 (obverse). Image by West Semitic Research. All rights reserved. AND YBC 7289 (reverse). Image by West Semitic Research. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHTED source: http://isaw.nyu.edu/exhibitions/ before-pythagoras/items/ybc-7289/images/ YBC7289obv.pnghttp://isaw.nyu.edu/exhibi tions/before-pythagoras/items/ybc-7289/i mages/YBC7289rev.png [2] Summary A black and white rendition of my own photograph of the Yale Babylonian Collection's Tablet YBC 7289 (c. 1800–1600 BCE), showing a Babylonian approximation to the square root of 2 in the context of Pythagoras' Theorem for an isosceles triangle. All use should attribute both me (mentioning http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/ybc/ ybc.html) and the Yale Babylonian Collection as the original holder of the tablet. Author: Bill Casselman (mailto:cass@math.ubc.ca) GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0b/Ybc7289-bw.jpg |
3,531 YBN [1531 BC] 12 13 | 639) The first planet, Venus, is recognized in Babylon.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Ga sche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 2. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_ 7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20 greek%20astronomy&f=false 3. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Ga sche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 4. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_ 7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20 greek%20astronomy&f=false 5. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Ga sche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 6. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_ 7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20 greek%20astronomy&f=false 7. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Ga sche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 8. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_ 7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20 greek%20astronomy&f=false 9. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Ga sche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 10. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_ 7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20 greek%20astronomy&f=false 11. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Ga sche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 12. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Ga sche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 13. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_ 7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20 greek%20astronomy&f=false | Babylon11 |
[1] Description English: Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa. Neo-Assyrian period. Date 15 July 2010 Current location [show]British Museum Source/Photographer Fæ (Own work) Permission (Reusing this file) See below. British Museum reference K.160 Detailed description Upper part of a clay tablet, 3 pieces, beginning of obverse and the end of reverse are wanting, astrological forecasts, a copy of the so-called Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa, Neo-Assyrian. ~ Description extract from BM record. Size Length: 17.14 cm (6.75 in) Width: 9.2 cm (3.6 in) Thickness: 2.22 cm (0.87 in) Location Room 55 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/bb/Venus_Tablet_of_Ammis aduqa.jpg |
3,500 YBN [1500 BC] 8 | 624) The earliest oven-baked mud brick (also called "burned brick").5 6 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. 2. ^ "burnt brick." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/burnt-brick -1 3. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. 4. ^ "burnt brick." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/burnt-brick -1 5. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. 6. ^ "burnt brick." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/burnt-brick -1 7. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. 8. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79195/brick>. {1500 BC} | Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)7 |
[1] [t Note that this is not the oldest baked brick as far as I know] Description العربية: أنقاض مدينة أور الأثرية في محافظة ذي قار جنوب العراق English: Ruins in the Town of Ur, Southern Iraq Español: Ruinas de la ciuad de Ur con el Zigurat de Ur-Nammu al fondo a las afueras de Nasiriyah. Date 20 June 2006 Source Flickr Author M.Lubinski from Iraq,USA. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ur-Nassiriyah.j pg/1280px-Ur-Nassiriyah.jpg |
3,500 YBN [1500 BC] 7 8 | 723) The earliest pulley.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 6. ^ Sir Austen Henry Layard, "Nineveh and its remains: with an account of a visit to the Chaldean ...", 1850, p219. http://books.google.com/books?id= -J5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA219 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {1500 BC} 8. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p21. {before 260 BC} | Nimroud, Assyria5 6 |
[1] Part of a Bas-relief showing a Pulley, and a Warrior originally in the most ancient palace of Nimroud. PD source: http://www.ctesiphon.com/auction s/Nineve-Remains-NY-1854-s-g.jpg [2] Description Ilustración de una polea simple fija. Date 7 agugust 2004 Source Own work Author César Rincón GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a3/Polea-simple-fija.jpg |
3,500 YBN [1500 BC] 5 | 1516) The "Vedas", four ancient Indian collections of poems or hymns, originate as an oral tradition2 before being written down 1200 years later.3 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "Veda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/624383/Veda>. 2. ^ "Veda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/624383/Veda>. 3. ^ "Rigveda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/503627/Rigveda>. 4. ^ "Veda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/624383/Veda>. 5. ^ "Veda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/624383/Veda>. MORE INFO [1] "Veda". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 4939/Veda (1500-1200BCE) [2] "Vedas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas (1500-1200BCE) [3] Salomon, Richard. “On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 115.2 (1995): 271–279. http://www.jstor.org/stable/604670 | India4 |
[1] Geographic horizon of the Rigveda, with river names. Also indicated are the extent of the contemporary Swat and Cemetary H cultures, and the location of Harappa. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d5/Rigvedic_geography.jp g |
3,500 YBN [1500 BC] 9 10 | 6228) The water clock (or Clepsydra {KlePSi-Dru5 }).6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary 2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p27. 3. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary 4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p27. 5. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary 6. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p27. 7. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p27. 8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p17. 9. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p27. {1500 BC} 10. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p17. {1450-1401 BC} | Egypt7 8 |
[1] clepsydra Egyptian clepsydra An Egyptian clepsydra Also known as a water clock, an instrument in which the discharge of water from a storage tank is monitored in order to measure the passing of time. Clepsydras were used from ancient times until the Renaissance. ''Clepsydra'' is Greek for ''water thief.'' UNKNOWN source: http://www.daviddarling.info/ima ges/Egyptian_clepsydra.jpg [2] The Karnak clepsydra In 1904, archaeological excavations within the ancient temple complex of Karnak in Egypt led to the recovery of fragments of a large conical vessel. The presence of an outlet near the base, plus calibration scales on the interior walls, showed the object to be a classic example of an outflow clepsydra. Figure 6: A full-size reconstruction of the Karnak clepsydraA full-size reconstruction (Fig. 6) may be seen in the New Walk Museum, and illustrates how it could act as a timekeeper independent of the Sun. The vessel is filled with water to a mark near the rim, and then allowed to empty via a narrow jet near the base. With a cylindrical container the rate of flow diminishes as the head of water within the pot decreases, so the water surface drops more slowly with time. The ancient Egyptian designer (Amenhemhet, about 1550 B.C.) has cleverly compensated for this by employing a conical vessel, and trials conducted during the construction of this exhibit have shown that the chosen angle gives rise to an excellent approximation to a linear descent of the water surface. The hieroglyphics covering the outside of the vessel (delineated by Dr. Sarah Symons) do not explain how the water clock was to be used: they are simply traditional decorations in praise of the gods. More information is given alongside the exhibit. UNKNOWN source: http://www.sundials.co.uk/leices ter/fig06.jpg |
3,500 YBN [1500 BC] 7 8 | 6456) The earliest American city, an Olmec city in Veracruz, Mexico.3 4 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Richard A Diehl, 2004, The Olmecs - America's First Civilization London: Thames & Hudson, pp.25,27. 2. ^ "Olmec." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 10 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/olmec 3. ^ Richard A Diehl, 2004, The Olmecs - America's First Civilization London: Thames & Hudson, pp.25,27. 4. ^ "Olmec." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 10 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/olmec Re ad more: http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_an swer.jsp#ixzz2BngsyQSh 5. ^ Richard A Diehl, 2004, The Olmecs - America's First Civilization London: Thames & Hudson, pp.25,27. 6. ^ "Olmec." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 10 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/olmec Re ad more: http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_an swer.jsp#ixzz2BngsyQSh 7. ^ Richard A Diehl, 2004, The Olmecs - America's First Civilization London: Thames & Hudson, pp.25,27. 8. ^ Christopher A. Pool, "Olmec Archeology And Early Mesamerica", 2007, p I. | (El Manati shrine, near modern) San Lorenzo, Veracruz, Mexico5 6 |
[1] Edited CabezaColosal1 MuseoXalapa.jpg file already in Commons by adding a white line to visually separate the two photos/views. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/20/CabezaColosal1_MuseoX alapa_v1.1.jpg |
3,450 YBN [1450 BC] 4 | 6449) The first letters that represent vowel sounds.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p56,87. 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p56,87. 3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p87. 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p87. | Ugarit (modern Ra's Shamra on Syria's north coast)3 |
[1] 14th century BC provenance Ugarit area Syria per iod 2000-1000 BC size 1.3 cm x 5.1 cm materials Clay . themes Commerce. Communication. Daily Life. and alphabet UNKNOWN source: http://www.unesco.org/culture/mu seum-for-dialogue/images/items/650/021.j pghttp://www.websters-online-dictionary. org/images/wiki/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/U garitic_alphabet.png [2] Ugarit tablet datation 14th century BC provenance Ugarit area Syria per iod 2000-1000 BC size 1.3 cm x 5.1 cm materials Clay . themes Commerce. Communication. Daily Life. and alphabet UNKNOWN source: http://www.unesco.org/culture/mu seum-for-dialogue/images/items/650/021.j pghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/thumb/d/dd/Ugaritic-alphabet-cha rt.svg/1000px-Ugaritic-alphabet-chart.sv g.png http://www.oocities.org/encyclope dia_damascena/ancientsyria/images/mus013 .jpg |
3,400 YBN [1400 BC] 4 | 6454) The earliest Chinese writing.2 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p166-171. 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p166-171. 3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p166-171. 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p166-171. MORE INFO [1] Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and Civilization of China Series. p124-133. http://books.google.com/books ?id=sP-PN2StH2cC | near Anyang, north-central China3 |
[1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p171. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p171. [2] Description English: Ox scapula with a divination inscription from the Shang Dynasty, dating to the reign of King Wu Ding. Unearthed at Anyang, Henan Province. Held at the National Museum of China in Beijing. Date 2 August 2011 Source Own work Author BabelStone CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_i nscribed_scapula.jpg/684px-Shang_dynasty _inscribed_scapula.jpg |
3,350 YBN [1350 BC] 2 3 | 6559) The earliest evidence of human kissing.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Kiss", Bromiley, G.W. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wilkliam Eerdmans, 1980, p44. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z kla5Gl_66oC&pg=PA44 2. ^ "Akhenaten". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Akhenaten%20 3. ^ "Kiss", Bromiley, G.W. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wilkliam Eerdmans, 1980, p44. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z kla5Gl_66oC&pg=PA44 |
[1] Descripció A ''house altar'' depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and three of their Daughters. New Kingdom, Amarna period, 18th dynasty. Image taken at the Altes Museum, Berlin. Data 8 novembre 2006 Origen Own Work (photo) Autor Keith Schengili-Roberts Permís (Com reutilitzar aquest fitxer) I, the author of this photo, hereby release it under copyleft/GFDL/CC Altres versions another photograph of this object: Image:House_Altar_Akhenaten_Nefertiti_Be rlin.jpg GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/be/HouseAltar-Akhe natenNefertitiAndThreeOfTheirDaughters.p ng/1280px-HouseAltar-AkhenatenNefertitiA ndThreeOfTheirDaughters.png | |
3,350 YBN [1350 BC] 4 | 6561) Welding of metals using heat and hammering.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Herbert Maryon, "Metal Working in the Ancient World", American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 53, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1949), pp. 93-125; p103. http://www.jstor.org/stable/50049 8 {Maryon_Metal_Working_1949.pdf} 2. ^ Herbert Maryon, "Metal Working in the Ancient World", American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 53, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1949), pp. 93-125; p103. http://www.jstor.org/stable/50049 8 {Maryon_Metal_Working_1949.pdf} 3. ^ Herbert Maryon, "Metal Working in the Ancient World", American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 53, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1949), pp. 93-125; p103. http://www.jstor.org/stable/50049 8 {Maryon_Metal_Working_1949.pdf} 4. ^ Herbert Maryon, "Metal Working in the Ancient World", American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 53, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1949), pp. 93-125; p103. http://www.jstor.org/stable/50049 8 {Maryon_Metal_Working_1949.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "welding". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 02 Feb. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/639223/welding> | Egypt3 |
[1] Items from inside King Tutankhamen's tomb UNKNOWN source: http://castle.pri.ee/wp-content/ uploads/2010/08/210403_3.jpg |
3,348 YBN [1348 BC] 6 7 | 2727) Monotheism, the theory that only one God exists;2 by Amenhotep IV, Pharaoh of Egypt.3 All monotheistic religions may originate from the influence of this earliest recorded monotheism.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Akhenaten". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Akhenaten%20 2. ^ "Akhenaten". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Akhenaten%20 3. ^ "Akhenaten". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Akhenaten%20 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ "Akhenaton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 5276/Akhenaton 6. ^ "Akhenaten". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Akhenaten%20 (5th year in reign 1365bce) 7. ^ "Akhenaton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 5276/Akhenaton (reign: BCE 1353�1336) MORE INFO [1] "Great Hymn to the Aten". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hymn_ to_the_Aten [2] "Amen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amen [3] "Psalm 104". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_104 [4] "amen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 6072/amen | Amarna, Egypt5 |
[1] Antiquit� �gyptienne, Akh�naton, Mus�e �gyptien du Caire, (�gypte). Statue of Akhenaten depicted in a style typical of the Amarna period, on display at the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, Cairo Reign 1353 BC � 1336 BC[2] or 1352 BC � 1336 BC[3] or 1351�1334 BC[4] CC source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e061.JPG [2] English: Amun and Mut Nederlands: Amon en Mut Source http://runeberg.org/nfba/04 95.html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Amon_och_Mut%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.pn g |
3,300 YBN [1300 BC] 4 | 736) Two piece mold metal casting.2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p74. 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p74. 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p74. 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p74. | Mesopotamia3 |
[1] Half of a two-piece limestone mould for casting a flat-bladed tool, 1650-1050 BC (1899,1229.91). COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.britishmuseum.org/col lectionimages/AN00854/AN00854035_001_l.j pg |
3,300 YBN [1300 BC] 5 6 | 5862) The earliest written musical notation and musical composition.2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ David Wulstan, "The Earliest Musical Notation", Music & Letters , Vol. 52, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 365-382. http://www.jstor.org/stable/73 4711 2. ^ David Wulstan, "The Earliest Musical Notation", Music & Letters , Vol. 52, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 365-382. http://www.jstor.org/stable/73 4711 3. ^ David Wulstan, "The Earliest Musical Notation", Music & Letters , Vol. 52, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 365-382. http://www.jstor.org/stable/73 4711 4. ^ "Western music." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/398976/Western-music>. 5. ^ David Wulstan, "The Earliest Musical Notation", Music & Letters , Vol. 52, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 365-382. http://www.jstor.org/stable/73 4711 6. ^ "Western music." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/398976/Western-music>. {800 BCE} MORE INFO [1] West, M. L., 'The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts', Music & Letters, Vol. 75, No. 2. (May, 1994), pp. 161–179 [2] A. D. Kilmer and M. Civil, "Old Babylonian Musical Instructions Relating to Hymnody", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Spring, 1986), pp. 94-98 http://www.jstor.org/stable/13599 53 | Ur, Babylonia3 |Mesopotamia4 |
[1] Tablet U.3011 (handcopy of O. R. Gurney, 1974) Volume 32 of the Old Babylonian Encyclopaedia Nabnitu (Creature) UNKNOWN source: http://www.kingmixers.com/images /tablet.jpg |
3,200 YBN [1200 BC] 5 6 | 3134) Shellac is used as plastic.1 2 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ "lac." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/327085/lac>. 2. ^ "lac." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/327085/lac>. 3. ^ Painting & Decorating Contractors of America. National Painters Magazine. Schnell Publishing Company, 1921, p32. http://books.google.com/books?id=x scfAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA34 4. ^ Painting & Decorating Contractors of America. National Painters Magazine. Schnell Publishing Company, 1921, p32. http://books.google.com/books?id=x scfAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA34 5. ^ Merrifield, Mary (1849). Original Treatises on the Art of Painting. Vol 1, ISBN 0486404404. http://books.google.com/books?id=WfIDAAA AYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Original+Tr eatises+on+the+Art+of+Painting&hl=en&sa= X&ei=NFFCUZHJMaqoyAGr34H4Ag&ved=0CFEQ6AE wBA#v=onepage&q=1220&f=false 6. ^ Painting & Decorating Contractors of America. National Painters Magazine. Schnell Publishing Company, 1921, p32. http://books.google.com/books?id=x scfAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA34 MORE INFO [1] "Shellac". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellac [2] Merrifield, Mary (1849). Original Treatises on the Art of Painting. ISBN 0486404404 | India3 |(from India to Spain and the South of France)4 |
[1] Blond shellac sample PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e5/Schellak.jpg [2] English: Picture of Kerria lacca from book Indian Insect Life: a Manual of the Insects of the Plains by Harold Maxwell-Lefroy. 1. Healthy insects on stick 2. Unhealthy insects on stick 3. First instar, active stage. 40x 4. Female, 4 weeks after inoculation. 35x. 5. Female, 13 weeks after inoculation. 15x. 6. Dead female cell, with young emerging. 4x. 7. Male cell, 13 weeks after inoculation. 15x. 8. Wingless male. 12x. 9. Wingled male. 40x. Date 1909 Source http://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibr ary/6280048728/in/set-72157627975114672 Author Harold Maxwell-Lefroy CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/4/47/02-Indian-Insec t-Life_-_Harold_Maxwell-Lefroy_-_Kerria- Lacca.jpg/611px-02-Indian-Insect-Life_-_ Harold_Maxwell-Lefroy_-_Kerria-Lacca.jpg |
3,200 YBN [1200 BC] 5 6 7 8 | 6605) The first steel; in Egypt. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with carbon content up to 2 percent.1 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "steel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 06 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/564627/steel>. 2. ^ "steel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 06 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/564627/steel>. 3. ^ Saggs, H.W. Civilization Before Greece and Rome. YALE University Press, 1989, p210. http://books.google.com/books?id= R28oab-7jLcC&pg=PA210 4. ^ Potts, D.T. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley, 2012. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, p312. http://books.google.com/books?id= zqQofdcZAGoC&pg=PA312 5. ^ Carpenter, H. C H., and J. M. Robinson. 1930. "The metallography of some ancient Egyptian implements.", Iron and Steel Inst. 121:430 32. http://www.nature.com/nature/journa l/v125/n3162/abs/125859a0.html 6. ^ "steel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 06 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/564627/steel>. 7. ^ Saggs, H.W. Civilization Before Greece and Rome. YALE University Press, 1989, p210. http://books.google.com/books?id= R28oab-7jLcC&pg=PA210 8. ^ Potts, D.T. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley, 2012. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, p312. http://books.google.com/books?id= zqQofdcZAGoC&pg=PA312 MORE INFO [1] "Ironware piece unearthed from Turkey found to be oldest steel". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2009-03-27 [2] Flinders Petrie, "The Metals in Egypt", Ancient Egypt, 1915, p21-22. http://books.google.com/books?i d=WJwYAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22 | Egypt2 |Cypress, Syria, and eastern Greece3 |Cypress and Israel4 |
[1] {ULSF: Note that these may not be the knives from the Nature article with carburized iron (steel): Carpenter, H. C H., and J. M. Robinson. 1930. ''The metallography of some ancient Egyptian implements.'', Iron and Steel Inst. 121:430 32. http://www.nature.com/nature/journa l/v125/n3162/abs/125859a0.html } sourc e: Flinders Petrie, ''The Metals in Egypt'', Ancient Egypt, 1915, p21-22. http://books.google.com/books?i d=WJwYAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =WJwYAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22 [2] {ULSF: Note that these may not be the knives from the Nature article with carburized iron (steel): Carpenter, H. C H., and J. M. Robinson. 1930. ''The metallography of some ancient Egyptian implements.'', Iron and Steel Inst. 121:430 32. http://www.nature.com/nature/journa l/v125/n3162/abs/125859a0.html } sourc e: Flinders Petrie, ''The Metals in Egypt'', Ancient Egypt, 1915, p21-22. http://books.google.com/books?i d=WJwYAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =WJwYAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22 |
3,150 YBN [1150 BC] 4 | 6447) The Phoenician alphabet, the ancestor of the Greek alphabet.2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p88-90. 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p88-90. 3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p88-90. 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p88-90. | (coastal centers) Byblos, Tyre, Sidon, Beurut, and Ashkelon3 |
[1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p48. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p48. [2] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p54. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p54. |
3,000 YBN [1000 BC] 4 | 746) Complex pulleys.2 The lifting power of a pulley is multiplied by the number of ropes pulling the load.3 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009, p41. 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {1000 BC} |
[1] Diagram 3a: A simple compound pulley system—a movable pulley and a fixed pulley lifting weight W, with an additional pulley redirecting the lifting force downward. The tension in each line is W/3, yielding an advantage of 3. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pulley2a.svg/10 00px-Pulley2a.svg.png [2] Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009, p41. COPYRIGHTED source: Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009, p41. | |
3,000 YBN [1000 BC] 8 | 6237) The earliest lens.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ science/nature/380186.stm 2. ^ D. Brewster (1852). "On an account of a rock-crystal lens and decomposed glass found in Niniveh" (in German). Die Fortschritte der Physik (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft). http://books.google.com/ books?id=bHwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA355&dq=ni niveh+lens&hl=en#v=onepage&q=niniveh%20l ens&f=false 3. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ science/nature/380186.stm 4. ^ D. Brewster (1852). "On an account of a rock-crystal lens and decomposed glass found in Niniveh" (in German). Die Fortschritte der Physik (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft). http://books.google.com/ books?id=bHwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA355&dq=ni niveh+lens&hl=en#v=onepage&q=niniveh%20l ens&f=false 5. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ science/nature/380186.stm 6. ^ D. Brewster (1852). "On an account of a rock-crystal lens and decomposed glass found in Niniveh" (in German). Die Fortschritte der Physik (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft). http://books.google.com/ books?id=bHwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA355&dq=ni niveh+lens&hl=en#v=onepage&q=niniveh%20l ens&f=false 7. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ science/nature/380186.stm 8. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ science/nature/380186.stm {3000YBN} | Nimrud, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)7 |
[1] Description English: Photo of the Nimrud lens in the british museum Date feb 2011 Source Photo by user:geni Author Geni CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/65/Nimrud_lens_British_M useum.jpg |
3,000 YBN [1000 BC] 4 | 6448) The Aramaic alphabet, the ancestor of Hebrew, Arabic, and probably the alphabets of India.2 Consonant letters are used to mark vowel sounds.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p122-123. 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p122-123. 3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p122-123. 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p122-123. |
[1] Summary Pergamonmuseum, Eck-Orthostat des Fürsten Kilamuwa, Samal (heute Zincirli, Türkei), selbst fotografiert. Memorial stone of Kilamuwa King of Sam'al (Zincirli), c. 850 B.C., written in aramean. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pergamonmuseum_ -_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_046.JPG/768px -Pergamonmuseum_-_Vorderasiatisches_Muse um_046.JPG [2] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p54. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p54. | |
3,000 YBN [1000 BC] 6 7 8 | 6450) The earliest Hebrew writing.3 4 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Hebrew University of Jerusalem. "Earliest Known Hebrew Text In Proto-Canaanite Script Discovered In Area Where 'David Slew Goliath'." ScienceDaily, 3 Nov. 2008. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/relea ses/2008/11/081103091035.htm 2. ^ http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=2043 3. ^ Hebrew University of Jerusalem. "Earliest Known Hebrew Text In Proto-Canaanite Script Discovered In Area Where 'David Slew Goliath'." ScienceDaily, 3 Nov. 2008. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/relea ses/2008/11/081103091035.htm 4. ^ http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=2043 5. ^ http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=2043 6. ^ Hebrew University of Jerusalem. "Earliest Known Hebrew Text In Proto-Canaanite Script Discovered In Area Where 'David Slew Goliath'." ScienceDaily, 3 Nov. 2008. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/relea ses/2008/11/081103091035.htm 7. ^ http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=2043 8. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p95. | Khirbet Qeiyafa near the Elah valley, Israel5 |
[1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p96. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p96. [2] The deciphered text: Hebrew transliteration: English translation: {....................... .....................................} 1′ you shall not do {it}, but worship the {Lord}. 2′ Judge the sla{ve} and the wid{ow} / Judge the orph{an} 3′ {and} the stranger. {Pl}ead for the infant / plead for the po{or and} 4′ the widow. Rehabilitate {the poor} at the hands of the king. 5′ Protect the po{or and} the slave / {supp}ort the stranger. UNKNOWN source: http://wordpress.haifa.ac.il/wp- content/uploads/2010/01/d797d7a8d7a1-2.j pg |
2,922 YBN [922 BC] 4 | 753) The monotheistic religion: Judaism is founded.1 The story of Moses.2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). 2. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). 3. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). 4. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). | Israel3 |
[1] Oldest Hebrew Writing Found in the Elah Fortress 18 miles west of Jerusalem,, Deciphered January 7, 2010 Image source: University of Haifa UNKNOWN source: http://www.redorbit.com/media/up loads/2010/01/b67acf4eda9e77d153ebac3bf1 99744b1.jpg [2] Oldest Hebrew Writing Found in the Elah Fortress 18 miles west of Jerusalem, Deciphered January 7, 2010 Image source: University of Haifa UNKNOWN source: http://www.redorbit.com/media/up loads/2010/01/1b8fb494e2a99c79e89b2e72e5 41f7e61.jpg |
2,850 YBN [850 BC] 4 5 | 751) The Greek alphabet; each vowel is given its own sign.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p122-123. 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p122-123. 3. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p122-123. 5. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). {2850 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Jensen, H. Sign, Symbol, and Script: An Account of Man’s Efforts to Write. Putnam, 1969, p452 | Greece3 |
[1] National Archaeological Museum of Greece Discovered in 1871 near Athens’s Dipylon Gate, this jug, dating to around 740 B.C., bears one of the earliest Greek alphabetic inscriptions: “Whoever of all the dancers now dances most friskily.” The vase was probably awarded to the winner of a dance competition, like the one described by Homer in Book VIII of the Odyssey. UNKNOWN source: http://www.basarchive.org/bswb_g raphics/BSAO/01/01/BSAO010104800L.jpg [2] Description English: One of the four oldest known samples of the use of the Greek alphabet. It has been dated to ca. 740 BCE. ...(h)ος νῦν ὀρχεστôν πάντον ἀταλό(τατα)... Date 20 March 2010 Source Durutomo Author Durutomo The text of the inscription runs: ΗΟΣΝΥΝΟΡΧΕΣΤΟΝΠΑΝΤΟΝ ΑΤΑΛΟΤΑΤΑΠΑΙΖΕΙΤΟΤΟΔ ΕΚΛΜΙΝ In modern scholarly editions this is transcribed as: hος νῦν ὀρχεστôν πάντον ἀταλότατα παίζει, τô τόδε κλ[.]μιν[...] This corresponds to the following in the later classical orthography in Greek (using the Ionian form of the Greek alphabet), with the metric feet of the hexameter indicated: ὃς νῦν source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dipylon_Inscrip tion.JPG/1280px-Dipylon_Inscription.JPG |
2,800 YBN [800 BC] 6 7 | 6452) The Indian alphabets of India and South-East Asia.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p105-120. 2. ^ Jensen, H. Sign, Symbol, and Script: An Account of Man’s Efforts to Write. Putnam, 1969, p361. 3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p105-120. 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p105-120. 5. ^ Jensen, H. Sign, Symbol, and Script: An Account of Man’s Efforts to Write. Putnam, 1969, p361. 6. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p105-120. 7. ^ Jensen, H. Sign, Symbol, and Script: An Account of Man’s Efforts to Write. Putnam, 1969, p361. | India4 5 |
[1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p107. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p107. [2] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p109. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p109. |
2,785 YBN [785 BC] 5 | 771) Eclipses are predicted by Babylonian astronomers.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). 2. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). 3. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). 4. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). 5. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). |
[1] by Ted Huntington PD source: my own based on info from http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-3466?ar ticleTypeId=1 and http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/fac tsheet/sunfact.html | |
2,753 YBN [753 BC] 3 | 6457) Rome is founded.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p141. 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p141. 3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p141. MORE INFO [1] Holloway, R.R. The Archaeology of Early Rome and Latium. Routledge, 1996, p5. http://books.google.com/books?id=sU RWQJ1OUJYC | Rome, Italy2 |
[1] Reconstruction of the Iron Age huts on the Palatine, dating back to the 8th century B.C. Rome, Palatine Museum. Description: During the excavations in 1948 the remains of three huts, forum and orifices for roof-supporting poles were found; the walls apparently were made of clay and straw mixture. The tombs dating from 10th—8th centuries B.C. were found near the huts. Credits: © Photo, text: GIOVANNI D’ANNA “LEGGENDE E TRADIZIONI DELL’ANTICA ROMA”, ARCHEO, N. 31, p. 58. Photo: Archivio IGDA © Istituto Geografico De Agostini S.p.A. — Novara COPYRIGHTED source: http://ancientrome.ru/art/artwor k/arch/rom/rome/palatinus/pal004.jpg [2] Artist's impression of an early settlement on the Palatine Hill UNKNOWN source: http://www.daviddarling.info/ima ges/Palatine_Hill_settlement.jpg |
2,690 YBN [690 BC] 8 9 | 1066) The earliest aquaduct, a channel to move water from one place to another5 near Nineveh.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "aqueduct." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jul. 2012. queduct>. 2. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df 3. ^ "aqueduct." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jul. 2012. queduct>. 4. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df 5. ^ "aqueduct." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jul. 2012. queduct>. 6. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df 7. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df 8. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df 9. ^ "Aquaduct". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaduct (7th cent) | Jerwan, Nineveh7 |
[1] Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df UNKNOWN source: http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24 [2] Ruined corbelled arch of an aqueduct, Jerwan, Iraq, 1977. Credit: Spectrum Colour Library / Heritage-Images Additional information Ruined corbelled arch of an aqueduct, Jerwan, Iraq, 1977. Built in around 700 BC by the Assyrian King Sennacherib to supply water to his capital city, Nineveh, this is thought to be the oldest aqueduct in the world. COPYRIGHTED source: http://watermarked.heritage-imag es.com/2332294.jpg |
2,690 YBN [690 BC] 8 9 | 6378) The earliest concrete (lime cement mixed with limestone); used in an aqueduct.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df 2. ^ Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence", 1999, p331. http://books.google.com/books?id= P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA331&lpg=PA331 {Moorey _plaster_1999.pdf} 3. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df 4. ^ Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence", 1999, p331. http://books.google.com/books?id= P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA331&lpg=PA331 {Moorey_plaster_1999.pdf} 5. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df 6. ^ Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence", 1999, p331. http://books.google.com/books?id= P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA331&lpg=PA331 {Moorey_plaster_1999.pdf} 7. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df 8. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df 9. ^ "Aquaduct". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaduct (7th cent) MORE INFO [1] "Sennacherib". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 01 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/534613/Sennacherib/6562/Building -and-technological-achievements> [2] "cement". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 12 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/101833/cement> | Jerwan, Nineveh7 |
[1] Plate 14 image B from: Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df UNKNOWN source: http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24 [2] Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.p df UNKNOWN source: http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24 |
2,651 YBN [651 BC] 9 10 | 6337) All planets visible to the naked eye (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) are clearly distinguished from stars in Babylonia.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ A. Sachs, "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp. 43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273 2. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56. 3. ^ A. Sachs, "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp. 43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273 4. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56. 5. ^ A. Sachs, "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp. 43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273 6. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56. 7. ^ A. Sachs, "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp. 43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273 8. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56. 9. ^ A. Sachs, "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp. 43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273 10. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56. | Babylonia7 8 |
[1] A. Sachs, ''Babylonian Observational Astronomy'', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp. 43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/7427 3 |
2,650 YBN [650 BC] 5 6 | 6458) The Etruscan {iTruSKeN3 } alphabet. Letter names are changed to /A/, /BA/, /KA/, etc.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Etruscan." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 13 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/etruscan-ci vilization 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p137-141. 3. ^ "Etruscan." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 13 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/etruscan-ci vilization 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p137-141. 5. ^ http://www.scalarchives.com/web/dettagli o_immagine.asp?idImmagine=0080832&posizi one=27&numImmagini=332&SC_Luogo=Archaeol ogical+Museum%2C+Florence%2C+Italy&prmse t=on&SC_PROV=RA&SC_Lang=eng&Sort=9&luce= 6. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p137-141. |
[1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p104. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p104. [2] The Marsiliana Tablet (Ivory, 650 B.C.) and Etruscan alphabets (click image to enlarge): UNKNOWN source: http://www.ou.edu/class/ahi4163/ slides3/alphabet.gif | |
2,622 YBN [622 BC] 6 7 8 | 826) The Old Testament (The Torah, The Hebrew Bible, The Ten Commandments, and The Story of Genesis).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/ The-history-of-canonization>. 2. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/ The-history-of-canonization>. 3. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/ The-history-of-canonization>. 4. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/ The-history-of-canonization>. 5. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). 6. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/ The-history-of-canonization>. 7. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). 8. ^ "Hebrew Bible". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/259039/Hebrew-Bible>. | Judah4 |(Israel5 ) |
[1] http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/scrolls/imag es/torah-b.jpg Miqsat Ma`ase ha-Torah 4Q396(MMT[superscript]c) Parc hment Copied late first century B.C.E.-early first century C.E. The Torah Precepts Scroll Translation of the Torah Precepts Scroll Miqsat Ma`ase ha-Torah 4Q396(MMT[superscript]c) Parc hment Copied late first century B.C.E.-early first century C.E. Fragment A: height 8 cm (3 1/8 in.), length 12.9 cm (5 in.) Fragment B: height 4.3 cm (1 11/16 in.), length 7 cm (2 3/4 in.) Fragment C: height 9.1 cm (3 9/16 in.), length 17.4 cm (6 7/8 in.) Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (8) The Torah Precepts Scroll This scroll, apparently in the form of a letter, is unique in language, style, and content. Using linguistic and theological analysis, the original text has been dated as one of the earliest works of the Qumran sect. This sectarian polemical document, of which six incomplete manuscripts have been discovered, is commonly referred to as MMT, an abbreviation of its Hebrew name, Miqsat Ma`ase ha-Torah. Together the six fragments provide a composite text of about 130 lines, which probably cover about two-thirds of the original. The initial part of the text is completely missing. Apparently it consisted of four sections: (1) the opening formula, now lost; (2) a calendar of 364 days; (3) a list of more than twenty rulings in religious law (Halakhot), most of which are peculiar to the sect; and (4) an epilogue that deals with the separation of the sect from the multitude of the people and attempts to persuade the addressee to adopt the sect's legal views. The ''halakhot,'' or religious laws, form the core of the letter; the remainder of the text is merely the framework. The calendar, although a separate section, was probably also related to the sphere of ''halakhah.'' These ''halakhot'' deal chiefly with the Temple and its ritual. The author states that disagreement on these matters caused the sect to secede from Israel. References: Strugnell, J., and E. Qimron. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, X. Oxford, forthcoming. Sussman, Y. ''The History of `Halakha' and the Dead Sea Scrolls -- Preliminary Observations on Miqsat Ma`ase Ha-Torah (4QMMT)'' (in Hebrew), Tarbiz 59 (1990):11-76. PD source: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/scro lls/images/torah-b.jpg |
2,600 YBN [600 BC] 5 | 630) Metal coin money is traded.3 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 2. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 3. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 4. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 5. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. {7th Century BC} | Lydia, Anatolia4 |
[1] King Kroisos period. Circa 561-546 BC. Kings of Lydia. Time of Kroisos. Circa 561-546 BC. AV Stater (8.06 gm). Sardes mint. Light series. Confronted foreparts of lion and bull Two square incuse punches of unequal size. Traité pl. X, 2; BMC Lydia pg. 6, 31; SNG Copenhagen Suppl. 362; Boston MFA 2073; SNG von Aulock 2875. Choice EF. From the Ronald Cohen Collection. Ex Tkalec (18 February 2002), lot 81. Date Source http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/gree ce/lydia/kings/kroisos/BMC_31.jpg GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5c/Kroisos_BMC_31.jpg [2] Description English: Political map of Asia Minor in 500 BC Date 2009-04-22 17:00 (UTC) Source Asia_Minor_Political_500BC.svg Author Asia_Minor_Political_500BC.svg: *Mysia.svg: Emok derivative work: Mysia_map_ancient_community.jpg: User:Roke derivative work: MinisterForBadTimes (talk) derivative work: MinisterForBadTimes (talk) Other versions Derivative works of this file: Lycia locator map.svg Political map of Asia Minor in 500 BC in Masry.PNG GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Anatolia_Ancien t_Regions_base.svg/1000px-Anatolia_Ancie nt_Regions_base.svg.png |
2,600 YBN [600 BC] 17 | 762) The Universe is explained without using the theory of Gods by Thales of Miletus.7 8 9 Thales claims the universe originated as water,10 11 12 that moon light is reflected sun light,13 and measures a pyramid by comparing the pyramid shadow with the shadow from a stick.14 15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Thales". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales 3. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ "Thales". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales 6. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 8. ^ "Thales". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales 9. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 11. ^ "Thales". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales 12. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan 13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 15. ^ "Thales". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales 16. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan 17. ^ estimate on guess of 30 years old when realizes to remove Marduct MORE INFO [1] Ueberweg, F. et al. A History of Philosophy: From Thales to the Present Time. C. Scribner’s sons, 1891. A History of Philosophy: From Thales to the Present Time, p32. http://books.google.com/books?id=A h_7Od24BXsC&pg=PA32 | Miletus, Greece16 |
[1] Ueberweg, F. et al. A History of Philosophy: From Thales to the Present Time. C. Scribner’s sons, 1891. A History of Philosophy: From Thales to the Present Time, p32. http://books.google.com/books?id=A h_7Od24BXsC&pg=PA32 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Ah_7Od24BXsC&pg=PA32 [2] Thales, one of the Seven Sages of Greece From French Wikipedia: fr:Image:Thales.jpg Original source: http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/p hilo/galerie/antike/thales.html PD source: http://ujszo.com/sites/default/f iles/old/ujszo_1221803126_14.jpg |
2,600 YBN [600 BC] 6 7 | 2619) The concept of a Devil is created and is first recorded in the book of Job, written around this time.1 2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Satan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 5840/Satan 2. ^ "The Book of Job". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 3696/The-Book-of-Job 3. ^ "job new 2". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/job-new-2 4. ^ The Origin of Satan, Pagels, 1995, p39. 5. ^ Job 1:11 http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=% 20Job&verse=1:11&src=! 6. ^ "job new 2". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/job-new-2 (between 600BCE-400BCE) 7. ^ "The Book of Job". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 3696/The-Book-of-Job (before 6th century BCE) |
[1] Book of Job http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%2 0Job&verse=1:11&src=! Hebrew-English - paraellel MT and JPS 1917 (Mechon Mamre) http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt /pt2701.htm#11 UNKNOWN source: http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt /pt2701.htm#11 [2] Description Illustration of the Devil in the Codex Gigas, folio 270 recto Date Early 13th century Source http://www.kb.se/codex-gigas/eng/Browse -the-Manuscript/Djavulen/?=&mode=1&page= 577# Author Herman the Recluse of the Benedictine monastery of Podlažice PD source: Codex_Gigas_devil.jpg | |
2,600 YBN [600 BC] 4 | 6455) The earliest Native American writing.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p211-236. 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p211-236. 3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p211-236. 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p211-236. | San Jose Mogote, Oaxaca, Mexico3 |
[1] Stelae 12 and 13 from Monte Alban, provisionally dated to 500-400 BCE, showing what is thought to be one of the earliest calendric representations in Mesoamerica Stelae 12 and 13 from Monte Alban. These two stelae contain what is thought to be one of the oldest calendar signs (calendrics) from Mesoamerica. Taken from the Japanese Wikipedia: Thanks to Siyajkak! GNU AND AND The oldest writing in all of Meso-America. These Zapotec hieroglyphs, carved on stone stelae found in the Palacio de Danzantes, are among the oldest examples Zapotec writing. The Zapotecs possessed the oldest fully-developed writing system of ancient Meso-America. The building is named for the relief carvings of danzantes, or dancers, which were found by Guillaume Dupaix, a Belgian traveler who visited in 1806. The carvings were found on the sides of a palace which had been covered over by a building constructed in a later period, a common practice throughout Meso-America. The glyphs on the stelae above appear to be dates of great events in the city's early history. On both stones you can see horizontal rows of dots, sometimes accompanied by a solid bar underneath. These symbols represent numbers. Zapotec writing is made up of both phonetic symbols and symbols representing ideas. It is still mostly undeciphered because even the Zapotec language the Spanish recorded in the 1520s had undergone more than 1000 years of evolution since the above texts were written somewhere between 400 - 200 BC. UNKNOWN source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3d/Monte_Alban_Stela_12_ %26_13.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uXDM PKN0Bjo/TIBLPDXtTeI/AAAAAAAAFcw/5sMjcYds gQg/s1600/MA+Danzante+hieroglyphs.jpg [2] The oldest writing in all of Meso-America. These Zapotec hieroglyphs, carved on stone stelae found in the Palacio de Danzantes, are among the oldest examples Zapotec writing. The Zapotecs possessed the oldest fully-developed writing system of ancient Meso-America. The building is named for the relief carvings of danzantes, or dancers, which were found by Guillaume Dupaix, a Belgian traveler who visited in 1806. The carvings were found on the sides of a palace which had been covered over by a building constructed in a later period, a common practice throughout Meso-America. The glyphs on the stelae above appear to be dates of great events in the city's early history. On both stones you can see horizontal rows of dots, sometimes accompanied by a solid bar underneath. These symbols represent numbers. Zapotec writing is made up of both phonetic symbols and symbols representing ideas. It is still mostly undeciphered because even the Zapotec language the Spanish recorded in the 1520s had undergone more than 1000 years of evolution since the above texts were written somewhere between 400 - 200 BC. UNKNOWN source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uXDMPK N0Bjo/TIBLPDXtTeI/AAAAAAAAFcw/5sMjcYdsgQ g/s1600/MA+Danzante+hieroglyphs.jpg |
2,588 YBN [588 BC] 3 | 6434) The monotheistic religion: Zoroasterism is founded.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Zoroaster". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/658060/Zoroaster>. 2. ^ "Zoroaster". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/658060/Zoroaster>. 3. ^ "Zoroaster". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/658060/Zoroaster>. | (Chorasmia south of the Aral Sea, modern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) Central Asia and/or (born in Rhages, now Rayy, a suburb of Tehrān, a town in Media)Tehrān, Iran2 |
[1] Portrait of Zarathustra as depicted in a Mithraic Temple in Dura Europus (in modern Syria) in the 3rd Century AD. PD source: http://www.kavehfarrokh.com/wp-c ontent/uploads/2008/10/Pic2-Zoroaster.jp g [2] Ptolemy viewed from the back holding an earth sphere. He is facing Zoroaster who holds a celestial sphere. Western Astrology is based on Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos. It is significant that the two are part of a conversation and that Zoroaster holds the celestial sphere. PD source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pZn4a1 CwgVI/TcNDKrEPBwI/AAAAAAAAAUY/wN7Lp4wDVB 0/s1600/The+School+of+Athens+by+Raphael+ 1509-+Zoroaster+left%252C+with+star-stud ded+globe.jpg |
2,580 YBN [580 BC] 7 | 764) The Earth-centered Universe theory, and the theory that humans evolved from fish.4 The Earth-centered theory will dominate until the 1500s.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000). 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 7. ^ estimate on guess of 30 years old when makes science contributions MORE INFO [1] "Cosmos", Carl Sagan | Miletus6 |
[1] A map of Anaximander's Earth-centered theory UNKNOWN source: http://www.utm.edu/research/iep- wp/wp-content/media/anaxfig1.gif [2] Detail of Raphael's painting The School of Athens, 1510–1511. This could be a representation of Anaximander leaning towards Pythagoras on his left.[1] Born c. 610 BCE c. 546 BCE (aged around 64) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/38/Anaximander.jpg |
2,550 YBN [550 BC] 4 5 | 1036) The Latin alphabet.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p151-152. 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p151-152. 3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p151-152. 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p151-152. 5. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p151-152. MORE INFO [1] "History of the Latin language". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ the_Latin_language [2] http://www.evertype.com/standards/wynnyo gh/thorn.html [3] "Latin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin (9th or 8th century) | Rome3 |
[1] The Lapis Niger Archaic Latin When Giacomo Boni was excavating the Forum in 1899 he found a spot paved with black stone among the Imperial era travertine – the Lapis Niger. Further excavation revealed an ancient shrine complex that had been filled in and later constructed over. The location was thought by the ancient Romans to be where Romulus was killed by the Senate, or perhaps the grave of Hostilius. A second excavation in 1955 found no evidence of a grave but the site was clearly considered a sacred place by the Romans. The shrine consists of the remnants of a U-shaped alter, a monolithic column (a tufa cone) and an inscribed stone cippus. The black stone cippus, ca.550–500 BC, carved out of Grotta Oscura tufa from Veii, contains an early boustrophon inscription on all four sides (actually five, as one corner is truncated). About a third to a half of each line is missing so a complete translation is not possible, but it appears to be a warning against those who would defile the site. It is one of only a handful of sixth century BC Latin inscriptions. UNKNOWN source: http://www.codex99.com/typograph y/images/ancient/niger_1_lg.gif [2] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p138. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p138. |
2,533 YBN [533 BC] 4 | 6436) The start of Buddhism.1 2 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Buddha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/83105/Buddha/230768/Birth-and-ea rly-life>. 2. ^ "Buddhism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/83184/Buddhism>. 3. ^ "Buddha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/83105/Buddha/230768/Birth-and-ea rly-life>. 4. ^ "Buddha." A Dictionary of World Mythology. Oxford University Press, 1979, 1986, 2003. Answers.com 27 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/buddha | (modern) southern Nepal, India3 |
[1] Summary Scene of the Buddha's Great Departure from palatial life. Gandahara 1-2nd century. Guimet Museum. Personal photograph 2005. This scene depicts the ''Great Departure'' predestined being, he appears here surrounded by a halo, and accompanied by numerous guards, mithuna loving couples, and devata, come to pay homage. source: http://www.guimet.fr/The-Great-Departure GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Great_Departure .JPG/1024px-Great_Departure.JPG [2] Description Prince Siddharta Gautama shaves the hair off his head as the sign to decline his status as ksatriya (warrior class) and become sn ascetic hermit, his servants holds his sword, crown, and princely jewelry while his horse Kanthaka stood on right. Bas-relief panel at Borobudur, Java, Indonesia. Date Februaty 2007 Source Own work Author Gunkarta GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Siddharta_Gauta ma_Borobudur.jpg/1024px-Siddharta_Gautam a_Borobudur.jpg |
2,529 YBN [529 BC] 12 | 772) The Earth is described as a sphere by Pythagoras.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 6. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 8. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 10. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). {529 BCE} MORE INFO [1] "Polycrates". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrates [2] "Pythagorean theorem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean _theorem | Croton, Italy11 |
[1] Description: Phytagoras, coin made under emperor Decius Source: Baumeister, Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums. 1888. Band III., Seite 1429 s Roman Emperor from 249 to 251. PD source: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac. uk/~history/BigPictures/Pythagoras_4.jpe g [2] Bust of Pythagoras UNKNOWN source: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac. uk/~history/BigPictures/Pythagoras.jpeg |
2,521 YBN [521 BC] 3 | 6435) The Chinese philosopher Confucius lives around this time.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Confucius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/132184/Confucius>. 2. ^ "Confucius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/132184/Confucius>. 3. ^ "Confucius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/132184/Confucius>. | (hometown, place of birth and death) state of Lu, China2 |
[1] English: The teaching Confucius. Portrait by Wu Daozi, 685-758, Tang Dynasty. 中文: 孔夫子(畫者:唐朝吳道子) Bân-lâm-gú: Khóng-hu-tsú (uē-tsiá:Tông-tiâu Ngôo-tō-tsú). PD source: http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/ images/stories/large/2011/03/16/Confuciu s_Tang_Dynasty.jpg |
2,500 YBN [500 BC] 4 | 825) The crossbow is invented in China.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=500) 3. ^ "crossbow." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 12 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/crossbow 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=500) MORE INFO [1] "Cross-bow". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-bow (=500) [2] http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_madein china/2005-07/21/content_70877.htm (=500) [3] Wagner, D.B. Iron and Steel in Ancient China. Brill Academic Pub, 1993. 4. Handbuch der Orientalistik Part 9 of Handbook of Oriental Studies Volume 9 of Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 4 China Series, p153,157-158. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=mxZsguBzwZMC&pg=PR3 | China2 3 |
[1] Wagner, D.B. Iron and Steel in Ancient China. Brill Academic Pub, 1993. 4. Handbuch der Orientalistik Part 9 of Handbook of Oriental Studies Volume 9 of Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 4 China Series, p153,157-158. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=mxZsguBzwZMC&pg=PR3 COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =mxZsguBzwZMC&pg=PR3 [2] Late medieval crossbowman from ca. 1480 English: Crossbowman executing Saint Sebastian. Detail of a figure from the Upper Rhine, around 1480; linden wood, Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, München, inventory number 79/355 Date 05.07.2009 Source Own work Author Gun Powder Ma CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9f/Martyrium_of_Saint_Se bastian._Pic_03.jpg |
2,500 YBN [500 BC] 7 | 6518) There are 100 million humans on Earth.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 3. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 4. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 5. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 6. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 7. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 |
[1] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. COPYRIGHTED source: Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. | |
2,475 YBN [475 BC] 4 5 | 6464) Babylonian astronomers divide the sky into 12 parts which correspond to constellations (also called the zodiac1 ).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "zodiac." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 13 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/zodiac 2. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.108, no.1, p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 998JBAA..108....9R 3. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.108, no.1, p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 998JBAA..108....9R 4. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.108, no.1, p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 998JBAA..108....9R 5. ^ "astronomical map". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/40018/astronomical-map/52790/The -constellations-and-other-sky-divisions> . | Babylonia3 |
[1] Further Information: WA 86378 [BM 86378] Mul.Apin tablet 1 [pictured] is in the British Museum, London. [The tablet is 8.4 centimetres high incised with miniature cuneiform writing.] This principal copy of Tablet 1 probably dates circa 500 BC and is a late Babylonian copy. The earliest copies were recovered from the royal library of the Assyrian King Assurbanipal (667-629 BC) in Nineveh (and also from Assur). The text of Tablet 1 was able to be restored with the aid of five copies - one dated to the Neo-Babylonian Period, two from Assurbanipal's library [hence written before 612 BC when Nineveh was sacked], and two from Assur. [The first part of Mul.Apin to be published was this almost complete copy of tablet 1 by Leonard King in CT 33, Plates 1-8 (1912)].* The principal copy of the second tablet is VAT 9412 from Assur, dated 687 BC. (This is the oldest of the texts.) Multiple copies of tablet 2 are known: principally three from Assur, three from Assurbanipal's library, and one dated to the Neo-Babylonian period. UNKNOWN source: http://www.reocities.com/astrolo gysources/images/mulapin.jpg [2] WA 86378 [now BM 86378]. Mul.Apin tablet 1 (obverse side and reverse side) in the British Museum, London. (The tablet, the most complete surviving copy, is 8.4 cms high and is considered to be a masterpiece of miniature cuneiform writing.) The broad astronomical content and significance of the (two-tablet) Mul.Apin series had been identified by the English assyriologists Archibald Sayce and Robert Bosanquet in a journal article published in 1880. The first part of the Mul.Apin series to be published (transcribed but not translated) was BM 86378 in Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum: Part XXXIII (Plates 1-8) by Leonard King (1912). This tablet is almost complete copy of tablet 1. (No complete text of Mul.Apin has survived.) See also ''A Neo-Babylonian Astronomical Treatise in the British Museum and its Bearing on the Age of Babylonian Astronomy.'' by Leonard King (Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archaeology, Volume 35, 1913). This article by the English assyriologist Leonard King drew attention to the importance of this text for identifying the Babylonian constellations. In the next two years numerous articles and books appeared that utilised its star list information in the attempt to identify the Babylonian constellations and the stars that comprised such. This principal copy of tablet 1 (WA 86378 [now BM 86378]) probably dates to circa 500 BCE and is a late Babylonian copy of tablet 1 of the astronomical compendium Mul.Apin. The earliest copies were recovered from the royal archives of the Assyrian King Assurbanipal (667-626 BCE) in Nineveh (and also from Assur). The Mul.Apin series contains the most comprehensive surviving star/constellation catalogue. It is largely devoted to describing the risings and settings of constellations/stars in relation to the schematic calendar of twelve 30-day months. The text of tablet 1 was able to be completely restored with the aid of five copies - one dated to the Neo-Babylonian Period, two from Assurbanipal's library (hence written before 612 BCE), and two from Assur. The principal copy of the second tablet is VAT 9412 from Assur, dated 687 BCE. (This is the oldest of the texts.) Multiple copies of tablet 2 are known: principally three from Assur, three from Assurbanipal's library, and one dated to the Neo-Babylonian period. In its standard form Mul.Apin is written on 2 clay tablets and is comprised of almost 400 lines of cuneiform text. Each tablet contains 4 columns with about 50 lines of text per column. The text of Mul.Apin is divided into a number of sections and subsections, usually marked by horizontal dividing lines by the scribes. There are also texts of Mul.Apin in which the two tablets are combined in one large tablet. The connection of a third tablet to the Mul.Apin series, by some modern commentators, was probably only an occasionally added appendix to Mul.Apin. Many copies of Mul.Apin texts exist from across the entire Neo-Assyrian Period, and it was still being recopied as late as the Seleucid Era. The Mul.Apin series (the name being derived from its opening words) is obviously a compilation of nearly all astronomical knowledge of the period before 700 BCE. Some statements in the Mul.Apin text (i.e., stars in the paths of Anu, Enlil, and Ea appear in other, much earlier, cuneiform texts; the Astrolabes and in the omens of Enuma, Anu, Enlil. Mul.Apin is the first reasonably full exposition of the knowledge developed within the almost millennium-old written tradition of cuneiform astronomical and astral omen texts. Rita Watson and Wayne Horowitz (Writing Science before the Greeks: A Naturalistic Analysis of the Babylonian Treatise MUL.APIN (2011)) state (Pages ?-175): ''The consolidation of the MUL.APIN text marks the emergence of a formal written astronomical science. ... MUL.APIN may not represent fully developed science, but it does offer a unique, even vital, window onto its beginnings, and the dynamic, reflective processes involved in the emergence of a formal written science.'' Also (Page 174): ''The observational science of MUL.APIN appears to occupy a pivotal role in the development of the late, more sophisticated mathematical-astronomy of the ACT [Astronomical Cuneiform Texts] tradition.'' ... COPYRIGHTED source: http://members.westnet.com.au/ga ry-david-thompson/mul_apin_tablet1.JPG |
2,470 YBN [470 BC] 6 7 8 | 840) That the brain controls the body is understood, and the first human dissection.2 The optic nerve and Eustachian {YU-STA-siN3 } tubes are identified.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "Eustachian>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "Eustachian." The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 06 Jun. 2013. ustachian>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ "Alcmaeon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/13331/Alcmaeon>. 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=500bce) {500 BCE} 7. ^ "Alcmaeon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcmaeon (=450bce) {450 BCE} 8. ^ "alcmaeon". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alcmae on/ (=500-450bce) {500-450 BCE} | (academy at Croton, now:) Crotone, southern Italy5 |
[1] Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY UNKOWN source: http://members.bib-arch.org/bswb _graphics/BSAO/08/04/BSAO080402410L.jpg [2] Alcmaeon UNKNOWN source: http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/pc /Alcmaeon.jpg |
2,467 YBN [467 BC] 14 15 | 836) That stars are other Suns and made of red-hot metal is recognized9 10 and the theory that people live on the Moon, and that the Universe is made of tiny bodies by Anaxagoras.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books I-V", 137-139. (similar translation:) http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ 2. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999, p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=o k4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17 3. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books I-V", 137-139. (similar translation:) http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ 4. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999, p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=o k4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17 5. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books I-V", 137-139. (similar translation:) http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ 6. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999, p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=o k4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17 7. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books I-V", 137-139. (similar translation:) http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ 8. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999, p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=o k4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17 9. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books I-V", 137-139. (similar translation:) http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ 10. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999, p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=o k4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17 11. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books I-V", 137-139. (similar translation:) http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p8-9. 14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p8-9. 15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (450bc+30yrs estimate for science contributions) MORE INFO [1] "Anaxagoras". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxagoras (=490?-430?) | Clazomenae (75 miles/120 km north of Miletus)|Athens12 |Did not move to Athens until around 462 bce13 |
[1] Description English: Detail of the right-hand facade fresco, showing Anaxagoras. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Date c. 1888 Source http://nibiryukov.narod.r u/nb_pinacoteca/nbe_pinacoteca_artists_l .htm Author Eduard Lebiedzki, after a design by Carl Rahl PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2c/Anaxagoras_Lebiedzki_ Rahl.jpg |
2,467 YBN [467 BC] 21 | 1894) The earliest particle (or wireless) communication. The optical telegraph;15 16 17 using fire signals.18 19 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/te xt?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac ard%3D258 2. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tel egraph#History 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33. 4. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/te xt?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac ard%3D258 5. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tel egraph#History 6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33. 7. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/te xt?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac ard%3D258 8. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tel egraph#History 9. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33. 10. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/te xt?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac ard%3D258 11. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tel egraph#History 12. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33. 13. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/te xt?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac ard%3D258 14. ^ http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Communicat ion.htm 15. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/te xt?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac ard%3D258 16. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tel egraph#History 17. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33. 18. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/te xt?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac ard%3D258 19. ^ http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Communicat ion.htm 20. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus 21. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus {467 BCE} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Robert Hooke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0979/Robert-Hooke [3] "Robert Hooke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hook e [4] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat= technology [5] http://www.libraries.uc.edu/source/volfo ur/oesper2.html [6] http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/ [7] http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/v ectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm [8] http://www.she-philosopher.com/gallery/c yclopaedia.html [9] "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tel egraph#History (1684) | Argos, Greece20 |
[1] This image was moved from Image:Image62.gif Description A drawing of the lighthouse by German archaeologist Prof. H. Thiersch (1909). Date 2007-01-16 (original upload date) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Ragemanchoo at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2e/Lighthouse_-_Thiersch .gif [2] English: Mosaic Lighthouse of Alexandria: was found in the Qasr Libya in Libya, which was known by several names including history and Olbia Theodorias, This is a painting that was left over to show the form of lighthouse after the quake, which destroyed the lighthouse. Qasr Libya Museum PD source: http://freespace.virgin.net/ric. martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm |
2,460 YBN [460 BC] 11 12 | 841) The theory that all matter is made of atoms.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 6. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 8. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 10. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~490bce) 12. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus (=500-450bce) |
[1] Coin with the head of Leukippos on it from around 330-320 BC.[t] Greece,Metapont 330-320BC,Leukkipos,1/3stater. Hammer price 2002: CHF 12.000. UNKNOWN source: http://numisbooks.dk/info/fotos/ romanphotos/leukippos330-320.jpg | |
2,460 YBN [460 BC] 3 4 | 842) The theory that the universe is made of only four elements: water, air, fire and earth.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~490bce) 4. ^ "Empedocles". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles (=500-450bce) |
[1] The temple of Hera at Agrigentum, built when Empedocles was a young man, c. 470 BC. Tempio di Hera ad Agrigento, Sicilia. From: Giambattista Scivoletto - http://www.studioscivoletto.it/ COPYRIG HTED ANY USE AND Empedocles in the Nuremberg Chronicle. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1d/Agrigento_Tempio_di_H era.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip edia/commons/thumb/9/95/Empedocles-2-siz ed.jpg/1030px-Empedocles-2-sized.jpg [2] Description English: Empedocles, ancient Greek Presocratic philosopher. From Thomas Stanley, (1655), The history of philosophy: containing the lives, opinions, actions and Discourses of the Philosophers of every Sect, illustrated with effigies of divers of them. Date circa 1655 Source Thomas Stanley, 1655, The history of philosophy Author Unknown PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2b/Empedocles_in_Thomas_ Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg | |
2,451 YBN [451 BC] 2 | 906) Books of Protagoras are burned for doubting the existence of Gods.1 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Diogenes Laertius "Lives of Eminent Philosophers", 397-398. (similar translation:) http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ 2. ^ "Protagoras". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagoras (+30) MORE INFO [1] http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quot es/quote-s2.htm |
[1] [t Get better image- perhaps of text.] Picture of Protagoras UNKNOWN source: http://i2.listal.com/image/59712 8/600full-protagoras.jpg | |
2,450 YBN [450 BC] 4 5 | 838) The first recorded trial of a person for atheism; Anaxagoras.1 2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ A. E. Taylor "On the date of the Trial of Anaxagoras" in:Postgate, J.P. et al. Classical Quarterly. Clarendon Press, 1917, p81. http://books.google.com/books?id=_ 4RJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA85 5. ^ http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~dhutchin/s 26a.htm {430 BCE} MORE INFO [1] "Anaxagoras". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxagoras [2] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980) | Athens, Greece3 |
[1] Description English: Detail of the right-hand facade fresco, showing Anaxagoras. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Date c. 1888 Source http://nibiryukov.narod.r u/nb_pinacoteca/nbe_pinacoteca_artists_l .htm Author Eduard Lebiedzki, after a design by Carl Rahl PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2c/Anaxagoras_Lebiedzki_ Rahl.jpg |
2,450 YBN [450 BC] 6 7 | 843) The theory that the Earth moves through space.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Diogenes Laertius, "The lives and opinions of eminent philosophers", H. G. Bohn, 1853, p372. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9-YFAAAAQAAJ AND http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/te xt?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Ab ook%3D1%3Achapter%3Dprologue 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p11. 3. ^ Diogenes Laertius, "The lives and opinions of eminent philosophers", H. G. Bohn, 1853, p372. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9-YFAAAAQAAJ AND http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/te xt?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Ab ook%3D1%3Achapter%3Dprologue 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ Diogenes Laertius, "The lives and opinions of eminent philosophers", H. G. Bohn, 1853, p372. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9-YFAAAAQAAJ AND http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/te xt?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Ab ook%3D1%3Achapter%3Dprologue 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~480bce) 7. ^ "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philolaus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanfor d/entries/philolaus/ (=470-385bce) MORE INFO [1] http://www.neo-tech.com/zero/part2.html | Croton, Italy5 |
[1] Description Pythagoras and Philolaus experimenting with musical pipes. From Theorica musicae by Franchino Gaffurio, 1492 (1480?) Date 2010-04-28 16:51 (UTC) Source Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png Author Gaffurio_Pythagoras.png: Franchino Gaffurio (publisher) derivative work: Singinglemon (talk) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e8/Pythagoras_and_Philol aus.png |
2,432 YBN [432 BC] 10 11 12 | 849) The Metonic {miToNiK5 } calendar: 12 years of 12 months and 7 years of 13 months.6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Metonic cycle." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/metonic-cyc le 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ James Evans, "History and practice of ancient astronomy", 1998, p16. http://books.google.com/books?id=n S51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f= false 4. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p245. 5. ^ "Metonic cycle." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/metonic-cyc le 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 7. ^ James Evans, "History and practice of ancient astronomy", 1998, p16. http://books.google.com/books?id=n S51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f= false 8. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p245. 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 11. ^ James Evans, "History and practice of ancient astronomy", 1998, p16. http://books.google.com/books?id=n S51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f= false 12. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p245. MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=440-?? BCE) [2] "Meton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meton | Athens, Greece (presumably)9 |
[1] Description The relation of the phases of the Moon with its revolution around Earth. The sizes of Earth and Moon, and their distance you see here are far from real. On this image the following are also depicted: the synchronous rotation of the Moon, the motion of the Earth around the common center of mass, the difference between the sidereal and synodical month (green mark), the Earth's axial tilt. (NOTE: the precise moment of a New Moon take place in daylight when you can see only the bright Sun.) Date 2010-08-19ddd Source Own work Author Orion 8 Other versions CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Moon_phases_en. jpg/1024px-Moon_phases_en.jpg [2] The Antikythera mechanism UNKNOWN source: http://www.bibliotecapleyades.ne t/imagenes_ciencia/antikythera06_02.jpg |
2,430 YBN [430 BC] 11 12 13 14 | 845) The Universe is explained as being infinite in size3 4 , filled with many other worlds, and the Milky Way as a large group of stars.5 6 The motions of atoms are described based on natural laws, not on the wants of gods or demons.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanfor d/entries/democritus/ 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanf ord/entries/democritus/ 4. ^ 5. ^ "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanfor d/entries/democritus/ 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 7. ^ "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanfor d/entries/democritus/ 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 9. ^ "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanfor d/entries/democritus/ 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~470-~380bce) 12. ^ "Democritus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus (=~450-~370bce) 13. ^ "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanfor d/entries/democritus/ (=~460-) 14. ^ http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/2/36.html (=460-370) | Abdera, Thrace9 10 |
[1] DEMOCRITO DE ABDERA UNKNOWN source: http://tareaescolar.co/tareaesco lar/filo/images/democrito.jpg |
2,430 YBN [430 BC] 3 4 | 847) A school of health science is founded by Hippocrates. Disease is viewed as a physical phenomenon, not the product of gods or demons.1 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=460-~370 BCE) 4. ^ "Hippocrates". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates (=460-377 BCE) | Cos2 |
[1] Hippocrates, engraving by Peter Paul Rubens, 1638. Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine[1]. http://wwwihm.nlm.nih.gov/ ihm/images/B/14/555.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/32/Hippocrates_rubens.jp g |
2,424 YBN [424 BC] 7 8 | 6533) Grafting of plants in Greece.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mudge, Ken, et al. "A history of grafting." Horticultural Reviews, Volume 35 (2009): 437-493. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/new crop/janick-papers/c09.pdf 2. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p115. http://books.google.com/books?id= tc6vr0qzk_4C 3. ^ Mudge, Ken, et al. "A history of grafting." Horticultural Reviews, Volume 35 (2009): 437-493. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/new crop/janick-papers/c09.pdf 4. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p115. http://books.google.com/books?id= tc6vr0qzk_4C 5. ^ Mudge, Ken, et al. "A history of grafting." Horticultural Reviews, Volume 35 (2009): 437-493. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/new crop/janick-papers/c09.pdf 6. ^ "Theophrastus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 12 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/theophrastu s 7. ^ Mudge, Ken, et al. "A history of grafting." Horticultural Reviews, Volume 35 (2009): 437-493. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/new crop/janick-papers/c09.pdf 8. ^ "Theophrastus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 12 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/theophrastu s | Greece5 |(presumably for Theophrastus) (The Lyceum) Athens, Greece6 |
[1] Description a good example of a whip graft that has ''taken'' Source I (Chris Hibbard, acct: chrishibbard7) created this work entirely by myself. Date 4/27/2009 Author Chris Hibbard Permission (Reusing this file) See below. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/c/c8/Good_graft.JPG [2] Description English: Example of a successful cleft graft after 4 years of growth. Uploading specifically for use in the Grafting article, where the same graft is displayed after 2 years of growth, for comparison. Date 3/23/2012 Source With a camera, of course. Adjusted light levels with Gimp Previously published: http://pinterest.com/pin/527766268533219 03/ Author Chrishibbard7 GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CleftGraft4thYr .JPG/1194px-CleftGraft4thYr.JPG |
2,399 YBN [399 BC] 4 5 6 | 846) Socrates is sentenced to death, in part for disrespecting the Gods.1 2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "socrates". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "socrates". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrat es/ 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~470-399bce) 5. ^ "Socrates". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates (=470-399bce) 6. ^ "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "socrates". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrat es/ (=469-399) MORE INFO [1] http://www.wsu.edu/~tcook/doc/Socrates2. htm [2] "Laconophile". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laconophile [3] "Critias". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critias [4] "Aristophanes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophane s | Athens, Greece3 |
[1] From http://hypernews.ngdc.noaa.gov This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Socrates.png [2] The Death of Socrates, by Jacques-Louis David (1787) The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. This photograph of the work is also in the public domain in the United States (see Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.). PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Socratesdeath.jpg |
2,387 YBN [387 BC] 5 | 851) The school "the Academy" is founded by Plato in Athens. The word "academy" will eventually be applied to all schools.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=440-?? BCE) MORE INFO [1] "Plato". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato [2] "plato". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/ | Athens, Greece4 |
[1] Plato's Academy, Mosaic from Villa of T. Siminius Stephanus, Pompeii (photo courtesy of Branislav Slantchev) PD source: http://www.electrummagazine.com/ wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Platos_Academ y_mosaic_T_Siminius_Stephanus_Pompeii.jp g [2] Description Academy of Athens (modern) Source I (Dimboukas (talk)) created this work entirely by myself. Date 19:53, 1 December 2009 (UTC) Author Dimboukas (talk) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/thumb/8/82/Athens_academy.jpg/1 024px-Athens_academy.jpg |
2,378 YBN [378 BC] 2 | 854) The sky is divided into degrees of latitude and longitude (a system that is eventually applied to the Earth).1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=408-355 BCE) MORE INFO [1] "Eudoxus of Cnidus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxus_of_ Cnidus |
[1] A pupil of Plato, Eudoxus elaborated a geocentric model composed of crystalline spheres, incorporating the Platonic ideal of uniform circular motion. System of 27 Spheres: * 1 for the fixed stars * 3 each for the Sun and Moon * 4 each for the 5 planets Spheres within spheres in perfect circular motion combine to give retrograde motions. Spheres within Spheres (Click on the image to view at full scale [Size: 20Kb]) 4 Spheres for each planet: * One was aligned with the celestial poles, turning once a day to give rising & setting. * Second was tilted 23.5º, rotated slowly in the opposite direction to give the usual west-to-east drift of the planets relative to the fixed stars. * Third & Fourth were introduced to produce the periodic retrograde motions of the planets. All were in uniform circular motion about their axes. COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://www-astronomy.mps.ohio-st ate.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Unit3/greek.html | |
2,358 YBN [358 BC] 5 | 856) The theory that the Earth rotates around its own axis, and that some planets rotate around the Sun.3 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p18. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p18. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p18. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p18. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p18. MORE INFO [1] "Heracleides". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracleides (=387 - 312 BCE) | (Academy) Athens, Greece4 (presumably) |
[1] Ηράκλειτος (~544 - 483 π.Χ.) COPYRIGHTED GREECE source: http://sfr.ee.teiath.gr/historia /historia/important/html/images/Heraklit .jpg |
2,335 YBN [335 BC] 11 | 859) The school called the Lyceum {LI SEuM} is opened by Aristotle in Athens.5 Aristotle also adds a fifth element "aether", which the "heavens" are made of,6 7 8 and puts forward the first theory of gravity.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Aristotle, John Leofric Stocks, �On the Heavens� (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922), Book 1, Chapter 3. http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aris totle/heavens/index.html 3. ^ Wildberg, C. John Philoponus� Criticism. De Gruyter, 1988. Peripatoi (Berlin), p12. http://books.google.com/books?id=a f3XzdAvB_cC&pg=PA12 4. ^ Lucio Russo, "The Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004), p302. 5. ^ "Aristotle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle (384 - March 7, 322 BCE) 6. ^ Aristotle, John Leofric Stocks, �On the Heavens� (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922), Book 1, Chapter 3. http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aris totle/heavens/index.html 7. ^ Wildberg, C. John Philoponus� Criticism. De Gruyter, 1988. Peripatoi (Berlin), p12. http://books.google.com/books?id=a f3XzdAvB_cC&pg=PA12 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 9. ^ Lucio Russo, "The Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004), p302. 10. ^ "Lyceum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/352514/Lyceum>. 11. ^ "Lyceum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/352514/Lyceum>. MORE INFO [1] "Faustus (I) Cornelius Sulla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustus_%28 I%29_Cornelius_Sulla | Athens, Greece10 |
[1] Date 1511 Source Stitched together from vatican.va Author Raphael (1483–1520) Link back to Creator infobox template wikidata:Q5597 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sanzio_01.jpg/1 280px-Sanzio_01.jpg [2] English: The School of Athens - fresco by Raffaello Sanzio (w) Artist Copy of Lysippus English: Bust of Aristotle. Marble, Roman copy after a Greek bronze original by Lysippos from 330 BC; the alabaster mantle is a modern addition. Current location [show]National Museum_of Rome - Palazzo AltempsLink back to Institution infobox template Ground floor Accession number Inv. 8575 Credit line Ludovisi Collection Source/Photographer Jastrow (2006) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altem ps_Inv8575.jpg/765px-Aristotle_Altemps_I nv8575.jpg |
2,330 YBN [06/28/330 BC] 5 | 864) The calendar of Callipus, 76 years of 940 months, which is more accurate than that of Meton.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Smith, W. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. J. Murray, 1880. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, p575. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0DIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA575 2. ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ history/Biographies/Callippus.html 3. ^ Smith, W. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. J. Murray, 1880. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, p575. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0DIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA575 4. ^ "Cyzicus." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 May. 2013. yzicus>. 5. ^ Smith, W. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. J. Murray, 1880. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, p575. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0DIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA575 MORE INFO [1] "Callippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callippus | (probably) Cyzicus3 (an ancient city in NW Asia Minor, in Mysia, on a peninsula in the Sea of Marmara4 ) |
[1] Description The relation of the phases of the Moon with its revolution around Earth. The sizes of Earth and Moon, and their distance you see here are far from real. On this image the following are also depicted: the synchronous rotation of the Moon, the motion of the Earth around the common center of mass, the difference between the sidereal and synodical month (green mark), the Earth's axial tilt. (NOTE: the precise moment of a New Moon take place in daylight when you can see only the bright Sun.) Date 2010-08-19ddd Source Own work Author Orion 8 Other versions CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Moon_phases_en. jpg/1024px-Moon_phases_en.jpg |
2,325 YBN [325 BC] 4 5 6 7 | 887) The theory that the Moon influences the tides.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~300bce+30-??) 5. ^ "Pytheas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytheas (=~380-~310) 6. ^ "Î Ï Î¸ÎÎ±Ï Î¿ ÎαÏÏαλιÏÏη Ï". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8 5%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9C% CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%8 E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82 (=~380-~310) 7. ^ "Pytheas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytheas (voyage 325BCE 320-330BCE) MORE INFO [1] http://www.ahepafamily.org/d5/pytheas.ht ml [2] "Pytheas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/485262/Pytheas> | Massalia (now: Marseille France)3 |
[1] Description Statue de Pythéas sur la façade du palais de la Bourse à Marseille. Date 6 February 2008 Source Own work Author Rvalette Permission (Reusing this file) See below. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pyth%C3%A9as.jp g/639px-Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg |
2,311 YBN [311 BC] 2 | 885) The theory that pleasure is good and pain is bad.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Epicurus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=306bce) MORE INFO [1] "ÎÏÎ¯ÎºÎ¿Ï ÏοÏ". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%8 0%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF %82 |
[1] Description English: Hermes-type bust (pillar with the top as a sculpted head) of Epicurus leaned with his back against his disciple Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger) (note : the legend at the bottom of the hermes is mixed with the Metrodorus side). Pentelic marble, Roman artwork, Imperial Era (2nd-half of the 2nd century ?). Found in Rome, Italy. Français : Pilier hermaïque représentant Épicure adossé à son disciple Métrodore de Lampsaque (le jeune). Marbre du Pentélique, œuvre romaine d'époque impériale (deuxième moitié du IIe siècle ?). Découvert à Rome, Italie. Dimensions H. 62 cm (24 ¼ in.) Current location [show](Inventory)Louvre MuseumLink back to Institution infobox template wikidata:Q19675 Department of Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antiquities, Sully wing, ground floor, room 17 Accession number Ma 88 (MR 478) Credit line Collections of the Duke of Penthièvre; seized during the French Revolution: in the Louvre collections since 1800 References notice sur le site du Louvre Source/Photographer Eric Gaba (User:Sting), July 2005 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a6/Epicurus_Louvre.jpg [2] Description English: File already in use by Wikipedia. Generally enhanced viewability. English: Marble bust of Epicurus. Roman copy of Greek original, 3rd century BC/2nd century BC. On display in the British Museum, London. Source Self-created Date 18 June 2006 Author ChrisO Permission I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide. In case this is not legally possible: I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law. Date 19 August 2007 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Jayantanth using CommonsHelper. Author Original uploader was Interstate295revisited at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released into the public domain (by the author). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/14/Epicurus_bust2.jpg | |
2,305 YBN [305 BC] 6 | 884) Nerves are distinguished from blood vessels.1 2 The liver, ovaries, Fallopian tubes, and retina are identified.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Herophilus." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/263634/Herophilus>. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "Herophilus." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/263634/Herophilus>. 4. ^ "Herophilus." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/263634/Herophilus>. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 6. ^ "Herophilus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herophilus (+30) MORE INFO [1] http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:Lxv_ AigSQQkJ:www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/medi cine/anatomy/AnatHis.pdf+herophilus+tert ullian&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=16 [2] "Heart". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart [3] "Herophilus." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/263634/Herophilus> | Alexandria, Egypt4 5 |
[1] Herophilus of Chalcedon (c. 330-260 BCE) Detail of a 1532 woodcut showing Herophilus (left) and Erasistratus. Credits:Wellcome Library, London UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/ hommedia.ashx?id=91862&size=Small [2] Description English: Scheme of digestive tract, with duodenum marked. Polski: Schemat przewodu pokarmowego, z zaznaczoną dwunastnicą . Inkscape Logo.svg This vector image was created with Inkscape. Date 18:05, 21 August 2007 (UTC) (upload on commons) Source Own work Author Olek Remesz (wiki-pl: Orem, commons: Orem) Permission (Reusing this file) CC-BY-SA ver. 2.5, 2.0, 1.0 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tractus_intesti nalis_duodenum.svg/1000px-Tractus_intest inalis_duodenum.svg.png |
2,300 YBN [300 BC] 3 | 871) That falling bodies accelerate is recognized.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p24. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p24. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=340-270) MORE INFO [1] "ÎλληνικÏÏ Î£ÏÏαÏÏÏ". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B B%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF %82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C %CF%82 [2] "Straton of Lampsacus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straton_of_ Lampsacus (=340-268bce) | (Lyceum) Athens, Greece2 (presumably) |
[1] Description English: Detail of the right-hand facade fresco, showing Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Strato of Lampsacus. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Date c. 1888 Source Aristotle_and_his_disciples_Lebiedzki_Ra hl.jpg Author Aristotle_and_his_disciples_Lebiedzki_Ra hl.jpg: Eduard Lebiedzki, after a design by Karl Rahl derivative work: Singinglemon (talk) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6a/Aristotle_Theophrastu s_Strato_Lebiedzki_Rahl.jpg [2] Description English: Ancient Greek philosopher Strato of Lampsacus, depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle Date 2009-04-26 20:14 (UTC) Source Nuremberg_chronicles_f_082v_4.png Aut hor Nuremberg_chronicles_f_082v_4.png: Hartmann Schedel derivative work: Singinglemon (talk) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/56/Strato_Nuremberg_Chro nicle.jpg |
2,300 YBN [300 BC] 4 | 1166) A lathe is used in Egypt;1 a workpiece is rotated against a cutting tool.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ www.stuartking.co.uk/lathe.htm 2. ^ "lathe." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/331624/lathe>. 3. ^ www.stuartking.co.uk/lathe.htm 4. ^ www.stuartking.co.uk/lathe.htm (300bce) | Egypt3 |
[1] Two man Egyptian Lathe The earliest picture of a lathe is one on the wall of an Egyptian grave of the third century B.C., shown here in a line drawing. The man at left is holding the cutting tool. The man at the right is making the workpiece rotate back and forth by pulling on a cord or thong. UNKNOWN source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wdvm-N qT5UA/T2hJOxBSe7I/AAAAAAAAAQw/FowRtQg4yS U/s1600/Petosiris_lathe.jpghttp://homepa ges.tig.com.au/~dispater/turning.htm [2] A carved stone pictograph from the tomb of an Egyptian Priest. 300 B.C UNKNOWN [1] find book this is from The earliest picture of a lathe is one on the wall of an Egyptian grave of the third century B.C., shown here in a line drawing. The man at left is holding the cutting tool. The man at the right is making the workpiece rotate back and forth by pulling on a cord or thong. COPYRIGHTED source: http://homepages.tig.com.au/~dis pater/turning.htm |
2,300 YBN [300 BC] 6 | 6482) The earliest known use of a chain-drive; used in an automatic repeating crossbow.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Werner Soedel, Vernard Foley: "Ancient Catapults", Scientific American, Vol. 240, No. 3 (March 1979), p. 124-125. {Ancient_Catapults_Scientific_American _197903xx.pdf} 2. ^ Alan Wilkins, Roman Artillery, Shire, p.8. books.google.com/books?id=VCkGVJG6 XOUC&pg=PA8 3. ^ Werner Soedel, Vernard Foley: "Ancient Catapults", Scientific American, Vol. 240, No. 3 (March 1979), p. 124-125. {Ancient_Catapults_Scientific_American _197903xx.pdf} 4. ^ Alan Wilkins, Roman Artillery, Shire, p.8. books.google.com/books?id=VCkGVJG6 XOUC&pg=PA8 5. ^ Werner Soedel, Vernard Foley: "Ancient Catapults", Scientific American, Vol. 240, No. 3 (March 1979), p. 124-125. {Ancient_Catapults_Scientific_American _197903xx.pdf} 6. ^ Alan Wilkins, Roman Artillery, Shire, p.8. books.google.com/books?id=VCkGVJG6 XOUC&pg=PA8 | Rhodes, Greece5 |
[1] Figure from: Werner Soedel, Vernard Foley: ''Ancient Catapults'', Scientific American, Vol. 240, No. 3 (March 1979), p. 124-125. {Ancient_Catapults_Scientific_American _197903xx.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: Werner Soedel, Vernard Foley: "Ancient Catapults", Scientific American, Vol. 240, No. 3 (March 1979), p. 124-125. COPYRIGHTED [2] English: Arsenal of ancient mechanical artillery in the Saalburg Museum, Hesse, Germany Left: Polybolos, a 3rd century BC repeating catapult (reconstruction by the German engineer Erwin Schramm (1856–1935)) Right: Catapult on Trajan's Column, early 2nd century AD (reconstruction by Schramm) Bottom center: Chain-drive mechanism of the Polybolos Bottom right: ? Background, on wall: Gastraphetes, a Greek crossbow Date 7 August 2007, 12:34:51 Source originally posted to Flickr as Artilleria experimental romana a Saalburg / Roman experimental artillery in Saalburg Author SBA73 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ancient_Mechani cal_Artillery._Pic_01.jpg/1280px-Ancient _Mechanical_Artillery._Pic_01.jpg |
2,297 YBN [297 BC] 4 5 6 7 | 902) The Museum and Library of Alexandria is founded.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p79. 2. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p79. 3. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p79. 4. ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScienc e/Students/Ellen/Museum.html (=297bce) 5. ^ "article 29287". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-292 87 (=late 200s by P1) 6. ^ "Museum of Alexandria". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/articl e-9372871/Museum-of-Alexandria (=280 by P2) 7. ^ http://ehistory.osu.edu/world/articles/A rticleView.cfm?AID=9 (= 283 BCE by P2 Soter) MORE INFO [1] "article 9009440". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 9440 [2] http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/lette raristeas.html [3] http://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepi g/aristeas.htm (translated letter) [4] "Letter of Aristeas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_A risteas [5] http://www.bede.org.uk/Library2.htm has sources for LofA [6] "Timon (philosopher)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_%28ph ilosopher%29 [7] "Herodas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodas [8] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3707 641.stm |
[1] A reconstruction of the main hall of the Museum of Alexandria used in the series Cosmos by Carl Sagan. The wall portraits show Alexander the Great (left) and Serapis (right). COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43a ncients/04images/Alexandria/Alexandria-C osmosReconstruction1.jpg [2] Credit: s_davies@mail.utexas.edu The Library of Alexandria was one of the best-known of the libraries of the ancient world. UNKNOWN source: http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43a ncients/04images/Alexandria/alexlibext.j pg | |
2,295 YBN [295 BC] 4 | 878) Euclid's "Elements" compiles all known mathematics.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=c325-c270bce) MORE INFO [1] "Euclid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid (=325-265bce) | (Mouseion) Alexandria, Egypt3 |
[1] Description አማርኛ: የዩክሊድን ኢለመንት የተባለ መጽሐፍ የሚያሳይ ከልጥ (ፓፒሪ) የተጻፈ የጥንት መዝገብ English: Oxyrhynchus papyrus (P.Oxy. I 29) showing fragment of Euclid's Elements Русский: Папирус из Oxyrhynchus (P.Oxy. I 29) с франментами Начал Евклида Date 7 October 1994 Source http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/pap yrus/tha.jpg Author Euclid PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P._Oxy._I_29.jp g/1280px-P._Oxy._I_29.jpg [2] Euclid elements UNKNOWN source: http://zaccus.com/wp-content/upl oads/2010/08/Euclid_large.jpg |
2,285 YBN [285 BC] 5 6 7 | 1028) Compressed air is used for a catapult and for the earliest musical keyboard instrument, an organ, by Ctesibius in Alexandria.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ctesibius Of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/145475/Ctesibius-Of-Alexandria>. 2. ^ "Ctesibius Of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/145475/Ctesibius-Of-Alexandria>. 3. ^ "Ctesibius Of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/145475/Ctesibius-Of-Alexandria>. 4. ^ "Ctesibius Of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/145475/Ctesibius-Of-Alexandria>. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=c300bce) (=c300bce) 6. ^ "Ctesibius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibius (=(working 285 - 222 BCE) 7. ^ http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/31.html (flourished285-222bce) MORE INFO [1] "Water clock". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock [2] "Pipe organ". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ | Alexandria, Egpyt4 |
[1] Musicians playing tuba (l.) , hydraulis (top) and cornua to accompany gladiatorial combat (Roman mosaic of 1st-2nd century, from Libya) Musicians playing during the games. Instruments: cornua, tuba and water organ, Mosaic of the Gladiators, Jamahiriya Museum, Tripoli, Libya. From Dar Buc Ammera villa (Zliten). Mozaic from: Libya / Tsarrbuus / Tripoli / Bāb al ‘Azīzīyah Música antiga - Ancient music • Jamahiriya Museum - Museu de Trípoli UNKNOWN source: http://www.uned.es/geo-1-histori a-antigua-universal/NOTICIAS/Zliten%20Mo saic.jpg [2] Musicians playing during the games. Instruments: cornua, tuba and water organ, Mosaic of the Gladiators, Jamahiriya Museum, Tripoli, Libya. From Dar Buc Ammera villa (Zliten). Mozaic from: Libya / Tsarrbuus / Tripoli / Bāb al ‘Azīzīyah Música antiga - Ancient music • Jamahiriya Museum - Museu de Trípoli UNKNOWN source: http://www.uned.es/geo-1-histori a-antigua-universal/NOTICIAS/Zliten%20Mo saic.jpg |
2,274 YBN [274 BC] 4 5 | 886) The cerebrum and cerebellum of the brain are identified.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~304bce+30-~250BCE) 5. ^ http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biograph y/Erasistratus.html (~304bce-~250bce) MORE INFO [1] "Erasistratus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratu s (=330?-250?BCE) | Alexandria, Egpyt3 |
[1] Detail of a 1532 woodcut showing Herophilus (left) and Erasistratus. Credits:Wellcome Library, London PD source: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/ hommedia.ashx?id=91862&size=Small [2] Artist Jacques-Louis David Title Antiochus et Stratonice, Ecole nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, Paris, France. Date 1774 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/73/David-Antiochus_et_St ratonice.jpg |
2,265 YBN [265 BC] 3 | 6591) A paddle-wheel turned by oxen propels a Roman water ship.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "On the Antiquity of the use of Wheels for Oars, in the manner now practised for prepelling Steam Boats.", Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, Pa.). Journal of the Franklin Institute. 1827, p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= pLVIAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA206 2. ^ "On the Antiquity of the use of Wheels for Oars, in the manner now practised for prepelling Steam Boats.", Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, Pa.). Journal of the Franklin Institute. 1827, p206. http://books.google.com/books?id= pLVIAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA206 3. ^ "Mamertini". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/360778/Mamertini>. | Sicily2 |
source: |
2,260 YBN [260 BC] 11 | 663) The earliest lever;7 8 a rigid bar pivoted on a support point that can be used to exert a force on an object.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. 2. ^ Pappus, Collection, Synagogue, Book VIII, c. AD 340. 3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. 4. ^ Pappus, Collection, Synagogue, Book VIII, c. AD 340. 5. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. 6. ^ Pappus, Collection, Synagogue, Book VIII, c. AD 340. 7. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. 8. ^ Pappus, Collection, Synagogue, Book VIII, c. AD 340. 9. ^ Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009, p40. 10. ^ Asimov, I. Asimov’s Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Lives and Achievements of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present Chronologically Arranged. 1982, p29 11. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. {before) 260 BC} | Syracuse, Sicily10 |
[1] Description Español: Esta imagen ilustra la ventaja mecánica de la palanca. Deutsch: Illustration des Hebelgesetzes. Copyright © 2004 César Rincón. Imagen creada para la Wikipedia en Español. Date 2004-08-05 (first version); 2004-08-07 (last version) Source Originally from es.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was CR at es.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released under the GNU Free Documentation License. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f2/Palanca-ejemplo.jpg [2] Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009, p40. COPYRIGHTED source: Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009, p40. |
2,260 YBN [260 BC] 8 9 10 | 822) The earliest screw; the Archimedes screw, a device for raising water.4 5 The concept of density (mass divided by volume) is understood.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/254115/hand-tool>. 2. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/254115/hand-tool>. 3. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/254115/hand-tool>. 4. ^ "Archimedes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/32808/Archimedes>. 5. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/254115/hand-tool>. 6. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/254115/hand-tool>. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 8. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p22. {260 BC} 9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=500) 10. ^ http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Nin eveh (=600) MORE INFO [1] http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/enc1/ha nging_gardens_of_babylon [2] "screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/529876/screw> [3] Technology and Culture Volume 44, Number 1, January 2003 (PDF) Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/tec hnology_and_culture/toc/tech44.1.html | Syracuse, Sicily7 |
[1] Description Archimedes' screw. Public domain, from Chambers's Encyclopedia (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1875). Added to illustrate article en:Archimedes. Date 2007-06-18 (original upload date) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Ianmacm at en.wikipedia PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/82/Archimedes_screw.JPG [2] Description Deutsch: animierte Prinzip einer Foerderschnecke oder auch Archimedesche Spirale genannt, mit einer Kugel zur Demonstration der Foerderbewegung. Date published 06.Mai 2007 Source File:Archimedes-screw_one-screw-thr eads_with-ball_3D-view_animated.gif created by Silberwolf Author Silberwolf (size changed by: Jahobr) Permission (Reusing this file) Own work, share alike, attribution required (Creative Commons CC-BY-SA-2.5) CC source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wik ipedia/commons/a/a1/Archimedes-screw_one -screw-threads_with-ball_3D-view_animate d.gif |
2,260 YBN [260 BC] 7 | 882) The rotation of the Earth around its own axis once a day and around the Sun once a year is understood by Aristarchus.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). {c260 BCE} MORE INFO [1] "article 9009438". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 9438 [2] "Cleanthes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanthes | (Mousion of Alexandria) Alexandria, Egpyt6 |
[1] Aristarchus's 3rd century BC calculations on the relative sizes of from left the Sun, Earth and Moon, from a 10th century CE Greek copy PD source: http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43a ncients/04images/Artifacts/Aristarchus_w orking.jpg [2] Statue of Aristarchus at Aristotle University in Thessalonica, Greece UNKNOWN source: http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43a ncients/04images/People/Aristarchos_Samo s.png |
2,250 YBN [250 BC] 7 8 | 890) The earliest known escapement4 , a device that controls the rotation of a toothed gear to provide periodic impulses5 6 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Freely, J. Flame of Miletus: The Birth of Science in Ancient Greece (and How It Changed the World). I. B. Tauris, 2012, p119. http://books.google.com/books?id= e4ye9m3EflQC&pg=PA119 2. ^ "escapement." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/escapement 3. ^ "escapement." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/escapement 4. ^ Freely, J. Flame of Miletus: The Birth of Science in Ancient Greece (and How It Changed the World). I. B. Tauris, 2012, p119. http://books.google.com/books?id= e4ye9m3EflQC&pg=PA119 5. ^ "escapement." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/escapement 6. ^ "escapement." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/escapement 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=Byzanteum 300 bce - ??) 8. ^ http://www.philonnet.gr/about/index.html (265-202 BCE) MORE INFO [1] "article 9025907". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 5907 [2] http://books.google.com/books?id=bCA9AAA AIAAJ&pg=PA73 |
[1] Description English: Reconstruction of a washstand with escapement mechanism, the earliest known, as described by the Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium (3rd century BC) Date 1903 Source Carra de Vaux, B. (1903): ''Le livre des appareils pneumatiques et des machines hydrauliques de Philon de Byzance d'après les versions arabes d'Oxford et de Constantinople'', Academie des inscriptions et des belles lettres: Notices et extraits des mss. de la Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris 38, 27–235 (163), depicted in: Lewis, Michael (2000), ''Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks'', in Wikander, Örjan, Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, 2, Leiden, pp. 343–369 (356, fig. 5), ISBN 90-04-11123-9 Author Carra de Vaux, B. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/46/Washstand_by_Philo_of _Byzantium.png | |
2,250 YBN [250 BC] 4 5 | 894) The ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola are described in Alexandria.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (261 BCE Perga {south coast of Turkey} - 190 BCE Pergamum?) 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (261 BCE Perga {south coast of Turkey} - 190 BCE Pergamum?) 3. ^ "Apollonius of Perga." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/30058/Apollonius-of-Perga>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (261 BCE Perga {south coast of Turkey} - 190 BCE Pergamum?) 5. ^ "Apollonius of Perga". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_ of_Perga (270 BC? - unknown, after 245 BC) | Alexandria, Egypt2 3 |
[1] Conic sections of Apollonius AND Apollonius of Perga, 262 BC–ca. 190 BC UNKNOWN source: http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/ apollonius_of_perga/portrait.jpghttp://w ww.storyofmathematics.com/images2/apollo nius_conics.gif [2] Apollonius of Perga, 262 BC–ca. 190 BC UNKNOWN source: http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/ apollonius_of_perga/portrait.jpg |
2,246 YBN [246 BC] 19 20 21 | 898) The size of Earth is correctly calculated14 15 16 by using the angle of the Sun's shadow and the distance between two cities.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 2. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthene s 3. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 5. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthene s 6. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 8. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthene s 9. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 11. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthene s 12. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). 13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 15. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthene s 16. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). 17. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 18. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 19. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 20. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990). (c276-194BCE) 21. ^ Dutka, Jacques. “‘Eratosthenes’ Measurement of the Earth Reconsidered’.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences 46.1 (1993): 55–66. Web. 25 May 2012. http://www.springerlink.com/conte nt/km185753675743p8/fulltext.pdf (c230BCE {275-194BCE}) | Alexandria, Egypt18 |
[1] Eratosthenes experiment UNKNOWN source: http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipo p/Obsetion/eratos/image008.jpg [2] Eratosthenes (portrait) Copied from w:es Imagen:Eratostenes-retrato.png (originally from Enciclopedia Libre) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a2/Portrait_of_Eratosthe nes.png |
2,240 YBN [240 BC] 14 | 1325) The earliest observation of a comet.9 10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC. 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science -environment-11255168 2. ^ http://cometography.com/pcomets/001p.htm l 3. ^ http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_as tro/answers/971112e.html 4. ^ Graham and Hintz, "An Ancient Greek Sighting of Halley's Comet? ", Journal of Cosmology, 2010, Vol 9, 2130-2136. http://journalofcosmology.com/AncientA stronomy106.html 5. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC. 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science -environment-11255168 6. ^ http://cometography.com/pcomets/001p.htm l 7. ^ http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_as tro/answers/971112e.html 8. ^ Graham and Hintz, "An Ancient Greek Sighting of Halley's Comet? ", Journal of Cosmology, 2010, Vol 9, 2130-2136. http://journalofcosmology.com/AncientA stronomy106.html 9. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC. 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science -environment-11255168 10. ^ http://cometography.com/pcomets/001p.htm l 11. ^ http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_as tro/answers/971112e.html 12. ^ Graham and Hintz, "An Ancient Greek Sighting of Halley's Comet? ", Journal of Cosmology, 2010, Vol 9, 2130-2136. http://journalofcosmology.com/AncientA stronomy106.html 13. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC. 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science -environment-11255168 14. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC. 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science -environment-11255168 | China13 |
[1] Description Comet P/Halley as taken March 8, 1986 by W. Liller, Easter Island, part of the International Halley Watch (IHW) Large Scale Phenomena Network. Date image taken on 8. Mar. 1986 Source NSSDC's Photo Gallery (NASA): http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery /photogallery-comets.html http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planeta ry/comet/lspn_comet_halley1.jpg Autho r NASA/W. Liller Permission (Reusing this file) Copyright information from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery /photogallery-faq.html - All of the images presented on NSSDC's Photo Gallery are in the public domain. As such, they may be used for any purpose. [...] PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2a/Lspn_comet_halley.jpg |
2,231 YBN [231 BC] 7 | 833) The earliest evidence of gears: the spur and worm gears.4 A gear is a toothed machine part, such as a wheel or cylinder, that meshes with another toothed part to transmit motion or to change speed or direction.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2 NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7 2. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2 NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7 3. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2 NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7 4. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2 NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7 5. ^ "gear." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/gear 6. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2 NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7 7. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2 NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7 MORE INFO [1] http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/enc1/ha nging_gardens_of_babylon [2] "screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/529876/screw> [3] Technology and Culture Volume 44, Number 1, January 2003 (PDF) Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/tec hnology_and_culture/toc/tech44.1.html [4] "Archimedes screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/32831/Archimedes-screw> [5] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p22 [6] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=500) [7] http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Nin eveh (=600) | Syracuse, Sicily6 |
[1] Description Archimedes' screw. Public domain, from Chambers's Encyclopedia (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1875). Added to illustrate article en:Archimedes. Date 2007-06-18 (original upload date) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Ianmacm at en.wikipedia PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/82/Archimedes_screw.JPG [2] Description Deutsch: animierte Prinzip einer Foerderschnecke oder auch Archimedesche Spirale genannt, mit einer Kugel zur Demonstration der Foerderbewegung. Date published 06.Mai 2007 Source File:Archimedes-screw_one-screw-thr eads_with-ball_3D-view_animated.gif created by Silberwolf Author Silberwolf (size changed by: Jahobr) Permission (Reusing this file) Own work, share alike, attribution required (Creative Commons CC-BY-SA-2.5) CC source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wik ipedia/commons/a/a1/Archimedes-screw_one -screw-threads_with-ball_3D-view_animate d.gif |
2,160 YBN [160 BC] 5 | 1029) The distance to the Moon is measured using parallax; by measuring how much an object appears to move compared to a more distant object when the observer changes positions.2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. 3. ^ American Council of Learned Societies. Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Scribner’s, 2000, p425-426. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. MORE INFO [1] http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/p eople/ancient_epoch/hipparchus.html [2] Narrien, J. An Historical Account of the Origin and Progress of Astronomy: With Plates Illustrating, Chiefly, the Ancient Systems. Baldwin and Cradock, 1833, p206. books.google.com/books?id=gYYoAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA206 [3] "Hipparchus." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hipparchus- 1 | (before 141 BC) Bithynia (presumably Nicaea)3 |(observatory on) Island of Rhodes, Greece4 |
[1] Hipparchus (196 BC – 120 BC) was born in Nicaea (now Iznik, Turkey), and probably died on the island of Rhodes. He is known to have been a working astronomer at least from 147 BC to 127 BC. UNKNOWN source: http://web.jccc.edu/gallery/astr otext/Bills%20Files/Astronomy%20Textbook /Chapter%203_files/img12qwe.jpg [2] Hipparchus compared observations of a solar eclipse in Syene and in Alexandria to determine the distance from the Earth to the Moon. Hipparchus measured the distance from the Earth to the Moon during a solar eclipse that was a total eclipse at Syene and a partial eclipse at Alexandria. At the same time that an observer at Syene saw the entire Sun blocked by the Moon, one at Alexandria saw 1/5th of the Sun's disk, that is 1/5th of 30 arcminutes of the Sun's disk was visible (The Sun's angular diameter is 30 arcminutes or 1/2 degree). The angular size of the visible Sun seen at Alexandria therefore is 1/10th of a degree (0.1 degree) and this angle, expressed in radians and applying the small angle approximation gives the ratio of the Syene-Alexandria distance to the Earth-Moon distance. UNKNOWN source: http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.e du/academics/courses//astro201/hipparchu s.htm |
2,160 YBN [160 BC] 19 | 6477) The law of inertia (that a body preserves its motion13 ) is understood.14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia ht tp://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answ er.jsp#ixzz2DN5kNYiR 2. ^ Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Routledge and K. Paul, 1962, p74?. 3. ^ "John Philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philop onus/#2.2 4. ^ Dimarogonas, A.D. Vibration for Engineers. Prentice Hall, 1996, p5. http://books.google.com/books?ei=eW yyUITrL8f-2QXAroGQCQ 5. ^ "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia ht tp://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answ er.jsp#ixzz2DN5kNYiR 6. ^ Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Routledge and K. Paul, 1962, p74?. 7. ^ "John Philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philop onus/#2.2 8. ^ Dimarogonas, A.D. Vibration for Engineers. Prentice Hall, 1996, p5. http://books.google.com/books?ei=eW yyUITrL8f-2QXAroGQCQ 9. ^ "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia ht tp://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answ er.jsp#ixzz2DN5kNYiR 10. ^ Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Routledge and K. Paul, 1962, p74?. 11. ^ "John Philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philop onus/#2.2 12. ^ Dimarogonas, A.D. Vibration for Engineers. Prentice Hall, 1996, p5. http://books.google.com/books?ei=eW yyUITrL8f-2QXAroGQCQ 13. ^ "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia ht tp://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answ er.jsp#ixzz2DN5kNYiR 14. ^ Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Routledge and K. Paul, 1962, p74?. 15. ^ "John Philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philop onus/#2.2 16. ^ Dimarogonas, A.D. Vibration for Engineers. Prentice Hall, 1996, p5. http://books.google.com/books?ei=eW yyUITrL8f-2QXAroGQCQ 17. ^ American Council of Learned Societies. Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Scribner's, 2000, p425-426. 18. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. 19. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. MORE INFO [1] http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/p eople/ancient_epoch/hipparchus.html [2] Narrien, J. An Historical Account of the Origin and Progress of Astronomy: With Plates Illustrating, Chiefly, the Ancient Systems. Baldwin and Cradock, 1833, p206. books.google.com/books?id=gYYoAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA206 [3] "Hipparchus." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hipparchus- 1 [4] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p32 [5] Lucio Russo, "The Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004), p88 Pliny, Naturalis historia, II 95 [6] Lucio Russo, "The Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004), p89 [7] "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 11 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia [8] Edward Grant, "Motion in the Void and the Principle of Inertia in the Middle Ages", Isis, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Sep., 1964), pp. 265-292 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/228 571 [9] "Simplicius of Cilicia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicius_ of_Cilicia | (before 141 BC) Bithynia (presumably Nicaea)17 |(observatory on) Island of Rhodes, Greece18 |
[1] Hipparchus (196 BC – 120 BC) was born in Nicaea (now Iznik, Turkey), and probably died on the island of Rhodes. He is known to have been a working astronomer at least from 147 BC to 127 BC. UNKNOWN source: http://web.jccc.edu/gallery/astr otext/Bills%20Files/Astronomy%20Textbook /Chapter%203_files/img12qwe.jpg [2] image of Hipparchos from coin? http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/hist ory/Mathematicians/Hipparchus.html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Hipparchos_1.jpeg |
2,140 YBN [140 BC] 14 15 16 | 1070) The invention of paper in China.9 10 Paper is made by putting a mixture of fibers and water on a fine screen; when the water drains away the remaining mat of fibers is removed and dried.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 2. ^ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-0 8/08/content_4937457.htm 3. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 4. ^ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-0 8/08/content_4937457.htm 5. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 6. ^ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-0 8/08/content_4937457.htm 7. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 8. ^ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-0 8/08/content_4937457.htm 9. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 10. ^ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-0 8/08/content_4937457.htm 11. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p35. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 12. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 13. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm 14. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 15. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm (=140-87BCE) 16. ^ http://www.amateras.com/trip/china/xian- e.htm {140-87BCE} MORE INFO [1] David Buisseret (1998), Envisaging the City, U Chicago Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0-226-07993-6 | Pa-chhiao near Sian in the Shensi province of China12 |Xian, China13 |
[1] Description Early Chinese hemp fiber paper, used for wrapping not writing, on display at the Shaanxi history museum in Xi'An, China. Excavated from the Han Tomb of Wu Di (140-87 BC) at Baqiao, Xi'An. Photo by Yannick Trottier, 2007 Date 22 June 2007 Source Own work Author Ytrottier GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7f/Chinese_hemp_paper_we stern_han.jpg [2] It's the earliest Paper in the world : Western Han (140-87 BC) UNKNOWN source: http://www.amateras.com/trip/chi na/12Sha-Paper360x240.jpg |
2,134 YBN [134 BC] 6 7 | 1041) A nova is observed. The first star catalog that uses celestial coordinates of latitude and longitude, and that divides stars by brightness3 . The "precession of the equinoxes" is recognized; that the position of the stars at equinox changes slightly each year.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Bostock, J., and H.T. Riley. The Natural History of Pliny. H. G. Bohn, 1893. Bohn’s Classical Library. p59. http://books.google.com/books?id=a VMMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA59 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. 3. ^ Bostock, J., and H.T. Riley. The Natural History of Pliny. H. G. Bohn, 1893. Bohn’s Classical Library. p59. http://books.google.com/books?id=a VMMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA59 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. 7. ^ "Almagest". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/16707/Almagest>. MORE INFO [1] Thurston, H. Early Astronomy. Springer New York, 1996. Springer Study Edition Series | (observatory on) Island of Rhodes, Greece5 |
[1] Hipparchus (196 BC – 120 BC) was born in Nicaea (now Iznik, Turkey), and probably died on the island of Rhodes. He is known to have been a working astronomer at least from 147 BC to 127 BC. UNKNOWN source: http://web.jccc.edu/gallery/astr otext/Bills%20Files/Astronomy%20Textbook /Chapter%203_files/img12qwe.jpg [2] image of Hipparchos from coin? http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/hist ory/Mathematicians/Hipparchus.html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Hipparchos_1.jpeg |
2,100 YBN [100 BC] 6 | 870) The earliest known metal spur gear and mechanical computer.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Antikythera mechanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 12 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1334586/Antikythera-mechanism>. 2. ^ "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism". Nature 444 Supplement. 30 November 2006. http://www.antikythera-mechanism. gr/system/files/0608_Nature.pdf 3. ^ "Antikythera mechanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 12 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1334586/Antikythera-mechanism>. 4. ^ "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism". Nature 444 Supplement. 30 November 2006. http://www.antikythera-mechanism. gr/system/files/0608_Nature.pdf 5. ^ "Antikythera mechanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 12 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1334586/Antikythera-mechanism>. 6. ^ "Antikythera mechanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 12 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1334586/Antikythera-mechanism>. MORE INFO [1] "Discovering How Greeks Computed in 100 BC". The New York Times. 31 July 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31 /science/31computer.html?hp&_r=0 | near the island of Antikythera, Mediterranean Sea5 |
[1] English: Main w:en:Antikythera mechanism fragment (fragment A). The mechanism consists of a complex system of 30 wheels and plates with inscriptions relating to signs of the zodiac, months, eclipses and pan-Hellenic games. The study of the fragments suggests that this was a kind of astrolabe. The interpretation now generally accepted dates back to studies by Professor w:en:Derek de Solla Price, who was the first to suggest that the mechanism is a machine to calculate the solar and lunar calendar, that is to say, an ingenious machine to determine the time based on the movements of the sun and moon, their relationship (eclipses) and the movements of other stars and planets known at that time. Later research by the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project and scholar Michael Wright has added to and improved upon Price's work. The mechanism was probably built by an mechanic engineer of the school of Posidonius in Rhodes. Cicero, who visited the island in 79/78 B.C. reported that such devices were indeed designed by the Stoic philosopher Posidonius of Apamea. The design of the Antikythera mechanism appears to follow the tradition of Archimedes' planetarium, and may be related to sundials. His modus operandi is based on the use of gears. The machine is dated around 89 B.C. and comes from the wreck found off the island of Antikythera. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, No. 15987. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/66/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anti cyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg [2] English: Fragment A (rear) of the Antikythera mechanism. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a4/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anti cyth%C3%A8re_4.jpg |
2,075 YBN [75 BC] 5 | 1116) Negative numbers are used in China.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>. 2. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>. 3. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>. 4. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>. 5. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>. MORE INFO [1] Christopher Cullen, The Suàn shù shū , “Writings on reckoning”: Rewriting the history of early Chinese mathematics in the light of an excavated manuscript, Historia Mathematica, Volume 34, Issue 1, February 2007, Pages 10-44, ISSN 0315-0860, 10.1016/j.hm.2005.11.006. (http://www.s ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03 15086005001084) [2] "Negative number". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_nu mber (100bce-50bce) [3] "Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Chapte rs_on_the_Mathematical_Art (200bce-100ce) [4] "Suàn shù shū". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A0n_s h%C3%B9_sh%C5%AB (100ce) [5] Shepherd, W. Outline History of Science. Ward Lock, 1965. p43. http://books.google.com/books?ei=R 2ypUKnUAsrY2QWvsYCQDg&id=Fu64AAAAIAAJ [6] Shen, K. et al. The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary. Oxford University Press, 1999. p405. http://books.google.com/books?ei= R2ypUKnUAsrY2QWvsYCQDg&id=0DlGAQAAIAAJ | China4 |
[1] [t Image of how Chinese counting rods are used to represent positive and negative numbers] GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cou nting_rods [2] Digital text of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. PD source: http://science.math.ntnu.edu.tw/ ELME/GEO/files/001.jpg |
2,056 YBN [56 BC] 17 | 1045) The theory that light is made of atoms that move very fast.13 14 15 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume 1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=o iUTAAAAQAAJ 2. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884, p105. http://books.google.com/books?id= LCmRGMJBoYUC 3. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius", Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008, p439. http://books.google.com/books?id= mUsQtrxbfxIC 4. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume 1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=o iUTAAAAQAAJ 5. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884, p105. http://books.google.com/books?id= LCmRGMJBoYUC 6. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius", Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008, p439. http://books.google.com/books?id= mUsQtrxbfxIC 7. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume 1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=o iUTAAAAQAAJ 8. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884, p105. http://books.google.com/books?id= LCmRGMJBoYUC 9. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius", Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008, p439. http://books.google.com/books?id= mUsQtrxbfxIC 10. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume 1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=o iUTAAAAQAAJ 11. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884, p105. http://books.google.com/books?id= LCmRGMJBoYUC 12. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius", Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008, p439. http://books.google.com/books?id= mUsQtrxbfxIC 13. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume 1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=o iUTAAAAQAAJ 14. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884, p105. http://books.google.com/books?id= LCmRGMJBoYUC 15. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius", Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008, p439. http://books.google.com/books?id= mUsQtrxbfxIC 16. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p36-37. 17. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp36-37. MORE INFO [1] "Lucretius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius (=(ca. 94 BC- ca. 49 BC) [2] "Light". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light [3] "didactic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/didactic [4] "hexameter." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2004. Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/hexameter | Rome, Italy16 |
[1] Text copied from: Titus Carus Lucretius, ''T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume 1'', 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=o iUTAAAAQAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =oiUTAAAAQAAJ [2] Text copied from: Titus Carus Lucretius, ''T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume 1'', 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=o iUTAAAAQAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =oiUTAAAAQAAJ |
2,050 YBN [50 BC] 9 10 11 | 1050) The first glass blowing; in Jerusalem.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ "Glass blowing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_blowi ng 3. ^ AVIGAD, N. “Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, 1971 (Third Preliminary Report).” Israel Exploration Journal 22.4 (1972): 193–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 27925355 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 5. ^ "Glass blowing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_blowi ng 6. ^ AVIGAD, N. “Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, 1971 (Third Preliminary Report).” Israel Exploration Journal 22.4 (1972): 193–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 27925355 7. ^ Tatton-Brown, V. 1991. The Roman Empire. In H. Tait (ed.) Five Thousand Years of Glass. pp.62–97. British Museum Press: London ISBN 0-8122-1888-4 http://www.amazon.com/Fiv e-Thousand-Years-Glass-Hugh/dp/081221888 4#reader_0812218884 8. ^ AVIGAD, N. “Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, 1971 (Third Preliminary Report).” Israel Exploration Journal 22.4 (1972): 193–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 27925355 9. ^ AVIGAD, N. “Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, 1971 (Third Preliminary Report).” Israel Exploration Journal 22.4 (1972): 193–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 27925355 10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (based on this source estimate of 1st century BCE) (based on this source estimate of 1st century BCE) 11. ^ Tatton-Brown, V. 1991. The Roman Empire. In H. Tait (ed.) Five Thousand Years of Glass. pp.62–97. British Museum Press: London ISBN 0-8122-1888-4 http://www.amazon.com/Fiv e-Thousand-Years-Glass-Hugh/dp/081221888 4#reader_0812218884 | (origin of glass blowing probably in the Syro-Palestine area, but earliest artifact is from) Jerusalem7 8 |
[1] AVIGAD, N. “Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, 1971 (Third Preliminary Report).” Israel Exploration Journal 22.4 (1972): 193–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 27925355 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2792 5355 [2] AVIGAD, N. “Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, 1971 (Third Preliminary Report).” Israel Exploration Journal 22.4 (1972): 193–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 27925355 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2792 5355 |
2,045 YBN [01/01/45 BC] 3 | 1056) The Julian calendar: 365 days with an extra day every 4 years.2 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "Sosigenes of Alexandria." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c//>. 2. ^ "Sosigenes of Alexandria." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c//>. 3. ^ Ball, W.W.R. Mathematical Recreations and Essays. Macmillan, 1917, p444. http://books.google.com/books?id= Zy87AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA44 | Rome (presumably) |
[1] Description: Büste des Gaius Iulius Caesar PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Giulio-cesare-enhanced_1-800x1450.jpg [2] Julius Caesar PD source: http://www4.vjc.edu/ENG36002Sp02 /discuss/msgReader$35 |
2,040 YBN [40 BC] 11 12 13 | 1058) The earliest waterwheel.7 8 The earliest elevator (or vertical lift)9 . F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "waterwheel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/637559/waterwheel>. 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2371>. 4. ^ "waterwheel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/637559/waterwheel>. 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 6. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2371>. 7. ^ "waterwheel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/637559/waterwheel>. 8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 9. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2371>. 10. ^ "Vitruvius." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/631310/Vitruvius>. 11. ^ "Vitruvius." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/631310/Vitruvius>. {after 27BCE} 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c70-c25) (c70-c25) 13. ^ "Vitruvius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius (=c80/70-c25) MORE INFO [1] "Waterwheel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterwheel | Rome10 |
[1] Description Nederlands: Repronegatief. Kintjir of waterschepwiel in Djambi, Sumatra Date 1914-1921 Source Tropenmuseum Author Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEU M_Kintjir_of_waterschepwiel_in_Djambi_Su matra_TMnr_10007886.jpg [2] [t Notice that the oxen walk in circles and there must be some 90 degree gear below deck - an animal powered boat.] XVth century miniature of an ox-powered paddle wheel boat from the 4th century Roman military treatise De Rebus Bellicis by Anonymous PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c0/De_Rebus_Bellicis%2C_ XVth_Century_Miniature.JPG |
2,037 YBN [37 BC] 4 5 | 6549) The germ theory of disease; that disease can be caused by tiny living organisms.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Diamond, J., and N. Geographic. 1000 Events That Shaped the World. National Geographic Society, 2008. History Series., p58. http://books.google.com/books?id=8AceA d-41awC&pg=PA58 2. ^ Diamond, J., and N. Geographic. 1000 Events That Shaped the World. National Geographic Society, 2008. History Series., p58. http://books.google.com/books?id=8AceA d-41awC&pg=PA58 3. ^ Diamond, J., and N. Geographic. 1000 Events That Shaped the World. National Geographic Society, 2008. History Series., p58. http://books.google.com/books?id=8AceA d-41awC&pg=PA58 4. ^ Cato, M.P., F. Harrison, and M.T. Varro. Roman Farm Management: The Treatises of Cato and Varro Done into English, with Notes of Modern Instances. Macmillan, 1918, p94. http://books.google.com/books?id=d TJPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA94 5. ^ Diamond, J., and N. Geographic. 1000 Events That Shaped the World. National Geographic Society, 2008. History Series., p58. http://books.google.com/books?id=8AceA d-41awC&pg=PA58 MORE INFO [1] "Marcus Terentius Varro". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Marcus_T erentius_Varro | Rome (presumably)3 |
[1] Varro, M.T., and H. Keil. Rerum Rusticarum Libri Tres. In aedibus B.G. Teubneri, 1889. Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum Et Romanorum Teubneriana, p28. http://books.google.com/books?id=C OffAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA28 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =COffAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA28 [2] Marcus Varro PD source: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcr op/history/lecture19/fig_19-03.jpg |
2,008 YBN [8 BC] 3 4 | 1049) Silk from China is traded as far west as Rome.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ McLaughlin, R. Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China. Bloomsbury, 2010, p148-149. http://books.google.com/books ?id=gzJf1KgqrWQC&pg=PA148 2. ^ McLaughlin, R. Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China. Bloomsbury, 2010, p148-149. http://books.google.com/books ?id=gzJf1KgqrWQC&pg=PA148 3. ^ McLaughlin, R. Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China. Bloomsbury, 2010, p148-149. http://books.google.com/books ?id=gzJf1KgqrWQC&pg=PA148 4. ^ "Horace." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/271624/Horace>. MORE INFO [1] "Silk Road". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road (estimate based on Seneca+40) | Rome2 |
[1] Fresco depicting the reading of the rituals of the bridal mysteries English: Roman Painting - Villa dei Misteri - Pompeii - Italia. Italiano: Rituale di iniziazione ai Misteri. Dettaglio dell'affresco della Villa dei Misteri a Pompei, dipinto nel ''secondo stile'' pompeiano, del 60 a.C. circa. Date 60/50 BC Source fresco Author Unknown PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/49/Roman_Painting_1.jpg |
1,980 YBN [20 AD] 3 | 1390) The monotheistic religion: Christianity is founded, branching from Judaism.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Jesus Christ". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 6456/Jesus-Christ 2. ^ Who Wrote The New Testament?, Burton L. Mack, 1995 3. ^ "Jesus Christ". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 6456/Jesus-Christ MORE INFO [1] "Jesus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus [2] "Calvary". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary [3] "Christianity". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/115240/Christianity> | Galilee2 |
[1] Mural painting from the catacomb of Commodilla. Bust of Christ. This is one of first bearded images of Christ, during the 4th century Jesus was beginning to be depicted as older and bearded, in contrast to earlier Christian art, which usually showed a young and clean-shaven Jesus. * Date: Late 4th century * Commodilla catacombs Christ from http://drwagnernet.com/40a/lecture-view. cfm?lecture=5&image=10 Cristo barbato (dettaglio), affresco 60x72, fine IV-inizio V secolo, Catacombe di Commodilla, Roma PD source: http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki /Image:Christ_with_beard.jpg [2] This image of what Jesus may have looked like is on the cover of Popular Mechanics this month. Israeli and British forensic anthropologists and computer programmers got together to create the face featured in the 1.2-million circulation magazine [t knowing the dishonesty of Popular Mechanics' 9/11 ''debunking'', I have serious doubts about anything they funded, but I don't see a head like this as being unlikely. Roman depictions have no beard until later, would beard not be longer?] COPYRIGHTED source: http://archives.cnn.com/2002/TEC H/science/12/25/face.jesus/ |
1,950 YBN [50 AD] 15 16 | 1078) The steam engine is invented in Alexandria.9 10 A hollow metal sphere rotates from the power of steam jets that escape through open tubes on each side of the sphere.11 12 The steam engine will not be used for practical purposes until the 1600s.13 The earliest syphon, syringe, and chariot odometer.14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p40. 2. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Ale xandria 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p40. 4. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Ale xandria 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p40. 6. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Ale xandria 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p40. 8. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Ale xandria 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p40. 10. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Ale xandria 11. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Ale xandria 12. ^ Ted Huntington 13. ^ "steam engine." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/564472/steam-engine>. 14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p40. 15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=c20-?) 16. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Ale xandria (=c.10-c.70(+40) MORE INFO [1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980) | Alexandria, Egypt |
[1] Name of Image: Hero's Engine MIX #: 9513982 NIX #: MSFC-9513982 Date of Image: 2004-04-15 Category: Early Rockets Full Description: Legendary characters used the power of mythology to fly through the heavens. About 200 BC, a Greek inventor known as Hero of Alexandria came up with a new invention that depended on the mechanical interaction of heat and water. He invented a rocket-like device called an aeolipile. It used steam for propulsion. Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas traveled through the pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, and in doing so gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate. (MRPO) MRD/SPD Discipline(s): n/a (MRPO) Subject Type: n/a Keywords: Hero's Engine, Aeolipile MSFC Negative Number: 9513982 Reference Number: MSFC-75-SA-4105-2C n/a n/a from: http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/ab stracts.php?p=1867 PD source: http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/ HIGH/9513982.jpg [2] Hero's aeolipile From Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary, 1876. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Aeolipile_illustration.JPG |
1,950 YBN [50 AD] 5 6 | 6566) A wind-wheel powered machine.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp.1–30 (10f.) 2. ^ A.G. Drachmann, "Heron's Windmill", Centaurus, 7 (1961), pp. 145–151 3. ^ Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp.1–30 (10f.) 4. ^ A.G. Drachmann, "Heron's Windmill", Centaurus, 7 (1961), pp. 145–151 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=c20-?) 6. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Ale xandria (=c.10-c.70(+40) MORE INFO [1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980) [2] John Marlowe, "The golden age of Alexandria: from its foundation by Alexander the Great in 331 BC to its capture by the Arabs in 642 AD.", (London: Gollancz, 1971) [3] http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Print only/Pappus.html [4] http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Print only/Heron.html [5] "Heron's formula". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron%27s_f ormula | Alexandria, Egypt |
[1] Description Deutsch: Neuzeitliche Rekonstruktion von Windorgel und Windrad des Heron von Alexandria (1. Jh. n. Chr.) nach W. Schmidt: Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater, griechisch und deutsch hg., 1899 (Heronis Alexandrini opera I, Neudruck 1971), S. 205, Abb. 44; vgl. ebenda Einleitung S. XXXIX English: Modern reconstruction of wind organ and wind wheel of Heron of Alexandria (1st century AD) according to W. Schmidt: Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater, Greek and German, 1899 (Heronis Alexandrini opera I, Reprint 1971), p. 205, fig. 44; cf. introduction p. XXXIX Date 1899 Source W. Schmidt: Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater, gr-dt, 1899 Author W. Schmidt PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Heron%27s_Windw heel.jpg/1026px-Heron%27s_Windwheel.jpg [2] Hero's aeolipile From Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary, 1876. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Aeolipile_illustration.JPG |
1,935 YBN [65 AD] 8 | 6432) The glass prism.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Seneca, L.A., and T. Lodge. Works, Both Moral and Natural. 1620, p772. http://books.google.com/books?id= FElCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA886&lpg=PA886 2. ^ The Development of Newton's Theory of Color Richard S. Westfall Isis , Vol. 53, No. 3 (Sep., 1962), pp. 339-358 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/227786 3. ^ Seneca, L.A., and T. Lodge. Works, Both Moral and Natural. 1620, p772. http://books.google.com/books?id= FElCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA886&lpg=PA886 4. ^ The Development of Newton's Theory of Color Richard S. Westfall Isis , Vol. 53, No. 3 (Sep., 1962), pp. 339-358 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/227786 5. ^ Seneca, L.A., and T. Lodge. Works, Both Moral and Natural. 1620, p772. http://books.google.com/books?id= FElCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA886&lpg=PA886 6. ^ The Development of Newton's Theory of Color Richard S. Westfall Isis , Vol. 53, No. 3 (Sep., 1962), pp. 339-358 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/227786 7. ^ "Lucius Annaeus Seneca". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/534392/Lucius-Annaeus-Seneca>. 8. ^ McBeath, A. & Gheorghe, A. D., "Meteor Beliefs Project: Classical beliefs connecting meteors with life and death", WGN, Journal of the International Meteor Organization, vol. 34, no. 5, p. 148-150. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full /2006JIMO...34..148M | Rome7 |
[1] Description Seneca, part of double-herm in Antikensammlung Berlin Date 21 May 2004 Source Own work Author Calidius GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9b/Seneca-berlinantikens ammlung-1.jpg |
1,925 YBN [75 AD] 10 11 | 1270) The last cuneiform texts.4 5 6 This ends 3000 years of cuneiform writing.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. T. Hooker, "Reading the Past, Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet", (Berkeley: University of California Press/British Museum, 1990), p30. 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series, p56-57. 3. ^ Sachs, Abraham. "The latest datable cuneiform tablets." Kramer Anniversary Volume. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 25 (1976): 379-98. ALSO IN Kramer, Samuel Noah, et al., eds. Kramer Anniversary Volume. Vol. 25. Butzon & Bercker, 1976. 4. ^ J. T. Hooker, "Reading the Past, Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet", (Berkeley: University of California Press/British Museum, 1990), p30. 5. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series, p56-57. 6. ^ Sachs, Abraham. "The latest datable cuneiform tablets." Kramer Anniversary Volume. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 25 (1976): 379-98. ALSO IN Kramer, Samuel Noah, et al., eds. Kramer Anniversary Volume. Vol. 25. Butzon & Bercker, 1976. 7. ^ J. T. Hooker, "Reading the Past, Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet", (Berkeley: University of California Press/British Museum, 1990), p30. 8. ^ J. T. Hooker, "Reading the Past, Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet", (Berkeley: University of California Press/British Museum, 1990), p29. 9. ^ http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/dccmt 10. ^ J. T. Hooker, "Reading the Past, Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet", (Berkeley: University of California Press/British Museum, 1990), p30. 11. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series, p56-57. MORE INFO [1] Walker, C.B.F. Cuneiform. University of California Press, 1987. Reading the Past, p19 | Sumer/Babylon8 (Southern Iraq)9 |
[1] Sachs, Abraham. ''The latest datable cuneiform tablets.'' Kramer Anniversary Volume. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 25 (1976): 379-98. ALSO IN Kramer, Samuel Noah, et al., eds. Kramer Anniversary Volume. Vol. 25. Butzon & Bercker, 1976, Plate 19. COPYRIGHTED source: Sachs, Abraham. "The latest datable cuneiform tablets." Kramer Anniversary Volume. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 25 (1976): 379-98. ALSO IN Kramer, Samuel Noah, et al., eds. Kramer Anniversary Volume. Vol. 25. Butzon & Bercker, 1976, Plate 19. [2] Sachs, Abraham. ''The latest datable cuneiform tablets.'' Kramer Anniversary Volume. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 25 (1976): 379-98. ALSO IN Kramer, Samuel Noah, et al., eds. Kramer Anniversary Volume. Vol. 25. Butzon & Bercker, 1976, p398. COPYRIGHTED source: Sachs, Abraham. "The latest datable cuneiform tablets." Kramer Anniversary Volume. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 25 (1976): 379-98. ALSO IN Kramer, Samuel Noah, et al., eds. Kramer Anniversary Volume. Vol. 25. Butzon & Bercker, 1976, p398. |
1,923 YBN [77 AD] 4 | 1083) The earliest Encyclopedia.3 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "encyclopedia." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/encyclopedi a 2. ^ "encyclopedia." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/encyclopedi a 3. ^ "encyclopedia." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/encyclopedi a 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). | Spain? |
[1] Contemporary laced limp parchment wrapper made from a bifolium of a 14th century [?] Italian missal, rubricated, red and blue initials. Binding for: Francesco Massari, … In nonum Plinii de naturali historia librum castigationes & annotationes. Basel: Froben, 1537. (ExRockey) 2008-0021N • Massari (fl. 1530), a Venetian physician, comments on the ninth book of the Natural History of Pliny (1st cent. AD), covering fish and marine life. The work’s editor, Beatus Rhenanus (1485-1547), stated that Massari’s comments were based on his extensive voyages and observations in the Mediterranean and Adriatic. PD source: http://blogs.princeton.edu/rareb ooks/Massari-wrapper.JPG [2] MS1000 The Pliny of Saint James in the March: Historia Naturalis Italy c1400 PD source: http://www.schoyencollection.com /lexical_files/ms1000.jpg |
1,917 YBN [83 AD] 6 7 8 9 | 766) The earliest magnetic compass; in China.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol. 3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252. ISBN 0-521-25272-5 2. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol. 3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252. ISBN 0-521-25272-5 3. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol. 3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252. ISBN 0-521-25272-5 4. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol. 3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252. ISBN 0-521-25272-5 5. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol. 3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252. ISBN 0-521-25272-5 6. ^ Joseph Needham, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 4, part 1, 1962, p230-268. {Needham_China_compass_1962.p df} {83 CE} 7. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p24. {83 CE} 8. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol. 3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252. ISBN 0-521-25272-5 {1040-1044} 9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {600 BC} | China5 (more specific) |
[1] Figure from: Joseph Needham, ''Science and Civilization in China'', vol 4, part 1, 1962, p230-268. {Needham_China_compass_1962.p df} COPYRIGHTED source: Joseph Needham, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 4, part 1, 1962, p230-268. [2] ''The south-pointing fish'' was recorded in the documents of the Northern Song Dynasty. Such direction-pointing device is a thin steel plate cut into the shape of a fish magnetized in the geomagnetic field. The tail of the fish is magnetized in the geological direction of the North Pole, thus the tail has the south magnetic pole and the head of the fish has the north magnetic pole. When put into the water, the floating fish has its head pointing to the south. UNKNOWN source: http://kaleidoscope.cultural-chi na.com/chinaWH/images/exbig_images/3ee20 b9ad9430ca4fcd43b3165a315c5.jpg |
1,900 YBN [100 AD] 4 5 | 5861) The earliest known complete musical composition, including musical notation.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Seikilos epitaph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikilos_ep itaph 2. ^ "Seikilos epitaph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikilos_ep itaph 3. ^ "Seikilos epitaph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikilos_ep itaph 4. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1-7. {100CE} 5. ^ "Seikilos epitaph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikilos_ep itaph {200 BCE- 100 CE (verify} MORE INFO [1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWyXPpf7V jo [2] MP3 recording of the Seikilos song. http://www.biblicallanguagecenter .com/assets/audio/SEIKILOU_WDH_2006.mp3 | (now Aidin, Turkey)3 (verify) |
[1] Seikilos søjlen Seikilos Epitaph (200 f.Kr.) οσον ζης, φαίνου (oson zis, fainou) μηδέν ‘ολως συλυπού (miden olos silittou) προς ολίγον εσtί to ζην, (pros oligon esti to zin,) το τέλος ο χρόνος απαιτεί (to telos o chronos apeti) Skjul ikke dit lys så længe du lever, Sørg aldrig helt til bunds, Livet løber kun en kort stund, Tiden sætter en fast fermin (Oversættelse, Carsten Høeg) UNKNOWN source: http://www.natmus.dk/graphics/Pr essefoto/antik/seikilos.jpg [2] Seiklos inscription UNKNOWN source: http://www.geoffknorr.com/image/ images/Seikilos_Inscription.svg.png |
1,900 YBN [100 AD] 4 | 6638) The earliest distillation; in Alexandria.1 Distillation is the process of evaporating or boiling a liquid and condensing its vapor.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Forbes, Robert James (1970). A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal. BRILL. pp. 21. ISBN 978-90-04-00617-1. 2. ^ "distillation." Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. 06 Apr. 2013. istillation>. 3. ^ Forbes, Robert James (1970). A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal. BRILL. pp. 21. ISBN 978-90-04-00617-1. 4. ^ Oakes, E.H. Encyclopedia of World Scientists. Facts On File, Incorporated, 2007. Facts on File Science Library, p485. http://books.google.com/books?id= uPRB-OED1bcC&pg=PA485 | Alexandria, Egypt3 |
[1] Forbes, Robert James. A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal. BRILL. 1948, p21. COPYRIGHTED source: Forbes, Robert James. A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal. BRILL. 1948, p21. [2] Forbes, Robert James. A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal. BRILL. 1948, p20. COPYRIGHTED source: Forbes, Robert James. A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal. BRILL. 1948, p21. |
1,850 YBN [150 AD] 8 9 10 11 12 | 1087) Ptolomy's "Almagest"4 , an Earth-centered model of the universe, with the Earth a stationary sphere in the center, surrounded by 7 larger planetary spheres for the Moon, Sun, planets, and fixed stars5 6 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Claudius Ptolemy, translated by: G. J. Toomer, "Almagest", 1984. {Ptolemy_Almagest_Toomer_1984.pdf} 2. ^ "Ptolemy." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 18 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ptolemy 3. ^ Claudius Ptolemy, translated by: G. J. Toomer, "Almagest", 1984, p38-39. {Ptolemy_Almagest_Toomer_1984.pdf} 4. ^ Claudius Ptolemy, translated by: G. J. Toomer, "Almagest", 1984. {Ptolemy_Almagest_Toomer_1984.pdf} 5. ^ "Ptolemy." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 18 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ptolemy 6. ^ Claudius Ptolemy, translated by: G. J. Toomer, "Almagest", 1984, p38-39. {Ptolemy_Almagest_Toomer_1984.pdf} 7. ^ "Ptolemy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/482098/Ptolemy>. 8. ^ "Ptolemy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/482098/Ptolemy>. 9. ^ Exploring the Cosmos, 1986, Berman, Evansc150) (almagest=)c150) 10. ^ "Almagest". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 5845/Almagest (almagest=c150) (almagest=)c150) 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=75-?) 12. ^ "Ptolemy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy (c90-c168) MORE INFO [1] "Hipparchus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/266559/Hipparchus/229469/Other-s cientific-work> [2] Thurston, H. Early Astronomy. Springer New York, 1996. Springer Study Edition Series | (in Mouseion?) Alexandria, Egypt7 |
[1] Peter Apian, Cosmographia, Antwerp, 1524 PD source: http://heliophysics.files.wordpr ess.com/2012/05/ptolemaic_system.jpg [2] An early Baroque artist's rendition of Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; c. AD 90 – c. 168), known in English as Ptolemy , was a Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer and a poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. He died in Alexandria around AD 168. Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, ''The Great Treatise'', originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, ''Mathematical Treatise''). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος ''Four books''), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day. Uploaded on en:wiki by en:User:Tuckerresearch. It is under public domain because it comes from an old manuscript. PD source: http://i296.photobucket.com/albu ms/mm192/dog2010/Ptolemaeus.jpg |
1,850 YBN [150 AD] 2 | 6177) A bellow-fed musical organ.1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "organ". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 22 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/431866/organ>. 2. ^ "organ". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 22 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/431866/organ>. MORE INFO [1] Joseph Yasser, "The Magrepha of the Herodian Temple: A Five-Fold Hypothesis", Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 13, No. 1/3, A Musicological Offering to Otto Kinkeldey upon the Occasion of His 80th Anniversary (1960), pp. 24-42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/8302 44 [2] South Kensington Museum. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Musical Instruments in the South Kensington Museum. Printed by G. E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode, 1874, p31-32. http://books.google.com/books?i d=vNk5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32 |
[1] South Kensington Museum. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Musical Instruments in the South Kensington Museum. Printed by G. E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode, 1874, p31-32. http://books.google.com/books?i d=vNk5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =vNk5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32 [2] Fig. 59 exhibits this most simple piece of mechanism, and very possibly shows what the ugab might have been at some period of its existence. A pipe at the side of the wind chest points out the fact that the commonest bellows of the period was considered capable of supplying the required current of air. The whole construction is in a more advanced state in the instrument depicted in Fig. 60. Not only are its pipes more numerous, but it has bellows specially adapted to its requirements. While one bellows is being replenished, the other is still able to support the sounds, so there is no awkward pause while the instrument is taking breath. UNKNOWN source: http://www.katapi.org.uk/images/ Music/MB/Fig60.jpg | |
1,838 YBN [162 AD] 2 | 971) The valves of the heart are described, and that the brain controls the voice is shown.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Galen of Pergamum." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/223895/Galen-of-Pergamum>. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p42. |
[1] Galen of Pergamon. Vasiliadis et al. Scoliosis 2009 4:6 doi:10.1186/1748-7161-4-6 UNKNOWN source: http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/ content/figures/1748-7161-4-6-11-l.jpg [2] Description English: Claude Galien. Lithograph by Pierre Roche Vigneron. (Paris: Lith de Gregoire et Deneux, ca. 1865). Date Source http://www.nlm.nih .gov/hmd/greek/popup/images/galen_detail .jpg Author NLM PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f5/Galen_detail.jpg | |
1,825 YBN [175 AD] 5 6 7 | 1068) Crank-handles are used in China.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Needham, J., and L. Wang. Science and Civilisation in China: Physics and Physical Technology. Mechanical Engineering. University Press, 1965. Science and Civilisation in China, p118. http://books.google.com/books?id= SeGyrCfYs2AC& 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ "crank." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/141829/crank>. 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (based on) (based on) 5. ^ Needham, J., and L. Wang. Science and Civilisation in China: Physics and Physical Technology. Mechanical Engineering. University Press, 1965. Science and Civilisation in China, p118. http://books.google.com/books?id= SeGyrCfYs2AC& 6. ^ "crank." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/141829/crank>. 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (based on) (based on) MORE INFO [1] Needham, J., and L. Wang. Science and Civilisation in China: Physics and Physical Technology. Mechanical Engineering. University Press, 1965. Science and Civilisation in China, p114. http://books.google.com/books?id= SeGyrCfYs2AC&pg=PA114 | China3 4 |
[1] Needham, J., and L. Wang. Science and Civilisation in China: Physics and Physical Technology. Mechanical Engineering. University Press, 1965. Science and Civilisation in China, p114. http://books.google.com/books?id= SeGyrCfYs2AC&pg=PA114 COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =SeGyrCfYs2AC&pg=PA114 [2] Needham, J., and L. Wang. Science and Civilisation in China: Physics and Physical Technology. Mechanical Engineering. University Press, 1965. Science and Civilisation in China, p83. http://books.google.com/books?id=S eGyrCfYs2AC&pg=PA83 COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =SeGyrCfYs2AC&pg=PA83 |
1,800 YBN [200 AD] 4 | 1073) The earliest "press-on" printing in China.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 2. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 3. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 4. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. {By 200} MORE INFO [1] "Woodblock printing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_p rinting (704-751) | China3 |
[1] Rubbing of the top panel of the Nestorial Tablet Dated 781 CE, Tang dynasty Ink rubbing on paper 52.23 x 31.91 cm Acquisition numbers: #92.78.1 Gift of James K. Penfield Image from Seattle Art Museum PD source: http://depts.washington.edu/silk road/exhibit/religion/nestorians/images/ 92_78_1.jpg |
1,710 YBN [290 AD] 3 | 1092) An encyclopedia of alchemy.1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p45. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=c250CE-?) (=c250CE-?) 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=c250CE-?) (=c250CE-?) MORE INFO [1] "Alchemy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy [2] Berthelot, M., and C.E. Ruelle. Collection Des Anciens Alchimistes Grecs. G. Steinheil, 1888. Collection Des Anciens Alchimistes Grecs, p163. http://books.google.com/books?id= lrRXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA163 | Panopolis {now Akhmim}, Egypt2 |
[1] Distillation apparatus of Zosimos, from Marcelin Berthelot, Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs (3 vol., Paris, 1887-1888). Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/zosimos-of- panopolis#ixzz2NTz2SaHo Berthelot, M., and C.E. Ruelle. Collection Des Anciens Alchimistes Grecs. G. Steinheil, 1888. Collection Des Anciens Alchimistes Grecs, p163. http://books.google.com/books?id= lrRXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA163 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =lrRXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA163 |
1,675 YBN [05/??/325 AD] 7 8 9 | 947) The Council of Nicaea {nI-SE-u1 } condemns the claim of Arius {u-rI-uS or AR-E-uS2 }, that Jesus was not divine, as a heresy.3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Nicaea." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 May. 2013. icaea>. 2. ^ "arius." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 May. 2013. rius>. 3. ^ "Council of Nicaea." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 06 May. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/413817/Council-of-Nicaea>. 4. ^ "First Council of Nicaea." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 06 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/first-counc il-of-nicaea 5. ^ "Arius." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 06 May. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/34795/Arius>. 6. ^ "Council of Nicaea". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/413817/Council-of-Nicaea>. 7. ^ "Council of Nicaea". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/413817/Council-of-Nicaea>. 8. ^ John Marlowe, "The golden age of Alexandria: from its foundation by Alexander the Great in 331 BC to its capture by the Arabs in 642 AD.", (London: Gollancz, 1971). 9. ^ "Arius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/34795/Arius>. | Nicaea, Bithynia(now İznik, Turkey)6 |
[1] Description English: Emperor Constantine and the Council of Nicaea. The burning of Arian books is illustrated below. Drawing on vellum. From MS CLXV, Biblioteca Capitolare, Vercelli, a compendium of canon law produced in northern Italy ca. 825. Text: ''Sinodus Niceni u[bi?] [f?]ui[t?] numerus / s[an]c[t]o[rum] patr[um] . CCCXVIII . et omnes / subscrip/seru/n/t.'' ''Constantinus imp(erator)''. ''Heretici / Arriani / damnati'' Translation: ''[of?] the synod of Nicaea [where the] number / of holy fathers [was] 318 [.] and all / subscribed.'' ''Constantine the emperor.'' ''Arian heretics condemned.'' Date circa 825 Source Jean Hubert et al., Europe in the Dark Ages (London: Thames & Hudson, 1969), p. 143 Author file: James Steakley; artwork: unknown PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Constantine_bur ning_Arian_books.jpg/744px-Constantine_b urning_Arian_books.jpg [2] Description Eastern Orthodox icon depicting the First Council of Nicea (325).PD source: http://santosapostolesmiami.org/ wp-content/uploads/2013/03/nicaeacouncil .jpg |
1,672 YBN [328 AD] 4 | 6451) The Arabic alphabet.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p100-103. 2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p100-103. 3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p100-103. 4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p100-103. | (early inscription) Namara, Syria3 |
[1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p101. COPYRIGHTED source: Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p101. [2] Artist Unknown Description Arabic epitaph of “Imru-l-Qays, son of 'Amr, king of all the Arabs”, inscribed in Nabataean script. Basalt, dated in 7 Kislul, 223, viz. December, 7 328 AD. Found at Nemara in the Hauran (Southern Syria). Dimensions H. 45 cm (17 ½ in.), W. 1.73 m (5 ft. 8 in.), D. 15 cm (5 ¾ in.) Current location (Inventory)Louvre MuseumLink back to Institution infobox template Department of Oriental Antiquities, Sully wing, ground floor, room 19 Accession number AO 4083 Credit line Purchase, 1903 Source/Photographer Jastrow (2007) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Epitaph_Imru-l- Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpg/1280px-Epitaph_Im ru-l-Qays_Louvre_AO4083.jpghttp://upload .wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Du ssad_Namara.jpg |
1,669 YBN [331 AD] 4 | 1375) Roman emperor Constantine I abolishes all pagan (polytheistic) hospitals.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0316/hospital 2. ^ "Constantine I." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9109 633> 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0316/hospital MORE INFO [1] "Hospital#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital#Hi story [2] "Constantine I". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine _I | Constantanople3 |
[1] Description Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg S tatue de Constantin Ier, Musée du Capitole, Rome Date 3 August 2007(2007-08-03) Source Oeuvre personnelle Author Jean-Christophe BENOIST GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/ce/Rome-Capitole-StatueC onstantin.jpg |
1,609 YBN [02/24/391 AD] 6 7 | 1002) Roman Emperor Theodosius I prohibits the visiting of non-Christian temples.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Theodosius I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/590747/Theodosius-I/7210/The-mid dle-years>. 2. ^ Theodosian Code 16.10.10 http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php /imperial-laws-chart-395 http://www.for dham.edu/halsall/source/codex-theod1.asp (Latin) http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/ theod/tituli.htm 3. ^ "Theodosius I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/590747/Theodosius-I/7210/The-mid dle-years>. 4. ^ Theodosian Code 16.10.10 http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php /imperial-laws-chart-395 http://www.for dham.edu/halsall/source/codex-theod1.asp (Latin) http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/ theod/tituli.htm 5. ^ "Theodosius I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/590747/Theodosius-I/7210/The-mid dle-years>. 6. ^ Theodosian Code 16.10.10 http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php /imperial-laws-chart-395 http://www.for dham.edu/halsall/source/codex-theod1.asp (Latin) http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/ theod/tituli.htm 7. ^ "Theodosius I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/590747/Theodosius-I/7210/The-mid dle-years>. | (presumably) Rome, Italy5 |
[1] Theodosius I UNKNOWN source: http://finds.org.uk/images/ruler s/Theodosius%20I.jpg [2] Description Français : Théodose Ier Date 2005-03-07 (original upload date) Source Transfered from fr.wikipedia Transfer was stated to be made by User:Alter Mandarine. Author Original uploader was Erine at fr.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released under the GNU Free Documentation License. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0b/Theodosius-1-.jpg |
1,609 YBN [391 AD] 6 | 1003) The library in the Temple to Serapis (the Serapeum) in Alexandria is violently destroyed by Christian people and the temple is converted to a Christian church.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990). 2. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p160. 3. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990). 4. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p160. 5. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990). 6. ^ "Theodosius I". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_ I (391/392) MORE INFO [1] http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/rhetoric /prog-aph.htm | Alexandria, Egypt |
[1] Description Theophilus and the Serapeum. Bishop Theophilus of Alexandria, en:Gospel book in hand, stands triumphantly atop the en:Serapeum in en:391. The cult image of en:Serapis, crowned with the en:modius, is visible within the temple at the bottom. Marginal illustration from a chronicle written in Alexandria in the early fifth century, thus providing a nearly contemporary portrait of Theophilus. P. Goleniscev 6 verso. (From A. Bauer and J. Strygowski, ''Eine alexandrinische Weltchronik,'' Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Wien 51.2 [en:1906]: 1-204, fig. 6 verso) Date 2002-11-10 (first version); 2004-05-14 (last version) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Eloquence at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Hephaestos at en.wikipedia. Permission (Reusing this file) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/34/Theophil.jpg [2] Serapeum Temple which housed the ''daughter library'' of the Library of Alexandria. Source www.alexandrinelibrarian.blogspot.com U NKNOWN source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_KQyC59 HU4I0/SrRlFDYM2iI/AAAAAAAAAC4/fmxC6-MP49 U/s320/Serapis_Temple02.jpg |
1,606 YBN [08/24/394 AD] 3 | 1095) The last recorded hieroglyph inscription in Egypt.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993), p36. 2. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). 3. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). MORE INFO [1] "Theodosius I". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_ I | island of Philae, near Aswan2 |
[1] The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, ca. 396 CE. The successive encroachment on Egyptian culture and writing by the Greeks, Romans, and Christians slowly eliminated scribes capable of producing hieroglyphic texts. An inscription containing mention of the “Birthday of Osiris, year 110'' is believed to refer to the reign of Diocletion and calculated as August 24, 396 CE (Griffith 1937). [Fig. 22] This last known example of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing was found at the temple complex of Philae, a sacred island near the First Cataract of the river Nile. The Emperor Justinian conducted a zealous program against paganism and Philae was captured and Christianized in 535 CE (passim Harl 1990). Pagan priests were killed, idols were broken and Egyptian religious texts were burned. This was, of course, not the first time that one religion had destroyed the writings of another religion, nor would it be the last. It does, however, encapsulate the problems encountered when literature and knowledge are preserved in a perishable medium. The Library of Alexandria and its various destructions would be a straightforward example of such. also from: http://www.memphis.edu/egypt/phil ae2.php Aswan - Last Hieroglyphic Text Relief of a Ptolemaic or Roman period pharaoh from the temple of Isis at Philae. The last known hieroglyphic inscription in Egypt dates from 394 C.E. (late Roman period) and is seen here in this image from Philae Temple. Vertical lines border and divide the two columns of hieroglyphs which relate a royal decree. The hieroglyphs are crude in execution but are clear enough to read. On the left is a badly damaged figure of a king wearing an elaborate crown. UNKNOWN source: http://www.flavinscorner.com/Las tPhilae.JPG |
1,585 YBN [03/??/415 AD] 4 | 1009) The murder of Greek philosopher Hypatia by Christian people.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Maria Dzielska, F. Lyra (Translator), "Hypatia of Alexandria (Revealing Antiquity , No 8)", (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, USA, 1996). 2. ^ Maria Dzielska, F. Lyra (Translator), "Hypatia of Alexandria (Revealing Antiquity , No 8)", (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, USA, 1996). 3. ^ Maria Dzielska, F. Lyra (Translator), "Hypatia of Alexandria (Revealing Antiquity , No 8)", (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, USA, 1996). 4. ^ Maria Dzielska, F. Lyra (Translator), "Hypatia of Alexandria (Revealing Antiquity , No 8)", (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, USA, 1996). MORE INFO [1] "Socrates Scholasticus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates_Sc holasticus [2] from Damascius (in Suida): http://www.cosmopolis.com/alexandria/hyp atia-bio-suda.html "From Damascius's Life of Isidore, reproduced in The Suda Translated by Jeremiah Reedy, from "Alexandria 2" [3] http://www.cosmopolis.com/alexandria/hyp atia-bio-john.html | (steps of a church called The Caesarium ) Alexandria, Egypt3 |
[1] Hypatia of Alexandria, aka the ''Pagan Scholar'' Cheered for inventing the plane astrolabe, 1 Hypatia was slaughtered by Christian monks in AD 415. UNKNOWN source: http://www.dctc.edu/assets/pics/ spring-2010/hypatia.jpg [2] Hypatia was a mathematician, astronomer, teacher, editor, inventor, musician, and author. In March, 415 A.D. she was murdered by a mob of fanatics on the steps of a church called The Caesarium in Alexandria, Egypt. She has become a symbol of martryed Reason, feminism, and Classical paganism. UNKNOWN source: http://cosmographica.com/alexand ria/images/hypatia_portrait_large.jpg |
1,552 YBN [448 AD] | 1043) Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II orders all non-Christian books burned.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Lucio Russo, "The Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004). |
[1] Description English: Bust of Byzantine Empreror Theodosius II (reigned 408–450 AD). Marble, 5th century AD. Français : Buste de l'empereur byzantin Théodose II (règne 408-450 ap. J.-C.). Marbre, Ve siècle ap. J.-C. Date Dimensions H. 29 cm (11 ¼ in.) Current location [show](Inventory)Louvre Museum Département des Antiquités grecques, étrusques et romaines, Denon, ground floor, room 29 Accession number Ma 1036 (OA 9056) Credit line In the royal collections since the 16th century Source/Photographer Marie-Lan Nguyen (User:Jastrow), 2009 Permission (Reusing this file) See below. Other versions P1080088 Louvre tête empereur Téodose II Ma1036 rwk.JPG CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosius_II_L ouvre_Ma1036.jpg/768px-Theodosius_II_Lou vre_Ma1036.jpg [2] THEODOSIUS II, 402-450, (son of Arcadius) 10616. THEODOSIUS II. AD 402-450. AV Solidus (20mm, 4.42 g, 12h). Ravenna mint. Struck AD 423-425. Pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right / Emperor standing right, holding labarum and Victory on globe, placing foot on captive on the ground below; R-V//COMOB. RIC X 1801; Depeyrot 7/3. Good VF. Ex Peus 369 (31 October 2001), lot 899. UNKNOWN source: http://edgarlowen.com/theodosius -10616.jpg | |
1,501 YBN [499 AD] 3 | 1309) The Earth rotation around its own axis is described by Indian astronomer Aryabhata.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Aryabhata I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/37461/Aryabhata-I>. 2. ^ "Aryabhata I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/37461/Aryabhata-I>. 3. ^ "Aryabhata I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/37461/Aryabhata-I>. MORE INFO [1] "Aryabhatiya". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhatiya [2] "BhÄskara II". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81ska ra_II (date of book) | Kusumapura (modern Patna), India2 |
[1] Español: Estatua de Aryabhata en India This image of a public statue in IUCAA Pune was photographed in May 2006 by myself, and I release all rights. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:2064_aryabhata-crp.jpg |
1,472 YBN [528 AD] 4 5 6 7 | 1426) That the medium is actually an impediment to a projectile's motion is recognized.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phil oponus/ 2. ^ "John Philoponus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 9725/John-Philoponus 3. ^ "John Philoponus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/456703/John-Philoponus>. 4. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5 5. ^ "John Philoponus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 9725/John-Philoponus (500s) 6. ^ "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philop onus/ (c490 to c570) (c490 to c570) 7. ^ "John Philoponus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/456703/John-Philoponus>. MORE INFO [1] "John Philoponus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philop onus (c490 to c570) [2] "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philop onus/ [3] "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phil oponus/ | Alexandria, Egypt2 3 |
[1] The Iconoclast theologian John the Grammarian and an Iconoclast bishop whitewash an image of Christ, from a 9th century Psalter PD source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CijcaA 9yq58/SrTp9neBmfI/AAAAAAAADiI/YW-8LcUktW 4/s1600/Iconoclasm+scan.jpg [2] [t Note that this is not contemporary with Grammarian] Description English: The embassy of John the Grammarian in 829, between the Byzantine emperor Theophilos (right) and the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun, from the Madrid Skylitzes, fol. 47r, detail. Date 12th/13th century Source Chronicle of John Skylitzes, cod. Vitr. 26-2, Madrid National Library Author Unknown, 12th/13th century author PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/22/John_the_Grammarian_a s_ambassador_before_Theophilos_and_Mamun .jpg |
1,471 YBN [529 AD] 8 | 1014) Byzantine {BiZeNTEN5 } Emperor Justinian closes the schools of Alexandria and Athens (including Plato's Academy).6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5 2. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p188. 3. ^ "Byzantine." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 13 Jan. 2013. yzantine>. 4. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5 5. ^ "Byzantine." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 13 Jan. 2013. yzantine>. 6. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5 7. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5 8. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5 MORE INFO [1] "Damascius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascius [2] "Justinian I." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/308858/Justinian-I> [3] "Justinian I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/308858/Justinian-I> | Athens, Greece (and Alexandria,Egypt)7 |
[1] Artist Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna Title Justinian I , San Vitale (Ravenna) Deutsch: Chormosaiken in San Vitale in Ravenna, Szene: Kaiser Justinian und Bischof Maximilianus und sein Hof, Detail: Büste des Justinian Italiano: Basilica di San Vitale a Ravenna, L'imperatore Giustiniano I e il suo seguito. Dettaglio della decorazione a mosaico bizantina, compiuta entro il 547. Dettaglio: Giustiniano I. Date Deutsch: vor 547 English: before 547 Medium Deutsch: Mosaik Current location San Vitale in Ravenna. Ravenna. Notes Deutsch: Ravennatische Schule, italo-byzantinische Werkstatt, Auftraggeber: Bischof Maximilian und Bankier Julianus, Mosaik im Chor Source/Photographer The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_von_San _Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg/778px-Meister_von _San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg [2] Description English: Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (mosaic of Justinian I) Date 2008 Source Own work Author Testus CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a2/Sant%27Apollinare_Nuo vo_%28Justinian_I%29.jpg |
1,458 YBN [542 AD] 5 6 | 1381) The Hôtel-Dieu in Lyon {lE-ON2 } is founded: the earliest hospital in France.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0316/hospital 2. ^ "Lyon." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/lyon 3. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0316/hospital 4. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0316/hospital 5. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0316/hospital (542) 6. ^ http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/action/ showFullText?submitFullText=Full+Text+HT ML&doi=10.1046%2Fj.1445-2197.2002.02492. x (hotel_dieu_lyon.html) (542) (542) MORE INFO [1] "Hospital#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital#Hi story [2] "Hôtel-Dieu de Paris". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel- Dieu_de_Paris | Lyon, France4 |
[1] Hospital Hôtel-Dieu : patio interior source: http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/ es/tourisme/histoire/?aIndex=2 |
1,411 YBN [589 AD] 3 | 1328) Toilet paper is used in China.1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vol. 5 part 1, Cambridge University Press, p123 http://books.google.com/books?id=L x-9mS6Aa4wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Scien ce+and+Civilisation+in+China:+Volume+5,& hl=en&sa=X&ei=zf-qULP1NMaCqgHT1YHYCA&ved =0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=dare&f=false 2. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vol. 5 part 1, Cambridge University Press, p123 http://books.google.com/books?id=L x-9mS6Aa4wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Scien ce+and+Civilisation+in+China:+Volume+5,& hl=en&sa=X&ei=zf-qULP1NMaCqgHT1YHYCA&ved =0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=dare&f=false 3. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vol. 5 part 1, Cambridge University Press, p123 http://books.google.com/books?id=L x-9mS6Aa4wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Scien ce+and+Civilisation+in+China:+Volume+5,& hl=en&sa=X&ei=zf-qULP1NMaCqgHT1YHYCA&ved =0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=dare&f=false MORE INFO [1] "Paper#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper#Histo ry (589CE) | China2 |
[1] The Explanatory Notes to the Five Classics (五经正义) was an official book issued in the Tang Dynasty. The five classics refer to the five Confucius books, namely, the Classic of Poetry, the Classic of History, the Classic of Rites, the Classic of Changes and Spring and Autumn Annals. In the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the five books were reputed as classics, thus having their name as Five Classics. UNKNOWN source: http://history.cultural-china.co m/chinaWH/upload/upfiles/2008-12/24/expl anatory_notes_to_the_five_classics502e1c 5858304ebb3671.jpg |
1,400 YBN [600 AD] 6 7 8 | 1111) The earliest windmill, in Persia. This windmill uses a vertical shaft and horizontal sails to grind grain.4 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63. 2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63. 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63. 4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63. 5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63. 6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63. {600} 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (6th century) (6th century) 8. ^ "Wind mill". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_mill (6th century) MORE INFO [1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p25 | Persia (Iran)5 |
[1] (Images via: Ullesthorpe, BluePlanet, DeutschesMuseum and WorldofEnergy) UNKNOWN source: http://cdn.webecoist.com/wp-cont ent/uploads/2009/01/ancient-persian-wind mills.jpg |
1,387 YBN [613 AD] 4 | 1391) The monotheistic religion: Islam is founded.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Muhammad". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5853/Muhammad 2. ^ "Muhammad". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad 3. ^ "Muhammad". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5853/Muhammad 4. ^ "Muhammad". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad | Mecca, Arabia (modern Saudi Arabia)2 3 |
[1] Muhammd solves a dispute over lifting the black stone into position at al-Ka'ba. Note from pp. 100-101 of ''The illustrations to the World history of Rashid al-Din / David Talbot Rice ; edited by Basil Gray. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, c1976.'' - In the center, Muhammad, with two long hair plaits, places the stone on a carpet held at the four corners by representatives of the four tribes, so that all have the honor of lifting it. The carpet is a kelim from Central Asia. Behind, two other men lift the black curtain which conceals the doors of the sancuary. This work may be assigned to the Master of the Scenes from the Life of the Prophet. Source Jami' al-Tavarikh (''The Compendium of Chronicles'' or ''The Universal Histroy'') This illustration is in a folio in the Oriental Manuscript Section of the Edinburgh University Library, Special Collections and Archives Date 1315 Author Rashid Al-Din The earliest surviving image of Muhammad from Rashid al-Din's Jami' al-Tawarikh, approximately 1315, depicting the episode of the Black Stone. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Mohammed_kaaba_1315.jpg |
1,360 YBN [640 AD] 3 | 1120) The first flame throwing weapon: "Greek fire".1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ James Riddick Partington (1998). A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801859549. 2. ^ "Greek fire". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire 3. ^ "Brahmagupta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta | Constantinople2 |
[1] Depiction of Greek fire in the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript. Image from an illuminated manuscript showing greek fire in use. From the Skylitzes manuscript in Madrid PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg |
1,300 YBN [700 AD] 8 9 | 1118) The numerals (0 through 9), and decimal notation are used in Pakistan.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/ 253515/Classical-mathematical-literature >. 2. ^ "Hindu-Arabic numerals". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/31743/Hindu-Arabic-numerals>. 3. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/ 253515/Classical-mathematical-literature >. 4. ^ "Hindu-Arabic numerals". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/31743/Hindu-Arabic-numerals>. 5. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/ 253515/Classical-mathematical-literature >. 6. ^ "Hindu-Arabic numerals". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/31743/Hindu-Arabic-numerals>. 7. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/ 253515/Classical-mathematical-literature >. 8. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/ 253515/Classical-mathematical-literature >. 9. ^ "Hindu-Arabic numerals". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/31743/Hindu-Arabic-numerals>. MORE INFO [1] "Bakhshali Manuscript". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhshali_M anuscript [2] "Indian mathematics#Bakhshali Manuscript .28200 BC - 400 CE.29". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_math ematics#Bakhshali_Manuscript_.28200_BC_- _400_CE.29 (200 BCE - 400 CE) [3] Ho, P.Y. Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China. Dover, 2000. Dover Science Books. http://books.google.com/books?id =_P6C4JO4JCUC&pg=PA58 | Bakhshali (near modern Peshawar, Pakistan)7 |
[1] Combination of image 2 and 3 UNKNOWN source: http://www.thecultureconcept.com /circle/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Bakhs hali-Manuscript.jpghttp://upload.wikimed ia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Bakhshali_ numerals_1.jpg [2] 3rd or 4th century The Bakhshali Manuscript – is an early mathematical manuscript discovered in 1881 near the village Bakhshali (or Bakhshalai) in the modern Peshawar district of Pakistan. It is the only known document on mathematics from this early period of its culture and was written on birch bark. 70 leaves, a few of which were only scraps, survived to the time of its discovery. It is a handbook of rules and illustrative examples together with their solutions. It is devoted mainly to arithmetic and algebra, with just a few problems on geometry and mensuration. Only parts have been restored, so we cannot be certain about the balance between different topics UNKNOWN source: http://www.thecultureconcept.com /circle/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Bakhs hali-Manuscript.jpg |
1,249 YBN [751 AD] 6 7 | 1253) Jabir prepares and identifies acids.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ "Geber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (+30) (+30) 7. ^ "Geber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber (+30) | Kufa, (now Iraq)4 5 |
[1] Portrait of Jabir ibn Hayyan http://histoirechimie.free.fr/Lien/Geber .jpg PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Geber.jpg [2] alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan, from a 15th c. European portrait of ''Geber'', Codici Ashburnhamiani 1166, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, public domain PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Jabir_ibn_Hayyan.jpg |
1,230 YBN [770 AD] 6 | 1060) Wood-cut printing; in Japan.3 A paper with text is attached with rice paste to a block of wood, the uninked parts are cut away, the block is inked, and a paper pressed on it.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 2. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 3. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 4. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 5. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 6. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. {868} | Japan5 |
[1] http://specialcollections.wichita.edu/ex hibits/aitchison/images/aitch05.jpg UNK NOWN source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Jingangjing.gif [2] Printed sutra enclosed in a wood pagoda Commissioned by the Empress Shotoku-tenno in 764 AD (r. 765-769) Japan, Hyakumanto 19 cm x 10.3 cm pagoda and 7 x 45 cm scroll; wood and paper UNKNOWN source: http://specialcollections.wichit a.edu/exhibits/aitchison/images/aitch05. jpg |
1,219 YBN [781 AD] 6 7 | 1254) Lower case letters.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c732-05/19/804+30) 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c732-05/19/804+30) 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c732-05/19/804+30) 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c732-05/19/804+30) 5. ^ "804, 781=accepts Charlemagne invitation)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin (c735-05/19/804, 781=accepts Charlemagne invitation) 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c732-05/19/804+30) 7. ^ "804, 781=accepts Charlemagne invitation)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin (c735-05/19/804, 781=accepts Charlemagne invitation) MORE INFO [1] "Great vowel shift". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_vowel _shift [2] "Phonological history of the English language". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologica l_history_of_the_English_language [3] "Carolingian minuscule". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian _minuscule | Aachen, in north-west Germany, or York, England4 5 |
[1] Raban Maur (left), supported by Alcuin (middle), dedicates his work to Archbishop Otgar of Mainz (Right) Hrabanus Maurus, von Alcuin empfohlen, übergibt sein Werk dem Erzbischof von Mainz, Otgar Carolingian Manuscript manuscriptum Fuldense ca. 831/40, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg [2] Page of text (folio 160v) from a Carolingian Gospel Book (British Library, MS Add. 11848), written in Carolingian minuscule. Taken from http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedm anuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8614&CollID=2 7&NStart=11848 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:BritLibAddMS11848Fol160rText.jpg |
1,211 YBN [789 AD] 4 | 1256) Charlemagne {soRlemAN} establishes schools where math and grammar are taught.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (789) (789) MORE INFO [1] "Charlesmagne". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlesmagn e | Aachen, in north-west Germany3 |
[1] No description from Charlemagne's lifetime exists.[2] Charlemagne and Pippin the Hunchback (Karl der Große und Pippin der Bucklige) 10th century copy of a lost original, which was made back between 829 and 836 in Fulda for Eberhard von Friaul PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Karl_der_Grosse_-_Pippin_der_Bucklige .jpg [2] A portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Dürer that was painted several centuries after Charlemagne's death. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Charlemagne-by-Durer.jpg |
1,200 YBN [800 AD] 5 | 6221) String instruments are played with a bow.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p47. 2. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p47. 3. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p47. 4. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p47. 5. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p47. {no later than 9th century) 800 CE} | River Oxus (modern) Turkmenistan (Central Asia)4 |
[1] Fig 1: Byzantine, ivory casket c.1000 (from Museo Nazionale, Florence, Coll. Carrand, No.26) - earliest depiction of a rebec like instrument. Has pear shaped body blending into long narrow neck. There is a definite anchorpoint at the base, with a kind of fleur tailpiece, though the pegs appear to be missing from the depiction (no other anchorpoint is clearly indicated). There are only two strings, and the bow is very long and narrow (though it may simply be the artist trying the show that the bow is perpendicular to the surface of the strings, thus appearing flat when viewed edge on). No sound holes are shown, the soundboard seems to be a distinct, attached piece (possibly a skin covering much like in rababs). This is the instrument in transition. PD source: http://crab.rutgers.edu/~pbutler /ob09.jpg [2] Fig 2: Spanish, Catalan Psalter, c.1050. (''King David and musicians tuning their instruments'' in Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, MS Lat. 11550, fol. 7v)- Shows a normal pear body shape. Three distinct strings, attached to a triangular tailpiece at the base, and to vertically mounted pegs at the other end. The pegbox is a round disk that appears to be made of the same piece as the neck/body, suggesting that this is a unibody construction. Again a little endpiece or endpeg is indicated. There are two round sound holes set far back on the instrument. The bow is a simple curved bow with end pressure grip (see below). This image is also somewhat suspect from the distortion of the left hand, which has the fingers curling backwards rather than forward as they actually must. PD source: http://crab.rutgers.edu/~pbutler /ob25.jpg |
1,185 YBN [815 AD] 5 6 | 1021) The "Bayt al-Hikma" (House of Wisdom) school is founded, where many scientific works are translated into Arabic.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987), p69. 2. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987), p69. 3. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987), p69. 4. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987). 5. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987). (c815) (c815) 6. ^ Delacy O`Leary, "How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs", (London; New York: Kegan Paul, 2001). (before 828/829) (before 828/829) MORE INFO [1] "House of Wisdom)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_al-Hik ma (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_W isdom) [2] "Harun Al-Rashid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_Al-Ra shid | Baghdad4 |
[1] Harun al-Rashid: (ca: 763-809) was the fifth and most famous Abbasid Caliph. Ruling from 786 until 809, his reign and the fabulous court over which he held sway are immortalized in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Harun_Al-Rashid_and_the_World_of_the_ Thousand_and_One_Nights.jpg [2] Julius Köckert's painting of Harun al-Rashid receiving the delegation of Charlemagne demonstrates the latter's recognition of Hārūn ar-Rashīd as the most powerful man of his culture. The painting by Julius Köckert (Koeckert) (1827-1918), dated 1864, is located at Maximilianeum Foundation in Munich. It is Oil on Canvas. This Image of the painting was created and provided by Zereshk. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Harun-Charlemagne.jpg |
1,150 YBN [850 AD] 14 15 | 1144) Gunpowder is invented; in China9 10 The earliest gunpowder, black powder, is a mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal.11 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} 2. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. 3. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} 4. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. 5. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} 6. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. 7. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} 8. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. 9. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} 10. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. 11. ^ "gunpowder." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 26 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/gunpowder 12. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} 13. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. 14. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} {850} 15. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. {850} | China12 13 |
[1] Description The earliest known written description of the formula for gunpowder, from the Chinese Wujing Zongyao military manuscript that was compiled by 1044 during the Song Dynasty of China. It was written and compiled by the 11th century Song scholars Zeng Gongliang (曾公亮), Ding Du (丁度), and Yang Weide (楊惟德). The entry for this specific page is headed with the title ''method for making the fire-chemical'' (''huo yao fa''). This picture can also be found on page 119 of Joseph Needham's book Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 7. Date 11 August 2007 Source Own work (My book) Author PericlesofAthens Permission (Reus ing this file) See below. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_For mula.JPG |
1,100 YBN [900 AD] 4 5 6 | 1379) A health science school is founded in Salerno, Italy.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ferraris, Zoe Alaina, and Victor A. Ferraris. “The Women of Salerno: Contribution to the Origins of Surgery From Medieval Italy.” The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 64.6 (1997): 1855–1857. http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/cont ent/abstract/64/6/1855 2. ^ Ferraris, Zoe Alaina, and Victor A. Ferraris. “The Women of Salerno: Contribution to the Origins of Surgery From Medieval Italy.” The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 64.6 (1997): 1855–1857. http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/cont ent/abstract/64/6/1855 3. ^ Ferraris, Zoe Alaina, and Victor A. Ferraris. “The Women of Salerno: Contribution to the Origins of Surgery From Medieval Italy.” The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 64.6 (1997): 1855–1857. http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/cont ent/abstract/64/6/1855 4. ^ http://www.galter.northwestern.edu/libra ry_notes/40/salerno.cfm (900) 5. ^ "university". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 4363/university (800s) 6. ^ "University of Salerno". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 5054/University-of-Salerno (notes for physicians at 900) MORE INFO [1] "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0316/hospital [2] "Hospital#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital#Hi story [3] "Salerno#Salerno and the revival of medical learning in Western Europe". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno#Sal erno_and_the_revival_of_medical_learning _in_Western_Europe [4] "Schola Medica Salernitana". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schola_Medi ca_Salernitana (monestary founded in 800s) | Salerno (near Naples), Italy3 |
[1] A miniature depicting the Schola Medica Salernitana from a copy of Avicenna's Canons PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:ScuolaMedicaMiniatura.jpg [2] Hand colored wood cut illustration depicting the medical school at Salerno. De conservanda bona valetudine opusculum scholae Salernitanae, 1554. Galter Medical Rare Books 613 R26 1554 PD source: http://www.galter.northwestern.e du/library_notes/40/woodcut_full.jpg |
1,100 YBN [900 AD] 5 6 | 5865) The first polyphonic (many-voiced) music (Organum), and distinct pitches.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p50-52. 2. ^ "organum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/432228/organum>. 3. ^ "Musica enchiriadis." The Concise Grove Dictionary of Music. Oxford University Press, Inc., 1994. Answers.com 31 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/musica-ench iriadis 4. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p50-52. 5. ^ "organum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/432228/organum>. {c900} 6. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p50-52. {c850-900} | northern part of the West Frankish empire3 |Possibly written in what is now Eastern France4 |
[1] Skildring Deutsch: Früheste Darstellung eines Organums in einer theoretischen Schrift, der ''Musica enchiriades'' aus dem späten 9. Jahrhundert Dato late 9th century Kjelda Musica enchiriadis, Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Var. 1, fol 57r Opphavsperson Unknown writer Løyve (Gjenbruk av denne fila) Sjå under. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9e/Musica_enchiriadis_Re x_celi.png [2] Skildring Deutsch: Früheste Darstellung eines Organums in einer theoretischen Schrift, der ''Musica enchiriades'' aus dem späten 9. Jahrhundert Dato late 9th century Kjelda Musica enchiriadis, Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Var. 1, fol 57r Opphavsperson Unknown writer Løyve (Gjenbruk av denne fila) Sjå under. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9e/Musica_enchiriadis_Re x_celi.png |
1,095 YBN [905 AD] 4 5 6 | 1303) Gypsum1 plaster is used to hold broken bones in place2 by Al-Razi {oL-rAZE}, who also openly rejects Islam and other religions.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "plaster of Paris." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclop�dia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 14 Mar. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/plaster-1 2. ^ "Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Mar. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/al-razi 3. ^ "Al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad Ibn Zakariyyā." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 323-326. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id= GALE%7CCX2830903599&v=2.1&u=univca20&it= r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c845 - c930) (c845 - c930) 5. ^ "Rhazes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhazes (865-925) 6. ^ "ar Razi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 2842/ar-Razi (c865-923/932) | Rayy (near Tehran, Iran) |
[1] Description English: Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi Date before 1970 Source Iranian 2nd year of Rahnamai textbook Author Unknown PD source: http://www.hmc.org.qa/hmc/qmj/ju ne2002/biography/BIO3.HTM [2] Al-Razi from a book cover COPYRIGHTED FAIR USE source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Rhazes.jpg |
1,080 YBN [920 AD] 11 | 6183) Norwegian explorers reach North America.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319 2. ^ Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001. 3. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319 4. ^ Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001. 5. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319 6. ^ Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001. 7. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319 8. ^ Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001. 9. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319 10. ^ Wallace, Birgitta. “L’Anse Aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson’s Home in Vinland.” Journal of the North Atlantic 2.sp2 (2011) : 114-125. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/ 10.3721/037.002.s212 11. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319 {920} | L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland9 10 |
[1] Figure from: Helge Ingstad, ''The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland'', 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001. [2] Figure 24 from: Helge Ingstad, ''The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland'', 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001. |
1,040 YBN [960 AD] 8 9 | 6186) The earliest rocket, in China; gun-powder rockets probably in hollow bamboo tubes.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rock et-history.txt 2. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rock et-history.txt 3. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rock et-history.txt 4. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rock et-history.txt 5. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rock et-history.txt 6. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and development of rocket & missile technology", 1978, p10. 7. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rock et-history.txt 8. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and development of rocket & missile technology", 1978, p10. {960 CE} 9. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rock et-history.txt {1045} {1045 CE} MORE INFO [1] "military technology". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/382397/military-technology/57612 /The-gunpowder-revolution-c-1300-1650> | China6 7 |
[1] Description Drawing of an early Chinese soldier lighting a rocket Date 2007 Source http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocket ry/03.html Author NASA Permission (Reusing this file) NASA still images, audio files and video generally are not copyrighted. You may use NASA imagery, video and audio material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits and Internet Web pages. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/63/Chinese_rocket.gif [2] Widely reputed as the world's first ''astronaut'', Wan Hu was a minor Chinese official of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Early in the 16th century, Wan Hu decided to take advantage of China's advanced power and fireworks technology to launch himself into outer space. He had a chair built with 47 ''rockets'' attached. On the day of lift-off, Wan climbed into his rocket chair and held one enormous kite in each hand. The ignition of the 47 fuses caused a huge explosion and sent him into the sky. But unfortunately, he failed to go into orbit and his body smashed into pieces on the ground. UNKNOWN source: http://images.china.cn/images1/2 00710/410673.jpg |
1,036 YBN [964 AD] 5 6 | 1502) A star catalog that includes Arabic star names which, in corrupted form, are still in use today.1 2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 23 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/abd-al-rahm an-al-sufi 2. ^ Jones, "The Search For The Nebulae", 1975 {Jones_The_Search_For_The_Nebulae_ 1975.pdf} 3. ^ http://messier.seds.org/xtra/Bios/alsufi .html 4. ^ https://maps.google.com/ 5. ^ "Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 23 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/abd-al-rahm an-al-sufi 6. ^ "Andromeda Galaxy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/24105/Andromeda-Galaxy>. MORE INFO [1] "Isfahan (city)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_%28 city%29 [2] "Al Sufi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sufi (964) | (court of the Emire Adud ad-Daula in) Isfahan, Persia3 (modern Iran)4 |
[1] [t Note that Sahabi means friends of Muhammad- possibly to imply life around other stars?] Jones, ''The Search For The Nebulae'', 1975, p7. {Jones_The_Search_For_The_Nebulae_1 975.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: Jones, "The Search For The Nebulae", 1975, p7. [2] [t Note that this is the reverse orientation (horizontally) of the Andromeda constellation, and that Bullialdus writes that the author is anonymous, but is similar to the one from the earlier St. Petersburg manuscruot if Al-Sufi's Book of the Fixed Stars.] Jones, ''The Search For The Nebulae'', 1975, p15. {Jones_The_Search_For_The_Nebulae_ 1975.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: Jones, "The Search For The Nebulae", 1975, p15. |
1,024 YBN [976 AD] 2 | 1307) The earliest Arabic numerals in Europe.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "History of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ the_Hindu-Arabic_numeral_system 2. ^ "History of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ the_Hindu-Arabic_numeral_system MORE INFO [1] "Codex Vigilanus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vigil anus |
[1] The first Arabic numerals in a Western manuscript, AD 976. From Codex Vigilanus PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:1st_Arabic_numerals_in_West.jpg | |
1,000 YBN [1000 AD] 7 8 9 10 | 1022) The Encyclopedia the "Suda".4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Suidae lexicon: Graecè et Latinè, Volume 1, Part 1, page XXXIX (in Greek and Latin) http://books.google.com/books?id =7OFCgP0UCy4C 2. ^ Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000), p70. 3. ^ http://en.wikipedia/org/wiki/Suda 4. ^ Suidae lexicon: Graecè et Latinè, Volume 1, Part 1, page XXXIX (in Greek and Latin) http://books.google.com/books?id =7OFCgP0UCy4C 5. ^ Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000), p70. 6. ^ http://en.wikipedia/org/wiki/Suda 7. ^ Suda On Line: Byzantine Lexicography http://www.stoa.org/sol/ 8. ^ "Suidas." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/suidas 9. ^ http://en.wikipedia/org/wiki/Suda 10. ^ "encyclopaedia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/186603/encyclopaedia>. |
[1] English First page (AA-AB) from an early printed edition of the Suda. The column headings read ''Beginning of letter A/A standing alone'' and ''A with B''. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e2/Suda.jpg | |
1,000 YBN [1000 AD] 5 | 1054) Paper money is used; in China.3 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 2. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 3. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 4. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. 5. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/389170/money>. {before) 1000 YBN} | China4 |
[1] English: Early paper money, China, Song Dynasty scan from 《社会历史博物馆》 ISBN 7-5347-1397-8 北宋交子 jiaozi, w:Northern Song Dynasty The text reads: 除四川外許於諸路州縣公私從 主管並同見錢七百七十陌流 行使, which essentially means that except in w:Sichuan, the bill may be used in the stead of 77,000 wen of metal coinage. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d9/Jiao_zi.jpg [2] scan from 《社会历史博物馆》 ISBN 7-5347-1397-8 会子 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6a/Hui_zi.jpg |
975 YBN [1025 AD] 4 | 5868) Musical staff notation.1 2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "Guido d’Arezzo." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/248582/Guido-dArezzo>. 2. ^ "solmization." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jun. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/553469/solmization>. 3. ^ "Guido d’Arezzo." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/248582/Guido-dArezzo>. 4. ^ "Guido d’Arezzo." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/248582/Guido-dArezzo>. {c1025} | (Cathedral school) Arezzo, Italy3 |
[1] The 11th century Benedictine monk Guido d’Arezzo invented a mnemonic system using parts of the hand to indicate pitches for singers. The note names ut, re, mi, fa, sol and la were also placed on horizontal lines to notate pitch. These inventions evolved into solfeggio (do re mi fa sol la ti do) and staff notation as used today. UNKNOWN source: http://www.designwritingresearch .org/music/images/3.jpg [2] Statue of Guido of Arezzo, Arezzo, Italy (photo taken by Wilson Delgado, March 30, 2003) Author: en:User:Wilson Delgado Source: en:Image:Guido of arezzo.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2b/Statue_of_Guido_of_Ar ezzo.jpg |
962 YBN [1038 AD] 5 6 7 8 9 | 1308) The pin-hole camera.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987), p50. 5. ^ "Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 189-210. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id= GALE%7CCX2830901904&v=2.1&u=univca20&it= r&p=GVRL&sw=w 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c965-1039) (c965-1039) 7. ^ "Ibn al Haytham". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 5710/Ibn-al-Haytham (c965-c.1040) 8. ^ "Alhazen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen (965-1039) 9. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987). (c965-1039) (c965-1039) MORE INFO [1] "Camera obscura". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obsc ura [2] "Heliocentrism". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentri sm [3] "Catoptrics". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoptrics | Cairo, Egypt4 |
[1] Figure 2. The concept of the camera obscura as perceived a thousand years ago by Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham), who coined the term (see text). Note the formation of the inverted image through a ray diagram. Adapted from Al-Hassani et al. (2006). from: Ahmed H. Zewail, Micrographia of the twenty-first century: from camera obscura to 4D microscopy Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A March 13, 2010 368 (1914) 1191-1204; doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0265 http://rsta. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1 914/1191.abstract COPYRIGHTED source: http://rsta.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/368/1914/1191/F2.large.jp g [2] [t Portrait of al-Hazen on paper money] UNKNOWN source: http://robbani.net78.net/wp/wp-c ontent/uploads/2012/01/haisam5.jpg |
959 YBN [1041 AD] 6 | 1124) Movable type printing, where individual blocks can be put together to form a text, is invented in China.3 Baked clay types are placed side by side on an iron plate coated with a mixture of resin, wax, and paper ash. Gently heating this plate and then letting the plate cool solidifies the type.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 2. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 3. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 4. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 5. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 6. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. {1041-48} | China5 |
[1] Figure 1138. Earliest extant edition of the ''Meng Chhi Pi Than'', printed in the + 14th century. The passage rearranged into one double-leaf above records the first use of the earthenware movable type printing by Pi Sheng in the middle of the + 11th century. Copy preserved at the National Library of China. Joseph Needham, ''Science and Civilisation in China'', Tsien, v5,part 1, Paper and Printing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. {Needham_printing_China_1985.pdf} PD source: Joseph Needham, "Science and Civilisation in China", Tsien, v5,part 1, Paper and Printing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. [2] Fig 1141. Earthenware types of Chai Chin-Sheng, c +1844, discovered in 1962 in Hui-chou, Anhui province. Above are four different sizes of the type and below are the printed characters from the large size of the type. Courtesy of the Institute of History of Science, Academia Sinica, Peking. Joseph Needham, ''Science and Civilisation in China'', Tsien, v5,part 1, Paper and Printing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. {Needham_printing_China_1985.pdf} PD source: Joseph Needham, "Science and Civilisation in China", Tsien, v5,part 1, Paper and Printing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. |
912 YBN [1088 AD] 5 | 1339) The University of Bologna is founded.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+no stra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm 2. ^ http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+no stra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm 3. ^ http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+no stra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm 4. ^ http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+no stra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm 5. ^ http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+no stra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm MORE INFO [1] "List of oldest universities in continuous operation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_old est_universities_in_continuous_operation [2] "University of Bologna". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_ of_Bologna (1088) [3] http://www.eng.unibo.it/PortaleEn/Univer sity/Our+History/default.htm | Bologna, Italy4 |
[1] Description Il Palazzo dei notai (a sin.) e Palazzo d'Accursio, in Piazza Maggiore a Bologna, Italia. Date 2006-27-03 Source Flickr Author Gaspa Reviewer Mac9 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/11/Bologna-vista02.jpg [2] English: The Collegio di Spagna, a historic university college, originally founded to support Spanish students in Bologna, Italy. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Collegio-spagna 3.jpg/1280px-Collegio-spagna3.jpg |
900 YBN [1100 AD] 3 | 5883) Non-religious (secular) music evolves in France.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Western music." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 04 Jun. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/398976/Western-music>. 2. ^ "Western music." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 04 Jun. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/398976/Western-music>. 3. ^ "Western music." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 04 Jun. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/398976/Western-music>. {early 1100s} MORE INFO [1] Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 3rd edition, 2010, p90 | Provence, France (Southern France)2 |
[1] [t Image of troubador] PD source: http://heathergoodman.us/files/i mages/F_002_13thcTroubadour.jpg [2] [t Image of troubador] PD source: http://heathergoodman.us/files/i mages/F_002_13thcTroubadour.jpg |
894 YBN [1106 AD] 5 6 7 8 9 | 1411) Al-Ghazzali's {oL-Go-Zo-lE1 } book "The Incoherence of the Philosophers" slows the influence of ancient Greek philosophy in2 Arab and Persian nations3 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ghazali, al-." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2013. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2013 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. 2. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987), p27,51-54. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ "al-Ghazali". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/232533/al-Ghazali>. 5. ^ "al-Ghazali". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/232533/al-Ghazali>. 6. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987). (CE 1058-1111) (CE 1058-1111) 7. ^ "al Ghazali". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 6672/al-Ghazali (CE 1058-1111) 8. ^ http://www.amazon.com/Incoherence-Philos ophers-Islamic-Translation/dp/0842523510 (written after more than a decade of ascetic contemplation) 9. ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Incohe rence_of_The_Incoherence/intro (thought to be during period of doubts) MORE INFO [1] "The Incoherence of the Philosophers". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incoher ence_of_the_Philosophers [2] "Nishapur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur | (Niẓāmīyah college) Nishapur, Iran4 |
[1] Hardcover: 267 pages Publisher: Pakistan Philosophical Congress; 2nd pr. edition (1963) Language: English ASIN: B0007IW3EG UNKNOWN AND Portrait of Ghazali in his late years by an Iraqi artist Name: Al-Ghazali (Algazel) Birth: 1058 CE (450 AH) Death: 1111 CE (505 AH) School/tradition: Sufism, Sunnite (Shafi'ite), Asharite Main interests: Sufism, Theology (Kalam), Philosophy, Logic, Islamic Jurisprudence Influenced: Fakhruddin Razi, Maimonides[1], Thomas Aquinas, Raymund Martin, Nicholas of Autrecourt, Shah Waliullah, Abdul-Qader Bedil PD source: http://ecx.images-amazon.com/ima ges/I/81kKsAI3QAL._SL1500_.jpghttp://www .amazon.com/Tahafut-al-Falasifah-Incoher ence-philosophers-Philosophical/dp/B0007 IW3EGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image: Ghazali.gif [2] Portrait of Ghazali in his late years by an Iraqi artist Name: Al-Ghazali (Algazel) Birth: 1058 CE (450 AH) Death: 1111 CE (505 AH) School/tradition: Sufism, Sunnite (Shafi'ite), Asharite Main interests: Sufism, Theology (Kalam), Philosophy, Logic, Islamic Jurisprudence Influenced: Fakhruddin Razi, Maimonides[1], Thomas Aquinas, Raymund Martin, Nicholas of Autrecourt, Shah Waliullah, Abdul-Qader Bedil PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ghazali.gif |
868 YBN [1132 AD] 13 14 | 1146) The first cannon and gun; in China.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 2. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105 275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} 3. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 4. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105 275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} 5. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 6. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105 275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} 7. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 8. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105 275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} 9. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 10. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105 275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} 11. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 12. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105 275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} 13. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 14. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105 275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "gunpowder". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8534/gunpowder [2] Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521303583 [3] "Gunpowder". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder | Ta-tsu, Szechuan Province, China11 12 |
[1] Figure 2 from: Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105 275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105 275 [2] Figure 3 from: Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105 275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105 275 |
850 YBN [1150 AD] 4 | 6239) The first stringed instrument to use a keyboard.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p77. 2. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p77. 3. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p77. 4. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p77. {well established by) 1150} | Europe3 |
[1] Two Elders of the Apocolypse plying an organistrum in the Portico de la Gloria, completed in 1188, of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral. Santiago de Compostela, Spain GFDL source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6b/Organistrumsantiago20 060414.jpg |
833 YBN [1167 AD] 5 | 1340) The University of Oxford is founded.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "A brief history of the University" http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_t he_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief _history_of_the_university/index.html 2. ^ "A brief history of the University" http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_t he_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief _history_of_the_university/index.html 3. ^ "A brief history of the University" http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_t he_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief _history_of_the_university/index.html 4. ^ "University of Oxford." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/436492/University-of-Oxford>. 5. ^ "A brief history of the University" http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_t he_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief _history_of_the_university/index.html MORE INFO [1] http://www.ox.ac.uk/aboutoxford/history. shtml (1167 but teaching starts 1096) | Oxford, England (now: United Kingdom)4 |
[1] All Souls College quad COPYRIGHTED source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Oxford_University_Colleges-All_Souls_ quad.jpg [2] Oxford's 'Dreaming Spires' at sunset View of All Souls College and the Radcliffe Camera, Oxford, England COPYRIGHTED source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Oxfordskylinedawn.jpg |
830 YBN [1170 AD] 5 | 1319) The University of Paris is founded.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII (c1170) 2. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII (c1170) 3. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII (c1170) 4. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII (c1170) 5. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII (c1170) MORE INFO [1] "Peter Abelard". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 3315/Peter-Abelard | Paris, France4 |
[1] The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Sorbonne_17thc.jpg |
816 YBN [11/??/1184 AD] 11 | 1153) The start of the Inquisition. Pope Lucius III makes burning the official punishment for heresy {HAReSE6 }.7 8 The Inquisition will last until the 1800s.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "inquisition." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/288915/inquisition>. 2. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/350632/Lucius-III>. 3. ^ "heresy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/heresy 4. ^ "inquisition." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/288915/inquisition>. 5. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/350632/Lucius-III>. 6. ^ "heresy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/heresy 7. ^ "inquisition." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/288915/inquisition>. 8. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/350632/Lucius-III>. 9. ^ "inquisition." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/288915/inquisition>. 10. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/350632/Lucius-III>. 11. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/350632/Lucius-III>. MORE INFO [1] "Saint Dominic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Domin ic [2] "Inquisition". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition [3] "Pope Lucius III". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Lucius _III (11/1184) | Verona, Italy10 |
[1] St Dominic (1170-1221[3]) presiding over an auto de fe, Spanish, 1475 Representation of an Auto de fe, (1475). [t I think this is a dubious claim, that people didn't stay around...they quickly leave when time for the burning...I doubt it:] Many artistic representations depict torture and the burning at the stake as occurring during the auto da fe. Actually, burning at the stake usually occurred after, not during the ceremonies. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Inquisition2.jpg [2] English: The burning of the knight of Hohenberg with his servant before the walls of Zürich, for sodomy, 1482. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5c/Burning_of_Sodomites. jpg |
772 YBN [1228 AD] 17 18 19 20 21 | 1392) The theory that all matter is made of light.13 14 15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942. http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel %201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf {Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf} 2. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textd isplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml 3. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lc m/lunch/deluce.html 4. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942. http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel %201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf {Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf} 5. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textd isplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml 6. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lc m/lunch/deluce.html 7. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942. http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel %201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf {Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf} 8. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textd isplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml 9. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lc m/lunch/deluce.html 10. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942. http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel %201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf {Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf} 11. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textd isplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml 12. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lc m/lunch/deluce.html 13. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942. http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel %201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf {Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf} 14. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textd isplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml 15. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lc m/lunch/deluce.html 16. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford Schools, Volume 1, 1984, p442. http://books.google.com/books?id= AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442 17. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford Schools, Volume 1, 1984, p442. http://books.google.com/books?id= AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442 18. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c1168-1253) (c1168-1253) 19. ^ "Robert Grosseteste". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8191/Robert-Grosseteste (c1175-1253) 20. ^ "Robert Grosseteste". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gros seteste (c1175-1253) 21. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/bio.htm (c1170-1253) | Oxford, England16 |
[1] Record Number: 19885 Shelfmark: Royal 6 E. V Page Folio Number: f.6 Description: [Miniature only] Initial 'A', portrait of Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln. The beginning of one of the bishop's sermons Title of Work: Works of Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln Author: Grosseteste, Robert Illustrator: - Production: England; 15th century Language/Script: Latin / - PD source: http://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/br itishlibrary/controller/textsearch?text= grosseteste&y=0&x=0&startid=31330&width= 4&height=2&idx=2 [2] Robert Grosseteste (1168-1253). Scientist, Philosopher, Bishop of Lincoln. PD source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik i/Image:Grosseteste-color.png |
766 YBN [1234 AD] 6 7 | 1125) The movable metal block printing press is invented; in Korea.3 4 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communicati on-and-information/flagship-project-acti vities/memory-of-the-world/register/full -list-of-registered-heritage/registered- heritage-page-1/baegun-hwasang-chorok-bu ljo-jikji-simche-yojeol-volii-the-second -volume-of-anthology-of-great-buddhist-p riests-zen-teachings/ 2. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 3. ^ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communicati on-and-information/flagship-project-acti vities/memory-of-the-world/register/full -list-of-registered-heritage/registered- heritage-page-1/baegun-hwasang-chorok-bu ljo-jikji-simche-yojeol-volii-the-second -volume-of-anthology-of-great-buddhist-p riests-zen-teachings/ 4. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/477017/printing>. 5. ^ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communicati on-and-information/flagship-project-acti vities/memory-of-the-world/register/full -list-of-registered-heritage/registered- heritage-page-1/baegun-hwasang-chorok-bu ljo-jikji-simche-yojeol-volii-the-second -volume-of-anthology-of-great-buddhist-p riests-zen-teachings/ 6. ^ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communicati on-and-information/flagship-project-acti vities/memory-of-the-world/register/full -list-of-registered-heritage/registered- heritage-page-1/baegun-hwasang-chorok-bu ljo-jikji-simche-yojeol-volii-the-second -volume-of-anthology-of-great-buddhist-p riests-zen-teachings/ {July 1377} 7. ^ "Movable type". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_typ e {1234} | Korea5 |
[1] English: Jikji or ''Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters'', published in 1377, Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty. It is the earliest known book printed with movable metal type. 한국어: 백운화상초록불조직지심체요 (白雲和尙抄錄佛祖直指心體 節, 간단히 불조직지심체요절, 직지심체요절, 직지)은 백운화상 경한이 선(禪)의 요체를 깨닫는 데에 필요한 내용을 뽑아 1372년에 펴낸 불교 서적으로, 상·하권으로 이루어져 있다. 원나라에서 받아온 불조직지심체요절의 내용을 대폭 늘려 상·하 2권으로 엮은 것이다. 전 세계에 남아 있는 금속 활자로 인쇄된 책 중에서 가장 오래된 것으로, 2001년 9월 4일 《승정원일기》와 함께 유네스코 세계기록유산에 등재되었다. 현존하는 것은 하권 1책 뿐인데, 1900년대 말 콜랭 드 프랑시 주한 프랑스 공사가 프랑스로 가지고 갔으며 현재 프랑스 국립도서관에 소장되어 있다. 이는 독일 구텐베르크의 활자보다 78년 이상 앞서 편찬되었다. Date 1377 Source Bibliotheque Nationale de France. Source Author English: Authored by Baegun Hwaseng (1289-1374), a master of Seon Buddhism in Korea, and published by his students, Seokchan and Daljam in 1377. 한국어: 선종의 대가인 백운화상 (1289년-1374)이 지은 책을 그의 제자인 석찬과 달잠이 1377년에 출판하였다. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Sel ected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Se on_Masters-1377.jpg |
758 YBN [1242 AD] 4 5 6 7 | 1403) Instructions for making gunpowder are introduced to Europe.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1664/Roger-Bacon 3. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1664/Roger-Bacon 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1247) (1247) 5. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1664/Roger-Bacon (how to make gunpowder 1242) 6. ^ "Gunpowder#History and development". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder#H istory_and_development (gunpowder 1267) 7. ^ JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 17 (1982) 3385--3400, A short history of gunpowder and the role of charcoal in its manufacture, gunpowder.pdf (1267 cipher written) (1267 cipher written) MORE INFO [1] "Roger Bacon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon | Oxford, England3 |
[1] English philosopher and Franciscan friar. Possible ancestor of Sir Francis Bacon, who authored The New Atlantis. UNKNOWN source: http://i393.photobucket.com/albu ms/pp14/Inverted_Heptagram_Star/RogerBac on1214-1294.jpg [2] Roger Bacon Library of Congress PD source: http://www.answers.com/roger%20b acon |
733 YBN [1267 AD] 4 | 1401) Mechanically propelled ships and carriages1 , and that the Earth can be circumnavigated are proposed by Roger Bacon2 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1664/Roger-Bacon 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1664/Roger-Bacon 4. ^ Roger Bacon, "Opus Majus", 1897, p xx. vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=6F0 XAQAAMAAJ MORE INFO [1] "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1664/Roger-Bacon (how to make gunpowder 1242) [2] "Opus Majus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Majus (Opus Magnus 1267) [3] "Gunpowder#History and development". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder#H istory_and_development (gunpowder 1267) | Oxford, England3 |
[1] Statue of Roger Bacon in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. 2004 GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Roger-bacon-statue.jpg [2] English Franciscan philosopher and educational reformer Roger Bacon shown in his observatory at the Franciscan monastery, Oxford, England (engraving c. 1867). Credit: © Photos.com/Thinkstock COPYRIGHTED source: http://media-1.web.britannica.co m/eb-media/06/147406-004-CEEDC2D2.jpg |
723 YBN [1277 AD] 3 4 | 1404) Roger Bacon is imprisoned and his works are ordered suppressed.1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p58-59. 2. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1664/Roger-Bacon 3. ^ Roger Bacon, "Opus Majus", 1897, p xx. vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=6F0 XAQAAMAAJ 4. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1664/Roger-Bacon (1277-1279) MORE INFO [1] "Roger Bacon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon [2] "Condemnations of 1277". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condemnatio ns_of_1277 | Oxford, England2 |
[1] Roger Bacon Library of Congress PD source: http://www.answers.com/roger%20b acon [2] Statue of Roger Bacon in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. 2004 GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Roger-bacon-statue.jpg |
720 YBN [1280 AD] 5 | 5873) Musical notes are defined in terms of time ("long", "breve" {BrEV1 } and "semibreve" {SeME-BrEV2 }).3 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "breve." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 May. 2013. reve>. 2. ^ "semibreve." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/semibreve 3. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p63. 4. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p63. 5. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p63. {c1280} | Cologne, Germany4 |
[1] 1.1.6. Deutschland 12. u. 13./14. Jh. – Antiphonar, benediktinisch, Herkunft unsicher source: http://www.musicademy.de/uploads /pics/27.3_01.jpg [2] 1.1.4. Frankreich 12. Jh.: Kantatorium aus der Benediktinerabtei Saint-Evroult de'Ouche PD source: http://www.musicademy.de/uploads /pics/27.1_01.jpg |
720 YBN [1280 AD] 4 | 6238) The first eyeglasses.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "eyeglasses." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/199370/eyeglasses>. 2. ^ "eyeglasses." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/199370/eyeglasses>. 3. ^ "eyeglasses." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/199370/eyeglasses>. 4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p31. {1280} | Florence, Italy3 |
[1] Detail of a portrait of Hugh de Provence, painted by Tomaso da Modena in 1352 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Hugh_specs.jpg |
700 YBN [1300 AD] 6 | 1121) The first mechanical clocks in Europe;3 driven by a falling weight that that turns a clock hour hand.4 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 1987). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 1987). 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 1987). 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 1987). 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 1987). 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 1987). {around 1300} MORE INFO [1] "Clock#Early mechanical clocks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock#Early _mechanical_clocks [2] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (8th century) (8th century) | Europe5 |
[1] By Jason Hopwood CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/01/Salisbury_02.jpg [2] The striking train of the Salisbury cathedral clock CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/8/8a/Salisbury_striking_train.j pg |
690 YBN [1310 AD] 4 5 | 1424) Sulfuric and other strong acids are described. Before this vinegar was the strongest acid known.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "Pseudo-Geber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Gebe r 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c1300) 5. ^ "Pseudo-Geber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Gebe r (c1310) MORE INFO [1] "alchemy". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-359 60/alchemy | Spain3 |
[1] alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan, from a 15th c. European portrait of ''Geber'', Codici Ashburnhamiani 1166, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, public domain PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Jabir_ibn_Hayyan.jpg [2] Portrait of Jabir ibn Hayyan http://histoirechimie.free.fr/Lien/Geber .jpg PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Geber.jpg |
684 YBN [1316 AD] 4 | 1428) The first book devoted entirely to anatomy.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). } 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). } 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). } 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). } (1316 writes book) (1316 writes book) | Bologna, Italy3 |
[1] An Early Renaissance Anatomy Scene This illustration of a medical school dissection scene is from the Fasciculo di medicina (1493), a compendium of medieval anatomical works edited by Johannes Ketham. Included in this edition was a new translation of Mondino de' Luzzi's Anathomia, a work that is generally considered to be the best medieval work on anatomy. This scene has often been read as supporting Vesalius's description of the anatomy professors who read from their classical texts ''like jackdaws aloft in their high chairs, with egregious arrogance croaking things they have never investigated,'' while ignorant dissectors cut up the cadaver without any knowledge of the anatomy of the body. Yet in this scene the dissector works under the watchful eye of the physician, who stand behind him with his hand on the dissector's shoulder. Mondino de' Luzzi, a professor of anatomy at Bologna, was considered by contemporaries to be the leading authority on anatomy until Vesalius. His work was the standard text on anatomy, one that Vesalius himself used. PD source: http://honors.nmsu.edu/weamon/ke tham2.jpg [2] Mondino da Luzzi supervising an autopsy Johannes de Ketham Fasciculo di Medicina, Venice, 1493, engraving National Library of Medicine, USA PD source: http://www.afip.org/Departments/ HepGastr_dept/sobin/chap2.htm |
665 YBN [1335 AD] 6 7 8 | 1425) The law of inertia is revived.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philop onus/ 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philop onus/ 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ "Jean Buridan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 8165/Jean-Buridan 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c1295-c1358) (c1295-c1358) 7. ^ "Jean Buridan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 8165/Jean-Buridan (1300-1358) 8. ^ "Inertia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia (1300-1358) | Paris, France5 |
[1] The Index Librorum Prohibitorum (''List of Prohibited Books'') is a list of publications which the Catholic Church censored for being a danger to itself and its members. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum_1.jpg [2] Jean Buridan (1300-1358) âO dinheiro, portanto, é um bem do mercado, e o valor desse dinheiro, como nos outros casos de bens do mercado, deve ser mensurado pela necessidade humana. Os valores dos bens de troca são proporcionados pela necessidade humanaâ. PD source: http://www.cieep.org.br/images/b uridanbio.jpg |
652 YBN [04/07/1348 AD] 4 | 1357) The Charles University in Prague is founded,1 the first university in central Europe.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.cuni.cz/UKENG-181.html 2. ^ "Charles University". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/107459/Charles-University>. 3. ^ "Charles University of Prague". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Uni versity_of_Prague 4. ^ http://www.cuni.cz/UKENG-181.html MORE INFO [1] "List of oldest universities in continuous operation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_old est_universities_in_continuous_operation | Prague, Czech Republic (EU)3 |
[1] Charles University UNKNOWN source: http://2010fall.blog.ntu.edu.tw/ files/2010/10/Charles-University.jpg [2] Charles University UNKNOWN source: https://studyabroad.asu.edu/_cus tomtags/ct_Image.cfm?Image_ID=92902 |
640 YBN [1360 AD] 6 | 1977) Uniformly accelerated motion is described,1 2 and rectangular coordinates (latitude and longitude) are used to draw geometric figures.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Nicholas Oresme". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 7342/Nicholas-Oresme 2. ^ The Mechanical Universe, episode 2, The Law of Falling Bodies, :30. 3. ^ "Nicholas Oresme". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 7342/Nicholas-Oresme 4. ^ Oresme, N., and M. Clagett. Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions: a Treatise on the Uniformity and Difformity of Intensities Known as Tractatus De Configurationibus Qualitatum Et Motuum. University of Wisconsin Press, 1968. University of Wisconsin Publications in Medieval Science. {Oresme_Clagett_1968.pdf} 5. ^ "Nicholas Oresme". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 7342/Nicholas-Oresme 6. ^ http://www.nicole-oresme.com/seiten/ores me-biography.html (1350-1360) MORE INFO [1] "Nicole Oresme". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Ores me [2] http://www.answers.com/Nicole%20oresme | Paris, France5 (presumably) |
[1] Oresme, N., and M. Clagett. Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions: a Treatise on the Uniformity and Difformity of Intensities Known as Tractatus De Configurationibus Qualitatum Et Motuum. University of Wisconsin Press, 1968. University of Wisconsin Publications in Medieval Science. COPYRIGHTED source: Oresme, N., and M. Clagett. Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions: a Treatise on the Uniformity and Difformity of Intensities Known as Tractatus De Configurationibus Qualitatum Et Motuum. University of Wisconsin Press, 1968. University of Wisconsin Publications in Medieval Science. [2] Figures copied from: Nicolaus Oresmius: Nicole Oresme and the medieval geometry of qualities and motions: a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tr actatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum/ edited with an introduction, English translation, and commentary by Marshall Clagett. - Madison, Wis.: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1968 UNKNOWN source: http://www.uni-due.de/imperia/md /content/didmath/ag_jahnke/oresme.pdf |
635 YBN [03/12/1365 AD] 4 | 1360) The University of Vienna is founded; the oldest university in the German speaking world.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "University of Vienna". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/628154/University-of-Vienna>. 2. ^ "University of Vienna". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/628154/University-of-Vienna>. 3. ^ http://www.univie.ac.at/en/university/ 4. ^ http://www.univie.ac.at/archiv/tour/12.h tm MORE INFO [1] "List of oldest universities in continuous operation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_old est_universities_in_continuous_operation | Vienna, Austria3 |
[1] The University of Vienna main building at the Ringstraße in Vienna CC source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Universit%C3%A4t_Vienna_June_2006_164 .jpg [2] Interior view of the main library reading hall (Hauptlesesaal) of the University of Vienna PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Uni_Wien_Bibliothek%2C_Vienna_2.jpg |
623 YBN [1377 AD] 3 | 1979) The theory that the Earth rotates daily is revived in France.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Nicholas Oresme". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 7342/Nicholas-Oresme 2. ^ http://www.nicole-oresme.com/seiten/ores me-biography.html 3. ^ "Nicholas Oresme". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 7342/Nicholas-Oresme (1377) MORE INFO [1] The Mechanical Universe, episode 2, The Law of Falling Bodies [2] "Nicole Oresme". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Ores me [3] http://www.answers.com/Nicole%20oresme | Paris, France2 (presumably) |
[1] Nicole Oresme Miniature of Nicole Oresmes Traité de l''espere, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France, fonds français 565, fol. 1r. from: http://www.math.uqam.ca/_charbonneau/GRM S04/RepresentBasMA.htm Portrait of Nicole Oresme: Miniature of Nicole Oresme's Traité de l''espere, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France, fonds français 565, fol. 1r. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Oresme-Nicole.jpg [2] Nicole Oresme Miniature of Nicole Oresmes Traité de l''espere, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France, fonds français 565, fol. 1r. PD source: http://www.nicole-oresme.com/sei ten/chronology.html |
603 YBN [1397 AD] 3 | 5897) The first harpsichords; in Italy.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p82. 2. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p82. 3. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p82. {1397} MORE INFO [1] "History of the harpsichord". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ the_harpsichord | Padua, Italy2 |
[1] Description English: Harpsichord in the Flemish style with the inscription SINE SCIENTIA ARS NIHIL EST (Latin ''without knowledge, skill is nothing'') and DUM VIXI TACUI MORTUA DULCE CANO (Latin ''while I lived, I was mute, dead, I sweetly sing''). Deutsch: Cembalo im flämischen Stil, mit der Inschrift SINE SCIENTIA ARS NIHIL EST (''Kunst ist nichts ohne Wissen'') und DUM VIXI TACUI MORTUA DULCE CANO (''Während ich lebte, schwieg ich, tot, singe ich süß''). Français : Clavecin de style flamand Italiano: Clavicembalo di stile fiammingo recante le iscrizioni: SINE SCIENTIA ARS NIHIL EST (''Senza la conoscenza, l'arte è nulla'') e DUM VIXI TACUI MORTUA DULCE CANO (''Ho vissuto tacendo, nella morte canto dolcemente'') Íslenska : Semball í flæmskum stíl. Á því stendur SINE SCIENTIA ARS NIHIL EST (latína „engin er færni án þekkingar“) og DUM VIXI TACUI MORTUA DULCE CANO (latína „er ég lifði orðvana var, en liðinn sing ég blítt“). Date 1 June 2004 Source Own work Author Ratigan (instrument et photo) Permission (Reusing this file) GFDL source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c5/Clavecin_flamand.png [2] Description English: Harpsichord in the Flemish style with the inscription SINE SCIENTIA ARS NIHIL EST (Latin ''without knowledge, skill is nothing'') and DUM VIXI TACUI MORTUA DULCE CANO (Latin ''while I lived, I was mute, dead, I sweetly sing''). Deutsch: Cembalo im flämischen Stil, mit der Inschrift SINE SCIENTIA ARS NIHIL EST (''Kunst ist nichts ohne Wissen'') und DUM VIXI TACUI MORTUA DULCE CANO (''Während ich lebte, schwieg ich, tot, singe ich süß''). Français : Clavecin de style flamand Italiano: Clavicembalo di stile fiammingo recante le iscrizioni: SINE SCIENTIA ARS NIHIL EST (''Senza la conoscenza, l'arte è nulla'') e DUM VIXI TACUI MORTUA DULCE CANO (''Ho vissuto tacendo, nella morte canto dolcemente'') Íslenska : Semball í flæmskum stíl. Á því stendur SINE SCIENTIA ARS NIHIL EST (latína „engin er færni án þekkingar“) og DUM VIXI TACUI MORTUA DULCE CANO (latína „er ég lifði orðvana var, en liðinn sing ég blítt“). Date 1 June 2004 Source Own work Author Ratigan (instrument et photo) Permission (Reusing this file) GFDL source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c5/Clavecin_flamand.png |
602 YBN [1398 AD] 4 | 1364) Sungkyunkwan University in Korea is founded.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.skku.edu/index_pc.jsp 2. ^ http://www.skku.edu/index_pc.jsp 3. ^ "Songgyun'guan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/554418/Songgyunguan>. 4. ^ http://www.skku.edu/index_pc.jsp MORE INFO [1] "List of oldest universities in continuous operation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_old est_universities_in_continuous_operation | Seoul, South Korea3 |
[1] Sign for the 600th Anniversary Hall on Sungkyunkwan University's Seoul campus. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Sungkyunkwan_600.jpg [2] Official logo of Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea. Retrieved Oct 12, 2005 from university website. Background transparent version. COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Skku_logo.png |
570 YBN [1430 AD] 6 7 8 | 6584) The magic lantern, an early image projector.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kusukawa, S., and I. MacLean. Transmitting Knowledge: Words, Images, And Instruments in Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press, 2006. Oxford-Warburg Studies, p20-21. http://books.google.com/books?i d=uBpI5sdYrKQC&pg=PA21 2. ^ Ilardi, V. Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes. American Philosophical Society, 2007. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society Series, p188. http://books.google.com/books?id= peIL7hVQUmwC&pg=PA188 3. ^ Giovanni de Fontana, "Bellicorum instrumentorum liber cum figuris", BSB Cod.icon. 242 Venedig 1420 - 1430. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:d e:bvb:12-bsb00013084-8 {Fontana_Bellico rum_c1430.pdf} 4. ^ http://www.magiclantern.org.uk/history/h istory3.html 5. ^ Ilardi, V. Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes. American Philosophical Society, 2007. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society Series, p188. http://books.google.com/books?id= peIL7hVQUmwC&pg=PA188 6. ^ Giovanni de Fontana, "Bellicorum instrumentorum liber cum figuris", BSB Cod.icon. 242 Venedig 1420 - 1430. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:d e:bvb:12-bsb00013084-8 {Fontana_Bellico rum_c1430.pdf} 7. ^ Kusukawa, S., and I. MacLean. Transmitting Knowledge: Words, Images, And Instruments in Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press, 2006. Oxford-Warburg Studies, p20-21. http://books.google.com/books?i d=uBpI5sdYrKQC&pg=PA21 8. ^ Ilardi, V. Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes. American Philosophical Society, 2007. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society Series, p188. http://books.google.com/books?id= peIL7hVQUmwC&pg=PA188 | Venice, Italy5 |
[1] Giovanni de Fontana, ''Bellicorum instrumentorum liber cum figuris'', BSB Cod.icon. 242 Venedig 1420 - 1430. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:d e:bvb:12-bsb00013084-8 {Fontana_Bellico rum_c1430.pdf} NON COMMERCIAL source: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn: de:bvb:12-bsb00013084-8 |
565 YBN [1435 AD] 7 8 9 10 | 1435) The movable type printing press is introduced into Europe.3 4 Printing in Europe will spread quickly, and results in low cost books. This increase in books leads to more educated and literate people and faster communication.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Johannes Gutenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8592/Johannes-Gutenberg 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "Johannes Gutenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8592/Johannes-Gutenberg 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 6. ^ "Johannes Gutenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8592/Johannes-Gutenberg 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c1398-c1468) (c1398-c1468) 8. ^ "Johannes Gutenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8592/Johannes-Gutenberg (14th c.-1468) 9. ^ "Johann Gutenberg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gute nberg (c1400-1468) 10. ^ "Johannes Gutenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8592/Johannes-Gutenberg (1438 law suit) | Strassburg (now Strasbourg, France)6 |
[1] An artist's visualization of Johannes Gutenberg in his workshop, showing his first proof sheet. Bettmann/Corbis PD source: http://www.jaars.org/museum/alph abet/galleries/gutenberg.htm [2] Johannes Gutenberg, engraving, 1584. Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -15524?articleTypeId=1 |
565 YBN [1435 AD] 4 5 6 7 | 1440) The laws of perspective (how to draw a three-dimensional scene on a two-dimensional plane1 ).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Leon Battista Alberti". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 5446/Leon-Battista-Alberti 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "Leon Battista Alberti". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 5446/Leon-Battista-Alberti 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1434) (1434) 5. ^ "Leon Battista Alberti". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 5446/Leon-Battista-Alberti (1435) 6. ^ "Leone Battista Alberti". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Batti sta_Alberti (1435) 7. ^ http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Alberti/ (1435) | Florence, Italy3 |
[1] Leon Battista Alberti, De pictura and Elementa picture 1518 Paper codex; ff. 62 (4n.n. + 54 + 4n.n.), ill.; 21,5x15,5 cm Lucca, Biblioteca Governativa, Ms. 1448, ff. 23r-v Facsimile The codex contains the principles of linear perspective conceived by Alberti in Florence in 1435. The figure illustrates the ''best way'' devised by the author for drawing in correct perspective by means of the intersection of the visual pyramid. PD source: http://vitruvio.imss.fi.it/foto/ mediciscienze/70019_450.jpg [2] Late statue of Leon Battista Alberti. Courtyard of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Leon_Battista_Alberti.jpg |
560 YBN [02/12/1440 AD] 10 11 12 13 | 1437) Space is described as infinite in size, and stars are described as other suns with inhabited planets.5 6 7 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ http://cla.umn.edu/sites/jhopkins/ (cusa_DeDoctaIgnorantia_DI-Intro12-2000. pdf) 4. ^ http://cla.umn.edu/sites/jhopkins/ (cusa_DeDoctaIgnorantia_DI-Intro12-2000. pdf) 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 6. ^ http://cla.umn.edu/sites/jhopkins/ (cusa_DeDoctaIgnorantia_DI-Intro12-2000. pdf) 7. ^ http://cla.umn.edu/sites/jhopkins/ (cusa_DeDoctaIgnorantia_DI-Intro12-2000. pdf) 8. ^ "De Docta Ignorantia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Docta_Ig norantia 9. ^ "Bernkastel-Kues". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernkastel- Kues 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1401-1464) (1401-1464) 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1440 book) (1440 book) 12. ^ "Nicholas Of Cusa". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 5730/Nicholas-Of-Cusa (1440 book) 13. ^ "De Docta Ignorantia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Docta_Ig norantia (02/12/1440) | Cusa, Germany8 9 |
[1] Picture of Nicholas of Cusa English: Nicholas of Cusa Source from a painting by Meister des Marienlebens, located in the hospital at Kues (Germany) Date ca. 1480 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Nicholas_of_Cusa.jpg [2] Nicholas of Cusa (Nicholas Krebs) Library of Congress PD source: http://www.answers.com/topic/nic holas-of-cusa?cat=technology |
550 YBN [1450 AD] 9 | 1171) The earliest wound spiral spring and spring driven clocks.5 6 Replacing a falling weight with a spring to drive the wheel-train allows smaller time-keeping devices to be made.7 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/121951/clock>. 2. ^ Britten, F.J. Former Clock & Watchmakers and Their Work, Including an Account of the Development of Horological Instruments from the Earliest Mechanism, with Portraits of Masters of the Art: a Directory of over Five Thousand Names and Some Examples of Modern Construction. E. & F.N. Spon, 1894, p35. http://books.google.com/books?id=S _U9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 3. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/121951/clock>. 4. ^ Britten, F.J. Former Clock & Watchmakers and Their Work, Including an Account of the Development of Horological Instruments from the Earliest Mechanism, with Portraits of Masters of the Art: a Directory of over Five Thousand Names and Some Examples of Modern Construction. E. & F.N. Spon, 1894, p35. http://books.google.com/books?id=S _U9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 5. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/121951/clock>. 6. ^ Britten, F.J. Former Clock & Watchmakers and Their Work, Including an Account of the Development of Horological Instruments from the Earliest Mechanism, with Portraits of Masters of the Art: a Directory of over Five Thousand Names and Some Examples of Modern Construction. E. & F.N. Spon, 1894, p35. http://books.google.com/books?id=S _U9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 7. ^ "Watch", Colby, F.M., T. Williams, and H.T. Wade. The New International Encyclopaedia. Dodd, Mead and company, 1905. The New International Encyclopaedia, p329-330. http://books.google.com/books ?id=O4RRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA329 8. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/121951/clock>. 9. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/121951/clock>. MORE INFO [1] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (1400s century estimate) (1400s century estimate) [2] "Clock". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock (early 1400s) [3] "spring." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/spring | southern Germany or northern Italy8 |
[1] Britten, F.J. Former Clock & Watchmakers and Their Work, Including an Account of the Development of Horological Instruments from the Earliest Mechanism, with Portraits of Masters of the Art: a Directory of over Five Thousand Names and Some Examples of Modern Construction. E. & F.N. Spon, 1894, p35. http://books.google.com/books?id=S _U9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =S_U9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 [2] The earliest dated watch known, from 1530 Artist Anonymous (German artist) [show]Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560) Link back to Creator infobox template Title Spherical Table Watch (Melanchthon's Watch) Description English: This is the earliest dated watch known. It is engraved on the bottom: ''PHIL{IP}. MELA{NCHTHON}. GOTT. ALEIN. DIE. EHR{E}. 1530'' (Philip Melanchthon, to God alone the glory, 1530). There are very few watches existing today that predate 1550; only two dated examples are known--this one from 1530 and another from 1548. There is no watchmaker's mark, although Nuremberg is considered the birthplace of spherical watches (called ''Nuremberg Eggs''). A single winding kept it running for 12 to 16 hours, and it told time to within the nearest half hour. The perforations in the case permitted one to see the time without opening the watch. This watch was commissioned by the great German reformer and humanist Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560). Date 1530 (Renaissance) Medium gilt on brass case, gilt on brass dial, iron movement Dimensions Height: 4.8 cm (1.9 in). Width: 4.8 cm (1.9 in). Current location Walters Art MuseumLink back to Institution infobox template Accession number 58.17 Exhibition history Philip Melanchthon's Watch. The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. 2000-2001. Credit line Acquired by Henry Walters, 1910 Inscriptions {Transcription} Engraved on the bottom: PHIL{IP}. MELA{NCHTHON}. GOTT. ALEIN. DIE. EHR{E}. 1530; {Translation} Engraved on bottom: Philip Melanchthon, to God alone the glory, 1530 Ownership history Jacques Seligmann, Paris, by purchase 1910: purchased by Henry Walters, Baltimore 1931: bequeathed to Walters Art Museum by Henry Walters Place of origin Augsburg, Germany (?) Source/Photographer Walters Art Museum: Nuvola filesystems folder home.svg Home page Information icon.svg Info about artwork PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/5/52/German_-_Spheri cal_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch %29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_C.jpg/1280px-G erman_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanch thon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_ C.jpg |
546 YBN [1454 AD] 4 5 | 1436) The first printed book in Europe (copies of the Bible).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "Gutenberg Bible". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8593/Gutenberg-Bible 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1454) (1454) 5. ^ "Johannes Gutenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8592/Johannes-Gutenberg (1455 at the latest) MORE INFO [1] "Johann Gutenberg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gute nberg | Mainz, Germany3 |
[1] Gutenberg Bible, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. Picture of a copy of the en:Gutenberg Bible owned by the US Library of Congress GFDL source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:915h_Johannes_Gutenberg_%28Gensfleisc h%29_statue%2C_Mainz%2C_1_Ma.jpg [2] Johannes Gutenberg, engraving, 1584. Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -15524?articleTypeId=1 |
533 YBN [1467 AD] 5 | 6478) The cipher wheel for encrypting messages.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Leon Battista Alberti". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/12870/Leon-Battista-Alberti/201/ Contribution-to-philosophy-science-and-t he-arts>. 2. ^ De Leeuw, K.M.M., and J. Bergstra. The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook. Elsevier Science, 2007, p280-281. http://books.google.com/books ?id=pQBrsonDp6cC&pg=PA280 3. ^ Alberti, L.B. et al. A Treatise on Ciphers. Galimberti, 1997. 4. ^ "Leon Battista Alberti". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/12870/Leon-Battista-Alberti/201/ Contribution-to-philosophy-science-and-t he-arts>. 5. ^ De Leeuw, K.M.M., and J. Bergstra. The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook. Elsevier Science, 2007, p280-281. http://books.google.com/books ?id=pQBrsonDp6cC&pg=PA280 MORE INFO [1] http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Alberti/ [2] "Leone Battista Alberti". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Batti sta_Alberti (1452) | Rome, Italy (presumably)4 |
[1] [t Figure from Alberti's treatise on ciphers] De Leeuw, K.M.M., and J. Bergstra. The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook. Elsevier Science, 2007, p280-281. http://books.google.com/books ?id=pQBrsonDp6cC&pg=PA280 COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =pQBrsonDp6cC&pg=PA322 [2] Late statue of Leon Battista Alberti. Courtyard of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Leon_Battista_Alberti.jpg |
517 YBN [1483 AD] 6 | 6481) A parachute is designed.3 4 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "parachute". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/442451/parachute>. 2. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci's parachute". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1704849/Leonardo-da-Vincis-parac hute>. 3. ^ "parachute". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/442451/parachute>. 4. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci's parachute". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/1704849/Leonardo-da-Vincis-parac hute>. 5. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8470/Leonardo-da-Vinci 6. ^ "parachute". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/442451/parachute>. MORE INFO [1] "Leonardo da Vinci". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da _Vinci [2] http://www.answers.com/topic/leonardo-da -vinci?cat=health [3] "elevator". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2371/elevator [4] "Elevator#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator#Hi story [5] "Submarines#History of submarines". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarines# History_of_submarines [6] "submarine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0183/submarine [7] "tank". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/582594/tank> [8] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (CE 1452-1519)1472 to be before all other Da Vinci records starting at id1462 in 1473 CE.) (CE 1452-1519)1472 to be before all other Da Vinci records starting at id1462 in 1473 CE.) [9] http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/b ooks/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolume II/chap11.html | Milan, Italy5 |
[1] Design for a parachute by Leonardo da Vinci, from the Codex Atlanticus, c. 1478–1518; in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, Italy. Credit: Baldwin H. Ward and Kathryn C. Ward/Corbis COPYRIGHTED source: http://media-2.web.britannica.co m/eb-media/81/96681-004-4FCB9F08.jpg [2] [t Da Vinci Tank or armored vehicle - 1484] UNKNOWN source: http://www.leonardodavincisecret s.com/inventions/warmachines.jpg |
514 YBN [1486 AD] 4 | 1467) Gliders, a helical air-screw, and a flying machine with flapping wings are designed.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Anderson, J.D. A History of Aerodynamics: And Its Impact on Flying Machines. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Cambridge Aerospace, 8, p14. http://books.google.com/books?id=1 OeCJFJY3ZYC&pg=PA14 2. ^ Anderson, J.D. A History of Aerodynamics: And Its Impact on Flying Machines. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Cambridge Aerospace, 8, p14. http://books.google.com/books?id=1 OeCJFJY3ZYC&pg=PA14 3. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8470/Leonardo-da-Vinci 4. ^ Anderson, J.D. A History of Aerodynamics: And Its Impact on Flying Machines. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Cambridge Aerospace, 8, p14. http://books.google.com/books?id=1 OeCJFJY3ZYC&pg=PA14 MORE INFO [1] "Leonardo da Vinci". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da _Vinci [2] http://www.answers.com/topic/leonardo-da -vinci?cat=health [3] "Ornithopter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithopter (1488) [4] http://www.wired.com/images/slideshow/20 07/11/gallery_helicopter/02_vite_aerea.j pg | Milan, Italy3 |
[1] Design for a Flying Machine is a 1488 drawing by Leonardo da Vinci. PD source: http://inventors.about.com/od/ds tartinventors/ig/Inventions-of-Leonardo- DaVinci/Design-for-a-Flying-Machine-2.ht m [2] Design for a Flying Machine (c. 1488) is a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci. Source: http://www.visi.com/~reuteler/leonardo.h tml PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Design_for_a_Flying_Machine.jpg |
508 YBN [10/12/1492 AD] 6 | 1450) Humans from Europe reach America by crossing the Atlantic Ocean in three small ships.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ "Christopher Columbus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9621/Christopher-Columbus 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (10/12/1492) (10/12/1492) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/christopher%20col umbus | (probably) San Salvador5 |
[1] Artist [show]Sebastiano del Piombo (1485–1547) Link back to Creator infobox template wikidata:Q285423 Description Christopher Columbus Date 1519 Medium painting Current location [show]Metropolitan Museum of ArtLink back to Institution infobox template wikidata:Q160236 Inscriptions Text top center Source/Photographer http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/c ollection_database/european_paintings/po rtrait_of_a_man_said_to_be_christopher_c olumbus_sebastiano_del_piombo_sebastiano _luciani/objectview.aspx?page=1&sort=6&s ortdir=asc&keyword=Piombo&fp=1&dd1=11&dd 2=0&vw=0&collID=11&OID=110002098&vT=1&hi =0&ov=0 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5d/Christopher_Columbus. PNG [2] Portrait of Christopher Columbus from the painting Virgen de los Navegantes (in the Sala de los Almirantes, Royal Alcazar, Seville). A painting by Alejo Fernández between 1505 and 1536. It is the only state sponsored portrait of the First Admiral of the Indias. Photo by a Columbus historian, Manuel Rosa. More info http://www.UnmaskingColumbus.com PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Christopher_Columbus_Face.jpg |
500 YBN [1500 AD] 3 | 6480) A screw cutting machine is designed.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/336408/Leonardo-da-Vinci/59786/M echanics-and-cosmology>. 2. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2012. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/336408/Leonardo-da-Vinci/59097/Second- Florentine-period-1500-08 3. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/336408/Leonardo-da-Vinci/59786/M echanics-and-cosmology>. MORE INFO [1] "Leonardo da Vinci". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da _Vinci [2] http://www.answers.com/topic/leonardo-da -vinci?cat=health [3] "elevator". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2371/elevator [4] "Elevator#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator#Hi story [5] "Submarines#History of submarines". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarines# History_of_submarines [6] "submarine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0183/submarine [7] http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/b ooks/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolume II/chap11.html [8] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (CE 1452-1519)1472 to be before all other Da Vinci records starting at id1462 in 1473 CE.) (CE 1452-1519)1472 to be before all other Da Vinci records starting at id1462 in 1473 CE.) | Florence, Italy2 |
[1] # Self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci, circa 1512-1515 # Location: Royal Library, Turin # Technique: Red chalk # Dimensions: 13 x 8.5'' (33 x 21.6 cm) Source: http://www.vivoscuola.it/us/ic-villalaga rina/Ipertesti/caritro/images/Leonardo_a utorutratto.jpg PD source: Screw-cutting machine by Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1500; in the Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France, Paris (MS B, folio 70 verso). Credit: Courtesy of the Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France, Paris; photograph, The Science Museum, London PD [2] Verrocchio, Florence, 15thC, ''David'' bronze statue. The model is thought to have been Leonardo da Vinci Source WGA Date 1467 Author Verrocchio PD source: http://media-3.web.britannica.co m/eb-media/39/60539-004-FFD00218.jpg |
496 YBN [1504 AD] 2 | 1474) That the new lands represent a new continent separated from Asia by a second ocean is recognized.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1504) (1504) MORE INFO [1] "Amerigo Vespucci". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 5177/Amerigo-Vespucci [2] "Vespuci". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespuci |
[1] Amerigo Vespucci From Amerigo Vespucci by Frederick A. Ober - Project Gutenberg eText 19997 http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19 997 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Amerigo_Vespucci_-_Project_Gutenberg_ etext_19997.jpg [2] Statue at the Uffizi, Florence. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Amerigo_Vespucci01.jpg | |
487 YBN [09/25/1513 AD] 4 | 1485) Europeans reach the Pacific Ocean.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "Vasco Nunez de Balboa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/49909/Vasco-Nunez-de-Balboa>. 4. ^ "Vasco Nunez de Balboa". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1919/Vasco-Nunez-de-Balboa (09/25/1513 (or 09/27/1513) | from a peak in Darién, Panama3 |
[1] Vasco Núñez de Balboa PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Vascon%C3%BA%C3%B1ezdebalboa.jpeg [2] Vasco Núñez de Balboa executing Native Americans for same-sex love. New York Public Library, Rare Book Room, De Bry Collection, New York http://www.androphile.org/preview/ Museum/New_World/Panama_Two-SpiritA.html Théodore De Bry (1528-1598) Balboa setting his dogs upon Indian practitioners of male love (1594) The Spanish invader Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475-1519) shown in Central America with his troops, presiding over the execution of Indians, whom he ordered eaten alive by the war dogs for having practiced male love. New York Public Library, Rare Book Room, De Bry Collection, New York. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Balboamurder.jpg |
483 YBN [10/31/1517 AD] 4 | 1389) The start of the Protestant Reformation.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Reformation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 3023/Reformation 2. ^ "Reformation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 3023/Reformation 3. ^ "Reformation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 3023/Reformation 4. ^ "Reformation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 3023/Reformation | Wittenberg, Germany3 |
[1] Luther in 1529 by Lucas Cranach Painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder. Uffizi gallery. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Luther46c.jpg |
478 YBN [09/08/1522 AD] 11 12 13 | 1475) Humans circumnavigate the Earth.7 8 This proves that a single ocean covers the Earth.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Juan Sebastian de Elcano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2242/Juan-Sebastian-de-Elcano 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ "Juan Sebastian de Elcano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2242/Juan-Sebastian-de-Elcano 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 6. ^ "Juan Sebastian de Elcano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2242/Juan-Sebastian-de-Elcano 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 8. ^ "Juan Sebastian de Elcano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2242/Juan-Sebastian-de-Elcano 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 10. ^ http://www.answers.com/Juan%20Sebastian% 20del%20Cano 11. ^ "Juan Sebastián Elcano". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Sebast i%C3%A1n_Elcano (09/08/1522) 12. ^ "Ferdinand Magellan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-225 336/Ferdinand-Magellan (09/08/1522) 13. ^ http://www.answers.com/Juan%20Sebastian% 20del%20Cano (09/06/1522) | Seville, Spain10 |
[1] An anonymous portrait of Ferdinand Magellan, 16th or 17th century (The Mariner's Museum Collection, Newport News, VA) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg [2] Juan Sebastián Elcano Litografía de J. Donon en Historia de la Marina Real Española. Madrid, 1854 http://marenostrum.org/bibliotecad elmar/historia/pacifico/ PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Elcano.jpg |
470 YBN [1530 AD] 3 4 | 1503) The disease "syphillis" is described and named.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Fracastoro, Girolamo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5082>. 2. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fr acastoro 3. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fr acastoro (p3:1530) 4. ^ "Fracastoro, Girolamo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5082>. (1530) MORE INFO [1] "Girolamo Fracastoro". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Fr acastoro | Verona, Italy2 (and possibly mountain villa at Incaffi) |
[1] Girolamo Fracastoro. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a1/Fracastoro.jpg |
469 YBN [1531 AD] 3 4 | 1546) Spanish physician Michael Servetus publishes a book that describes Jesus as only human.1 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6881/Michael-Servetus 2. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6881/Michael-Servetus 3. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6881/Michael-Servetus (1531) 4. ^ http://www.answers.com/Michael%20Servetu s (1531) | Toulouse, France2 (presumably) |
[1] Miguel Servet, (Villanueva de Sigena 1511- Genevra 1553) Spanish scientist and theologist of the Renaissance. Artist : Christian Fritzsch (author) born in about 1660, Mittweida, Bautzen, Sachsen, Germany. Source: http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www /html/people/osler/MS/P000d.htm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Michael_Servetus.jpg [2] Servetus, detail from an engraving by Carl Sichem Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md. PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -14212/Servetus-detail-from-an-engraving -by-Carl-Sichem?articleTypeId=1 |
467 YBN [1533 AD] 4 5 | 1541) The method of triangulation to measure distance: a base line of known length is chosen, and from its endpoints the angles of sight to a remote object are measured. The distance to the object from either endpoint can then be calculated using simple trigonometry.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "trigonometry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/605281/trigonometry/225332/Appli cation-to-science>. 2. ^ "trigonometry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/605281/trigonometry/225332/Appli cation-to-science>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ "trigonometry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/605281/trigonometry/225332/Appli cation-to-science>. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). MORE INFO [1] "Gemma Frisius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisi us (1553) | Friesland (present day Netherlands) (presumably)3 |
[1] English: Measuring the width of a river by triangulation, Hulsius, 16th century. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/CD006-Triangula tion_16th_century.png/1280px-CD006-Trian gulation_16th_century.png [2] English: Gemma Frisius, 1508-1555, cartographer and mathematician Source http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollection s/hst/scientific-identity/fullsize/SIL14 -G002-05a.jpg Date 17th century Author Esme de Boulonois PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gemma_frisius_dockumensis.jpg |
462 YBN [10/28/1538 AD] 4 5 | 1371) The University of Santo Domingo is founded, the first university in the Western Hemisphere.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "First universities in the Western Hemisphere", Encyclopedia Britannica. 2012. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to pic/618194/university/284214/First-unive rsities-in-the-Western-Hemisphere?anchor =ref96335 2. ^ "First universities in the Western Hemisphere", Encyclopedia Britannica. 2012. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to pic/618194/university/284214/First-unive rsities-in-the-Western-Hemisphere?anchor =ref96335 3. ^ "First universities in the Western Hemisphere", Encyclopedia Britannica. 2012. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to pic/618194/university/284214/First-unive rsities-in-the-Western-Hemisphere?anchor =ref96335 4. ^ http://uasd.edu.do/html/website2/detalle s/informacion_general.html 5. ^ "First universities in the Western Hemisphere", Encyclopedia Britannica. 2012. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to pic/618194/university/284214/First-unive rsities-in-the-Western-Hemisphere?anchor =ref96335 MORE INFO [1] "List of oldest universities in continuous operation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_old est_universities_in_continuous_operation | Santo Domingo, (now the) Dominican Republic3 |
[1] La Universidad de Santo Domingo fue creada mediante la Bula In Apostolatus Culmine, expedida el 28 de octubre de 1538, por el Papa Paulo III, la cual elevó a esa categoría el Estudio General que los dominicos regenteaban desde el 1518, en Santo Domingo, sede virreinal de la colonización y el más viejo establecimiento colonial del Nuevo Mundo. COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://www.uasd.edu.do/principal es/general.html |
462 YBN [1538 AD] 5 | 3059) The theory that the Earth and planets rotate around a central fixed point.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fr acastoro 2. ^ Fracastoro, G. Hieronymi Fracastorii ... Opera Omnia Quorum Nomina Sequens Pagina Plenius Indicat ... apud Iuntas, 1584, p. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en& lr=&id=rG98CDUIsWoC 3. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/215496/Girolamo-Fracastoro>. 4. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fr acastoro 5. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fr acastoro (1538) MORE INFO [1] "Fracastoro, Girolamo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5082> [2] "Girolamo Fracastoro". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Fr acastoro [3] "Girolamo Fracastoro." Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 05 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fr acastoro [4] Morton RS, Hudson MM., The iconography of Girolamo Fracastoro (c. 1483-1553). Part I: woodcuts and engravings., J Med Biogr. 1999 May;7(2):118-21 | (University of Padua) Padua, Italy3 |Verona, Italy4 (and possibly mountain villa at Incaffi) |
[1] Fracastoro, G. Hieronymi Fracastorii ... Opera Omnia Quorum Nomina Sequens Pagina Plenius Indicat ... apud Iuntas, 1584, p. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en& lr=&id=rG98CDUIsWoC PD source: http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&lr=&id=rG98CDUIsWoC [2] Girolamo Fracastoro. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a1/Fracastoro.jpg |
458 YBN [1542 AD] 2 3 4 | 1511) Appendicitis (an inflammation of the appendix) is described.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1542) (1542) 3. ^ http://www.answers.com/jean%20fernel (1542) 4. ^ http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/21/Jean- Francois-Fernel.html (1542) |
[1] Description العربية: مخطط للمعدة والقولون والمستقيم، الجهاز الهضمي. English: Stomach colon rectum diagram. Date 19 December 2006 Source US PD picture. Author Indolences created it on the English Wikipedia. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stomach_colon_r ectum_diagram.svg/1000px-Stomach_colon_r ectum_diagram.svg.png [2] Description English: Tracts of the spinal cord. Date 17 July 2010 Source File:Medulla spinalis - tracts - English.svg by Polarlys (translation by Selket). Author Polarlys and Mikael Häggström CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_ English.svg | |
457 YBN [1543 AD] 9 10 | 1482) The Sun centered theory is revived by Copernicus.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5759/Nicolaus-Copernicus 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5759/Nicolaus-Copernicus 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 6. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5759/Nicolaus-Copernicus 7. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/136591/Nicolaus-Copernicus/8437/ Publication-of-De-revolutionibus>. 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1543) 9. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5759/Nicolaus-Copernicus (1543) 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1543) MORE INFO [1] "Nicolaus Copernicus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Co pernicus [2] "Heliocentric theory". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentri c_theory | (presumably) written in (Frauenburg, East Prussia now:)Frombork, Poland7 ; (printed in)Nuremberg, Germany8 |
[1] Nicolaus Copernicus (portrait from Toruń - beginning of the 16th century), from http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg [2] Nicolaus Copernicus PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Copernicus.jpg |
455 YBN [1545 AD] 5 | 1537) The first imaginary numbers; the square root of a negative number.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Needham, T. Visual Complex Analysis. Clarendon Press, 1998, p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=og z5FjmiqlQC&pg=PA1 2. ^ Cardano, G., T.R. Witmer, and O. Ore. The Rules of Algebra: Ars Magna. Dover Publ., 2007. Dover Books on Mathematics Series. http://books.google.com/books?i d=ZMZY79bvOPgC 3. ^ "imaginary number." Science Answers.. The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh., 2003. Answers.com 01 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/imaginary-n umber 4. ^ "Gerolamo Cardano." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 30 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cardano-ger onimo 5. ^ "Gerolamo Cardano." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 30 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cardano-ger onimo MORE INFO [1] "Girolamo Cardano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0283/Girolamo-Cardano (1545) | (University of Pavia) Pavia, Italy (presumably)4 |
[1] Girolamo Cardano, coloured woodcut on the cover of his Practica arithmetica (1539). The Granger Collection, New York PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -15447/Girolamo-Cardano-coloured-woodcut -on-the-cover-of-his-Practica?articleTyp eId=1 [2] wikipedia contributor typed: I found this picture at the library the other day and haven't ever seen it online before and thought it would make a great addition to the Cardano page. The author was marked as unknown. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:CardanoPortrait.jpg |
455 YBN [1545 AD] 4 5 | 1543) Arteries are tied to stop bleeding and artificial limbs are created.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "Ambroise Pare". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8441/Ambroise-Pare 4. ^ "Ambroise Pare". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8441/Ambroise-Pare (1545) 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1545) (1545) | Paris, France3 |
[1] Ambroise Paré (ca. 1510-1590), famous French surgeon Posthumous (fantasy) portrait by William Holl (1807-1871) Source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections /hst/scientific-identity/CF/by_name_disp lay_results.cfm?scientist=Par%C3%A9,%20A mbroise PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ambroise_Par%C3%A9.jpg [2] Paré, detail of an engraving, 1582 PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -13373/Pare-detail-of-an-engraving-1582? articleTypeId=1 |
454 YBN [1546 AD] 7 8 9 | 1507) The scientific classification of minerals.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Georgius Agricola". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 4072/Georgius-Agricola 2. ^ "Georgius Agricola". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 4072/Georgius-Agricola 3. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/georg-agric ola?cat=technology 4. ^ "Chemnitz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz 5. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/georg-agric ola?cat=technology 6. ^ "Basel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel 7. ^ http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/agricol a_textbook_of_mineralogy/page_001 (published: 1546 in Basel) (published: 1546) 8. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/georg-agric ola?cat=technology (published: 1546 in Basel) (published: 1546 in Basel in Basel) 9. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/georg-agric ola?cat=technology (published: 1546 in Basel) MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Georgius Agricola". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Ag ricola | written: Chemnitz3 , Saxony, Germany4 | published: Basel5 , Switzerland6 |
[1] The ''Father of Mineralogy'', Georgius Agricola. URL: http://kanitz.onlinehome.de/agricolagymn asium/agrigale.htm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Georgius_Agricola.jpg [2] Georgius Agricola, portrait from Icones veterum aliquot ac recentium medicorum philosophorumque (1574) by Joannes Sambucus, printed in Antwerp. Courtesy of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris[2] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Georg_Agricola.jpg |
454 YBN [1546 AD] 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | 1547) Pulmonary circulation is understood by Michael Servetus (SRVETuS): that blood goes from the right side of the heart to the lung where it is mixed with air becoming red, and then to the left side of the heart where it is sent through the rest of the body.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Johns Hopkins Hospital. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 1915, p320-322. http://books.google.com/books ?id=Bc0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA321 2. ^ Johns Hopkins Hospital. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 1915, p320-322. http://books.google.com/books ?id=Bc0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA321 3. ^ Johns Hopkins Hospital. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 1915, p320-322. http://books.google.com/books ?id=Bc0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA321 4. ^ Johns Hopkins Hospital. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 1915, p320-322. http://books.google.com/books ?id=Bc0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA321 5. ^ Osler, W. Contributions to Medical and Biological Research. P. B. Hoeber, 1919. Contributions to Medical and Biological Research, p772. http://books.google.com/books?id= bqIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA772 6. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/535958/Michael-Servetus>. 7. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/535958/Michael-Servetus>. 8. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6881/Michael-Servetus (1553) 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1553) (1553) 10. ^ http://www.answers.com/Michael%20Servetu s (1553) MORE INFO [1] "Unitarian". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian | Vienne, France3 |
[1] Miguel Servet, (Villanueva de Sigena 1511- Genevra 1553) Spanish scientist and theologist of the Renaissance. Artist : Christian Fritzsch (author) born in about 1660, Mittweida, Bautzen, Sachsen, Germany. Source: http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www /html/people/osler/MS/P000d.htm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Michael_Servetus.jpg [2] Servetus, detail from an engraving by Carl Sichem Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md. PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -14212/Servetus-detail-from-an-engraving -by-Carl-Sichem?articleTypeId=1 |
454 YBN [1546 AD] 4 5 | 3057) The germ theory of disease is revived.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Fracastoro, Girolamo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5082>. 2. ^ Fracastoro, G., and L.A. Giunta. Hieronymi Fracastorii ... De Sympathia Et Antipathia Rerum Liber Vnus: De Contagione Et Contagiosis Morbis Et Curatione Libri III. apud heredes Lucantonii Iuntae, 1546. http://books.google.com/books?id= B580FxRJwQUC 3. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fr acastoro 4. ^ "Fracastoro, Girolamo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5082>. (1546) 5. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p325. (1546) | Verona, Italy3 |
[1] Fracastoro, G., and L.A. Giunta. Hieronymi Fracastorii ... De Sympathia Et Antipathia Rerum Liber Vnus: De Contagione Et Contagiosis Morbis Et Curatione Libri III. apud heredes Lucantonii Iuntae, 1546. http://books.google.com/books?id= B580FxRJwQUC PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =B580FxRJwQUC [2] Girolamo Fracastoro. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a1/Fracastoro.jpg |
449 YBN [1551 AD] 3 4 | 1549) The first planetary tables based on the Sun-centered theory.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1551) (1551) 4. ^ "Erasmus Reinhold". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Erasmus+Reinhold+ ?cat=technology (1551) MORE INFO [1] "Erasmus Reinhold". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Rei nhold [2] http://hsci.cas.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit. php?exbgrp=9&exbid=52&exbpg=25 |
[1] Reinhold, Prutenic Tables (1585), title page. [t must be later edition] PD source: http://hsci.cas.ou.edu/images/jp g-100dpi-5in/16thCentury/Reinhold/1585/R einhold-1585-000tp.jpg [2] Reinhold, Prutenic Tables (1585), 133v. PD source: http://hsci.cas.ou.edu/exhibits/ exhibit.php?exbgrp=9&exbid=52&exbpg=25 | |
447 YBN [10/27/1553 AD] 7 | 1548) Michael Servetus is burned alive for heresy {HAReSE4 } in Switzerland.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "heresy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/heresy 2. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/535958/Michael-Servetus>. 3. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6881/Michael-Servetus 4. ^ "heresy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/heresy 5. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6881/Michael-Servetus 6. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6881/Michael-Servetus (1553) 7. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/535958/Michael-Servetus>. MORE INFO [1] "Michael Servetus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ser vetus [2] "Unitarian". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian [3] "Champel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champel [4] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1553) (1553) [5] http://www.answers.com/Michael%20Servetu s (1553) | Geneva, Switzerland6 |
[1] Miguel Servet, (Villanueva de Sigena 1511- Genevra 1553) Spanish scientist and theologist of the Renaissance. Artist : Christian Fritzsch (author) born in about 1660, Mittweida, Bautzen, Sachsen, Germany. Source: http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www /html/people/osler/MS/P000d.htm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Michael_Servetus.jpg [2] Servetus, detail from an engraving by Carl Sichem Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md. PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -14212/Servetus-detail-from-an-engraving -by-Carl-Sichem?articleTypeId=1 |
440 YBN [1560 AD] 5 | 1538) The first systematic computations of probabilities (for example the chance of a certain combination in the fall of 3 dice2 ).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Girolamo Cardano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0283/Girolamo-Cardano 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132. 3. ^ "Girolamo Cardano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0283/Girolamo-Cardano 4. ^ "Girolamo Cardano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0283/Girolamo-Cardano 5. ^ "Gerolamo Cardano". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Ca rdano (1560s) MORE INFO [1] "Ars Magna (Gerolamo Cardano)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Magna_% 28Gerolamo_Cardano%29 | Italy4 |
[1] Girolamo Cardano, coloured woodcut on the cover of his Practica arithmetica (1539). The Granger Collection, New York PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -15447/Girolamo-Cardano-coloured-woodcut -on-the-cover-of-his-Practica?articleTyp eId=1 [2] wikipedia contributor typed: I found this picture at the library the other day and haven't ever seen it online before and thought it would make a great addition to the Cardano page. The author was marked as unknown. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:CardanoPortrait.jpg |
440 YBN [1560 AD] 3 | 1563) The first scientific society (a group for the communication of scientific research), the precursor of the Academy of the Lynx.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1560) (1560) MORE INFO [1] "Giambattista della Porta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 0950/Giambattista-della-Porta [2] http://www.answers.com/Giambattista%20de lla%20Porta |
[1] Giambattista della Porta PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Dellaporta.jpg | |
439 YBN [1561 AD] 4 | 1562) Fallopian tubes, and semicircular canals are identified, and the vagina, placenta, clitoris and cochlea are named.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Gabriel Fallopius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 3648/Gabriel-Fallopius 2. ^ "Gabriel Fallopius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 3648/Gabriel-Fallopius 3. ^ "Gabriel Fallopius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/200926/Gabriel-Fallopius>. 4. ^ "Gabriel Fallopius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/200926/Gabriel-Fallopius>. MORE INFO [1] "Gabriel Fallopius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Fal lopius (1561) | (University of Padua) Padua, Italy3 |
[1] 16th century portrait by unknown artist Retrieved from http://www.peoples.ru/science/professor/ gabriello/ PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gabriele_Falloppio.jpg [2] Gabriel Fallopius, coloured copper engraving, 17th century. The Granger Collection, New York PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -15449/Gabriel-Fallopius-coloured-copper -engraving-17th-century?articleTypeId=1 |
435 YBN [1565 AD] 4 5 | 1558) The first illustrations of fossils.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Gesner, K. et al. De Omni Rerum Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot, Plerique Nunc Primum Editi. excudebat Iacobus Gesnerus, 1565. De Omni Rerum Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot, Plerique Nunc Primum Editi. http://books.google.com/books?id =JP0qBLnRY58C 3. ^ "Konrad von Gesner". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Konrad%20von%20Ge sner 4. ^ Gesner, K. et al. De Omni Rerum Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot, Plerique Nunc Primum Editi. excudebat Iacobus Gesnerus, 1565. De Omni Rerum Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot, Plerique Nunc Primum Editi. http://books.google.com/books?id =JP0qBLnRY58C 5. ^ "Konrad von Gesner". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Konrad%20von%20Ge sner (1555) MORE INFO [1] "Konrad von Gesner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_von_ Gesner | Zurich, Swizerland3 (presumably) |
[1] Gesner, K. et al. De Omni Rerum Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot, Plerique Nunc Primum Editi. excudebat Iacobus Gesnerus, 1565. De Omni Rerum Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot, Plerique Nunc Primum Editi. http://books.google.com/books?id =JP0qBLnRY58C PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =JP0qBLnRY58C [2] Gesner, K. et al. De Omni Rerum Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot, Plerique Nunc Primum Editi. excudebat Iacobus Gesnerus, 1565. De Omni Rerum Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot, Plerique Nunc Primum Editi. http://books.google.com/books?id =JP0qBLnRY58C PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =JP0qBLnRY58C |
431 YBN [1569 AD] 7 | 1550) Cyclindrical projection is used to make a map so that lines of latitude and longitude are straight.3 4 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "Gerardus Mercator". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2077/Gerardus-Mercator 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "Gerardus Mercator". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2077/Gerardus-Mercator 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ "Gerardus Mercator". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2077/Gerardus-Mercator 6. ^ "Gerardus Mercator". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Me rcator 7. ^ "Gerardus Mercator". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2077/Gerardus-Mercator (1569) | Duchy of Cleves, Germany5 6 (presumably) |
[1] esta es un Carta do Mundo de Mercator (1569) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b2/Mercator_1569.png [2] Portrait of en:Gerardus Mercator Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. (Original text : http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/prints/ viewRepro.cfm?reproID=PU2381) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Mercator.jpg |
427 YBN [1573 AD] 6 | 1575) A comet is proven to be farther away than the moon and to have an orbit that is not circular which disproves the ancient theory of crystal2 planetary spheres.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Tycho Brahe". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Tycho+Brahe?cat=t echnology 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ "Tycho Brahe". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Tycho+Brahe?cat=t echnology 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ "Tycho Brahe". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Tycho+Brahe?cat=t echnology 6. ^ "Tycho Brahe". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6148/Tycho-Brahe (1573) MORE INFO [1] "Tycho Brahe". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe [2] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980) [3] "Hven". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hven | Island of Hven (now Ven, Sweden)5 |
[1] The comet of 1577 From the comet of 1577, Tycho learned that comets are above the atmosphere. Seen above is a page from his notebook. The comet is placed near the orbit of the planet Venus. The inner solar system is in accordance with his own system, with the Earth in the center and the Sun moving around, all the other planets are moving around the Sun. He could not accept the Copernican system because he could not measure the parallax of the stars. He also observed that the tail of the comet pointed away from the Sun. Retrieved from http://www.rundetaarn.dk/engelsk/observa torium/komet.htm. PD AND The astronomer Tycho Brahe Source http://measure.igpp.ucla.edu/solar-terr estrial-luminaries/brahe.JPG PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/da/Brahe_notebook.jpghtt p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tycho_Br ahe.JPG [2] The comet of 1577 From the comet of 1577, Tycho learned that comets are above the atmosphere. Seen above is a page from his notebook. The comet is placed near the orbit of the planet Venus. The inner solar system is in accordance with his own system, with the Earth in the center and the Sun moving around, all the other planets are moving around the Sun. He could not accept the Copernican system because he could not measure the parallax of the stars. He also observed that the tail of the comet pointed away from the Sun. Retrieved from http://www.rundetaarn.dk/engelsk/observa torium/komet.htm. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/da/Brahe_notebook.jpg |
418 YBN [1582 AD] | 1566) The Gregorian calendar: February 29th is omitted in century years which are not divisible by 400.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). MORE INFO [1] "Christoph Clavius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_C lavius | Rome, Italy3 |
[1] Christopher Clavius (1538-1612), German mathematician and astronomer. Immediate source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections /hst/scientific-identity/fullsize/SIL14- C4-02a.jpg Ultimate source: A 16th century engraving after a painting by Francisco Villamena. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Christopher_Clavius.jpg |
415 YBN [1585 AD] 6 | 1581) Decimal point notation is introduced into Europe.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/565994/Simon-Stevin>. 2. ^ Simon Stevin, "De Thiende", 1585. http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/stev001thie0 1_01/downloads.php {Stevin_De_Thiende_1 585.pdf} English "The Tenth" 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp95-96. 4. ^ Simon Stevin, "De Thiende", 1585. http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/stev001thie0 1_01/downloads.php {Stevin_De_Thiende_1 585.pdf} English "The Tenth" 5. ^ "Simon Stevinus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stevi nus 6. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 9667/Simon-Stevin (1585) MORE INFO [1] "Fraction (mathematics)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction_%2 8mathematics%29 [2] Stevin, S. "L’ Arithmetique". 1585, part2, p144. http://books.google.com/books?id= 1dU5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA144 | Netherlands5 (presumably) |
[1] Simon Stevin, ''De Thiende'', 1585, p12. http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/stev001thie0 1_01/downloads.php {Stevin_De_Thiende_1 585.pdf} English ''The Tenth'' PD source: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/saveas .php?filename=stev001thie01_01_scans.pdf &dir=stev001thie01_01&type=pdf [2] Simon Stevin, ''De Thiende'', 1585, p16. http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/stev001thie0 1_01/downloads.php {Stevin_De_Thiende_1 585.pdf} English ''The Tenth'' PD source: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/saveas .php?filename=stev001thie01_01_scans.pdf &dir=stev001thie01_01&type=pdf |
414 YBN [1586 AD] 6 7 | 1583) Objects of different weight are shown to fall the same distance in the same amount of time.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 9667/Simon-Stevin http://books.google.com/books?id=I9Y0AAA AMAAJ&pg=PA757 2. ^ Sherwood Taylor, "Science Past and Present", 1945, p82. http://www.archive.org/stream/scie ncepastandpr035050mbp/sciencepastandpr03 5050mbp_djvu.txt 3. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 9667/Simon-Stevin http://books.google.com/books?id=I9Y0AAA AMAAJ&pg=PA757 4. ^ Sherwood Taylor, "Science Past and Present", 1945, p82. http://www.archive.org/stream/scie ncepastandpr035050mbp/sciencepastandpr03 5050mbp_djvu.txt 5. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 9667/Simon-Stevin 6. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 9667/Simon-Stevin (1586) 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1586) (1586) MORE INFO [1] "Simon Stevinus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stevi nus [2] http://www.answers.com/Simon+Stevin?cat= technology [3] "statics". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 9478/statics [4] http://books.google.com/books?id=I9Y0AAA AMAAJ&pg=PA757 Sherwood Taylor, "Science Past and Present", 1945, p82. http://www.archive.org/stream/scie ncepastandpr035050mbp/sciencepastandpr03 5050mbp_djvu.txt [5] http://books.google.com/books?id=I9Y0AAA AMAAJ&pg=PA757 Sherwood Taylor, "Science Past and Present", 1945, p82. http://www.archive.org/stream/scie ncepastandpr035050mbp/sciencepastandpr03 5050mbp_djvu.txt | Netherlands5 (presumably) |
[1] Simon Stevin, from English wikipedia. Older than 100 years, so it's Public Domain for countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years from en: Portrait by an unknown artist, library of University of Leiden. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Simon-stevin.jpeg |
409 YBN [1591 AD] 4 5 6 | 1182) The first modern flush toilet.2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sir John Harington". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/255314/Sir-John-Harington>. 2. ^ "Sir John Harington". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/255314/Sir-John-Harington>. 3. ^ "Sir John Harington". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/255314/Sir-John-Harington>. 4. ^ "Sir John Harington". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/255314/Sir-John-Harington>. 5. ^ "Sir John Harrington". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Ha rrington (based on (presented ajax to Queen in 1592) 6. ^ "Flushing toilet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing_to ilet (=1596) MORE INFO [1] "John Harington". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Haring ton | (Palace of Queen Elizabeth) Richmond, Surrey, England3 |
[1] Picture A Drawing of Sir John Harrington's Flush Toilet as Described in ''A New Discourse of a Stale Subject, Called The Metamorphosis of Ajax'' (1596) 1888-1889 Source Popular Science Monthly Volume 34, p310 http://www.archive.org/details/pop ularsciencemo34newy PD source: http://ultimatehistoryproject.co m/uploads/3/0/6/7/3067335/1340909250.jpg [2] Artist Attributed to Hieronimo Custodis (fl. 1589–1598) Link back to Creator infobox template wikidata:Q2725000 Title Sir John Harington Description English: Portrait of Sir John Harington (1561-1612). Date c. 1590-95[1] Medium oil on panel Dimensions 91.5 x 71 cm Object history Ampleforth Abbey, offered at Sotheby's, London, sale L11034, Lot 145 Notes A cut-down version of this portrait is in the National Portrait Gallery, London. References ↑ Roy Strong, The English Icon: Elizabethan and Jacobean Portraiture, 1969, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London Source/Photographer Sotheby's PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/09/Sir_John_Harington%2C _attributed_to_Hieronimo_Custodis.png |
409 YBN [1591 AD] 8 9 | 1568) Letters are used to represent constant and unknown numbers (the first "variables"4 ).5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Viète, F. Introduction à L’art Analytique. 1868. http://books.google.com/books?id= atM8AAAAcAAJ 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 6. ^ Viète, F. Introduction à L’art Analytique. 1868. http://books.google.com/books?id= atM8AAAAcAAJ 7. ^ "Francois Viete seigneur de la Bigotiere". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 5315/Francois-Viete-seigneur-de-la-Bigot iere 8. ^ "Francois Viete seigneur de la Bigotiere". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 5315/Francois-Viete-seigneur-de-la-Bigot iere (1591) 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1591) (1591) MORE INFO [1] "Franciscus Vieta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_ Vieta [2] "Viète's formulas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%A8te% 27s_formulas | (possibly) Paris, France7 |
[1] Viète, F. Algèbre. 1636. http://books.google.com/books?id= ATs1AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA7 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =ATs1AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA7 [2] François Viète. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Francois_Viete.jpg |
408 YBN [1592 AD] 3 | 1587) That plants, like animals, have gender is recognized.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p97. 2. ^ "Prospero Alpini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero_Al pini 3. ^ "Prospero Alpini". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 5902/Prospero-Alpini (1592) | Venice, Italy2 |
[1] Prospero Alpini PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Prospero_Alpini.jpg [2] Alpini, engraving Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -8320/Alpini-engraving?articleTypeId=1 |
408 YBN [1592 AD] 8 | 1613) The first thermometer is invented by Galileo.4 A glass tube is turned upside down in a container of water. A change in temperature changes the level of the water within it.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/591653/thermometer>. 2. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/591653/thermometer>. 3. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/591653/thermometer>. 4. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/591653/thermometer>. 5. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/591653/thermometer>. 6. ^ Lives. Lives of Eminent Persons; Consisting of Galileo, Kepler. 1833. Libr. of Useful Knowledge, p11. http://books.google.com/books?id=D P8GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA11 7. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 8. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/591653/thermometer>. {1592} MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?c at=technology [2] http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/indepth /Thermometer.html [3] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Gal ilei (1593) | Padua, Italy7 |
[1] Fig. 1. Galileo’s thermoscope. from: David Sherry, Thermoscopes, thermometers, and the foundations of measurement, Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A, Volume 42, Issue 4, December 2011, Pages 509-524, ISSN 0039-3681, 10.1016/j.shpsa.2011.07.001. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0039368111000616) UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/cac he/MiamiImageURL/1-s2.0-S003936811100061 6-gr1.jpg/0?wchp=dGLzVBA-zSkzS [2] Thermoscope Instrument to measure heat and cold invented by Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) during his stay in Padua. Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) made a similar instrument in Venice in 1612. A precursor of the modern thermometer, the thermoscope consists of a glass vessel with a long neck. The vessel was heated with the hands and partially immersed, in an upright position, in a container full of water. When the heat of the hands was taken away, the water was observed to rise in the thermoscope neck. The experiment showed the changes in air density produced by variations in temperature. UNKNOWN source: http://catalogue.museogalileo.it /images/cat/approfondimenti_944/AF0020-5 1000_944.jpg |
404 YBN [08/03/1596 AD] 6 7 8 9 | 1616) A variable star is discovered, a star that shows periodic changes in brightness.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. 2. ^ Kepler, J., and E. Rosen. Kepler’s Somnium: The Dream, Or Posthumous Work on Lunar Astronomy. Dover Publ., 1967, p.226. http://books.google.com/books?id =OdCJAS0eQ64C&pg=PA226 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. 4. ^ Kepler, J., and E. Rosen. Kepler’s Somnium: The Dream, Or Posthumous Work on Lunar Astronomy. Dover Publ., 1967, p.226. http://books.google.com/books?id =OdCJAS0eQ64C&pg=PA226 5. ^ Christianson, J.R. On Tycho’s Island: Tycho Brahe, Science, and Culture in the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, 2002, p264. http://books.google.com/books?id= SNh7SyciWPMC&pg=PA264 6. ^ Kepler, J., and E. Rosen. Kepler’s Somnium: The Dream, Or Posthumous Work on Lunar Astronomy. Dover Publ., 1967, p.226. http://books.google.com/books?id =OdCJAS0eQ64C&pg=PA226 7. ^ Brahe, T. Tychonis Brahe Dani Opera Omnia: Tomus XIII. Gyldendal, 1926, p.114-115. 8. ^ The Popular Science Monthly. Popular Science Publishing Company, 1897, p683. http://books.google.com/books?id= 7zwUAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA683 9. ^ Campbell, W.W. Stellar Motions: With Special Reference to Motions Determined by Means of the Spectrograph. Yale university press, 1913. Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman Memorial Lectures, p282. http://books.google.com/books?id= a567AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA282 MORE INFO [1] "David Fabricius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fabri cius (08/??/1596) | Resterhave (near Dorum) East Frisia (now northwest Germany and northeast Netherlands) (presumably)5 |
[1] Kepler, J., and E. Rosen. Kepler’s Somnium: The Dream, Or Posthumous Work on Lunar Astronomy. Dover Publ., 1967, p.226. http://books.google.com/books?id =OdCJAS0eQ64C&pg=PA226 COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =OdCJAS0eQ64C&pg=PA226 [2] David Fabricius (1564-1617) UNKNOWN source: http://www.tayabeixo.org/biograf ias/mar_1q.htm |
403 YBN [1597 AD] 3 4 | 1589) The preparation of hydrochloric acid, and other chemical compounds are described.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Andreas Libavius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8108/Andreas-Libavius 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Libavius, A. Alchemia. Kopffius, 1597. http://books.google.com/books?id= u49SAAAAcAAJ 4. ^ "Andreas Libavius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8108/Andreas-Libavius (1606) |
[1] Table 2 from: Libavius, A. Alchemia. Kopffius, 1597. http://books.google.com/books?id= u49SAAAAcAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =u49SAAAAcAAJ [2] Description Deutsch: Andreas Libavius English: Andreas Libavius (1555 – July 25, 1616) was a German doctor and chemist. Date 7 April 2007 (original upload date) Source Transferred from de.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Septembermorgen using CommonsHelper. (Original text : unbekannt) Author unbekannt. Original uploader was Michael Sander at de.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain due to its age. (Original text : Urheberrecht abgelaufen) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/46/Andreas_Libavius.jpg | |
400 YBN [02/17/1600 AD] 4 | 1578) Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at the stake for heresy in Rome.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ "Giordano Bruno". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/82258/Giordano-Bruno/883/Final-y ears>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (02/17/1600) (02/17/1600) | (Campo de Fiori {flower market}) Rome, Italy3 |
[1] Giordano Bruno PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Giordano_Bruno.jpg [2] Statue of Giordano Bruno in Campo de Fiori, Rome, Italy. This monument was erected in 1889, by Italian Masonic circles, in the site where he was burned alive for opposing the Catholic church authority. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Brunostatue.jpg |
400 YBN [1600 AD] 8 9 10 | 1571) That the Earth is a spherical magnet on which a compass points to the magnetic poles is recognized4 , and the first electroscope, which measures static electricity.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Electroscope". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Electroscope". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electros cope 3. ^ Gilbert, W., and P. Short. Gulielmi Gilberti ... De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, Et De Magno Magnete Tellure: Physiologia Noua Plurimis Et Argumentis, Et Experimentis Demonstrata. excudebet Petrus Short, 1600. Biblioteca Digital Dioscórides. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=Mbo2oDsnrAAC 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ "Electroscope". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Electroscope". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electros cope 6. ^ Gilbert, W., and P. Short. Gulielmi Gilberti ... De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, Et De Magno Magnete Tellure: Physiologia Noua Plurimis Et Argumentis, Et Experimentis Demonstrata. excudebet Petrus Short, 1600. Biblioteca Digital Dioscórides. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=Mbo2oDsnrAAC 7. ^ "William Gilbert". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 6815/William-Gilbert 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1600) (1600) 9. ^ Gilbert, W., and P. Short. Gulielmi Gilberti ... De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, Et De Magno Magnete Tellure: Physiologia Noua Plurimis Et Argumentis, Et Experimentis Demonstrata. excudebet Petrus Short, 1600. Biblioteca Digital Dioscórides. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=Mbo2oDsnrAAC 10. ^ "William Gilbert". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 6815/William-Gilbert (1600) MORE INFO [1] "William Gilbert". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gil bert [2] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/ELECTROSCOPE. HTM [3] Gilbert, W., P.F. Mottelay, and E. Wright. William Gilbert of Colchester, Physician of London: On the Load Stone and Magnetic Bodies, ... J. Wiley & Sons, 1893, pxii. http://books.google.com/books?id= uTfPAAAAMAAJ | London, England7 (presumably) |
[1] Gilbert, W., and P. Short. Gulielmi Gilberti ... De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, Et De Magno Magnete Tellure: Physiologia Noua Plurimis Et Argumentis, Et Experimentis Demonstrata. excudebet Petrus Short, 1600. Biblioteca Digital Dioscórides, p222. http://books.google.com/books?id= Mbo2oDsnrAAC&pg=PA222 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Mbo2oDsnrAAC&pg=PA222 [2] Paiting of William Gilbert (1544 - 1603) Source http://physics.ship.edu/~mrc/pfs/110/in side_out/vu1/Galileo/Images/Port/gilbert .gif Date Author Unknown, after title page of De Magnete (1600) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:William_Gilbert.jpg |
397 YBN [1603 AD] 3 4 | 1636) The first star catalog to show the entire celestial sphere, and the Bayer {BIR} star naming system where each star is named after the constellation associated with it in order of brightness, for example Betelgeuse, the brightest star in Orion is named Alpha Orionis, and Rigel is Beta Orionis.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp108-109. 2. ^ "Johann Bayer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 3868/Johann-Bayer 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp108-109. (1603) (1603) 4. ^ "Johann Bayer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 3868/Johann-Bayer (1603) MORE INFO [1] "Johann Bayer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baye r | Augsburg, Germany2 |
[1] The constellation of Hydrus was first published in Johann Bayer's Uranometria atlas. Bayer's Uranometria opened a new age in the history of celestial cartography, and was praised for the careful placement of star positions and brightnesses and for its attractive plates. Click on the above image for an enlarged view. Image credit: U.S. Naval Observatory Library PD source: http://www.aavso.org/images/baye r.jpg [2] A print of the copperplate engraving for Johann Bayer's Uranometria showing the constellation Orion. This image is courtesy of the United States Naval Observatory Library, who gives explicit permission to use it so long as the attribution is attached. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Uranometria_orion.jpg |
397 YBN [1603 AD] 8 9 10 11 12 | 3678) The first synthetic luminescent material; barium sulfide.1 2 3 Luminescence is light emission that cannot be attributed to the temperature of the emitting body.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "luminescence." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-6894 2>. 2. ^ F. Licetus, Litheosphorus, sive de lapide Bononiensi lucem in se conceptam ab ambiente claro mox in tenebris mire conservante, Utini, ex typ. N. Schiratti, 1640. See http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/tex ts/Demonstration_21.htm 3. ^ http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/tex ts/Demonstration_21.htm 4. ^ "luminescence." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/luminescenc e 5. ^ "Phosphorescence". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phosphor escence 6. ^ "luminescence." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-6894 2>. 7. ^ Raymond Kane, Raymond Kane and Heinz Sell, "Revolution in Lamps: A Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress", The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2001, p96. http://books.google.com/books?id=k lE5qGAltjAC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=theodore +sidot&source=web&ots=yaXfXcsJ0T&sig=ktj D5WA5O73ht6WpAg0rZajYv4I 8. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p94-95. {1603} 9. ^ Raymond Kane, Raymond Kane and Heinz Sell, "Revolution in Lamps: A Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress", The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2001, p96. http://books.google.com/books?id=k lE5qGAltjAC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=theodore +sidot&source=web&ots=yaXfXcsJ0T&sig=ktj D5WA5O73ht6WpAg0rZajYv4I {1602} 10. ^ "Phosphorescence". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phosphor escence {1602} 11. ^ "luminescence." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-6894 2>. {1603} 12. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p306-307. {1602-1604} MORE INFO [1] "Barium sulfide". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulf ide | Bologna, Italy5 6 7 |
[1] Barium sulfate GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar ium_sulfate |
396 YBN [1604 AD] 8 | 1622) The inverse squared law of light: that the intensity of light is inversely related to the square of the distance.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ferguson, K. Tycho and Kepler: The Unlikely Partnership That Forever Changed Our Understanding of the Heavens. Walker, 2002, p292-293. http://books.google.com/books ?id=O7ve-vB_Kq8C&pg=PA292 2. ^ Kepler, J., C. de Marne, and J. Aubry. Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena, Quibus Astronomiae Pars Optica Traditur ; Potibimùm De Artificiosa Observatione Et Aestimatione Diametrorum Deliquiorumque Solis & Lunae. Cum Exemplis Insignium Eclipsium. Habes Hoc Libro, Lector, Inter Alia Multa Nova, Tractatum Luculentum De Modo Visionis, Et Humorum Oculi Usu, Contra Opticos Et Anatomicos, Authore Ioanne Keplero. apud Claudium Marnium & haeredes Ioannis Aubrii, 1604. http://books.google.com/books?id= iXlZNOHpsVIC 3. ^ Kepler, Johannes, and William H. Donahue. Optics: Paralipomena to Witelo & optical part of astronomy. Santa Fe, N.M.: Green Lion Press, 2000. Print, p22. (Proposition 9) {Kepler_Optics_1604_2000.pdf} 4. ^ Ferguson, K. Tycho and Kepler: The Unlikely Partnership That Forever Changed Our Understanding of the Heavens. Walker, 2002, p292-293. http://books.google.com/books ?id=O7ve-vB_Kq8C&pg=PA292 5. ^ Kepler, J., C. de Marne, and J. Aubry. Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena, Quibus Astronomiae Pars Optica Traditur ; Potibimùm De Artificiosa Observatione Et Aestimatione Diametrorum Deliquiorumque Solis & Lunae. Cum Exemplis Insignium Eclipsium. Habes Hoc Libro, Lector, Inter Alia Multa Nova, Tractatum Luculentum De Modo Visionis, Et Humorum Oculi Usu, Contra Opticos Et Anatomicos, Authore Ioanne Keplero. apud Claudium Marnium & haeredes Ioannis Aubrii, 1604. http://books.google.com/books?id= iXlZNOHpsVIC 6. ^ Kepler, Johannes, and William H. Donahue. Optics: Paralipomena to Witelo & optical part of astronomy. Santa Fe, N.M.: Green Lion Press, 2000. Print, p22. (Proposition 9) {Kepler_Optics_1604_2000.pdf} 7. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Ke pler 8. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler/8445/Astr onomical-work>. MORE INFO [1] "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5767/Johannes-Kepler [2] http://www.answers.com/Johannes+Kepler?c at=technology [3] "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Ke pler (01/01/1604) | Prague, (now: Czech Republic)7 (presumably) |
[1] A plate from Johannes Kepler's Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena, quibus Astronomiae Pars Optica (1604), illustrating the structure of eyes. Source: http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/keplerbo oks.html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Kepler_Optica.jpg [2] Johannes Kepler, oil painting by an unknown artist, 1627; in the cathedral, Strasbourg, France. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -2965/Johannes-Kepler-oil-painting-by-an -unknown-artist-1627-in?articleTypeId=1 |
394 YBN [1606 AD] 4 | 2099) Europeans discover and explore Australia.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "australia continent". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/australia-c ontinent?cat=health 2. ^ Suarez, T. Early Mapping of the Pacific: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers and Cartographers Who Mapped the Earth’s Greatest Ocean. C. E. Tuttle, 2004. http://books.google.com/books?id= ICDV937xiNIC&pg=PA84 3. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/new-zealand -oceania?cat=travel 4. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/australia-c ontinent?cat=health (1606) | Australia3 |
[1] Description Chart of the Malay Archipelago and the Dutch discoveries in Australia Date 1618-1638 Source National Library of Australia Author Hessel Gerritsz Link back to Creator infobox template Permission (Reusing this file) PD because of age PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hessel_Gerritsz _-_Malay_Archipelago_and_Australia.jpg/6 91px-Hessel_Gerritsz_-_Malay_Archipelago _and_Australia.jpg |
392 YBN [1608 AD] 10 11 | 1618) The earliest telescope (a refracting telescope5 );6 a double convex lens (the "object glass") is placed at the farther end of a tube, and a double concave lens (the "eyepiece") at the nearer end.7 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. 5. ^ Ted Huntington 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. 7. ^ http://www.ece.umd.edu/~taylor/optics3.h tm 8. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852, p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id =PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 9. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8449/Hans-Lippershey 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608) 11. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852, p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id =PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?c at=technology | Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland8 ) (modern: Netherlands)9 |
[1] Hans Lippershey (1570-September 1619), Dutch lensmaker. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Hans_Lippershey.jpg [2] Description English: Early depiction of a ‘Dutch telescope’ from the “Emblemata of zinne-werck” (Middelburg, 1624) of the poet and statesman Johan de Brune (1588-1658). The print was engraved by Adriaen van de Venne, who, together with his brother Jan Pieters van de Venne, printed books not far from the original optical workshop of Hans Lipperhey. Date 1624 Source http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/telesc ope/telescopenl.htm Author Adriaen Pietersz. van de Venne (1589–1662) Link back to Creator infobox template PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/51/Emblemata_1624.jpg |
391 YBN [1609 AD] 6 | 1599) The "law of falling bodies"; that the distance covered by a falling body is proportional to the square of the elapsed time is understood,2 and that the path of a projectile is a parabola3 (that two forces can work on an object at the same time) is understood4 . FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 5. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 6. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo (1609) | (University of Padua) Padua, Italy5 |
[1] Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Leoni Source: French WP (Utilisateur:Kelson via http://iafosun.ifsi.rm.cnr.it/~iafolla/h ome/homegrsp.html) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Galilee.jpg [2] Original portrait of Galileo Galilei by Justus Sustermans painted in 1636. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg |
391 YBN [1609 AD] 14 | 1619) That planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse9 , and that a line connecting a planet and the Sun will sweep over equal areas in equal times10 is shown by Johannes Kepler; (Kepler's first two laws of planetary motion).11 12 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler>. 2. ^ Johannes Kepler, "Astronomia nova", 1609. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/ titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de _motibus_stellae_m.pdf} 3. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler>. 4. ^ Johannes Kepler, "Astronomia nova", 1609. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/ titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de _motibus_stellae_m.pdf} 5. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler>. 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108. 7. ^ Johannes Kepler, "Astronomia nova", 1609. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/ titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de _motibus_stellae_m.pdf} 8. ^ "Johannes Kepler." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 04 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-ke pler 9. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler>. 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108. 11. ^ Johannes Kepler, "Astronomia nova", 1609. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/ titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de _motibus_stellae_m.pdf} 12. ^ "Johannes Kepler." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 04 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-ke pler 13. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Ke pler 14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108. (1609) (1609) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Johannes+Kepler?c at=technology | Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center)13 |
[1] Johannes Kepler, ''Astronomia nova'', 1609, p267. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/ titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de _motibus_stellae_m.pdf} PD AND Description English: Portrait of Johannes Kepler. Date 8 March 2006 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Brandmeister at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) PD-US; PD-ART. PD source: http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content /titleinfo/162514http://upload.wikimedia .org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/JKepler.jpg [2] Johannes Kepler, ''Astronomia nova'', 1609, p267. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/ titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de _motibus_stellae_m.pdf} PD source: http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content /titleinfo/162514 |
390 YBN [01/??/1610 AD] 7 | 1605) The four moons of Jupiter are first seen and their period determined by Galileo.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 4. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 5. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 6. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 7. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo (01/1610) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?c at=technology | (University of Padua) Padua, Venice, Italy6 |
[1] Galileo's Letter to Prince of Venice PD source: http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo /ganymede/manuscript1.jpg [2] Galileo's illustrations of the Moon, from his Sidereus Nuncius (1610; The Sidereal Messenger). Courtesy of the Joseph Regenstein Library, The University of Chicago PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -2914/Galileos-illustrations-of-the-Moon -from-his-Sidereus-Nuncius?articleTypeId =1 |
390 YBN [12/11/1610 AD] | 6485) The phases of planet Venus are seen by Galileo.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Machamer, P. The Cambridge Companion to Galileo. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy, p261. http://books.google.com/books?id= 1wEFPLoqTeAC&pg=PA261 2. ^ Machamer, P. The Cambridge Companion to Galileo. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy, p261. http://books.google.com/books?id= 1wEFPLoqTeAC&pg=PA261 3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?c at=technology [2] "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo (01/1610) [3] "Galilei, Galileo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 237-249. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?i d=GALE%7CCX2830901566&v=2.1&u=univca20&i t=r&p=GVRL&sw=w [4] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Gal ilei | Florence, Italy3 |
[1] [t Note that this drawing is from 13 years later in 1623.] Galileo Galilei, Il Saggiatore {The Assayer} Rome, 1623. Drawing showing the phases of Venus. PD source: http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/e splora/cannocchiale/dswmedia/storia/imma gini/02/15.jpg [2] Galileo's Letter to Prince of Venice PD source: http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo /ganymede/manuscript1.jpg |
390 YBN [1610 AD] 8 | 6488) The earliest Microscope, a compound light microscope.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series, p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?i d=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30 2. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series, p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?i d=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30 3. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series, p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?i d=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30 4. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series, p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?i d=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30 5. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series, p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?i d=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30 6. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852, p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id =PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 7. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8449/Hans-Lippershey 8. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series, p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?i d=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30 MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?c at=technology [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608) [3] "microscope". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/380582/microscope> | Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland6 ) (modern: Netherlands)7 |
[1] The microscope was first built in 1595 by Hans and Zacharias Jansen (1588-1631) in Holland (see figure). source: http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n 17/history/jansen-micro.JPG [2] Description Portrait of Zacharias Jansen Date 1655 Source Pierre Borel, De vero telescopii inventore Author Pierre Borel source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3b/Zacharias.jpg |
389 YBN [06/13/1611 AD] 14 15 | 1617) That the Sun has spots and rotates around its own axis is shown.9 10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio. 1611. http://books.google.com/books?id= aGFRAAAAcAAJ 2. ^ "Johannes Fabricius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/199808/Johannes-Fabricius>. 3. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio. 1611. http://books.google.com/books?id= aGFRAAAAcAAJ 4. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots", Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/191 6PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_of_t he_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf} 5. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio. 1611. http://books.google.com/books?id= aGFRAAAAcAAJ 6. ^ "Johannes Fabricius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/199808/Johannes-Fabricius>. 7. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio. 1611. http://books.google.com/books?id= aGFRAAAAcAAJ 8. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots", Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/191 6PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_of_t he_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf} 9. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio. 1611. http://books.google.com/books?id= aGFRAAAAcAAJ 10. ^ "Johannes Fabricius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/199808/Johannes-Fabricius>. 11. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio. 1611. http://books.google.com/books?id= aGFRAAAAcAAJ 12. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots", Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/191 6PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_of_t he_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf} 13. ^ Galilei, G. et al. On Sunspots. University of Chicago Press, 2010, p30. http://books.google.com/books?id=v dDhfPxIcLQC&pg=PA31 14. ^ Vaquero, J.M. The Sun Recorded Through History. Springer-Verlag New York, 2009. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, p111. http://books.google.com/books?id= iWkyiEeiyksC&pg=PA111 15. ^ Galilei, G. et al. On Sunspots. University of Chicago Press, 2010, p31. http://books.google.com/books?id=v dDhfPxIcLQC&pg=PA31 MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/fabricius.ht ml [3] "David Fabricius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fabri cius (06/??/1611) | Osteel, East Frisia13 (now northwest Germany and northeast Netherlands) |
[1] Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio. 1611. http://books.google.com/books?id= aGFRAAAAcAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =aGFRAAAAcAAJ [2] Johannes Fabricius PD source: http://www.daviddarling.info/enc yclopedia/F/Fabricius.html |
389 YBN [1611 AD] 3 | 1627) A story about a man who travels to the moon by Kepler.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108. 2. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Ke pler 3. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Ke pler (1611) MORE INFO [1] "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5767/Johannes-Kepler [2] http://www.answers.com/Johannes+Kepler?c at=technology [3] Caspar, Kepler, pp 142-146 [4] Caspar, Kepler, pp 198-202 | Prague, (now: Czech Republic)2 |
[1] ''SOMNIUM'' 1634 PD source: http://www.um.zagan.pl/kepler/im age/somnium.jpg [2] Johannes Kepler, oil painting by an unknown artist, 1627; in the cathedral, Strasbourg, France. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -2965/Johannes-Kepler-oil-painting-by-an -unknown-artist-1627-in?articleTypeId=1 |
388 YBN [1612 AD] 4 | 3680) The theory of storage of light; that light can be absorbed in materials and re-emitted later.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p94-95. 2. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p94-95. 3. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p306-307. 4. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p306-307. {1612} MORE INFO [1] "Barium sulfide". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulf ide [2] "Phosphorus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus [3] "luminescence." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/luminescenc e [4] "phosphor." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphor [5] "luminescence." Science of Everyday Things. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 13 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/luminescenc e [6] Raymond Kane, Raymond Kane and Heinz Sell, "Revolution in Lamps: A Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress", The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2001, p96. http://books.google.com/books?id=k lE5qGAltjAC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=theodore +sidot&source=web&ots=yaXfXcsJ0T&sig=ktj D5WA5O73ht6WpAg0rZajYv4I [7] "Phosphorescence". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phosphor escence [8] "luminescence." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-6894 2> | (Collegio Romano) Rome, Italy3 |
[1] Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington |
386 YBN [1614 AD] 8 | 1584) Exponential notation and logarithms.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "John Napier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 4813/John-Napier , -97. 2. ^ Napier, J., and H. Briggs. Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio: Et Eorum Ad Naturales Ipsorum Numeros Habitudines; Una Cum Appendice ... Una Cum Annotationibus ... A. Hermann, 1620. http://books.google.com/books?id= VukHAQAAIAAJ 3. ^ "John Napier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 4813/John-Napier , -97. 4. ^ Napier, J., and H. Briggs. Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio: Et Eorum Ad Naturales Ipsorum Numeros Habitudines; Una Cum Appendice ... Una Cum Annotationibus ... A. Hermann, 1620. http://books.google.com/books?id= VukHAQAAIAAJ 5. ^ "John Napier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 4813/John-Napier , -97. 6. ^ Napier, J., and H. Briggs. Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio: Et Eorum Ad Naturales Ipsorum Numeros Habitudines; Una Cum Appendice ... Una Cum Annotationibus ... A. Hermann, 1620. http://books.google.com/books?id= VukHAQAAIAAJ 7. ^ "John Napier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 4813/John-Napier (1614) 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). MORE INFO [1] "John Napier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Napier [2] "Simon Stevinus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stevi nus (1614) | Scotland7 (presumably) |
[1] Napier, J., and H. Briggs. Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio: Et Eorum Ad Naturales Ipsorum Numeros Habitudines; Una Cum Appendice ... Una Cum Annotationibus ... A. Hermann, 1620. http://books.google.com/books?id= VukHAQAAIAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =VukHAQAAIAAJ [2] Painting of John Napier PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:John_Napier_%28Painting%29.jpeg |
384 YBN [1616 AD] 4 5 | 1608) Copernicanism is declared a heresy by Pope "Paul V" (Camillo Borghese).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p104. 2. ^ "Paul V". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8766/Paul-V 3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1616) (1616) 5. ^ "Galileo Galilei". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?c at=technology (1616) MORE INFO [1] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Gal ilei [2] "Pope Paul V". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_V [3] "Galileo affair". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_aff air | Rome, Italy3 |
[1] Portrait of Pope ''Paul V'' (aka Camillo Borghese) by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Pope_Paul_V.jpg [2] Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Leoni Source: French WP (Utilisateur:Kelson via http://iafosun.ifsi.rm.cnr.it/~iafolla/h ome/homegrsp.html) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Galilee.jpg |
384 YBN [1616 AD] 4 5 | 1644) The circulatory system is described; that the heart is a muscle that contracts to push blood out, that blood can only move in one direction, in a circle from the heart to the arteries, from the arteries to the veins, and through the veins back to the heart.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp110-112. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp110-112. 3. ^ "William Harvey". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Harvey?ca t=health 4. ^ "William Harvey". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Harvey?ca t=health (1616) 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp110-112. (1616) (1616) MORE INFO [1] "William Harvey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Har vey | London, England3 |
[1] William Harvey Library of Congress PD source: http://www.answers.com/William+H arvey?cat=health [2] William Harvey Source University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:William_Harvey.jpg |
384 YBN [1616 AD] 7 8 | 1831) The reflecting telescope.3 A reflecting telescope focuses light reflected off a parabolic shaped (concave4 ) mirror instead of through a lens.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8475/Niccolo-Zucchi 2. ^ "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8475/Niccolo-Zucchi 3. ^ "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8475/Niccolo-Zucchi 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp148-154. 6. ^ http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timel ine/people/zucchi.html 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1616) (1616) 8. ^ http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timel ine/people/zucchi.html (1616) | Rome, Italy6 |
[1] Description English: Niccolò Zucchi (December 6, 1586 – May 21, 1670) an Italian Jesuit, astronomer, and physicist. He may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter (on May 17, 1630) and reported spots on Mars in 1640. In his book ''Optica philosophia experimentalis et ratione a fundamentis constituta'' in 1652–56 he described his attempt in 1616 to construct a reflecting telescope, which may be the first time anyone ever tried to construct one. Date Source Lithuanian Science Council of Lithuania on Science ''Science Lithuania - Lithuanian scientists newspaper. - Andrius Rudamina: tarp legendos ir tikrovės Author Unknown PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/76/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi.p ng [2] 03-08-04/42 BAROQUE TELESCOPE 18TH Newton's first reflecting telescope. 18th century. The Royal Society, London, Great Britain UNKNOWN source: http://www.lessing-photo.com/p3/ 030804/03080442.jpg |
383 YBN [01/15/1617 AD] 9 10 | 6491) The first double (or binary) star system is observed.5 6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Le Opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione Nazionale Sotto Gli Auspicii Di Sua Maest� Il Re D'Italia, Edited by Antonio Favaro, 20 vols., G. Barb�ra, Florence, 1890�1909 Vol. III, Part II (1892), p. 877. Mss. Gal. P.IV, T.VI, car 10r, BNCF. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/t ext-idx?cc=genpub;view=toc;idno=AGH6462. 0003.002 2. ^ http://www.leosondra.cz/en/mizar/ricciol i/ 3. ^ Fedele, U. "Le Prime Osservazioni Di Stelle Doppie." (1949): n. pag. Print. http://www.leosondra.cz/en/mizar /fedele/ 4. ^ Davies, J.K., and L.H. Barrera. The First Decadal Review of the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt. Springer, 2004. Earth, Moon, and Planets, p395. http://books.google.com/books?id= WuDdVbJf_d8C&pg=PA395 5. ^ Le Opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione Nazionale Sotto Gli Auspicii Di Sua Maest� Il Re D'Italia, Edited by Antonio Favaro, 20 vols., G. Barb�ra, Florence, 1890�1909 Vol. III, Part II (1892), p. 877. Mss. Gal. P.IV, T.VI, car 10r, BNCF. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/t ext-idx?cc=genpub;view=toc;idno=AGH6462. 0003.002 6. ^ http://www.leosondra.cz/en/mizar/ricciol i/ 7. ^ Fedele, U. "Le Prime Osservazioni Di Stelle Doppie." (1949): n. pag. Print. http://www.leosondra.cz/en/mizar /fedele/ 8. ^ Davies, J.K., and L.H. Barrera. The First Decadal Review of the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt. Springer, 2004. Earth, Moon, and Planets, p395. http://books.google.com/books?id= WuDdVbJf_d8C&pg=PA395 9. ^ Le Opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione Nazionale Sotto Gli Auspicii Di Sua Maest� Il Re D'Italia, Edited by Antonio Favaro, 20 vols., G. Barb�ra, Florence, 1890�1909 Vol. XII (1902), p. 296 (Letter 1236). Mss. Gal. P.VI, T.X, car. 16, BNCF. http://books.google.com/books?id=70ESA QAAMAAJ&pg=PA296 10. ^ http://www.leosondra.cz/en/mizar MORE INFO [1] "Giovanni Battista Riccioli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Battista +Riccioli+?cat=technology [2] Riccioli, G.B. Almagestum Novum Astronomiam Veterem Novamque Complectens Observationibus Aliorum, Et Propiis Novisque Theorematibus, Problematibus, Ac Tabulispromotam, in Tres Tomos Distributam Quorum Argumentum Sequens Pagina Explicabit. Ex typographia Haeredis Victorii Benatii, 1651. Almagestum Novum Astronomiam Veterem Novamque Complectens Observationibus Aliorum, Et Propiis Novisque Theorematibus, Problematibus, Ac Tabulispromotam, in Tres Tomos Distributam Quorum Argumentum Sequens Pagina Explicabit, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= _mJDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA422 [3] "Mizar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 3081/Mizar (1650) | (University of Florence) Florence, Italy |
[1] [t Note that this is apparently public domain because of the age.] ''The middle star of the Tail of Elix [Great Bear] falls, by [ecliptical] longitude, on the 9th degree of Virgo, and its latitude is 56. Earth is now in Cancer 25, out of which position the star is 44 degrees distant. Between the middle star of the Tail of Elix and the star closest to it [Mizar B], I now put 0.0.15''. The semidiameter [radius] of the large star, 0.0.3''; of the smaller, 2''; the interval, 10''. The semidiameter of the great orb [Earth's orbit] contains 226 solar semidiameters. The solar semidiameter contains 300 semidiameters of the large star. So the distance of the star contains 300 solar distances, if the star is posited to be as big as the Sun, that is, 67800 solar semidiameters.'' The amazingly detailed record of the observation of Mizar in Galileo's handwriting and its translation by Thomas Winter (University of Nebraska). No date is given, but there are good reasons to believe it was made on January 15, 1617. Ms. Gal. 70 c. 10r, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Firenze. Reproduced with authorization from the Ministry of Cultural Activities. Any further reproduction or publication of this image is forbidden. PD source: http://www.leosondra.cz/obrazky/ mizar/msgal.jpg [2] Le Opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione Nazionale Sotto Gli Auspicii Di Sua Maestà Il Re D'Italia, Edited by Antonio Favaro, 20 vols., G. Barbèra, Florence, 1890–1909 Vol. III, Part II (1892), p. 877. Mss. Gal. P.IV, T.VI, car 10r, BNCF. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/t ext-idx?cc=genpub;view=toc;idno=AGH6462. 0003.002 PD source: http://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genp ub/agh6462.0003.002/481?page=root;rgn=fu ll+text;size=100;view=image |
381 YBN [1619 AD] 3 | 1632) That the square of the period of orbit of a planet is proportional to the cube of its distance from the Sun is shown by Kepler; (Kepler's third law of planetary motion).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108. 2. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Ke pler 3. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Ke pler (1619) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Johannes+Kepler?c at=technology [2] Gingerich, "Kepler, Johannes" from Dictionary of Scientific Biography, pp 302-304 [3] Wolf, A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy, pp 140-141; Pannekoek, A History of Astronomy, p 252 [4] Exploring the Cosmos, 5th Edition, Berman, Evans, 1986 | Linz, Austria2 |
[1] A hand-annotated illustration plate from Johannes Kepler's Harmonices mundi (1619), showing the perfect solids. source: http://hsci.cas.ou.edu/digitized/16thCen tury/Kepler/1619/Kepler-1619-pl-3-image/ PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Kepler-1619-pl-3.jpg [2] Johannes Kepler, oil painting by an unknown artist, 1627; in the cathedral, Strasbourg, France. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -2965/Johannes-Kepler-oil-painting-by-an -unknown-artist-1627-in?articleTypeId=1 |
381 YBN [1619 AD] 4 | 1641) That the curvature of the lens in the human eye changes as the eye focuses to different distances is recognized.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Scheiner, C. Oculus, Hoc Est, Fundamentum Opticum. 1619. http://books.google.com/books?id= gGY_AAAAcAAJ 3. ^ "Christoph Scheiner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_S cheiner 4. ^ Scheiner, C. Oculus, Hoc Est, Fundamentum Opticum. 1619. http://books.google.com/books?id= gGY_AAAAcAAJ MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Christoph%20Schei ner%20 [2] "Pantograph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph [3] "Christoph Scheiner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_S cheiner (1603) | Dillingen, Germany3 |
[1] Scheiner, C. Oculus, Hoc Est, Fundamentum Opticum. 1619, p125. http://books.google.com/books?id= gGY_AAAAcAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =gGY_AAAAcAAJ [2] Christoph Scheiner No source specified. Please edit this image description and provide a source. Date 1725 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Scheiner_christoph.gif |
379 YBN [1621 AD] 6 | 1651) The law of refraction, which describes how a light ray bends when passing between two mediums of different density.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "light". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 15 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/340440/light/258393/Reflection-a nd-refraction>. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p113. 3. ^ "light". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 15 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/340440/light/258393/Reflection-a nd-refraction>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p113. 5. ^ "Willebrord Snell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willebrord_ Snell 6. ^ "Willebrord Snell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willebrord_ Snell (1621) | Leiden, Netherlands5 (presumably) |
[1] adapted from Description Illustration of Snell's law Date 00:46, 25 December 2007 (UTC) Source Rotated and tweaked version of en:Image:Snells law.svg, same license Author Oleg Alexandrov — I just tweaked the original Other versions Derivative works of this file: Snells law el.svg Snells law2-cs.svgImage:Snells law.svg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Snells_law2.svg /1000px-Snells_law2.svg.png [2] Willibrord Snellius http://images.google.com/imgre s?imgurl=http://tau.fesg.tu-muenchen.de/ ~iapg/web/fame/images/geo/snellius.jpg&i mgrefurl=http://tau.fesg.tu-muenchen.de/ ~iapg/web/fame/seiten/snellius.php&h=584 &w=407&sz=81&hl=en&sig2=5XbrrVTx-PVInTZc fU_5ng&start=1&tbnid=QsmS80Z3DsqbhM:&tbn h=135&tbnw=94&ei=psvoRKCJLLP2wQGCnPDfDg& prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Snellius%2522%26 svnum%3D100%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Do ff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozi lla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN http://tau. fesg.tu-muenchen.de/~iapg/web/fame/image s/geo/snellius.jpg PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Willebrord_Snellius.jpg |
376 YBN [1624 AD] 5 | 6241) The submarine.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/570813/submarine>. 2. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/570813/submarine>. 3. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/570813/submarine>. 4. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/570813/submarine>. 5. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/570813/submarine>. {1624} | Thames River, England4 |
[1] Description Drebbel's first submarine Date 17th century Source http://www.rnsubmus.co.uk/images/ph otodp/sm001%20-%20Van%20Drebbel.jpg Aut hor Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) See below. Lithographie aus dem Jahre 1626 von G. W. Tweedale. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fe/Van_Drebbel.jpg [2] Description English: Cornelis Drebbel Alcmariensis.Son of Jacob Jansz Dremmel en Hilgont Jans. Born in 1572, died in Londen in 1631. Nederlands: Cornelis Drebbel Alcmariensis. Zoon van Jacob Jansz Dremmel en Hilgont Jans. Geboren in 1572, overleden in Londen in 1631. Date 1631 Source http://www.archiefalkmaar.nl/ Auth or Sichem, C. van PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a0/Drebbel_Van_Sichem_ca _1631_groot.jpg |
374 YBN [1626 AD] 6 7 8 | 1693) The sealed thermometer (which measures temperature independently of air pressure).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p124. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p124. 3. ^ Taylor, F. Sherwood. “The Origin of the Thermometer.” Annals of Science 5.2 (1942): 129–156. Web. 17 Feb. 2013, p151. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ab s/10.1080/00033794200201401#preview {Ta ylor_Thermometer_20060602.pdf} 4. ^ "Low Countries". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/349663/Low-Countries>. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p124. 6. ^ Taylor, F. Sherwood. “The Origin of the Thermometer.” Annals of Science 5.2 (1942): 129–156. Web. 17 Feb. 2013, p151. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ab s/10.1080/00033794200201401#preview {Ta ylor_Thermometer_20060602.pdf} 7. ^ Leurechon, J. Récréation Mathématique: Composée De Plusieurs Problèmes Plaisants Et Facétieux : En Feict d’Arithméticque, Géométrie, Méchanicque, Opticque, Et Autres Parties De Ces Belles Sciences. Hanzelet, 1626, facing p90. http://books.google.com/books?id=Q sY5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA68 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p124. (1654) (1654) MORE INFO [1] "Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_ II_de%27_Medici%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany | (The Low Countries) Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg3 4 |was: Tuscany, Italy5 (presumably) |
[1] Leurechon, J. Récréation Mathématique: Composée De Plusieurs Problèmes Plaisants Et Facétieux : En Feict d’Arithméticque, Géométrie, Méchanicque, Opticque, Et Autres Parties De Ces Belles Sciences. Hanzelet, 1626, facing p90. http://books.google.com/books?id=Q sY5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA68 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =QsY5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA68 [2] Double Portrait of the Grand Duke Ferdinand II of Tuscany and his Wife Vittoria della Rovere probably 1660s SUSTERMANS, Justus 1597 - 1681 NG89. Bought with the J.J. Angerstein collection, 1824. Ferdinand II de' Medici (1610 - 1670), who wears a commander's sash and the military order of San Stefano, and carries a commander's baton, succeeded his father as Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1621, assuming power in 1627. In 1634 he married Vittoria della Rovere (1621 - 1694). The poses of the two figures correspond with two single portraits of them by Sustermans (Florence, Uffizi). It is possible that earlier drawings were used forthis double portrait and that it was not painted directly from life. Oil on canvas 161 x 147 cm. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nationalgallery.org.u k/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPubli sher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=NG89 |
370 YBN [1630 AD] 5 | 1642) That the Sun completes one rotation every 25 days is recognized,2 and the inclination of the Sun's axis to the Earth's orbit is determined to be 7 degrees.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots", Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916, p488-490. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs /1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_ of_the_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf} 2. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots", Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916, p488-490. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs /1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_ of_the_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf} 3. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots", Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916, p488-490. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs /1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_ of_the_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf} 4. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots", Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916, p85,209. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/ 1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_o f_the_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf} 5. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots", Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916, p488-490. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs /1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_ of_the_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf} MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Christoph%20Schei ner%20 [2] "Pantograph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph [3] http://journal.utarts.com/articles.php?i d=3&type=paper [4] http://www.christoph-scheiner.com/ [5] "Christoph Scheiner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_S cheiner (01/12/1612) [6] Galilei, G. et al. On Sunspots. University of Chicago Press, 2010, p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=v dDhfPxIcLQC&pg=PA46 | Rome, Italy4 |
[1] Sunspot plate from Scheiner's ``Tres Epistolae'' (650 x 505; 250K) http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gall ery/milestone/sec3.html PD/Corel source: http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m119 70/latest/tres_epistolae.gif [2] Sunspot plate from Scheiner's ``Tres Epistolae'' (650 x 505; 250K) http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gall ery/milestone/sec3.html PD/Corel source: http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m119 70/latest/tres_epistolae.gif |
369 YBN [11/07/1631 AD] 8 9 10 | 1663) The transit of Mercury across the Sun is observed.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. 2. ^ Nadler, S. A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy. Wiley, 2008. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, p81. http://books.google.com/books?id=K ENbzY8uDGkC&pg=PA81 3. ^ Gassendi, "Mercurius in sole visus et Venus invisa Parislis anno 1611", 1632 in Gassendi, 1658, vol3, p441. ("Mercury Seen in the Sun, and Venus Unseen at paris in the Year 1631") http://books.google.com/books?id =VA1TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. 5. ^ Nadler, S. A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy. Wiley, 2008. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, p81. http://books.google.com/books?id=K ENbzY8uDGkC&pg=PA81 6. ^ Gassendi, "Mercurius in sole visus et Venus invisa Parislis anno 1611", 1632 in Gassendi, 1658, vol3, p441. ("Mercury Seen in the Sun, and Venus Unseen at paris in the Year 1631") http://books.google.com/books?id =VA1TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441 7. ^ "Pierre Gassendi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gass endi 8. ^ Hockey, T. et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, 2007. Springer Reference, p409. 9. ^ Gassendi, "Mercurius in sole visus et Venus invisa Parislis anno 1611", 1632 in Gassendi, 1658, vol3, p441. ("Mercury Seen in the Sun, and Venus Unseen at paris in the Year 1631") http://books.google.com/books?id =VA1TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. (1631) (1631) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Gassendi?c at=technology | Paris, France7 (presumably) |
[1] Gassendi, ''Mercurius in sole visus et Venus invisa Parislis anno 1611'', 1632 in Gassendi, 1658, vol3, p441. (''Mercury Seen in the Sun, and Venus Unseen at paris in the Year 1631'') http://books.google.com/books?i d=VA1TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =VA1TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441 [2] Gassendi, ''Mercurius in sole visus et Venus invisa Parislis anno 1611'', 1632 in Gassendi, 1658, vol3, p441. (''Mercury Seen in the Sun, and Venus Unseen at paris in the Year 1631'') http://books.google.com/books?i d=VA1TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =VA1TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441 |
369 YBN [1631 AD] 4 | 1655) The "vernier {VRnYA or VRNER} scale", a device capable of precise measurement is invented.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p114. 2. ^ "Pierre Vernier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 5131/Pierre-Vernier 3. ^ "Pierre Vernier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Vernier?ca t=technology 4. ^ "Pierre Vernier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Vernier?ca t=technology (1631) MORE INFO [1] "Pierre Vernier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Vern ier | Ornans, France2 3 (presumably: birth and death location) |
[1] using the vernier caliper to measure a nut Source own image Date October 2006 Author Joaquim Alves Gaspar GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Using_the_caliper_new_en.gif [2] using the vernier caliper to measure a nut Source own image Date October 2006 Author Joaquim Alves Gaspar GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Using_the_caliper_new_en.gif |
369 YBN [1631 AD] 7 | 1664) The speed of sound is measured (as around 500 meters or 1500 feet per second) and shown to be independent of pitch,4 by measuring the time difference between seeing the flash of a gun and hearing the sound over a long distance on a still day.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. 5. ^ "acoustics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/4044/acoustics/64048/Measuring-t he-speed-of-sound>. 6. ^ "Pierre Gassendi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gass endi 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. (1631) (1631) MORE INFO [1] "Pierre Gassendi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 6159/Pierre-Gassendi [2] http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Gassendi?c at=technology | Paris, France6 (presumably) |
[1] Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655). Peinture de Louis Édouard Rioult. (Base Joconde du Ministère de la Culture) PD source: http://www.voltaire-integral.com /Html/14/04CATALO_1_2.html [2] Scientist: Gassendi, Pierre (1592 - 1655) Discipline(s): Physics ; Astronomy Print Artist: Jacques Lubin, 1637-1695 Medium: Engraving Original Dimensions: Graphic: 17.6 x 14.1 cm / Sheet: 27.9 x 21.7 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/by_n ame_display_results.cfm?scientist=Gassen di |
367 YBN [06/22/1633 AD] 4 5 | 1611) Galileo is condemned to life imprisonment by the Inquisition.2 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (06/22/1633) (06/22/1633) 5. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo (06/22/1633) MORE INFO [1] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Gal ilei [2] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?c at=technology | Rome, Italy3 |
[1] Galileo before the Holy Office, a 19th century painting by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury. Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/C005358/im ages/galilei_image01.jpeg PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Galileo_before_the_Holy_Office.jpg [2] Galileo's Letter to Prince of Venice PD source: http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo /ganymede/manuscript1.jpg |
365 YBN [1635 AD] 4 | 1657) The "Académie Parisienne" (the precursor to the French Academy of Sciences).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2176/Marin-Mersenne 2. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2176/Marin-Mersenne 3. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2176/Marin-Mersenne 4. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2176/Marin-Mersenne (1635) MORE INFO [1] "Marin Mersenne". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Merse nne | Paris, France3 (presumably) |
[1] Marin Mersenne PD source: http://www.nndb.com/people/576/0 00107255/ [2] Mersenne, Marin (1588-1648) PD source: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/the mes/biographies/MainBiographies/M/Mersen ne/1.html |
365 YBN [1635 AD] 6 | 1660) Frequencies of sounds are measured.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~hist ory/Biographies/Mersenne.html 2. ^ http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~hist ory/Biographies/Mersenne.html 3. ^ http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~hist ory/Biographies/Mersenne.html 4. ^ http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~hist ory/Biographies/Mersenne.html 5. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2176/Marin-Mersenne 6. ^ Marin Marsenne, tr: R. E. Chapman, "Harmonie Universelle", 1635, 1957. MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Marin%20Mersenne [2] "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2176/Marin-Mersenne (1637) | Paris, France5 (presumably) |
[1] Table of string vibrations from: Marin Marsenne, tr: R. E. Chapman, ''Harmonie Universelle'', 1635, 1957, p194. UNKNOWN source: Marin Marsenne, tr: R. E. Chapman, "Harmonie Universelle", 1635, 1957, p194. [2] Ted Huntington adapted from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip edia/en/math/6/c/8/6c88fce3e57d1eac8408b abe264e1795.png GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/math/6/c/8/6c88fce3e57d1eac8408 babe264e1795.png |
365 YBN [1635 AD] 4 | 1669) That the direction of the Earth's magnetic field changes over time is recognized.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p118. 2. ^ Gellibrand, H. A Discourse Mathematical on the Variation of the Magneticall Needle: Together with Its Admirable Diminution Lately Discovered. By Henry Gellibrand Professor of Astronomie in Gresham College. William Iones, dwelling in Red-crosse-street, 1635. Early English Books, 1475-1640. http://luna.folger.edu/luna/ servlet/detail/FOLGERCM1~6~6~354589~1298 48:A-discourse-mathematical-on-the-var AND http://books.google.com/books?id=H6 qvmAEACAAJ 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p118. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p118. (1635) MORE INFO [1] http://measure.igpp.ucla.edu/solar-terre strial-luminaries/timeline.html | ?, England3 |
[1] Gellibrand, H. A Discourse Mathematical on the Variation of the Magneticall Needle: Together with Its Admirable Diminution Lately Discovered. By Henry Gellibrand Professor of Astronomie in Gresham College. William Iones, dwelling in Red-crosse-street, 1635. Early English Books, 1475-1640. http://luna.folger.edu/luna/ servlet/detail/FOLGERCM1~6~6~354589~1298 48:A-discourse-mathematical-on-the-var AND http://books.google.com/books?id=H6 qvmAEACAAJ PD source: http://luna.folger.edu/luna/serv let/detail/FOLGERCM1~6~6~354589~129848:A -discourse-mathematical-on-the-var [2] Henry Gellibrand Discovered the secular (change over years) variation of magnetic declination. (Gellibrand, H., Epitome of Navigation, London, Printed by Andr. Clark for William Fisher, 1674 - published many decades after his death). PD source: http://www.geophys.tu-bs.de/gesc hichte/gellibrand.htm |
364 YBN [1636 AD] 3 | 1219) Harvard College is founded.2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "Colonial colleges". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_co lleges 2. ^ "Colonial colleges". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_co lleges 3. ^ "Colonial colleges". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_co lleges MORE INFO [1] "Harvard University". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Uni versity | Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |
[1] Lt Gov William Stoughton (1631-1701) overlooking one of the buildings of Harvard College, quite probably Stoughton Hall for which he was its main benefactor. The painting dates to circa 1700. This picture, which was taken from: Albert Bushnell Hart, Commonwealth History of Massachusetts (1927, vol. 1) opposite p. 562; was originally taken from an original portrait presumably still in the possession of Harvard University. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:HarvardStaughton.jpg |
363 YBN [1637 AD] 4 | 1615) The slow swaying (or "libration" {lI-BrA-suN1 }) of the moon as it rotates is recognized.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "libration." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 17 Mar. 2013. ibration>. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp100-105. 3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 5766/Galileo 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp100-105. (1637) (1637) MORE INFO [1] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Gal ilei [2] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?c at=technology | Florence, Italy3 |
[1] Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Leoni Source: French WP (Utilisateur:Kelson via http://iafosun.ifsi.rm.cnr.it/~iafolla/h ome/homegrsp.html) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Galilee.jpg [2] Original portrait of Galileo Galilei by Justus Sustermans painted in 1636. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg |
363 YBN [1637 AD] 9 | 1668) The Cartesian coordinate system, where points are plotted on a two dimensional graph.5 6 7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Discourse on the Method ("Discours de la Methode"). An introduction to Dioptrique, Des Météores and La Géométrie. Original in French, because intended for a wider public., 1637 English: tr: John Veitch, "Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences", 1899 and "La géométrie" http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=aHBtAAAAMAAJ http://books.google .com/books?id=DSjXAAAAMAAJ 2nd edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=lGFxGEE K52oC 2. ^ "René Descartes." A Dictionary of Statistics. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 27 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descart es 3. ^ Discourse on the Method ("Discours de la Methode"). An introduction to Dioptrique, Des Météores and La Géométrie. Original in French, because intended for a wider public., 1637 English: tr: John Veitch, "Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences", 1899 and "La géométrie" http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=aHBtAAAAMAAJ http://books.google .com/books?id=DSjXAAAAMAAJ 4. ^ "René Descartes." A Dictionary of Statistics. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 27 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descart es 5. ^ Discourse on the Method ("Discours de la Methode"). An introduction to Dioptrique, Des Météores and La Géométrie. Original in French, because intended for a wider public., 1637 English: tr: John Veitch, "Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences", 1899 and "La géométrie" http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=aHBtAAAAMAAJ http://books.google .com/books?id=DSjXAAAAMAAJ 6. ^ "René Descartes." A Dictionary of Statistics. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 27 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descart es 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp115-118. 8. ^ "Descartes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp115-118. (1637) (1637) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descart es?cat=technology | Netherlands (presumably)8 |
[1] De Beaune, F. et al. Geometria a Renato Descartes: Anno 1637 Gallicè Edita Postea Autem Una Cum Notis Florimondi De Beaune ... apud Ludovicum & Danielem Elzevirios, 1659. Diapositivas (Biblioteca Histórica UCM).2nd edition http://books.google.com/books?i d=lGFxGEEK52oC PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =lGFxGEEK52oC [2] De Beaune, F. et al. Geometria a Renato Descartes: Anno 1637 Gallicè Edita Postea Autem Una Cum Notis Florimondi De Beaune ... apud Ludovicum & Danielem Elzevirios, 1659. Diapositivas (Biblioteca Histórica UCM).2nd edition http://books.google.com/books?i d=lGFxGEEK52oC PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =lGFxGEEK52oC |
361 YBN [11/24/1639 AD] 8 | 1708) The transit of Venus is observed.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p128. 2. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1099/Jeremiah-Horrocks 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p128. 4. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1099/Jeremiah-Horrocks 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p128. 6. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1099/Jeremiah-Horrocks 7. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1099/Jeremiah-Horrocks 8. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1099/Jeremiah-Horrocks (11/24/1639 (Old Style (Julian?) MORE INFO [1] "Jeremiah Horrocks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Ho rrocks | Hoole, Lancashire, England7 (presumably) |
[1] This illustration, recreated from Horrocks's notes by the prominent Polish astronomer Hevelius, shows three positions of the planet Venus as it crosses the face of the Sun. Notice the two black and one white dot (the progression of Venus) in the lower left portion of the central circle (the Sun). PD source: http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/ research/collections/transit-of-venus/jh evelius1662b.jpg [2] Jeremiah Horrocks observand tranzitul lui Venus PD source: http://aira.astro.ro/2004/Venus2 /Importanta_fisa%20scurta.htm |
361 YBN [11/24/1639 AD] 5 | 6581) That the orbit of the Moon around the Earth is approximately elliptical (with the Earth at one focus1 ) and that the Sun has a perturbing effect on the Moon’s orbit is shown.2 3 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p128. 2. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 17 Mar. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/272141/Jeremiah-Horrocks>. 3. ^ Opera Posthuma of Jeremiah Horrocks, ed. John Wallis, London, 1672. http://books.google.com/books?id= xVQ_AAAAcAAJ 4. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1099/Jeremiah-Horrocks 5. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 17 Mar. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/jeremiah-ho rrocks MORE INFO [1] "Jeremiah Horrocks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Ho rrocks [2] "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1099/Jeremiah-Horrocks (11/24/1639 (Old Style (Julian?) | Hoole, Lancashire, England4 (presumably) |
[1] Opera Posthuma of Jeremiah Horrocks, ed. John Wallis, London, 1672, p. 471. http://books.google.com/books?id=x VQ_AAAAcAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =xVQ_AAAAcAAJ [2] Opera Posthuma of Jeremiah Horrocks, ed. John Wallis, London, 1672, p. 106. http://books.google.com/books?id=x VQ_AAAAcAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =xVQ_AAAAcAAJ |
360 YBN [1640 AD] 4 5 | 1697) The micrometer (a device for precision measurement) is invented and applied to the telescope.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Bolt, M. et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, 2007. Springer Reference. http://books.google.com/book s?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA407 2. ^ Bolt, M. et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, 2007. Springer Reference. http://books.google.com/book s?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA407 3. ^ Bolt, M. et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, 2007. Springer Reference. http://books.google.com/book s?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA407 4. ^ Bolt, M. et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, 2007. Springer Reference. http://books.google.com/book s?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA407 5. ^ http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/b ooks/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolume II/chap43.html (1636) | Middleton (West Yorkshire), England3 |
[1] ''Gascoigne''s micrometer'' - via Richard Towneley - as drawn by Robert Hooke for the Royal Society,1667. PD source: http://www.narrowbandimaging.com /Northern%20Astronomical%20Review.htm [2] [t Modern micrometer] Outside micrometer, inside micrometer, and depth micrometer. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Micrometers.jpg |
360 YBN [1640 AD] 3 | 6490) The Earth's acceleration due to gravity is measured.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Giovanni Battista Riccioli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Battista +Riccioli+?cat=technology 2. ^ "Giovanni Battista Riccioli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Battista +Riccioli+?cat=technology 3. ^ "Grimaldi, Francesco Maria." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 542-545. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?i d=GALE%7CCX2830901742&v=2.1&u=univca20&i t=r&p=GVRL&sw=w MORE INFO [1] "Mizar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 3081/Mizar (1650) | Bologna, Italy2 (presumably) |
[1] Description English: Giovanni Battista Riccioli Date 20 September 2011 Source Old Book from 17th century -- scan partially cleaned up by me Author Wiccioli PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6a/Giovanni_Battista_Ric cioli.jpg |
359 YBN [1641 AD] 8 9 10 11 | 6244) The repeating gun, a gun in which ammunition is fed from a magazine.5 6 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "repeating rifle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/498312/repeating-rifle>. 2. ^ http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripet izione.html 3. ^ "repeating rifle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/498312/repeating-rifle>. 4. ^ http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripet izione.html 5. ^ "repeating rifle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/498312/repeating-rifle>. 6. ^ http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripet izione.html 7. ^ "The new weapons of the world encyclopedia : an international encyclopedia from 5000 B.C. to the 21st century", 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id= 3Il9ubyJCisC&pg=PA353& 8. ^ "The new weapons of the world encyclopedia : an international encyclopedia from 5000 B.C. to the 21st century", 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id= 3Il9ubyJCisC&pg=PA353& {1641} 9. ^ http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripet izione.html {1641} 10. ^ "repeating rifle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/498312/repeating-rifle>. {early 1600s} 11. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p49. {1836} MORE INFO [1] Jeff Kinard, "Pistols: an illustrated history of their impact", 2004, p37-38. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZVnuHX_ 6bG0C&pg=PA37 | Netherlands7 |
[1] Kalthoff 1641 translated with Google from: http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripet izione.html The first attempt at a mechanical repetition of the shot goes back to the German Peter Kalthoff, which operates in Denmark, who in 1641 invented and built in 1646. It was a rifle with a wheel in the dust reservoir a reservoir for calcium and balls under the barrel, breech block has three rooms that can move sideways. PD source: http://www.earmi.it/A-Encicloped ia/img/Kalthoff.png [2] translated with Google from: http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripet izione.html In Italy as early as 1572 the Milan Marcantonio Valgrana proposes a rifle capable of firing 4 shots below, but of questionable functionality. This was followed in 600 different mechanical repeating rifles, probably inspired by Kalthoff, but with original solutions. It certainly reminds weapon Berselli James (1660) and other Fresh Water Sebastiano (1619-1692) and the Florentine Michele Lorenzoni (died 1735). These have gone down in history as ''system Lorenzoni'' and are innovative compared to Kalthoff. Tanks for powder and ball (well 25) both are in football, behind a circular rotor driven by an external lever, the gun with the barrel is turned down so that powder and ball fall under gravity, the first movement of lever drops a ball in the barrel where it is retained by a ring of forcing, the second movement takes a dose of dust. There followed many other weapons, but none went beyond the experimental models. The technology of the time did not allow the creation of mechanisms are too delicate and until the invention of the metal cartridge case was difficult to keep the power is communicated by a charge al'altra. The first weapon is the repetition really functioning Paterson Colt revolver of 1936 followed by rifle-revolver .44 Rifle Dragon namely the Whitneyville-Hartford Dragon Colt Revolver of 1847. To solve the problem remained that the number of hits greater than 6-8. The first weapon taken from a manual repeater army Spencer (March 1860) that has a reservoir of calcium and seven cartridges in a loading lever with shutter lock shooting. The cartridge was rimfire cartridge case with copper, was calculated. 13.3 mm which represented an improvement over the previous much larger calibers. Contemporary Henry and the system immediately after the Winchester. PD source: http://www.earmi.it/A-Encicloped ia/img/lorenzoni.png |
358 YBN [1642 AD] 4 | 1719) A mechanical calculating machine that can add and subtract.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132. 3. ^ "Blaise Pascal". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Blaise+Pascal?cat =technology 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132. (1642) (1642) MORE INFO [1] "Blaise Pascal". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8317/Blaise-Pascal [2] "Blaise Pascal". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pasc al | Rouen, France3 (presumably) |
[1] A Pascaline, an early calculator. (Machine à calculer de Blaise Pascal sans sous ni deniers, signed by Pascal 1652) English: This item is on display at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris Inv 823-1 GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869.jp g [2] Scientist: Pascal, Blaise (1623 - 1662) Discipline(s): Mathematics ; Physics Print Artist: T. Dale Medium: Engraving Original Dimensions: Graphic: 14.4 x 8.1 cm / Sheet: 27.8 x 21.3 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/cf/by_n ame_display_results.cfm?scientist=Pascal |
357 YBN [1643 AD] 10 | 1692) The earliest vacuum (a space empty of matter5 ), and barometer (which measures atmospheric pressure6 ) are invented.7 When a tube filled with mercury is turned upside down into a dish, the space above the mercury in the tube is found to be a vacuum.8 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 2977/Evangelista-Torricelli 2. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 2977/Evangelista-Torricelli 3. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 2977/Evangelista-Torricelli 4. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 2977/Evangelista-Torricelli 5. ^ "vacuum." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/vacuum 6. ^ "barometer." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 May. 2013. arometer>. 7. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 2977/Evangelista-Torricelli 8. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 2977/Evangelista-Torricelli 9. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 2977/Evangelista-Torricelli 10. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 2977/Evangelista-Torricelli (1643) MORE INFO [1] "Evangelista Torricelli". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelista _Torricelli [2] "atmospheric pressure." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/atmospheric -pressure | Florence, Italy9 |
[1] Frontispiece to ''Lezioni accademiche d'Evangelista Torricelli....'', published in 1715. Library Call Number Q155 .T69 1715. Image ID: libr0367, Treasures of the NOAA Library Collection Photographer: Archival Photograph by Mr. Steve Nicklas, NOS, NGS Secondary source: NOAA Central Library National Oceanic & Atmospheric Adminstration (NOAA), USA http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/library/lib r0367.htm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Libr0367.jpg [2] Frontispiece and title page to ''Lezioni accademiche d'Evangelista Torricelli ....'', published in 1715. Library Call Number Q155 .T69 1715. Image ID: libr0366, Treasures of the NOAA Library Collection Photographer: Archival Photograph by Mr. Steve Nicklas, NOS, NGS Secondary source: NOAA Central Library National Oceanic & Atmospheric Adminstration (NOAA), USA http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/librar y/libr0366.htm PD source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik i/Image:Libr0366.jpg |
356 YBN [11/22/1644 AD] 8 9 10 | 1694) The phases of Mercury are observed.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp124-125. 2. ^ Hevelius, J. Johannis Hevelii Selenographia: Sive, Lunae Descriptio; Atque Accurata, Tam Macularum Ejus, Quam Motuum Diversorum, Aliarumque Omnium Vicissitudinum, Phasiumque, Telescopii Ope Deprehensarum, Delineatio. In Qu� Simul Caeterorum Omnium Planetarum Nativa Facies, Variaeque Observationes, Praesertim Autem Macularum Solarium ... Addita Est, Lentes Expoliendi Nova Ratio; Ut Et Telescopia Diversa Construendi ... autoris sumtibus, typis H�nefeldianis, 1647. http://books.google.com/books?id= i1lDAAAAcAAJ 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp124-125. 4. ^ Hevelius, J. Johannis Hevelii Selenographia: Sive, Lunae Descriptio; Atque Accurata, Tam Macularum Ejus, Quam Motuum Diversorum, Aliarumque Omnium Vicissitudinum, Phasiumque, Telescopii Ope Deprehensarum, Delineatio. In Qu� Simul Caeterorum Omnium Planetarum Nativa Facies, Variaeque Observationes, Praesertim Autem Macularum Solarium ... Addita Est, Lentes Expoliendi Nova Ratio; Ut Et Telescopia Diversa Construendi ... autoris sumtibus, typis H�nefeldianis, 1647. http://books.google.com/books?id= i1lDAAAAcAAJ 5. ^ "Johannes Hevelius." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-he velius 6. ^ "Johannes Hevelius." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-he velius 7. ^ "Johannes Hevelius." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-he velius 8. ^ Hevelius, J. Johannis Hevelii Selenographia: Sive, Lunae Descriptio; Atque Accurata, Tam Macularum Ejus, Quam Motuum Diversorum, Aliarumque Omnium Vicissitudinum, Phasiumque, Telescopii Ope Deprehensarum, Delineatio. In Qu� Simul Caeterorum Omnium Planetarum Nativa Facies, Variaeque Observationes, Praesertim Autem Macularum Solarium ... Addita Est, Lentes Expoliendi Nova Ratio; Ut Et Telescopia Diversa Construendi ... autoris sumtibus, typis H�nefeldianis, 1647. http://books.google.com/books?id= i1lDAAAAcAAJ 9. ^ "Johannes Hevelius." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-he velius 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp124-125. (1644) (1644) MORE INFO [1] "Johannes Hevelius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_He velius | (rooftop observatories on many houses5 ) Danzig6 (now Gdansk in Poland)7 |
[1] Hevelius, J. Johannis Hevelii Selenographia: Sive, Lunae Descriptio; Atque Accurata, Tam Macularum Ejus, Quam Motuum Diversorum, Aliarumque Omnium Vicissitudinum, Phasiumque, Telescopii Ope Deprehensarum, Delineatio. In Quâ Simul Caeterorum Omnium Planetarum Nativa Facies, Variaeque Observationes, Praesertim Autem Macularum Solarium ... Addita Est, Lentes Expoliendi Nova Ratio; Ut Et Telescopia Diversa Construendi ... autoris sumtibus, typis Hünefeldianis, 1647. http://books.google.com/books?id= i1lDAAAAcAAJ PD source: Hevelius, J. Johannis Hevelii Selenographia: Sive, Lunae Descriptio; Atque Accurata, Tam Macularum Ejus, Quam Motuum Diversorum, Aliarumque Omnium Vicissitudinum, Phasiumque, Telescopii Ope Deprehensarum, Delineatio. In Quâ Simul Caeterorum Omnium Planetarum Nativa Facies, Variaeque Observationes, Praesertim Autem Macularum Solarium ... Addita Est, Lentes Expoliendi Nova Ratio; Ut Et Telescopia Diversa Construendi ... autoris sumtibus, typis Hünefeldianis, 1647. http://books.google.com/books?id= i1lDAAAAcAAJ [2] [t Note that Mercury has the symbol for Mercury and Venus has the symbol for Venus.] Hevelius, J. Johannis Hevelii Selenographia: Sive, Lunae Descriptio; Atque Accurata, Tam Macularum Ejus, Quam Motuum Diversorum, Aliarumque Omnium Vicissitudinum, Phasiumque, Telescopii Ope Deprehensarum, Delineatio. In Quâ Simul Caeterorum Omnium Planetarum Nativa Facies, Variaeque Observationes, Praesertim Autem Macularum Solarium ... Addita Est, Lentes Expoliendi Nova Ratio; Ut Et Telescopia Diversa Construendi ... autoris sumtibus, typis Hünefeldianis, 1647. http://books.google.com/books?id= i1lDAAAAcAAJ PD source: Hevelius, J. Johannis Hevelii Selenographia: Sive, Lunae Descriptio; Atque Accurata, Tam Macularum Ejus, Quam Motuum Diversorum, Aliarumque Omnium Vicissitudinum, Phasiumque, Telescopii Ope Deprehensarum, Delineatio. In Quâ Simul Caeterorum Omnium Planetarum Nativa Facies, Variaeque Observationes, Praesertim Autem Macularum Solarium ... Addita Est, Lentes Expoliendi Nova Ratio; Ut Et Telescopia Diversa Construendi ... autoris sumtibus, typis Hünefeldianis, 1647. http://books.google.com/books?id= i1lDAAAAcAAJ |
356 YBN [1644 AD] 8 9 | 2618) The principle of the conservation of motion is described by René Descartes.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Rene Descartes, "Principles of Philosophy", in "The Philosophical Works of Descartes", trans. E. S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross (New York: Dover, 1955). 2. ^ Descartes, Rene?, Valentine R. Miller, and Reese P. Miller. Principles of Philosophy. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel, 1983. Print. p61. {Descartes_Miller_and_Miller_Principle s_of_Philosophy_1983.pdf} 3. ^ Descartes, R. Principia Philosophiae. apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, 1644, Part II, art 37-40. http://books.google.com/books?id =lHpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA54 4. ^ Rene Descartes, "Principles of Philosophy", in "The Philosophical Works of Descartes", trans. E. S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross (New York: Dover, 1955). 5. ^ Descartes, Rene?, Valentine R. Miller, and Reese P. Miller. Principles of Philosophy. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel, 1983. Print. p61. {Descartes_Miller_and_Miller_Principle s_of_Philosophy_1983.pdf} 6. ^ Descartes, R. Principia Philosophiae. apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, 1644, Part II, art 37-40. http://books.google.com/books?id =lHpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA54 7. ^ "Descartes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes 8. ^ Exploring the Cosmos, fifth edition. Berman and Evans, p46. (1644) 9. ^ Descartes, R. Principia Philosophiae. apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, 1644, Part II, art 37-40. http://books.google.com/books?id =lHpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA54 MORE INFO [1] "Rene Descartes". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8563/Rene-Descartes [2] http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descart es?cat=technology [3] "The World (Descartes)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_% 28Descartes%29 [4] "Momentum". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum [5] 1. ^ A. Sayili (1987), "Ibn Sīnā and Buridan on the Motion of the Projectile", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500 (1), p. 477-482: "Thus he considered impetus as proportional to weight times velocity. In other words, his conception of impetus comes very close to the concept of momentum of Newtonian mechanics." [6] Rene Descartes, translated by John Veitch, "Selections from the Principles of Philosophy of Rene Descartes (1596-1650)". http://www.classicallibra ry.org/descartes/principles/index.htm [7] "Inertia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia | Netherlands (presumably)7 |
[1] Descartes, R. Principia Philosophiae. apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, 1644, Part II, art 37-40. http://books.google.com/books?id =lHpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA60 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =lHpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA60 [2] Descartes, R. Principia Philosophiae. apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, 1644, Part II, art 37-40. http://books.google.com/books?id =lHpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA56 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =lHpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA56 |
355 YBN [1645 AD] 4 5 | 1844) That the strength the Sun holds the planets with decreases by the inverse distance squared is recognized.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ismael Bullialdus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Bull ialdus 2. ^, p333. http://books.google.com/books?id=5V4DAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=%22Astronomia+philolai ca%22&as_brr=1#PPA333,M1 3. ^ http://diglib.hab.de/wdb.php?dir=drucke/ 2-1-4-astron-2f-1&image=00005 4. ^ "Ismael Bullialdus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Bull ialdus (1645) 5. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=5V4DAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=%22Astronomia+philolai ca%22&as_brr=1#PPA333,M1 (1645) | Paris, France3 |
[1] Ismaël Bullialdus PD AND Ismaelis Bvllialdi, Astronomia Philolaica, Sumptibus Simeonis Piget, Parisiis, 1645,p13 Latin text from ''Astronomia Philolaica'' PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Boulliau.jpegIsmaelis Bvllialdi, Astronomia Philolaica, Sumptibus Simeonis Piget, Parisiis, 1645, p13. [2] Ismaël Bullialdus PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Boulliau.jpeg |
352 YBN [09/19/1648 AD] 5 | 1721) Atmospheric pressure is shown to change at different elevations.2 This implies that empty space (a vacuum) exists above the atmosphere.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132. 4. ^ "Blaise Pascal". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Blaise+Pascal?cat =technology 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132. (09/19/1648) (09/19/1648) MORE INFO [1] "Blaise Pascal". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8317/Blaise-Pascal | Rouen, France4 (presumably) |
[1] Scientist: Pascal, Blaise (1623 - 1662) Discipline(s): Mathematics ; Physics Print Artist: T. Dale Medium: Engraving Original Dimensions: Graphic: 14.4 x 8.1 cm / Sheet: 27.8 x 21.3 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/cf/by_n ame_display_results.cfm?scientist=Pascal [2] Blaise Pascal source : http://www.thocp.net/biographies/pascal_ blaise.html PD source: %20Blaise |
352 YBN [1648 AD] 8 | 1648) The label of "gas" is applied to a substance.4 5 Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is recognized.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p112. 2. ^ Van Helmont, J.B. Joannis Baptistae Van Helmont ... Opera Omnia. Additis His De Novo Tractatibus Aliquot Posthumis Ejusdem Authoris, Maximè Curiosis Pariter Ac Perutilissimis, Antehac Non in Lucem Editis; Una Cum Indicibus Rerum Ac Verborum Ut Locupletissimis, Ita Et Accuratissimis. sumptibus Johannis Justi Erythropili, typis Johannis Philippi Andreae, 1682. http://books.google.com/books?id= qzFFAAAAcAAJ English: John Baptista Van Helmont; John Chandler (translator) (1662). "Oriatrike or Physick Refined" http://www.nightenlight.com/hi gher-worlds-visited/rsc/john-baptista-va n-helmont/oriatrike-or-physick-refined-0 01-030 3. ^ "Jan Baptista van Helmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 9924/Jan-Baptista-van-Helmont 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p112. 5. ^ Van Helmont, J.B. Joannis Baptistae Van Helmont ... Opera Omnia. Additis His De Novo Tractatibus Aliquot Posthumis Ejusdem Authoris, Maximè Curiosis Pariter Ac Perutilissimis, Antehac Non in Lucem Editis; Una Cum Indicibus Rerum Ac Verborum Ut Locupletissimis, Ita Et Accuratissimis. sumptibus Johannis Justi Erythropili, typis Johannis Philippi Andreae, 1682. http://books.google.com/books?id= qzFFAAAAcAAJ English: John Baptista Van Helmont; John Chandler (translator) (1662). "Oriatrike or Physick Refined" http://www.nightenlight.com/hi gher-worlds-visited/rsc/john-baptista-va n-helmont/oriatrike-or-physick-refined-0 01-030 6. ^ "Jan Baptista van Helmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 9924/Jan-Baptista-van-Helmont 7. ^ "Jan Baptista van Helmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 9924/Jan-Baptista-van-Helmont 8. ^ "Jan Baptista van Helmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 9924/Jan-Baptista-van-Helmont (1648) MORE INFO [1] "Jan Baptista van Helmont". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptist a_van_Helmont [2] http://www.answers.com/Jan+Baptista+van+ Helmont?cat=technology | Vilvoorde, Belgium7 |
[1] Van Helmont, J.B. Joannis Baptistae Van Helmont ... Opera Omnia. Additis His De Novo Tractatibus Aliquot Posthumis Ejusdem Authoris, Maximè Curiosis Pariter Ac Perutilissimis, Antehac Non in Lucem Editis; Una Cum Indicibus Rerum Ac Verborum Ut Locupletissimis, Ita Et Accuratissimis. sumptibus Johannis Justi Erythropili, typis Johannis Philippi Andreae, 1682. http://books.google.com/books?id= qzFFAAAAcAAJ English: John Baptista Van Helmont; John Chandler (translator) (1662). ''Oriatrike or Physick Refined'' http://www.nightenlight.com/h igher-worlds-visited/rsc/john-baptista-v an-helmont/oriatrike-or-physick-refined- 001-030 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =qzFFAAAAcAAJhttp://www.nightenlight.com /higher-worlds-visited/rsc/john-baptista -van-helmont/oriatrike-or-physick-refine d-001-030 [2] Portrait of Helmont, mistakenly thought to be Robert Hooke see http://www.libraries.uc.edu/source/volfo ur/oesper2.html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:HOOKE_Robert.jpg |
350 YBN [1650 AD] 8 9 10 | 1675) The first air pump.4 That sound cannot be produced in the absence of air is proven.5 This air pump is like a waterpump but airtight, and is powered by hand pumping.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121. 3. ^ "Otto von Guericke." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 06 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-von-gu ericke 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121. 5. ^ "Otto von Guericke." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 06 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-von-gu ericke 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121. 7. ^ "Otto von Guericke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8368/Otto-von-Guericke 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121. (1650) (1650) 9. ^ "Otto von Guericke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8368/Otto-von-Guericke (1650) 10. ^ Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby, "The New International Encyclopædia", pp238-239. http://books.google.com/book s?id=f2dMAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22geissler+pump%22 &pg=PA239&ci=10,460,449,440&source=bookc lip (1654) MORE INFO [1] "Otto von Guericke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Gu ericke [2] http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke ?cat=technology | Magdeburg, Germany7 (presumably) |
[1] Apparatus of Otto von Guerricke with water receptacle at base removed. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =f2dMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA239&dq=%22geissler+pu mp%22#PPA238,M1 [2] Apparatus of Otto von Guerricke with water receptacle at base removed. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =f2dMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA239&dq=%22geissler+pu mp%22#PPA238,M1 |
350 YBN [1650 AD] 5 | 1722) The hydraulic press;2 that pressure applied to a confined liquid is transmitted equally through the liquid in all directions is recognized.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132. 3. ^ "Blaise Pascal". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8317/Blaise-Pascal 4. ^ "Blaise Pascal". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Blaise+Pascal?cat =technology 5. ^ "Syringe#Historical Timeline". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringe#His torical_Timeline (1650 (needs better estimate) MORE INFO [1] "Pascals principle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8620/Pascals-principle [2] "Pascal's law". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_ law | Rouen, France4 (presumably) |
[1] Description English: Hydraulic Force ratio principle; Language Neutral Ελληνικά: υδραυλικό πιεστήριο αρχή λειτουργίας Date 2008-01-21 (original upload date) (Original text : 1/20/2008) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Sk using CommonsHelper. (Original text : self-made) Author Original uploader was Darbyshmr at en.wikipedia PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7d/Hydraulic_Force%2C_la nguage_neutral.png [2] Scientist: Pascal, Blaise (1623 - 1662) Discipline(s): Mathematics ; Physics Print Artist: T. Dale Medium: Engraving Original Dimensions: Graphic: 14.4 x 8.1 cm / Sheet: 27.8 x 21.3 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/cf/by_n ame_display_results.cfm?scientist=Pascal |
348 YBN [1652 AD] 3 | 1775) Lymphatic vessels are identified; which have thinner walls than blood vessels, and carry the clear, watery fluid portion of the blood (lymph) into the spaces around cells and back into the blood vessels.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp140-141. 2. ^ "Olof Rudbeck". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Rudbec k 3. ^ "Olof Rudbeck". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Rudbec k (Spring, 1652) | Uppsala, Sweden2 |
[1] Portrait of the Swedish physician and polyhistor Olaus Rudbeck (also known as Olof Rudbeck, Olaus Rudbeckius) the Elder (1630-1702). Rudbeck was an anatomist, and one of the discoverers of the lymphic vessels in 1651-52 (discovered independently by the Dane Thomas Bartholin at about the same time), and was long professor of Medicine at Uppsala University. He also founded the earliest botanical garden in Uppsala (later named after Carolus Linnaeus) and initiated a major botanical work with detailed copperplate engravings, some of which were printed but many of which were destroyed in the Uppsala fire in 1702 before publication. He is also known as an engineer and architect, who, among other things, designed the anatomical theatre in the Gustavianum building in Uppsala, and as a speculative historical writer who tried to prove that Sweden was in fact the lost Atlantis. Source First version: This photograph was first uploaded as Bild:Olof Rudbeck dä målad av Martin Mijtens dä 1696.jpg to the Swedish Wikipedia on 8 October 2003, 21.50 by sv:Användare:Den fjättrade ankan and then had the size 340x360 (11 386 bytes). Second version: less cropped, fetched from [1] Date 1696 Author Martin Mijtens the Elder (1548-1736), Dutch-Swedish painter. A detail of this painting in black and white is used to illustrate the article on Rudbeck in Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, vol. 30, p. 643. It is discussed in the article on Mijtens in SBL 25, p. 501. PD source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik i/Image:Olaus_Rudbeck_Sr_%28portrait_by_ Martin_Mijtens_Sr%2C_1696%29.jpg [2] The archaeologist Olof Rudbeck (1630 - 1702) reveals his Predecessors'' Hesiod, Platon, Aristoteles, Apollodor, Tacitus, Odysseus, Ptolemäus, Plutarch and Orpheus the Truth'' about Atlantis. From Atland eller Manheim'', 1679-89. PD source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik i/Image:Rudbeck_Atlantis.jpg |
345 YBN [03/25/1655 AD] 7 8 9 | 1763) The first known moon of Saturn, Titan is identified.4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140. 3. ^ "Titan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/597100/Titan>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140. 5. ^ "Titan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/597100/Titan>. 6. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1658/Christiaan-Huygens 7. ^ http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050325.html (3/25/1655) 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140. (1656) (1656) 9. ^ "Titan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 2639/Titan (1655) MORE INFO [1] "Christiaan Huygens". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_ Huygens [2] "Orion nebula#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_nebul a#History | The Hague, Netherlands6 (presumably) |
[1] Huygens' aerial telescope, 1655 from Development of the Telescope from 1561 to 1896 DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE IN FIFTY YEARS. source: July 25, 1896 Scientific American http://www.machine-history.com /Development%20of%20the%20Telescope PD source: http://www.machine-history.com/ [2] This natural color composite was taken during the Cassini spacecraft's April 16, 2005, flyby of Titan. It is a combination of images taken through three filters that are sensitive to red, green and violet light. It shows approximately what Titan would look like to the human eye: a hazy orange globe surrounded by a tenuous, bluish haze. The orange color is due to the hydrocarbon particles which make up Titan's atmospheric haze. This obscuring haze was particularly frustrating for planetary scientists following the NASA Voyager mission encounters in 1980-81. Fortunately, Cassini is able to pierce Titan's veil at infrared wavelengths (see PIA06228). North on Titan is up and tilted 30 degrees to the right. The images to create this composite were taken with the Cassini spacecraft wide angle camera on April 16, 2005, at distances ranging from approximately 173,000 to 168,200 kilometers (107,500 to 104,500 miles) from Titan and from a Sun-Titan-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 56 degrees. Resolution in the images is approximately 10 kilometers per pixel. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo. For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission, visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov and the Cassini imaging team home page, http://ciclops.org. Source * http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog /PIA06230 (cropped and rotated from the original) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Titan_in_natural_color_Cassini.jpg |
345 YBN [1655 AD] 6 | 1702) Exponents are extended to include negative numbers and fractions.3 4 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p126. 2. ^ Wallis, J. Arithmetica Infinitorum. 1656. http://books.google.com/books?id= Z5w_AAAAcAAJ 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p126. 4. ^ Wallis, J. Arithmetica Infinitorum. 1656. http://books.google.com/books?id= Z5w_AAAAcAAJ 5. ^ "John Wallis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 5990/John-Wallis 6. ^ "John Wallis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 5990/John-Wallis (1655) MORE INFO [1] "John Wallis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wallis [2] http://www.answers.com/John+Wallis+?cat= technology | (University of Oxford) Oxford, England5 |
[1] from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John _wallis GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joh n_wallis [2] Wallis, J. Arithmetica Infinitorum. 1656. http://books.google.com/books?id= Z5w_AAAAcAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Z5w_AAAAcAAJ |
342 YBN [1658 AD] 6 7 | 1804) Red blood cells are observed and described.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 0581/Jan-Swammerdam 2. ^ Swammerdam, J., H. Boerhaave, and H.D. Gaubius. Bybel Der Natuure. by Isaak Severinus, Boudewyn van der Aa, Pieter van der Aa, 1738. Bybel Der Natuure, Door Jan Swammerdam, Amsteldammer. Of Historie Der Insecten, Tot Zeekere Zoorten Gebracht: Door Voorbeelden, Ontleedkundige Onderzoekingen Van Veelerhande Kleine Gediertens, Als Ook Door Kunstige Kopere Plaaten Opgeheldert: Verrykt Met Ontelbaare Waarnemingen Van Nooit Ontdekte Zeldzaamhedenin De Natuur. http://books.google.com/books?i d=1SxMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA819 3. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 0581/Jan-Swammerdam 4. ^ Swammerdam, J., H. Boerhaave, and H.D. Gaubius. Bybel Der Natuure. by Isaak Severinus, Boudewyn van der Aa, Pieter van der Aa, 1738. Bybel Der Natuure, Door Jan Swammerdam, Amsteldammer. Of Historie Der Insecten, Tot Zeekere Zoorten Gebracht: Door Voorbeelden, Ontleedkundige Onderzoekingen Van Veelerhande Kleine Gediertens, Als Ook Door Kunstige Kopere Plaaten Opgeheldert: Verrykt Met Ontelbaare Waarnemingen Van Nooit Ontdekte Zeldzaamhedenin De Natuur. http://books.google.com/books?i d=1SxMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA819 5. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 0581/Jan-Swammerdam 6. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 0581/Jan-Swammerdam (1658) 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p145. (1658) (1658) | Amsterdam, Netherlands5 (presumably) |
[1] Swammerdam, J., H. Boerhaave, and H.D. Gaubius. Bybel Der Natuure. by Isaak Severinus, Boudewyn van der Aa, Pieter van der Aa, 1738. Bybel Der Natuure, Door Jan Swammerdam, Amsteldammer. Of Historie Der Insecten, Tot Zeekere Zoorten Gebracht: Door Voorbeelden, Ontleedkundige Onderzoekingen Van Veelerhande Kleine Gediertens, Als Ook Door Kunstige Kopere Plaaten Opgeheldert: Verrykt Met Ontelbaare Waarnemingen Van Nooit Ontdekte Zeldzaamhedenin De Natuur. http://books.google.com/books?i d=1SxMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA819 PD source: Swammerdam, J., H. Boerhaave, and H.D. Gaubius. Bybel Der Natuure. by Isaak Severinus, Boudewyn van der Aa, Pieter van der Aa, 1738. Bybel Der Natuure, Door Jan Swammerdam, Amsteldammer. Of Historie Der Insecten, Tot Zeekere Zoorten Gebracht: Door Voorbeelden, Ontleedkundige Onderzoekingen Van Veelerhande Kleine Gediertens, Als Ook Door Kunstige Kopere Plaaten Opgeheldert: Verrykt Met Ontelbaare Waarnemingen Van Nooit Ontdekte Zeldzaamhedenin De Natuur. http://books.google.com/books?i d=1SxMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA819 [2] Image from Swammerdam letter of 1678 showing lens and blood cells from: Gerrit A. Lindeboom, ''Jan Swammerdam als microscopist.'' Tijdschift voor de Geschiedenis der Genees- , Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Techniek 4 (1981): 87-110. http://gewina-tggnwt.library.uu .nl/index.php/gewina-tggnwt/article/view /140 UNKNOWN source: http://gewina-tggnwt.library.uu. nl/index.php/gewina-tggnwt/article/view/ 140 |
341 YBN [1659 AD] 5 | 1771) The ring of Saturn is seen1 2 and the apparent sizes of the planets are measured in seconds of arc3 . FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Huygens, C. Opera Varia. 1724. Opera Varia, p.529 http://books.google.com/books?id= lppGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA529 2. ^ Proctor, R.A. Saturn and Its System: Containing Discussions of the Motions (real and Apparent) and Telescopic Appearance of the Planet Saturn, Its Satellites, and Rings; the Nature of the Rings; the Great Inequality of Saturn and Jupiter; and the Habitability of Saturn. To Which Are Appended Notes on Chald�an Astronomy, Laplace�s Nebular Theory, and the Habitability of the Moon; a Series of Tables with Explanatory Notes; and Explanations of Astronomical Terms. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1865, p48. http://books.google.com/books?id=S 68RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48 3. ^ Huygens, C. Opera Varia. 1724. Opera Varia, p.591 http://books.google.com/books?id= lppGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA591 4. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1658/Christiaan-Huygens 5. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Christiaan+Huygen s?cat=technology (1659) MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Titan (moon)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_%28mo on%29 [3] http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features /saturn-story/moons.cfm NASA: News-Features-The Story of Saturn. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved on 2007-01-08 [4] http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050325.html [5] "Titan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 2639/Titan | The Hague, Netherlands4 (presumably) |
[1] Images from Christiaan Huygens' Systema Saturnium, drawn from 1610-1650. PD source: http://www.californiasciencecent er.org/Exhibits/AirAndSpace/MissionToThe Planets/Cassini/CassiniUpdates/Archive/C history.php [2] Author: Huygens, Christiaan, 1629-1695. Title: Christiani Hvgenii ... Systema Satvrnivm; sive, De causis mirandorum Satvrni phænomenôn, et comite ejus planeta nova Imprint: Hagæ-Comitis, ex typographia A. Vlacq, 1659. Description: 6 p.l., 84 p. illus., fold. plate. 20 cm. [See ''Introduction'' for full collation] Added Title: Systema Satvrnivm. De causis mirandorum Saturni phaenomenon. Systema Saturnium. Christiani Hugenii ... Systema Saturnium. Notes: Gift of the Burndy Library (founded by Bern Dibner) Signatures: Collation: ( )4 piB2 A-K4 L2. Call Number: QB671 .H98 Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCol lections/HST/Huygens/huygens-toc.htm |
340 YBN [11/28/1660 AD] 4 | 1704) The Royal Society is formed.2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "Royal Society". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 4290/Royal-Society 2. ^ "Royal Society". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 4290/Royal-Society 3. ^ "Royal Society". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 4290/Royal-Society 4. ^ "Royal Society". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 4290/Royal-Society (11/28/1660) | London, England3 |
[1] The Fame of the Royal Society. From Thomas Sprat's History of the Royal Society In the Center is a bust of the Society's Founder - Charles II Left is William Brouncker- The first President On the Right is Francis Bacon the Inspiration of the Royal Society PD source: http://www.sirbacon.org/esquire. html [2] Frontispiece to Sprat 's History of the Royal Society (1667). Engraving by Wenceslaus Hollar, design probably hy John Evelyn for John Beale in about 1666-1667, and transferred to Sprat's book later. Boyle's revised version of the air-pump is in the centre-left background (see also figure 17). The three figures in the foreground are the president of the Royal Society, Lord Brouncker (left); the King (bust, centre, being crowned by Fame.); and Francis Bacon (right). (From the British Library.) PD source: http://www4.ncsu.edu/~kimler/hi3 22001/sprat.jpg |
340 YBN [1660 AD] 10 | 1737) Gas is collected for the first time5 6 and that electrical attraction is transmitted through a vacuum is proven.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Boyle, "New experiments physico-mechanicall, touching the spring of the air and its effects", 1660. http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/E CHOdocuView?url=/permanent/archimedes_re pository/large/boyle_exper_013_en_1660/i ndex.meta&viewMode=image AND http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg. de//docuserver/images/archimedes/boyle_e xper_013_en_1660/downloads/boyle_exper_0 13_en_1660.text.pdf {Boyle_exper_013_en _1660.text.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. 4. ^ Boyle, "New experiments physico-mechanicall, touching the spring of the air and its effects", 1660. http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/E CHOdocuView?url=/permanent/archimedes_re pository/large/boyle_exper_013_en_1660/i ndex.meta&viewMode=image AND http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg. de//docuserver/images/archimedes/boyle_e xper_013_en_1660/downloads/boyle_exper_0 13_en_1660.text.pdf {Boyle_exper_013_en _1660.text.pdf} 5. ^ Boyle, "New experiments physico-mechanicall, touching the spring of the air and its effects", 1660. http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/E CHOdocuView?url=/permanent/archimedes_re pository/large/boyle_exper_013_en_1660/i ndex.meta&viewMode=image AND http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg. de//docuserver/images/archimedes/boyle_e xper_013_en_1660/downloads/boyle_exper_0 13_en_1660.text.pdf {Boyle_exper_013_en _1660.text.pdf} 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. 8. ^ Boyle, "New experiments physico-mechanicall, touching the spring of the air and its effects", 1660. http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/E CHOdocuView?url=/permanent/archimedes_re pository/large/boyle_exper_013_en_1660/i ndex.meta&viewMode=image AND http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg. de//docuserver/images/archimedes/boyle_e xper_013_en_1660/downloads/boyle_exper_0 13_en_1660.text.pdf {Boyle_exper_013_en _1660.text.pdf} 9. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6071/Robert-Boyle 10. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6071/Robert-Boyle (1660) MORE INFO [1] "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyl e | Oxford, England9 (presumably) |
[1] Scientist: Boyle, Robert (1627 - 1691) Discipline(s): Chemistry ; Physics Original Dimensions: Graphic: 13.1 x 8.2 cm / PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/cf/by_n ame_display_results.cfm?scientist=Boyle [2] Scientist: Boyle, Robert (1627 - 1691) Discipline(s): Chemistry ; Physics Print Artist: George Vertue, 1684-1756 Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Johann Kerseboom, d.1708 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 39.5 x 24.3 cm / PD source: %20Robert |
340 YBN [1660 AD] 3 | 3142) A sub-atmospheric pressure is measured using a mercury filled tube to measure the pressure produced in a bell jar by a piston pump.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ P. A. Redhead, The ultimate vacuum, VacuumVolume 53, Issues 1-2, , May 1999, Pages 137-149. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/B6TW4-3WC41PF-13/1/124b4 08e41b05b5d704ff7f49318d0d9) {Vacuum_19 99_sdarticle.pdf} (nice work with many figures) 2. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6071/Robert-Boyle 3. ^ P. A. Redhead, The ultimate vacuum, VacuumVolume 53, Issues 1-2, , May 1999, Pages 137-149. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/B6TW4-3WC41PF-13/1/124b4 08e41b05b5d704ff7f49318d0d9) {Vacuum_19 99_sdarticle.pdf} (nice work with many figures) (1660) MORE INFO [1] "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyl e [2] "Robert Boyle". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Robert+Boyle?cat= technology [3] "Robert Boyle". Who2? Biographies. Who2?, 2008. Answers.com 2008. http://www.answers.com/Robert+Boyle?cat= technology [4] "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6071/Robert-Boyle (1660) | Oxford, England2 (presumably) |
[1] Fig. 2. The first measurement of a sub-atmospheric pressure by Robert Boyle c.1660. A beaker of mercury with a manometer tube more than 32 in long was sealed in a bell jar and evacuated by the pump in Fig. 1. PD/Corel source: Vacuum_1999_sdarticle.pdf [2] Fig. 1. Piston pump constructed by Robert Hook and used by Robert Boyle in the Þrst measurement of a vacuum in about 1660. PD/Corel source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/cf/by_n ame_display_results.cfm?scientist=Boyle |
339 YBN [1661 AD] 5 6 | 1738) Acids, bases, and neutral liquids are recognized using acid-base indicators,2 and an element is defined as any substance that cannot be broken down farther into another substance.3 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. 4. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6071/Robert-Boyle 5. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6071/Robert-Boyle (1661) 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. (1661) (1661) MORE INFO [1] "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyl e | Oxford, England4 (presumably) |
[1] The Skeptical Chymist title page PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:000a.jpg [2] Scientist: Boyle, Robert (1627 - 1691) Discipline(s): Chemistry ; Physics Original Dimensions: Graphic: 13.1 x 8.2 cm / PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/cf/by_n ame_display_results.cfm?scientist=Boyle |
339 YBN [1661 AD] 6 | 1754) The connection of arteries and veins, and microscopic blood vessels (eventually named "capillaries") are observed.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp137-138. 2. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 0369/Marcello-Malpighi 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp137-138. 4. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 0369/Marcello-Malpighi 5. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Marcello+Malpighi ?cat=health 6. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 0369/Marcello-Malpighi (1661) MORE INFO [1] "Marcello Malpighi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Ma lpighi | Bologna, Italy5 |
[1] Description Marcello Malphigi Source L C Miall. The History of Biology. Watts and Co. Date 1911 Author L C Miall PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:MarcelloMalphigiMiall.jpg [2] from http://wwwihm.nlm.nih.gov/ * 11:57, 27 August 2002 Magnus Manske 432x575 (78,604 bytes) (from meta) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is (was) here Date Commons upload by Magnus Manske 10:03, 10 May 2006 (UTC) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Marcello_Malpighi_large.jpg |
338 YBN [1662 AD] 12 13 | 1739) That pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related is proven.7 8 9 A long J-shaped tube traps air at the end using mercury. Adding twice the mercury, adds twice the pressure, reducing the volume of air at the end by half. Removing half the mercury doubles the volume of air.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. 2. ^ Boyle, R. New Experiments Physico-mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects: (made, for the Most Part, in a New Pneumatical Engine). H. Hall, 1662, p156. books.google.com/books?id=LqYrAQA AMAAJ&pg=PA156 3. ^ Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009, p99. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. 5. ^ Boyle, R. New Experiments Physico-mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects: (made, for the Most Part, in a New Pneumatical Engine). H. Hall, 1662, p156. books.google.com/books?id=LqYrAQA AMAAJ&pg=PA156 6. ^ Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009, p99. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. 8. ^ Boyle, R. New Experiments Physico-mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects: (made, for the Most Part, in a New Pneumatical Engine). H. Hall, 1662, p156. books.google.com/books?id=LqYrAQA AMAAJ&pg=PA156 9. ^ Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009, p99. 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. 11. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6071/Robert-Boyle 12. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6071/Robert-Boyle (1662) 13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. (1662) (1662) MORE INFO [1] "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyl e [2] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Boyle?cat= technology | Oxford, England11 (presumably) |
[1] Boyle, R. New Experiments Physico-mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects: (made, for the Most Part, in a New Pneumatical Engine). H. Hall, 1662, p156. books.google.com/books?id=LqYrAQA AMAAJ&pg=PA156 PD AND Description Portrait of Robert Boyle Source http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/Issue4.html Date c. 1689 Author Johann Kerseboom Permission Author has been dead more than 70 years Other versions Robert boyle.jpg PD AND {ULSF: Note that this drawing of the J-tube does not come from Boyle's text} Artist's impression of Boyle's Experiment, with precautions against tube breaking. UNKNOWN source: books.google.com/books?id=LqYrAQ AAMAAJ&pg=PA162http://www.sil.si.edu/dig italcollections/hst/scientific-identity/ cf/by_name_display_results.cfm?scientist =Boyle%20Roberthttp://iweb.tntech.edu/ch em281-tf/Boyle_files/image002.gif [2] Boyle, R. New Experiments Physico-mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects: (made, for the Most Part, in a New Pneumatical Engine). H. Hall, 1662, p156. books.google.com/books?id=LqYrAQA AMAAJ&pg=PA156 PD AND Description Portrait of Robert Boyle Source http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/Issue4.html Date c. 1689 Author Johann Kerseboom Permission Author has been dead more than 70 years Other versions Robert boyle.jpg PD source: books.google.com/books?id=LqYrAQ AAMAAJ&pg=PA162http://www.sil.si.edu/dig italcollections/hst/scientific-identity/ cf/by_name_display_results.cfm?scientist =Boyle%20Robert PD |
337 YBN [1663 AD] 7 | 2247) The first static electricity generator is built: a sulfur globe is rotated against a cloth4 which can produce sizable electric sparks5 . FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke ?cat=technology 2. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke ?cat=technology 3. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke ?cat=technology 4. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke ?cat=technology 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121. 6. ^ "Otto von Guericke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8368/Otto-von-Guericke 7. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke ?cat=technology (1663) MORE INFO [1] "Otto von Guericke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Gu ericke [2] http://books.google.com/books?id=R3Yt1N- qotsC | Magdeburg, Germany6 (presumably) |
[1] Guericke's experiments with the sulfur globe published 1672 PD source: http://img.readtiger.com/wkp/en/ Guericke_Sulfur_globe.jpg [2] Guericke's experiments with the sulfur globe published 1672 PD source: http://img.readtiger.com/wkp/en/ Guericke_Sulfur_globe.jpg |
336 YBN [1664 AD] 9 10 | 1666) The theory that light is made of particles is revived by Rene Descartes (DAKoRT)5 , who compares light to a ball, and is the first to describe the two major theories of light: that light may be transmitted by particle collision (the "wave" or "constant collision" theory) or by particles that move mostly without collision through space (the "corpuscular" or "rare collision" theory).6 7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Rene Descartes, Translated by Michael S. Mahoney, "The World or Treatise on Light", Chapters 13 and 14. http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/mike/tex ts/descartes/world/worldfr.htm AND http://books.google.com/books?id=YUo7A AAAYAAJ&pg=PA265 2. ^ Descartes, R. Le Monde ... Ou Le Traité De La Lumière Et Des Autres Objets Principaux Des Sens, Avec Un Discours De L’action Des Corps Et Un Autre Des Fièvres, Composez Selon Les Principes Du Même Auteur. Michel Bobin et Nic. le Gras, 1664. http://books.google.com/books?id= DHEPAAAAQAAJ 3. ^ Rene Descartes, Translated by Michael S. Mahoney, "The World or Treatise on Light", Chapters 13 and 14. http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/mike/tex ts/descartes/world/worldfr.htm AND http://books.google.com/books?id=YUo7A AAAYAAJ&pg=PA265 4. ^ Descartes, R. Le Monde ... Ou Le Traité De La Lumière Et Des Autres Objets Principaux Des Sens, Avec Un Discours De L’action Des Corps Et Un Autre Des Fièvres, Composez Selon Les Principes Du Même Auteur. Michel Bobin et Nic. le Gras, 1664. http://books.google.com/books?id= DHEPAAAAQAAJ 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp115-118. 6. ^ Rene Descartes, Translated by Michael S. Mahoney, "The World or Treatise on Light", Chapters 13 and 14. http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/mike/tex ts/descartes/world/worldfr.htm 7. ^ Descartes, R. Le Monde ... Ou Le Traité De La Lumière Et Des Autres Objets Principaux Des Sens, Avec Un Discours De L’action Des Corps Et Un Autre Des Fièvres, Composez Selon Les Principes Du Même Auteur. Michel Bobin et Nic. le Gras, 1664. http://books.google.com/books?id= DHEPAAAAQAAJ 8. ^ "Rene Descartes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes/43352/Resi dence-in-the-Netherlands>. 9. ^ "Rene Descartes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes/43352/Resi dence-in-the-Netherlands>. 10. ^ Descartes, R. Le Monde ... Ou Le Traité De La Lumière Et Des Autres Objets Principaux Des Sens, Avec Un Discours De L’action Des Corps Et Un Autre Des Fièvres, Composez Selon Les Principes Du Même Auteur. Michel Bobin et Nic. le Gras, 1664. http://books.google.com/books?id= DHEPAAAAQAAJ MORE INFO [1] "The World (Descartes)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_% 28Descartes%29 [2] http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Des cartes/extraits/le_monde/le_monde.doc [3] "Rene Descartes". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8563/Rene-Descartes (1633) [4] "Rene Descartes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes> | (in 1633:) Netherlands (presumably)8 |
[1] Descartes, R. Le Monde ... Ou Le Traité De La Lumière Et Des Autres Objets Principaux Des Sens, Avec Un Discours De L’action Des Corps Et Un Autre Des Fièvres, Composez Selon Les Principes Du Même Auteur. Michel Bobin et Nic. le Gras, 1664, p221. http://books.google.com/books?id= DHEPAAAAQAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =DHEPAAAAQAAJ [2] The balls of the ''second element'' which I think is a theory of particles similar to an aether that fill empty space, but its not clear[t] PD/Corel source: http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/mi ke/texts/descartes/world/Image9.gif |
335 YBN [1665 AD] 4 | 1688) The theory that comets move in elliptical orbits.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Alfonso+ Borelli?cat=technology 2. ^ "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Alfonso+ Borelli?cat=technology 3. ^ "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 0729/Giovanni-Alfonso-Borelli 4. ^ "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Alfonso+ Borelli?cat=technology (1665) | Pisa, Italy3 (presumably) |
[1] Portrait of Giovanni Borelli from this web site: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timel ine/people/borelli.html The portrait is made in 17th century. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:GBorelli.jpg [2] Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli.jpg |
335 YBN [1665 AD] 9 10 | 1707) The theory of light "diffraction".3 4 Light passed through two narrow holes, one behind the other, causes some light to appear outside of the cone of light made by the holes. This is thought to be a new property of light named "diffraction" in which light bends around the side of a hole.5 6 But this outer light can also be explained as light reflected off the inside surface of the hole.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ P. Francesco Maria Grimaldo, "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride", 1665. http://books.google.com/books?id=sZE_A AAAcAAJ {Grimaldi_Francesco_Physico.pdf } 2. ^ Review of "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride", Martyn, J. et al. Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Accompt of the Present Undertakings, Studies and Labors of the Ingenious in Many Considerable Parts of the World. T. N., 1710, p3068. http://books.google.com/books?id =L1ItoQ2GjMAC&pg=PA3068 3. ^ P. Francesco Maria Grimaldo, "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride", 1665. http://books.google.com/books?id=sZE_A AAAcAAJ {Grimaldi_Francesco_Physico.pdf } 4. ^ Review of "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride", Martyn, J. et al. Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Accompt of the Present Undertakings, Studies and Labors of the Ingenious in Many Considerable Parts of the World. T. N., 1710, p3068. http://books.google.com/books?id =L1ItoQ2GjMAC&pg=PA3068 5. ^ P. Francesco Maria Grimaldo, "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride", 1665. http://books.google.com/books?id=sZE_A AAAcAAJ {Grimaldi_Francesco_Physico.pdf } 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp127-128. 7. ^ Huntington, Ted. “Is Diffraction Actually Reflection?” 10 June 2008. http://www.tedhuntington.com/pape r_diffraction.htm 8. ^ "Francesco Grimaldi". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Francesco+Grimald i?cat=technology 9. ^ "Francesco Grimaldi". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Francesco+Grimald i?cat=technology (1665) 10. ^ P. Francesco Maria Grimaldo, "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride", 1665. http://books.google.com/books?id=sZE_A AAAcAAJ {Grimaldi_Francesco_Physico.pdf } MORE INFO [1] http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biog raphies/G/Grimaldi/1/html | Bologna, Italy8 (presumably) |
[1] Physico-mathesis de lvmine, coloribvs, et iride, aliisqve adnexis; libri dvo ... Avctore Francisco Maria Grimaldo. Bononiae, Ex Typographia Haeredis V. Benatij; impensis H. Berniae, 1665, [London, Dawsons, 1966] Latin Light through two holes between diffracts in the transmission, we see a large widening that shows its stretched out direction. (my own translation, and needs correction) PD/COPYRIGHTED source: Physico-mathesis de lvmine, coloribvs, et iride, aliisqve adnexis; libri dvo ... Avctore Francisco Maria Grimaldo. Bononiae, Ex Typographia Haeredis V. Benatij; impensis H. Berniae, 1665, [London, Dawsons, 1966 Latin 9 [2] Francesco Maria Grimaldi (Bologna, 2 aprile 1618 - Bologna 28 dicembre 1663), astronomo e fisico italiano, in un'incisione seicentesca. PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Franc escomaria_Grimaldi.jpg |
335 YBN [1665 AD] 4 5 | 1726) The period of a Mars day is measured as 24 hours and 40 minutes.2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. 3. ^ "Giovanni Domenico Cassini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Do menico_Cassini 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp 132-133. (1665,1666) 5. ^ "Gian Domenico Cassini". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0655/Gian-Domenico-Cassini (1666) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Domenico +Cassini+?cat=technology | Bologna, Italy3 |
[1] Scientist: Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625 - 1712) Discipline(s): Astronomy ; Geodesy Print Artist: N. Dupuis Medium: Engraving Original Dimensions: Graphic: 14.3 x 10.2 cm / Sheet: 24.6 x 16.2 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/disp lay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=c [2] Scientist: Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625 - 1712) Discipline(s): Astronomy ; Geodesy Original Dimensions: Graphic: 25.2 x 18.5 cm / Sheet: 27.4 x 19.5 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/disp lay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=c |
335 YBN [1665 AD] 6 | 1776) The first blood transfusion is performed.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p141. 2. ^ Richard Lower, "An account of the experiment of transfusion, practiced upon a man in London", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1667, Vol.2, p489 http://books.google.com/books?id=R F5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA489 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p141. 4. ^ Richard Lower, "An account of the experiment of transfusion, practiced upon a man in London", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1667, Vol.2, p489 http://books.google.com/books?id=R F5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA489 5. ^ "Richard Lower". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Low er 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p141. (1665) (1665) | London?, England5 |
[1] Richard Lower (1631-1691) PD source: http://images.fineartamerica.com /images-medium-large/richard-lower-1631- 1691-granger.jpg [2] Richard Lower PD source: http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/pc /lower.jpg |
335 YBN [1665 AD] 10 11 12 13 14 | 1799) The wave theory of light is firmly established by Robert Hooke4 , with the medium being a fluid between the stars associated with the ancient concept of aether5 . In this view light is analogous to sound: a motion that results from the collisions of many transparent material particles of a medium.6 Hooke also uses the word "cells" to describe tiny rectangular holes in a thin sliver of cork viewed under a microscope,7 and publishes the first images of a microorganism (and protist).8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. printed for James Allestry, 1667, p56-57. http://books.google.com/books?i d=SgFMAAAAcAAJ 2. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. printed for James Allestry, 1667, p96-97. http://books.google.com/books?i d=SgFMAAAAcAAJ 3. ^ Gest, Howard. "The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, fellows of the Royal Society." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 58.2 (2004): 187-201. http://rsnr.royalsocietypublis hing.org/content/58/2/187.full.pdf 4. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. printed for James Allestry, 1667, p56-57. http://books.google.com/books?i d=SgFMAAAAcAAJ 5. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. printed for James Allestry, 1667, p96-97. http://books.google.com/books?i d=SgFMAAAAcAAJ 6. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. printed for James Allestry, 1667, p54-67. http://books.google.com/books?i d=SgFMAAAAcAAJ 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp144-145. 8. ^ Gest, Howard. "The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, fellows of the Royal Society." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 58.2 (2004): 187-201. http://rsnr.royalsocietypublis hing.org/content/58/2/187.full.pdf 9. ^ http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/v ectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm 10. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia, Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses,... by R. Hooke,... J. Martyn and J. Allestry, 1665. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZggAYAAACAAJ 11. ^ "Robert Hooke." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-hook e 12. ^ http://home.clara.net/rod.beavon/robert_ hooke.htm (submitted for printing: 11/23/1664released for sale: 1665) 13. ^ http://home.clara.net/rod.beavon/robert_ hooke.htm (submitted for printing: 11/23/1664released for sale: 1665) 14. ^ http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/v ectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm (1665) MORE INFO [1] "Robert Hooke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0979/Robert-Hooke [2] "Robert Hooke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hook e [3] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat= technology [4] http://www.libraries.uc.edu/source/volfo ur/oesper2.html [5] http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/ [6] http://www.she-philosopher.com/gallery/c yclopaedia.html [7] Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. printed for James Allestry, 1667, p54. http://books.google.com/books?id=S gFMAAAAcAAJ [8] P. Francesco Maria Grimaldo, "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride", 1665. http://books.google.com/books?id=sZE_A AAAcAAJ PD [9] Suber cells and mimosa leaves. Robert Hooke, Micrographia, 1665. other version PD | London, England9 |
[1] Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. printed for James Allestry, 1667, p56-57,96-97. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=SgFMAAAAcAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =SgFMAAAAcAAJ [2] Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. printed for James Allestry, 1667, p56-57,96-97. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=SgFMAAAAcAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =SgFMAAAAcAAJ |
334 YBN [10/??/1666 AD] 11 12 13 14 | 1827) Calculus: differentiation is used to find the rate of change (or slope) of an equation and integration is used to calculate the area or volume described by an equation.7 8 9 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Isaac Newton, "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", MS Add. 3958.3, ff. 48r-63v, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u k/catalogue/record/NATP00100 AND http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-A DD-03958/92 2. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8764/Sir-Isaac-Newton 3. ^ Isaac Newton, "De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas" (1669; "On Analysis by Equations with an Infinite Number of Terms"), todo: find original work, and English translation of original work. partially described in Latin: Wallis, J. Johannis Wallis ... Opera Mathematica ... E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1693. Johannis Wallis ... Opera Mathematica. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=I2BDAAAAcAAJ explained in English: Newton, I. Two Treatises of the Quadrature of Curves and Analysis by Equations of an Infinite Number of Terms, Explained by John Stewart. James Bettenham, 1745. http://books.google.com/books?id= eg4OAAAAQAAJ 4. ^ Isaac Newton, "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", MS Add. 3958.3, ff. 48r-63v, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u k/catalogue/record/NATP00100 AND http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-A DD-03958/92 5. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8764/Sir-Isaac-Newton 6. ^ Isaac Newton, "De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas" (1669; "On Analysis by Equations with an Infinite Number of Terms"), todo: find original work, and English translation of original work. partially described in Latin: Wallis, J. Johannis Wallis ... Opera Mathematica ... E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1693. Johannis Wallis ... Opera Mathematica. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=I2BDAAAAcAAJ explained in English: Newton, I. Two Treatises of the Quadrature of Curves and Analysis by Equations of an Infinite Number of Terms, Explained by John Stewart. James Bettenham, 1745. http://books.google.com/books?id= eg4OAAAAQAAJ 7. ^ Isaac Newton, "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", MS Add. 3958.3, ff. 48r-63v, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u k/catalogue/record/NATP00100 AND http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-A DD-03958/92 8. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8764/Sir-Isaac-Newton 9. ^ Isaac Newton, "De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas" (1669; "On Analysis by Equations with an Infinite Number of Terms"), todo: find original work, and English translation of original work. partially described in Latin: Wallis, J. Johannis Wallis ... Opera Mathematica ... E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1693. Johannis Wallis ... Opera Mathematica. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=I2BDAAAAcAAJ explained in English: Newton, I. Two Treatises of the Quadrature of Curves and Analysis by Equations of an Infinite Number of Terms, Explained by John Stewart. James Bettenham, 1745. http://books.google.com/books?id= eg4OAAAAQAAJ 10. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8764/Sir-Isaac-Newton 11. ^ Isaac Newton, "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", MS Add. 3958.3, ff. 48r-63v, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u k/catalogue/record/NATP00100 AND http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-A DD-03958/92 12. ^ Brewster, D., and I. Newton. Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. Constable, 1855. Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. http://books.google.com/books?i d=4hY6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=%E2%8 0%9COn+Analysis+by+Equations+with+an+Inf inite+Number+of+Terms%E2%80%9D&source=bl &ots=TPKbJAoHv0&sig=K_kBe8m59TO6GE8oAtLd ugq3lCs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aSA5UMWePIjPrQHj0o DYDQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%E2%80% 9COn%20Analysis%20by%20Equations%20with% 20an%20Infinite%20Number%20of%20Terms%E2 %80%9D&f=false 13. ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Biographies/Newton.html (07/1669) 14. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8764/Sir-Isaac-Newton (07/1669) MORE INFO [1] "Isaac Newton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newto n [2] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaa c_Newton [3] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 9241/binomial-theorem [4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.htm l [5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/pr ism.php?id=47 [6] Abe Mizrahi and Michael Sullivan, "Calculus and Analytic Geometry", Second Edition, Wadsworth Publishing Company, (1986), pp107-181 (Derivative), pp278-323 (Integral) {For a basic explanation of differentiation and integration, or any modern calculus textbook} [7] Newton, I. The Method of Fluxions and Infinite Series: With Its Application to the Geometry of Curve-lines. By ... Sir Isaac Newton, ... Translated from the Author’s Latin Original Not Yet Made Publick. To Which Is Subjoin’d, a Perpetual Comment Upon the Whole Work, ... By John Colson, ... Henry Woodfall; and sold by John Nourse, 1736 | Cambridge, England10 |
[1] Drawing from: Isaac Newton, ''The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions'', MS Add. 3958.3, ff. 48r-63v, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u k/catalogue/record/NATP00100 AND http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-A DD-03958/92 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.newtonproject.sussex. ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00100 [2] Description Isaac Newton Date 1689 Author Godfrey Kneller PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg |
332 YBN [11/26/1668 AD] 9 | 3257) The equation Distance = velocity multiplied by Time is identified.3 4 In addition the concept and equation of momentum (mass times velocity), and the theory of the conservation of momentum is established.5 6 Note that conservation of momentum may result from the separate conservation of mass and of motion.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dr. John Wallis, and Dr. Christopher Wren, "A Summary Account of the General Laws of Motion", Philosophical Transactions, (1665-1678), Volume 3,1668, pp864-868. books.google.com/books?id=SF 5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA864 http://journals.roy alsociety.org/content/3t6172g2t153q212/? p=712eb21bc6624d76b0bd5d68f591a77a&pi=0 {Wallis_John_Wren_Christopher_Laws_of_M otion_1668.pdf} 2. ^ Davies, E. Brian. "The Mechanical Philosophy 1660-1675." (2007). http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu /3458/ 3. ^ Dr. John Wallis, and Dr. Christopher Wren, "A Summary Account of the General Laws of Motion", Philosophical Transactions, (1665-1678), Volume 3,1668, pp864-868. books.google.com/books?id=SF 5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA864 http://journals.roy alsociety.org/content/3t6172g2t153q212/? p=712eb21bc6624d76b0bd5d68f591a77a&pi=0 {Wallis_John_Wren_Christopher_Laws_of_M otion_1668.pdf} 4. ^ Davies, E. Brian. "The Mechanical Philosophy 1660-1675." (2007). http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu /3458/ 5. ^ Dr. John Wallis, and Dr. Christopher Wren, "A Summary Account of the General Laws of Motion", Philosophical Transactions, (1665-1678), Volume 3,1668, pp864-868. books.google.com/books?id=SF 5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA864 http://journals.roy alsociety.org/content/3t6172g2t153q212/? p=712eb21bc6624d76b0bd5d68f591a77a&pi=0 {Wallis_John_Wren_Christopher_Laws_of_M otion_1668.pdf} 6. ^ Davies, E. Brian. "The Mechanical Philosophy 1660-1675." (2007). http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu /3458/ 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ "John Wallis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wallis 9. ^ Dr. John Wallis, and Dr. Christopher Wren, "A Summary Account of the General Laws of Motion", Philosophical Transactions, (1665-1678), Volume 3,1668, pp864-868. books.google.com/books?id=SF 5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA864 http://journals.roy alsociety.org/content/3t6172g2t153q212/? p=712eb21bc6624d76b0bd5d68f591a77a&pi=0 {Wallis_John_Wren_Christopher_Laws_of_M otion_1668.pdf} (11/26/1668) MORE INFO [1] "John Wallis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 5990/John-Wallis [2] http://www.answers.com/John+Wallis+?cat= technology [3] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [4] "Christopher Wren". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher _Wren [5] http://www.answers.com/Christopher%20Wre n [6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p126 [7] "John Wallis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wallis (1685) [8] "Sir Christopher Wren". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-800 7/Sir-Christopher-Wren [9] Wallis, J. Mechanica: Sive, De Motu, Tractatus Geometricus. Pitt, 1670. http://books.google.com/books?id= vGo_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA29 | London, England8 (presumably) |
[1] Dr. John Wallis, and Dr. Christopher Wren, ''A Summary Account of the General Laws of Motion'', Philosophical Transactions, (1665-1678), Volume 3,1668, pp864-868. books.google.com/books?id=SF 5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA864 http://journals.roy alsociety.org/content/3t6172g2t153q212/? p=712eb21bc6624d76b0bd5d68f591a77a&pi=0 {Wallis_John_Wren_Christopher_Laws_of_M otion_1668.pdf} PD source: books.google.com/books?id=SF5FAA AAcAAJ&pg=PA864 http://journals.royalso ciety.org/content/3t6172g2t153q212/?p=71 2eb21bc6624d76b0bd5d68f591a77a&pi=0 [2] John Wallis, English mathematician with important contributions to analysis. Source: en:Image:John_Wallis.jpg PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:John_Wallis.jpg |
332 YBN [1668 AD] 4 | 1727) Jupiter's period of daily rotation of nine hours fifty-six minutes is determined by observing the movement of spots in Jupiter's clouds.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. 2. ^ "Gian Domenico Cassini". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/98187/Gian-Domenico-Cassini>. 3. ^ "Cassini, Gian Domenico", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 2000, p171. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. (1668) (1668) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Domenico +Cassini+?cat=technology [2] "Giovanni Domenico Cassini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Do menico_Cassini | (Observatory at) Panzano (near Bologna), Italy3 |
[1] Description: Gemälde Giovanni Domenico Cassini Source:: http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/hist ory/PictDisplay/Cassini.html Painter: Durangel 1879, nach einer alten Radierung, welche wiederum nach einem alten Bild von Madame Milon de a PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d6/Giovanni_Cassini.jpg [2] Scientist: Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625 - 1712) Discipline(s): Astronomy ; Geodesy Print Artist: N. Dupuis Medium: Engraving Original Dimensions: Graphic: 14.3 x 10.2 cm / Sheet: 24.6 x 16.2 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/disp lay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=c |
332 YBN [1668 AD] 3 | 1736) The theory of "spontaneous regeneration" of flies from meat is disproven, by proving that maggots only appear in meat placed in open vessels which flies can land on, and not in closed vessels.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p134. 2. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12687b.h tm 3. ^ "Francesco Redi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 2979/Francesco-Redi (1668) MORE INFO [1] "Francesco Redi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_R edi | Florence, Italy2 (presumably) |
[1] Scientist: Redi, Francesco (1626 - 1698) Discipline(s): Medicine Print Artist: Lodovico Pelli, 1814-1876 Medium: Engraving Original Dimensions: Graphic: 11 x 11 cm / Sheet: 19.2 x 14.3 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/by_d iscipline_display_results.cfm?Research_D iscipline_1=Medicine [2] Francesco Redi Esperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti fatte da Francesco Redi ... e da lvi scritte in vna lettera all'illvstrissimo Signor Carlo Dati.. Firenze, All'insegna della Stella, 1668. 3 p. l., 228 p. illus., plates (part fold.) 24 cm. Call no.: QL496.R35 1668 PD source: http://www.library.umass.edu/spc oll/exhibits/herbal/redi.htm |
331 YBN [03/18/1669 AD] 6 | 3258) The concept of energy (mass multiplied by velocity squared), and the theory of conservation of energy is defined.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Huygens, C., J.A. Vollgraff, and Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen. Oeuvres Compl�tes: Correspondance. M. Nijhoff, 1895. Oeuvres Compl�tes, p383-389. books.google.com/books?id=sH3 tV6ogFtcC&pg=PA383 2. ^ George E. Smith, "The vis viva dispute: A controversy at the dawn of dynamics", Physics Today, October 2006, page 31. http://physicstoday.org/journals/do c/PHTOAD-ft/vol_59/iss_10/31_1.shtml 3. ^ Huygens, C., J.A. Vollgraff, and Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen. Oeuvres Compl�tes: Correspondance. M. Nijhoff, 1895. Oeuvres Compl�tes, p383-389. books.google.com/books?id=sH3 tV6ogFtcC&pg=PA383 4. ^ George E. Smith, "The vis viva dispute: A controversy at the dawn of dynamics", Physics Today, October 2006, page 31. http://physicstoday.org/journals/do c/PHTOAD-ft/vol_59/iss_10/31_1.shtml 5. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1658/Christiaan-Huygens 6. ^ http://www.physics.odu.edu/~kuhn/PHYS101 /VisViva.html#ref (03/08/1669) MORE INFO [1] "Christiaan Huygens". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_ Huygens | The Hague, Netherlands5 (presumably) |
[1] Huygens, C., J.A. Vollgraff, and Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen. Oeuvres Complètes: Correspondance. M. Nijhoff, 1895. Oeuvres Complètes, p385. books.google.com/books?id=sH3tV6o gFtcC&pg=PA385 PD AND Christiaan Huygens, the astronomer. source: http://ressources2.techno.free.fr/inform atique/sites/inventions/inventions.html PD source: books.google.com/books?id=sH3tV6 ogFtcC&pg=PA385http://en.wikipedia.org/w iki/Image:Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jp eg [2] Huygens, C., J.A. Vollgraff, and Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen. Oeuvres Complètes: Correspondance. M. Nijhoff, 1895. Oeuvres Complètes, p385. books.google.com/books?id=sH3tV6o gFtcC&pg=PA385 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=sH3tV6 ogFtcC&pg=PA385 |
331 YBN [1669 AD] 7 | 1735) The phenomenon of "double refraction" is observed.3 Objects viewed through calcite are seen double which is explained as light being refracted at two different angles.4 This may be the result of light particles reflecting off of atoms in the two perpendicular planes within the crystal.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp133-134. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp133-134. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp133-134. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp133-134. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ "Erasmus Bartholin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 3525/Erasmus-Bartholin 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp133-134. (1669) MORE INFO [1] "double refraction". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 1617/double-refraction | Copenhagen, Denmark6 |
[1] Taken from: Brahe, T. Tychonis Brahe Dani Opera Omnia: Tomus XIII. Gyldendal, 1926 PD source: Brahe, T. Tychonis Brahe Dani Opera Omnia: Tomus XIII. Gyldendal, 1926 [2] Taken from: Brahe, T. Tychonis Brahe Dani Opera Omnia: Tomus XIII. Gyldendal, 1926 PD source: Brahe, T. Tychonis Brahe Dani Opera Omnia: Tomus XIII. Gyldendal, 1926 |
331 YBN [1669 AD] 4 5 | 1758) The first detailed description of invertebrate anatomy.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Marcello+Malpighi ?cat=health 2. ^ Malpighi, M. Dissertatio Epistolica De Bombyce. apud Jo. Martyn & Jac. Atlestry, 1669. http://books.google.com/books?id= -yIOAAAAQAAJ 3. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Marcello+Malpighi ?cat=health 4. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Marcello+Malpighi ?cat=health 5. ^ Malpighi, M. Dissertatio Epistolica De Bombyce. apud Jo. Martyn & Jac. Atlestry, 1669. http://books.google.com/books?id= -yIOAAAAQAAJ MORE INFO [1] "Marcello Malpighi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Ma lpighi [2] "Marcello Malpighi". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Marcello+Malpighi ?cat=health (1666) | Bologna, Italy3 |
[1] From: Malpighi, M. Dissertatio Epistolica De Bombyce. apud Jo. Martyn & Jac. Atlestry, 1669. Malpighi, The silkworm, 1669. Malpighi, Marcello. Dissertatio epistolica de bombyce. Londini: Apud Joannem Martyn & Jacobum Allestry, 1699. [9], 100 pp. plates. The image (right) is a plate from Marcello Malpighi's Dissertatio epistolica de bombyce, of 1669. This detailed study of the silkworm was the first monograph on an invertebrate. Malpighi was the founder of histology and the greatest of the microscopists. He dissected and observed silkworms, publishing his findings in this treatise. It had been believed previously that silkworms had no internal organs. PD AND Malpighi, M. Dissertatio Epistolica De Bombyce. apud Jo. Martyn & Jac. Atlestry, 1669. http://books.google.com/books?id= -yIOAAAAQAAJ PD source: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/spe cial-coll/malpighi01.gifhttp://en.wikipe dia.org/wiki/Image:MarcelloMalphigiMiall .jpg [2] Malpighi, The silkworm, 1669. Malpighi, Marcello. Dissertatio epistolica de bombyce. Londini: Apud Joannem Martyn & Jacobum Allestry, 1699. [9], 100 pp. plates. The image (right) is a plate from Marcello Malpighi's Dissertatio epistolica de bombyce, of 1669. This detailed study of the silkworm was the first monograph on an invertebrate. Malpighi was the founder of histology and the greatest of the microscopists. He dissected and observed silkworms, publishing his findings in this treatise. It had been believed previously that silkworms had no internal organs. PD source: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/spe cial-coll/malpighi01.gif |
331 YBN [1669 AD] 4 5 | 1774) The element Phosphorus is identified as a heavy glowing liquid obtained by distilling a red oil distilled from urine with carbon.2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "Hennig Brand". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6207/Hennig-Brand 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p140. 3. ^ "Hennig Brand". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennig_Bran d 4. ^ "Hennig Brand". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6207/Hennig-Brand (about 1669) 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (between 1669 and 1675) (between 1669 and 1675) MORE INFO [1] "Retort". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retort | Hamburg, Germany3 (presumably) |
[1] Den tyske alkymist Hennig Brand opdagede i 1669 et hvidt stof, som lyste i mørke. Uden at vide det havde han fundet grundstoffet fosfor, mens han opvarmede urin i en glaskolbe. PD source: http://historienet.dk/files/bonn ier-his/imagecache/630x420/pictures/Imag e20.jpg [2] The Alchemist in Search of the Philosophers Stone (1771) by Joseph Wright depicting Hennig Brand discovering phosphorus (the glow shown is exaggerated) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Henning_brand.jpg |
329 YBN [1671 AD] 3 | 1854) A calculating machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide is constructed.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp155-156. 2. ^ "Gottfried Leibniz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_L eibniz 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp155-156. (1671) (1671) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Gottfried+Wilhelm +Leibniz?cat=technology | Mainz, Germany2 |
[1] Description Deutsch: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (Gemälde von Bernhard Christoph Francke, Braunschweig, Herzog-Anton-Ulrich-Museum, um 1700) Source http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gbrown/philosoph ers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Leibniz/Leib nizGif.html Date ca. 1700 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz.jpg [2] Source: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedi a/L/Leibniz.html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Leibniz_231.jpg |
329 YBN [1671 AD] 8 | 2119) The element Hydrogen is identified when released by mixing iron filings with acids, and is found to be flammable.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Farndon, J. Hydrogen. Benchmark Books, 2000. Elements (Benchmark Books). 2. ^ Boyle, Robert. Tracts Written by the Honourable Robert Boyle: Containing New Experiments Touching the Relation Betwixt Flame and Air : and About Explosions : an Hydrostatical Discourse Occasion'd by Some Objections of Dr. Henry More against Some Explications of New Experiments Made by the Author of These Tracts : to Which Is Annex't, an Hydrostatical Letter, Dilucidating an Experiment About a Way of Weighing Water in Water. London: Printed for Richard Davis, 1673. Internet resource. http://uci.worldcat.org/title/tracts-w ritten-by-the-honourable-robert-boyle-co ntaining-new-experiments-touching-the-re lation-betwixt-flame-and-air-and-about-e xplosions-an-hydrostatical-discourse-occ asiond-by-some-objections-of-dr-henry-mo re-against-some-explications-of-new-expe riments-made-by-the-author-of-these-trac ts-to-which-is-annext-an-hydrostatical-l etter-dilucidating-an-experiment-about-a -way-of-weighing-water-in-water/oclc/606 570832?referer=di&ht=edition 3. ^ Boyle, Robert. The works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In six volumes. To which is prefixed The life of the author. ... Vol. Volume 3.A new edition. London, MDCCLXXII. 3. ^. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 11 Dec. 2012 <http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomar k.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupN ame=ucirvine&tabID=T001&docId=CW33149528 23&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticle s&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE>. {Boy le_part_1672.pdf} 4. ^ Farndon, J. Hydrogen. Benchmark Books, 2000. Elements (Benchmark Books). 5. ^ Boyle, Robert. Tracts Written by the Honourable Robert Boyle: Containing New Experiments Touching the Relation Betwixt Flame and Air : and About Explosions : an Hydrostatical Discourse Occasion'd by Some Objections of Dr. Henry More against Some Explications of New Experiments Made by the Author of These Tracts : to Which Is Annex't, an Hydrostatical Letter, Dilucidating an Experiment About a Way of Weighing Water in Water. London: Printed for Richard Davis, 1673. Internet resource. http://uci.worldcat.org/title/tracts-w ritten-by-the-honourable-robert-boyle-co ntaining-new-experiments-touching-the-re lation-betwixt-flame-and-air-and-about-e xplosions-an-hydrostatical-discourse-occ asiond-by-some-objections-of-dr-henry-mo re-against-some-explications-of-new-expe riments-made-by-the-author-of-these-trac ts-to-which-is-annext-an-hydrostatical-l etter-dilucidating-an-experiment-about-a -way-of-weighing-water-in-water/oclc/606 570832?referer=di&ht=edition 6. ^ Boyle, Robert. The works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In six volumes. To which is prefixed The life of the author. ... Vol. Volume 3.A new edition. London, MDCCLXXII. 6. ^. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 11 Dec. 2012 <http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomar k.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupN ame=ucirvine&tabID=T001&docId=CW33149528 23&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticle s&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE>. {Boy le_part_1672.pdf} 7. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 6071/Robert-Boyle 8. ^ Farndon, J. Hydrogen. Benchmark Books, 2000. Elements (Benchmark Books). MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyl e [3] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Boyle?cat= technology [4] "Hydrogen# ref-8". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen#_r ef-8 (1671) [5] http://www.webelements.com/webelements/e lements/text/H/hist.html (1671) [6] Boyle, R. Tracts ... Containing New Experiments, Touching the Relation Betwixt Flame and Air: And About Explosions. An Hydrostatical Discourse Occasion’d by Some Objections of Dr. Henry More ... To Which Is Annex’t, An Hydrostatical Letter ... New Experiments, of the Positive Or Relative Levity of Bodies Under Water; of the Air’s Spring on Bodies Under Water; About the Differing Pressure of Heavy Solids and Fluids. Richard Davis, 1672. http://books.google.com/books?id= _Dh8PQAACAAJ | Oxford, England7 (presumably) |
[1] Title page from: Boyle, Robert. Tracts Written by the Honourable Robert Boyle: Containing New Experiments Touching the Relation Betwixt Flame and Air : and About Explosions : an Hydrostatical Discourse Occasion'd by Some Objections of Dr. Henry More against Some Explications of New Experiments Made by the Author of These Tracts : to Which Is Annex't, an Hydrostatical Letter, Dilucidating an Experiment About a Way of Weighing Water in Water. London: Printed for Richard Davis, 1673. Internet resource. http://uci.worldcat.org/title/tracts-w ritten-by-the-honourable-robert-boyle-co ntaining-new-experiments-touching-the-re lation-betwixt-flame-and-air-and-about-e xplosions-an-hydrostatical-discourse-occ asiond-by-some-objections-of-dr-henry-mo re-against-some-explications-of-new-expe riments-made-by-the-author-of-these-trac ts-to-which-is-annext-an-hydrostatical-l etter-dilucidating-an-experiment-about-a -way-of-weighing-water-in-water/oclc/606 570832?referer=di&ht=edition PD source: Boyle, Robert. Tracts Written by the Honourable Robert Boyle: Containing New Experiments Touching the Relation Betwixt Flame and Air : and About Explosions : an Hydrostatical Discourse Occasion'd by Some Objections of Dr. Henry More against Some Explications of New Experiments Made by the Author of These Tracts : to Which Is Annex't, an Hydrostatical Letter, Dilucidating an Experiment About a Way of Weighing Water in Water. London: Printed for Richard Davis, 1673. Internet resource. http://uci.worldcat.org/title/tracts-w ritten-by-the-honourable-robert-boyle-co ntaining-new-experiments-touching-the-re lation-betwixt-flame-and-air-and-about-e xplosions-an-hydrostatical-discourse-occ asiond-by-some-objections-of-dr-henry-mo re-against-some-explications-of-new-expe riments-made-by-the-author-of-these-trac ts-to-which-is-annext-an-hydrostatical-l etter-dilucidating-an-experiment-about-a -way-of-weighing-water-in-water/oclc/606 570832?referer=di&ht=edition [2] Scientist: Boyle, Robert (1627 - 1691) Discipline(s): Chemistry ; Physics Original Dimensions: Graphic: 13.1 x 8.2 cm / PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/cf/by_n ame_display_results.cfm?scientist=Boyle |
328 YBN [02/19/1672 AD] 11 12 13 14 15 | 1829) The corpuscular theory of light is firmly established by Isaac Newton. In this view light is thought to be made of material particles that move through any medium. Newton shows that color is a property of light, not of objects. Newton also separates white light into primary colors and recombines primary colors to form white light. Newton also shows that light of different colors refract at different angles.7 8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Newton, "Draft of 'A Theory Concerning Light and Colors"', Feb 6, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,137 words, 14pp. Shelfmark: MS Add. 3970.3, ff.460-466 Location: Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u k/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003 2. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp. Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb. 1671/2), pp. 3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sus sex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000 6 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=L1Ito Q2GjMAC&pg=PA3075 3. ^ Isaac Newton, "Mr Isaac Newtons Answer to some Considerations of Robert Hooke. ^ upon his doctrine of Light and Colors", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 88 (18 November 1672), pp. 5084-5103. http://www.newtonproject.sus sex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0002 8 4. ^ Isaac Newton, "Draft of 'A Theory Concerning Light and Colors"', Feb 6, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,137 words, 14pp. Shelfmark: MS Add. 3970.3, ff.460-466 Location: Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u k/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003 5. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp. Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb. 1671/2), pp. 3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sus sex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000 6 6. ^ Isaac Newton, "Mr Isaac Newtons Answer to some Considerations of Robert Hooke. ^ upon his doctrine of Light and Colors", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 88 (18 November 1672), pp. 5084-5103. http://www.newtonproject.sus sex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0002 8 7. ^ Isaac Newton, "Draft of 'A Theory Concerning Light and Colors"', Feb 6, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,137 words, 14pp. Shelfmark: MS Add. 3970.3, ff.460-466 Location: Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u k/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003 8. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp. Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb. 1671/2), pp. 3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sus sex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000 6 9. ^ Isaac Newton, "Mr Isaac Newtons Answer to some Considerations of Robert Hooke. ^ upon his doctrine of Light and Colors", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 88 (18 November 1672), pp. 5084-5103. http://www.newtonproject.sus sex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0002 8 10. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8764/Sir-Isaac-Newton (02/19/1672) 11. ^ Isaac Newton, "Draft of 'A Theory Concerning Light and Colors"', Feb 6, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,137 words, 14pp. Shelfmark: MS Add. 3970.3, ff.460-466 Location: Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u k/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003 12. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/413189/Sir-Isaac-Newton/12246/In fluence-of-the-scientific-revolution>. 13. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp. Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb. 1671/2), pp. 3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sus sex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000 6 14. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/413189/Sir-Isaac-Newton/12246/In fluence-of-the-scientific-revolution>. 15. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp. Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb. 1671/2), pp. 3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sus sex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000 6 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=L1Ito Q2GjMAC&pg=PA3075 MORE INFO [1] "Isaac Newton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newto n [2] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaa c_Newton [3] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 9241/binomial-theorem [4] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Biographies/Newton.html [5] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.htm l [6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p148 [7] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp148-154. (02/19/1672) | Cambridge, England10 |
[1] Isaac Newton, ''A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory about Light and Colors'', Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp. Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb. 1671/2), pp. 3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sus sex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000 6 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=L1Ito Q2GjMAC&pg=PA3075 PD AND Description Isaac Newton Date 1689 Author Godfrey Kneller PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =L1ItoQ2GjMAC&pg=PA3075http://en.wikiped ia.org/wiki/Image:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNe wton-1689.jpg [2] Isaac Newton, ''Draft of 'A Theory Concerning Light and Colors''', Feb 6, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,137 words, 14pp. Shelfmark: MS Add. 3970.3, ff.460-466 Location: Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u k/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003 PD source: http://www.newtonproject.sussex. ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003 |
328 YBN [1672 AD] 7 | 1731) The scale of our star system is measured3 using the parallax of Mars to measure the distance from Earth to Mars which provides a scale to calculate the distance to the other planets.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isobel Black Gill, David Gill, "Six Months in Ascension", 1878. http://books.google.com/books?id= DwJFAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gill +ascension+date:1878-1878&lr=&ei=EsCISaS VA5OmkQTSoKSXBg 2. ^ Isobel Black Gill, David Gill, "Six Months in Ascension", 1878. http://books.google.com/books?id= DwJFAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gill +ascension+date:1878-1878&lr=&ei=EsCISaS VA5OmkQTSoKSXBg 3. ^ Isobel Black Gill, David Gill, "Six Months in Ascension", 1878. http://books.google.com/books?id= DwJFAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gill +ascension+date:1878-1878&lr=&ei=EsCISaS VA5OmkQTSoKSXBg 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. 5. ^ "Giovanni Domenico Cassini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Do menico_Cassini 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p140. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. (1672) (1672) MORE INFO [1] "Gian Domenico Cassini". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0655/Gian-Domenico-Cassini [2] http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Domenico +Cassini+?cat=technology | Paris, France5 ;Guiana, South America6 |
[1] Scientist: Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625 - 1712) Discipline(s): Astronomy ; Geodesy Print Artist: N. Dupuis Medium: Engraving Original Dimensions: Graphic: 14.3 x 10.2 cm / Sheet: 24.6 x 16.2 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/disp lay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=c [2] Scientist: Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625 - 1712) Discipline(s): Astronomy ; Geodesy Original Dimensions: Graphic: 25.2 x 18.5 cm / Sheet: 27.4 x 19.5 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/disp lay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=c |
327 YBN [1673 AD] 4 | 3377) The combustion of gun powder is used to create a vacuum.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.deutsches-museum.de/en/exhibi tions/energie/power-engines/combustion-e ngines/ 2. ^ Kelly, J. Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2009, p116. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8xfs8tC8Ow0C&pg=PA116 3. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1658/Christiaan-Huygens 4. ^ http://www.deutsches-museum.de/en/exhibi tions/energie/power-engines/combustion-e ngines/ {1673} MORE INFO [1] Cosmos, Carl Sagan [2] http://www.richardbell.net/huygens.html [3] http://en.thinkexist.com/quotes/christia an_huygens [4] http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/pr ojects/cecil/history.html [5] http://www.a1nethost.com/american/scient ific-american/484/00.htm#3 [6] http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bl_huygens.htm [7] Huygens, Christiaan. (1680). "Nova vis movens mediante pulvere nitrato et aere", ("A New Motive Power by Means of Gunpowder and Air"), Royal Academy of Sciences. in: Huygens, C. Opera Varia. 1724. Opera Varia. books.google.com/books?id=19o7AA AAcAAJ&pg=PA280 | Paris, France3 (presumably) |
[1] Powder machine, Chr. Huygens 1673, drawing by Huygens Powder machine, Christian Huygens, 1673 Huygens´ powder machine produced mechanical energy in a cylinder by means of combustion. PD/Corel source: http://www.deutsches-museum.de/t ypo3temp/pics/d2f04f7a88.jpg [2] Christiaan Huygens, the astronomer. source: http://ressources2.techno.free.fr/inform atique/sites/inventions/inventions.html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg |
326 YBN [1674 AD] 6 | 1825) The element Oxygen is identified.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "John Mayow". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 1617/John-Mayow 2. ^ "John Mayow". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/John+Mayow+?cat=t echnology 3. ^ "John Mayow". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 1617/John-Mayow 4. ^ "John Mayow". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/John+Mayow+?cat=t echnology 5. ^ "John Mayow". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayow 6. ^ "John Mayow". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/John+Mayow+?cat=t echnology (1674) | Oxford, England5 |
[1] John Mayow PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:John_Mayow.jpg [2] John Mayow, 1641-1679. Tractatus quinque medico-physici. [Five medico-physical tracts] Oxford: E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1674. Gift of John F. Fulton. PD source: http://www.med.yale.edu/library/ historical/founders/images/tractatus.jpg |
325 YBN [1675 AD] 3 | 1732) The space between the ring of Saturn is seen.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. 2. ^ "Giovanni Domenico Cassini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Do menico_Cassini 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. (1675) (1675) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Domenico +Cassini+?cat=technology | Paris, France2 |
[1] What's That Speck? Cassini's climb to progressively higher elevations reveals the ''negative'' side of Saturn's rings. As the Sun shines through the rings, they take on the appearance of a photonegative: the dense B ring (at the center) blocks much of the incoming light, while the less dense regions scatter and transmit light. Close inspection reveals not one, but two moons in this scene. Mimas (397 kilometers, or 247 miles across) is easily visible near the upper right, but the shepherd moon Prometheus (102 kilometers, or 63 miles across) can also be seen. Prometheus is a dark spot against the far side of the thin, bright F ring. Most of Prometheus' sunlit side is turned away from Cassini in this view. The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on April 15, 2005, at a distance of approximately 570,000 kilometers (350,000 miles) from Saturn. The image scale is 30 kilometers (19 miles) per pixel. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo. For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov . For additional images visit the Cassini imaging team homepage http://ciclops.org . Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute PD source: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/mult imedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=3943 [2] Scientist: Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625 - 1712) Discipline(s): Astronomy ; Geodesy Print Artist: N. Dupuis Medium: Engraving Original Dimensions: Graphic: 14.3 x 10.2 cm / Sheet: 24.6 x 16.2 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/disp lay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=c |
324 YBN [06/13/1676 AD] 5 | 1837) The binomial theorem is described:1 2 for any positive integer n, the nth power of the sum of two numbers a and b may be expressed as the sum of n + 1 terms.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp148-154. 2. ^ Isaac Newton, Copy of a letter from Newton to Henry Oldenburg, dated 13 June 1676, MS Add. 3977.5, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.u k/view/texts/diplomatic/NATP00181 3. ^ "binomial theorem." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/65749/binomial-theorem>. 4. ^ Newton_isaac_letters_739364699_content.p df Annals of Science, The Newton Letters Vols I and II, G Burniston Brown, 06/01/1960 5. ^ Newton_isaac_letters_739364699_content.p df Annals of Science, The Newton Letters Vols I and II, G Burniston Brown, 06/01/1960 (06/14/1676) MORE INFO [1] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8764/Sir-Isaac-Newton [2] "Isaac Newton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newto n [3] http://www.answers.com/Isaac+Newton+?cat =technology [4] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaa c_Newton [5] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Biographies/Newton.html [6] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.htm l [7] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/pr ism.php?id=47 [8] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/te xts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma lized [9] http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000 007/00a00090/0 [10] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8475/Niccolo-Zucchi [11] http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeH istory/Early_Period.html [12] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/pr ism.php?id=15 | Cambridge, England4 |
[1] Series infinitas: el binomio de Newton PD AND Binomial theorem examples GNU source: http://platea.pntic.mec.es/apere z4/html/newton/newton2.htmlhttp://en.wik ipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theorem http:/ /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GodfreyKnel ler-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg [2] Series infinitas: el binomio de Newton PD source: http://platea.pntic.mec.es/apere z4/html/newton/newton2.html |
324 YBN [1676 AD] 19 20 | 1851) The speed of light is shown to be finite and is measured by subtracting the time it takes for the moon of Jupiter, Io to enter and exit the shadow of Jupiter when the Earth is moving toward Jupiter, from the time it takes when the Earth is moving away from Jupiter.13 14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat= technology 2. ^ "Ole Romer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 3854/Ole-Romer 3. ^ "Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M. Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences", Journal des sçavans, December 7, 1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5 scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484 4. ^ "A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated from Paris" is published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" (No. 136) on June 25, 1677. http://books.google.com/books?id= juU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=118 5. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat= technology 6. ^ "Ole Romer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 3854/Ole-Romer 7. ^ "Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M. Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences", Journal des sçavans, December 7, 1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5 scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484 8. ^ "A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated from Paris" is published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" (No. 136) on June 25, 1677. http://books.google.com/books?id= juU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=118 9. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat= technology 10. ^ "Ole Romer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 3854/Ole-Romer 11. ^ "Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M. Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences", Journal des sçavans, December 7, 1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5 scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484 12. ^ "A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated from Paris" is published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" (No. 136) on June 25, 1677. http://books.google.com/books?id= juU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=118 13. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat= technology 14. ^ "Ole Romer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 3854/Ole-Romer 15. ^ "Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M. Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences", Journal des sçavans, December 7, 1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5 scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484 16. ^ "A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated from Paris" is published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" (No. 136) on June 25, 1677. http://books.google.com/books?id= juU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=118 17. ^ William Tobin, "The Life and Science of Léon Foucault", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p118. 18. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat= technology 19. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat= technology (1676) 20. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp154-155. (1676) (1676) | (Paris Observatory17 ) Paris, France18 |
[1] ''Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M. Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences'', Journal des sçavans, December 7, 1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5 scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =5scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484 [2] Ole Rømer PD source: http://www.rundetaarn.dk/dansk/o bservatorium/grafik/roemer1.jpg |
324 YBN [1676 AD] 3 | 1870) The first observatory in the southern hemisphere.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. (1676) MORE INFO [1] "Edmund Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hall ey [2] http://www.answers.com/Edmund+Halley+?ca t=technology [3] "St. Helena". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena | Saint Helena2 |
[1] Portrait of Edmond Halley painted around 1687 by Thomas Murray (Royal Society, London) uploaded from http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/astrology/n ewton.htm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Edmund_Halley.gif [2] Portrait of Edmond Halley PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Edmond_Halley_5.jpg |
323 YBN [1677 AD] 4 | 1784) Sperm cells are first described.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=h ealth 2. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=h ealth 3. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=h ealth 4. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=h ealth (1677) MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Anton van Leeuwenhoek". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_L eeuwenhoek | Delft, Netherlands3 |
[1] Figure 2. from Clarke, Gary N. “A.R.T. and History, 1678–1978.” Human Reproduction 21.7 (2006): 1645–1650. Van Leeuwenhoek’s drawings of spermatozoa. COPYRIGHTED source: http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org /content/21/7/1645/F2.large.jpg [2] Spermatozoa (Dutch = ''zaaddiertjes'') after an image published in Phil.Trans. XII,nov. 1678) : 1-4 Human, 5-8 Dog. PD source: http://www.euronet.nl/users/warn ar/leeuwenhoek.html |
322 YBN [06/25/1678 AD] 5 6 | 3862) The first woman to teach at a university after the collapse of science of the 400s CE.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.women-philosophers.com/Helena -Lucretia-Cornaro-Piscopia.html 2. ^ Maschietto, F.L. et al. Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (1646-1684): The First Woman in the World to Earn a University Degree. Saint Joseph’s University Press, 2007. 3. ^ Robin, D.M., A.R. Larsen, and C. Levin. Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England. Abc-Clio Incorporated, 2007, p292. http://books.google.com/books?id= OQ8mdTjxungC&pg=PA292 4. ^ http://www.women-philosophers.com/Helena -Lucretia-Cornaro-Piscopia.html 5. ^ http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/ piscopia.htm {06/25/1678} 6. ^ http://www.women-philosophers.com/Helena -Lucretia-Cornaro-Piscopia.html {1678} | (University of Padua) Padua, Italy4 |
[1] Description Italiano: Ritratto di Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia, Ignoto (sec. XVIII?), Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milano. (book : F. L. Maschietto, Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (1646-1684). Prima donna laureata al mondo, Padova, Antenore, 1978.). Français : Portrait de Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia Date 18th century Source http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/gallery_v iew?id=199-cornaro-piscopia-elena Autho r Unknown Other versions File:Elena Cornaro Piscopia.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5e/Elena_Piscopia_portra it.jpg [2] Description Italiano: Ritratto di Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia, Ignoto (sec. XVIII?), Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milano. (book : F. L. Maschietto, Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (1646-1684). Prima donna laureata al mondo, Padova, Antenore, 1978.). Français : Portrait de Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia Date 18th century Source http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/gallery_v iew?id=199-cornaro-piscopia-elena Autho r Unknown Other versions File:Elena Cornaro Piscopia.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5e/Elena_Piscopia_portra it.jpg |
322 YBN [1678 AD] 9 10 11 12 13 14 | 1794) The helical spring.4 5 6 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Hooke, R. Lectures De Potentia Restitutiva, Or of Spring Explaining the Power of Springing Bodies. John Martyn, 1678. http://books.google.com/books?id= LAtPAAAAcAAJ 2. ^ "Robert Hooke". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat= technology 3. ^ http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/v ectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm 4. ^ Hooke, R. Lectures De Potentia Restitutiva, Or of Spring Explaining the Power of Springing Bodies. John Martyn, 1678. http://books.google.com/books?id= LAtPAAAAcAAJ 5. ^ "Robert Hooke". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat= technology 6. ^ http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/v ectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp144-145. 8. ^ http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/v ectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm 9. ^ Hooke, R. Lectures De Potentia Restitutiva, Or of Spring Explaining the Power of Springing Bodies. John Martyn, 1678. http://books.google.com/books?id= LAtPAAAAcAAJ 10. ^ http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/v ectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm (1657) 11. ^ Nicholson, W., "An Account of the Invention of the Balance Spring, and the Determination of the Conditions of its Isochronism in wide and narrow Vibrations...", Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts. G. G. and J. Robinson, 1806. Landmarks II, Scientific Journals., p363. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6GcxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA363 12. ^ "Hooke, Robert", Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved. A. Constable, 1823. Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved., p592-593. http://books.google.com/books ?id=GMsnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA592 13. ^ Patterson, Louise Diehl. �Pendulums of Wren and Hooke.� Osiris 10 (1952): 277�321. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 301817 14. ^ Patterson, Louise Diehl. �Pendulums of Wren and Hooke.� Osiris 10 (1952): 277�321. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 301817 MORE INFO [1] http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/ | London, England (presumably)7 |(if 1657:) Oxford, England (presumably)8 |
[1] Plate to Hooke's Lecture of Spring 1678 PD source: http://www1.umn.edu/ships/module s/phys/hooke/images/Hooke1678.jpg [2] Hooke memorial window, St Helen's Bishopsgate (now destroyed) http://www.roberthooke.org.u k/ on http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.mart in/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm PD source: http://freespace.virgin.net/ric. martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm |
322 YBN [1678 AD] 6 7 | 1871) The first catalog of telescopically located southern hemisphere stars.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8943/Edmond-Halley 2. ^ Halley, E. Catalogus Stellarum Australium: Sive, Supplementum Catalogi Tychenici, Exhibens Longitudines Et Latitudines Stellarum Fixarum, Quae, Prope Polum Antarcticum Sitae, in Horizonte Uraniburgico Tychoni Inconspicuae Fuere, Accurato Calculo Ex Distantiis Supputatas, & Ad Annum 1677 Completum correctas...Accedit Appendicula De Rebus Quibusdam Astronomicis... Typis T. James, 1679. http://books.google.com/books?id= QVg4AAAAMAAJ 3. ^ "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8943/Edmond-Halley 4. ^ Halley, E. Catalogus Stellarum Australium: Sive, Supplementum Catalogi Tychenici, Exhibens Longitudines Et Latitudines Stellarum Fixarum, Quae, Prope Polum Antarcticum Sitae, in Horizonte Uraniburgico Tychoni Inconspicuae Fuere, Accurato Calculo Ex Distantiis Supputatas, & Ad Annum 1677 Completum correctas...Accedit Appendicula De Rebus Quibusdam Astronomicis... Typis T. James, 1679. http://books.google.com/books?id= QVg4AAAAMAAJ 5. ^ "Edmund Halley". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Edmund+Halley+?ca t=technology 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. (1678) (1678) 7. ^ "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8943/Edmond-Halley (late 1678) MORE INFO [1] "St. Helena". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena | London, England5 (presumably) |
[1] Title page of: Halley, E. Catalogus Stellarum Australium: Sive, Supplementum Catalogi Tychenici, Exhibens Longitudines Et Latitudines Stellarum Fixarum, Quae, Prope Polum Antarcticum Sitae, in Horizonte Uraniburgico Tychoni Inconspicuae Fuere, Accurato Calculo Ex Distantiis Supputatas, & Ad Annum 1677 Completum correctas...Accedit Appendicula De Rebus Quibusdam Astronomicis... Typis T. James, 1679. http://books.google.com/books?id= QVg4AAAAMAAJ PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Edmund_Halley.gif [2] Portrait of Edmond Halley painted around 1687 by Thomas Murray (Royal Society, London) uploaded from http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/astrology/n ewton.htm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Edmond_Halley_5.jpg |
322 YBN [1678 AD] 11 | 3592) Direct neuron activation (or direct neuron writing). Jan Swammerdam (Yon6 SVoMRDoM) contracts a muscle by making neurons fire using electricity.7 A frog leg hanging from a silver wire twitches when a brass ring contacts it.8 This electrical muscle movement will eventually lead to very precise remote neuron stimulation.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 2. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 3. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 4. ^ Ted Huntington 5. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 6. ^ Ted Huntington 7. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 8. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 0581/Jan-Swammerdam 11. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA {1678}" MORE INFO [1] "Jan Swammerdam". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammer dam [2] http://www.answers.com/Jan+Swammerdam+?c at=technology [3] http://www.janswammerdam.net/portrait.ht ml [4] "Apothecary". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary [5] http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/exhi bits/herbal/swammerdam.htm [6] "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 0581/Jan-Swammerdam (1672) [7] "Electricity and Magnetism" Amédée Guillemin, translated by Silvanus P. Thompson, B.A., D.Sc., F.R.A.S. Macmillan and Co., London, 1891. http://books.google.com/books?id=iHg9A QAAIAAJ [8] http://www.telephonecollecting.org/feeli ng.htm | Amsterdam, Netherlands10 (presumably) |
[1] One of Galvani’s decisive experiments was to show that movement could be induced by stroking an iron plate against a brass hook inserted into the frog’s spinal column, which generated a small electric current. In one version of Swammerdam’s nerve muscle experiment, the nerve was suspended in a brass hook, which was then stroked with a silver wire: PD/Corel source: http://www.janswammerdam.net/Ima ges/Fig4.jpg |
321 YBN [03/15/1679 AD] 5 | 1858) Binary numbers are established;1 2 the basis of all modern computers.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz 2. ^ Richard Jung. Sensory Research in Historical Perspective: Some Philosophical Foundations of Perception. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 3: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Sensory Processes: 1-74. First published in print 1984. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp010301 http://www.comprehensivephysiology.com /WileyCDA/CompPhysArticle/refId-cp010301 .html 3. ^ Ted Huntington 4. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz 5. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz (03/??/1679) MORE INFO [1] "Gottfried Leibniz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_L eibniz [2] http://www.answers.com/Gottfried+Wilhelm +Leibniz?cat=technology | Hannover, Germany4 |
[1] Figure 14. G. W. Leibniz's manuscript of the binary number theory, written on March 15, 1679. Latin text explains the principle to use the two signs 1 and 0 for all numbers. (Source: Upper part of page shows his scheme of dual number systems, which he called “Progressio dyadica,” as written in title at top. Sequence of upper lines 1–32 is continued in left vertical column to reach number 100 in lowest part(not reproduced). Leibniz submitted this dual system to the Paris Academy in 1703, where it was published in 1705 244. Practical application of this principle had to wait for electronic computers, which had less difficulty in using the long number sequences than a hand-writing mathematician. Source: the Leibniz-Archiv, Niedersächsiche Landesbibliothek, Hannover.) from: Richard Jung. Sensory Research in Historical Perspective: Some Philosophical Foundations of Perception. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 3: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Sensory Processes: 1-74. First published in print 1984. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp010301 http://www.comprehensivephysiology.com /WileyCDA/CompPhysArticle/refId-cp010301 .html UNKNOWN source: http://media.wiley.com/mrw_image s/compphys/articles/cp010301/image_n/ncp 01030114.jpg [2] Description Deutsch: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (Gemälde von Bernhard Christoph Francke, Braunschweig, Herzog-Anton-Ulrich-Museum, um 1700) Source http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gbrown/philosoph ers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Leibniz/Leib nizGif.html Date ca. 1700 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz.jpg |
321 YBN [1679 AD] 4 | 1863) The first pressure cooker. Water boiled in an air-tight container raises the pressure in the container, which raises the boiling point of water allowing food to cook faster.1 A safety value prevents explosions.2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p158. 2. ^ "Denis Papin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8341/Denis-Papin 3. ^ "Denis Papin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8341/Denis-Papin 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p158. (1679) (1679) | London, England3 |
[1] subject: Denis Papin, unknown artist, 1689. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Denis_Papin.jpg [2] http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Bo-Ce/ Boyle-Robert.html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Boyle-Papin-Digester.jpg |
318 YBN [03/03/1682 AD] 8 9 10 11 | 1788) The cell nucleus is described.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, and Johan Arnold Langerak. Antonii à Leeuwenhoeck ... Opera Omnia, Seu Arcana Naturae, Ope Exactissimorum Microscopiorum Detecta, Experimentis Variis Comprobata, Epistolis, Ad Varios Illustres Viros, Ut Et Ad Integram, Quae Londini Floret, Sapientem Societatem, Cujus Membrum Est, Datis, Comprehensa, et. ^ Quatuor Tomis Distincta. Editio novissima, prioribus emendatior, cum indicibus cuique tomo accommodatis. Lugduni Batavorum: apud Joh. Arnold Langerak, 1722, p213. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/0 09289705 {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_A rcana_Naturae_1719.pdf} 2. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios illustres viros., Langerak, 1722 , p51. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Zs_A AAAcAAJ {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_Ar cana_Naturae_1722.pdf} Cited after: Dieter Gerlach, Geschichte der Mikroskopie. Verlag Harry Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2009. ISBN 978-3-8171-1781-9. 3. ^ Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, and Johan Arnold Langerak. Antonii à Leeuwenhoeck ... Opera Omnia, Seu Arcana Naturae, Ope Exactissimorum Microscopiorum Detecta, Experimentis Variis Comprobata, Epistolis, Ad Varios Illustres Viros, Ut Et Ad Integram, Quae Londini Floret, Sapientem Societatem, Cujus Membrum Est, Datis, Comprehensa, et. ^ Quatuor Tomis Distincta. Editio novissima, prioribus emendatior, cum indicibus cuique tomo accommodatis. Lugduni Batavorum: apud Joh. Arnold Langerak, 1722, p213. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/0 09289705 {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_A rcana_Naturae_1719.pdf} 4. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios illustres viros., Langerak, 1722 , p51. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Zs_A AAAcAAJ {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_Ar cana_Naturae_1722.pdf} Cited after: Dieter Gerlach, Geschichte der Mikroskopie. Verlag Harry Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2009. ISBN 978-3-8171-1781-9. 5. ^ Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, and Johan Arnold Langerak. Antonii à Leeuwenhoeck ... Opera Omnia, Seu Arcana Naturae, Ope Exactissimorum Microscopiorum Detecta, Experimentis Variis Comprobata, Epistolis, Ad Varios Illustres Viros, Ut Et Ad Integram, Quae Londini Floret, Sapientem Societatem, Cujus Membrum Est, Datis, Comprehensa, et. ^ Quatuor Tomis Distincta. Editio novissima, prioribus emendatior, cum indicibus cuique tomo accommodatis. Lugduni Batavorum: apud Joh. Arnold Langerak, 1722, p213. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/0 09289705 {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_A rcana_Naturae_1719.pdf} 6. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios illustres viros., Langerak, 1722 , p51. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Zs_A AAAcAAJ {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_Ar cana_Naturae_1722.pdf} Cited after: Dieter Gerlach, Geschichte der Mikroskopie. Verlag Harry Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2009. ISBN 978-3-8171-1781-9. 7. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=h ealth 8. ^ Henry Harris, "The Birth of the Cell", p76 http://books.google.com/books?id=zV sxFp3CyngC&pg=PA76 9. ^ http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/c ell/resources/blooddisc.htm?HeaderFooter =0 10. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios illustres viros., Langerak, 1722 , p51. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Zs_A AAAcAAJ {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_Ar cana_Naturae_1722.pdf} Cited after: Dieter Gerlach, Geschichte der Mikroskopie. Verlag Harry Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2009. ISBN 978-3-8171-1781-9. 11. ^ Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, and Johan Arnold Langerak. Antonii à Leeuwenhoeck ... Opera Omnia, Seu Arcana Naturae, Ope Exactissimorum Microscopiorum Detecta, Experimentis Variis Comprobata, Epistolis, Ad Varios Illustres Viros, Ut Et Ad Integram, Quae Londini Floret, Sapientem Societatem, Cujus Membrum Est, Datis, Comprehensa, et. ^ Quatuor Tomis Distincta. Editio novissima, prioribus emendatior, cum indicibus cuique tomo accommodatis. Lugduni Batavorum: apud Joh. Arnold Langerak, 1722, p213. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/0 09289705 {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_A rcana_Naturae_1719.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "Anton van Leeuwenhoek". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_L eeuwenhoek [2] "Haberdasher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberdasher [3] "Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=h ealth (10/09/1676 (letter to Royal Society) [4] "Leeuwenhoek". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=h ealth (10/09/1676 (letter to Royal Society) | Delft, Netherlands7 |
[1] Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios illustres viros. J. Arnold et Delphis, A. Beman, Lugdinum Batavorum 1719–1730, p51. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Zs_A AAAcAAJ {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_Ar cana_Naturae_1722.pdf} PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =0Zs_AAAAcAAJ [2] Description English: Red Blood cells from Salmon, with ''Lumen'' (cell nuclei). Deutsch: Rote Blutkörperchen vom Lachs, mit ''Lumen'' (Zellkernen). Date Leeuwenhoek lived from 1632 - 1723.. Source Dieter Gerlach, Geschichte der Mikroskopie. Verlag Harry Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2009. ISBN 978-3-8171-1781-9.(Accompanying CD-ROM). Source given in there: Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios illustres viros. J. Arnold et Delphis, A. Beman, Lugdinum Batavorum 1719–1730. – Reprint: Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim, New York 1971–1972 Author Antoni van Leeuwenhoek PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/39/Leeuwenhoek1719RedBlo odCells.jpg |
317 YBN [09/12/1683 AD] 8 9 | 1785) The first picture of bacteria.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7611/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek 2. ^ Egerton, Frank N. "A history of the ecological sciences, part 19: Leeuwenhoek's microscopic natural history." Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 87.1 (2006): 47-58. http://esapubs.org/bulletin/curr ent/history_list/history19.pdf 3. ^ "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7611/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek 4. ^ Egerton, Frank N. "A history of the ecological sciences, part 19: Leeuwenhoek's microscopic natural history." Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 87.1 (2006): 47-58. http://esapubs.org/bulletin/curr ent/history_list/history19.pdf 5. ^ "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7611/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek 6. ^ Egerton, Frank N. "A history of the ecological sciences, part 19: Leeuwenhoek's microscopic natural history." Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 87.1 (2006): 47-58. http://esapubs.org/bulletin/curr ent/history_list/history19.pdf 7. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=h ealth 8. ^ http://www.euronet.nl/users/warnar/leeuw enhoek.html (09/12/1683) 9. ^ Egerton, Frank N. "A history of the ecological sciences, part 19: Leeuwenhoek's microscopic natural history." Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 87.1 (2006): 47-58. http://esapubs.org/bulletin/curr ent/history_list/history19.pdf MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Anton van Leeuwenhoek". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_L eeuwenhoek [3] "Haberdasher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberdasher | Delft, Netherlands7 |
[1] Fig. 7. Bacteria from a human mouth, letter of 17 September 1683. A is a motile Bacillus, B is Selenomonas sputigena, with C…D its path, E is Micrococci, F is Leptothrix buccalis, and G is a spirochaete, probably Spirochaeta buccalis (Dobell 1932:Plate 24 or Leeuwenhoek 1939–1999, IV:Plate 8). PD source: http://www.madrimasd.org/blogs/m icrobiologia/wp-content/blogs.dir/110/fi les/1431/o_Leeuwenhoek.jpg [2] Fig. 7. Bacteria from a human mouth, letter of 17 September 1683. A is a motile Bacillus, B is Selenomonas sputigena, with C D its path, E is Micrococci, F is Leptothrix buccalis, and G is a spirochaete, probably Spirochaeta buccalis (Dobell 1932:Plate 24 or Leeuwenhoek 1939-1999, IV:Plate 8). COPYRIGHTED? source: http://esapubs.org/bulletin/back issues/087-1/bulletin_jan2006.htm |
315 YBN [1685 AD] 3 | 3348) A portable pin-hole camera.1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ http://www.johann-zahn.com/ 2. ^ http://www.johann-zahn.com/ 3. ^ http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId= ft296nb16b&chunk.id=0&doc.view=print {1685} | (Würzburg praemonstrantensian monastery) Würzburg, Germany2 |
[1] Johann Zahn, camera obscura portabilis (reflex box camera obscura), 1685. Courtesy of the Gernsheim Collection, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin. PD/Corel source: http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/dat a/13030/6b/ft296nb16b/figures/ft296nb16b _00000.gif [2] Johann Zahn, camera obscura portabilis (reflex box camera obscura), 1685. Courtesy of the Gernsheim Collection, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin. PD/Corel source: http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/dat a/13030/6b/ft296nb16b/figures/ft296nb16b _00000.gif |
313 YBN [1687 AD] 13 | 1845) The law of gravitation by Isaac Newton; that all matter attracts other matter with a force that is the product of their masses, and the inverse of their distance squared.6 Newton clearly distinguishes between mass and weight7 , viewing mass as the quantity of matter contained in a body8 , and defines a force as the product of mass and acceleration (F=ma).9 Newton shows that the acceleration on any mass from a second mass due to gravity can be calculated as the mass of the second object divided by the distance between the two objects squared10 and theorizes that even light particles are affected by gravity.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687), p190. http://books.google.com/books?id= qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190 AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac. uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English (note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1, p259. http://books.google.com/books?id= Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259 2. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687), p190. http://books.google.com/books?id= qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190 AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac. uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English (note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1, p259. http://books.google.com/books?id= Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259 3. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687), p190. http://books.google.com/books?id= qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190 AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac. uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English (note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1, p259. http://books.google.com/books?id= Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259 4. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687), p190. http://books.google.com/books?id= qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190 AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac. uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English (note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1, p259. http://books.google.com/books?id= Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259 5. ^ (De Motu Corporum, Liber Primus, Prop XCVI Scholium) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687), p34. http://books.google.com/books?id=q jEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA34 AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac. uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English: Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1, p316-317. http://books.google.com/books ?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA316 6. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687), p190. http://books.google.com/books?id= qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190 AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac. uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English (note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1, p259. http://books.google.com/books?id= Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp148-154. 8. ^ (Proposition LXIX Theorem XXIX) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687) http://www.newtonproject.sussex.a c.uk/view/texts/diplomatic/NATP00077 English: Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, p259-260. http://books.google.com/books ?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp148-154. 10. ^ (Proposition LXIX Theorem XXIX) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687) http://www.newtonproject.sussex.a c.uk/view/texts/diplomatic/NATP00077 English: Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, p259-260. http://books.google.com/books ?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259 11. ^ (De Motu Corporum, Liber Primus, Prop XCVI Scholium) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687), p34. http://books.google.com/books?id=q jEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA34 AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac. uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English: Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1, p316-317. http://books.google.com/books ?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA316 12. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 8764/Sir-Isaac-Newton 13. ^ Newton_isaac_letters_739364699_content.p df Annals of Science, The Newton Letters Vols I and II, G Burniston Brown, 06/01/1960 (publishes: 1687) MORE INFO [1] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaa c_Newton [2] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 9241/binomial-theorem [3] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Biographies/Newton.html [4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.htm l [5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/pr ism.php?id=47 [6] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/te xts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma lized [7] http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000 007/00a00090/0 [8] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8475/Niccolo-Zucchi [9] http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeH istory/Early_Period.html [10] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/pr ism.php?id=15 [11] "acoustics". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-640 48/acoustics [12] (Scholium.) Newton, I., and A. Motte. The Principia. Prometheus Books, 1848. Great Minds Series., p182 | Cambridge, England12 (presumably) |
[1] Sir Isaac Newton's own first edition copy of his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica with his handwritten corrections for the second edition. The first edition was published under the imprint of Samuel Pepys who was president of the Royal Society. By the time of the second edition, Newton himself had become president of the Royal Society, as noted in his corrections. The book can be seen in the Wren Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. CC source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:NewtonsPrincipia.jpg [2] Description Isaac Newton Date 1689 Author Godfrey Kneller PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg |
313 YBN [1687 AD] 5 6 | 3895) That a mite causes scabies, a skin inflammation1 , is proven, and the mite first seen with a microscope.2 3 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "scabies." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/526234/scabies>. 2. ^ J Théodoridès, "Casimir Davaine (1812-1882): a precursor of Pasteur.", Med Hist. 1966 April; 10(2): 155–165. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih .gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1033586 {08/1850} 3. ^ "Bonomo, Giovan Cosimo", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p118. 4. ^ Marcia Ramos-e-Silva , "Giovan Cosimo Bonomo (1663–1696): discoverer of the etiology of scabies", International Journal of Dermatology, Volume 37, Issue 8, Pages 625-630. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119104681/HTMLSTAR T 5. ^ J Théodoridès, "Casimir Davaine (1812-1882): a precursor of Pasteur.", Med Hist. 1966 April; 10(2): 155–165. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih .gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1033586 {08/1850} {1687} 6. ^ "Bonomo, Giovan Cosimo", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p118. {1687} MORE INFO [1] "Casimir Davaine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Dav aine [2] "Pierre François Olive Rayer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fran %C3%A7ois_Olive_Rayer [3] "Davaine, Casimir Joseph", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p233 [4] "Koch, Robert." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 17 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9045 848> [5] Joseph A. Witkowski, Lawrence Charles Parish, The story of anthrax from antiquity to the present: a biological weapon of nature and humans, Clinics in Dermatology, Volume 20, Issue 4, July-August 2002, Pages 336-342, ISSN 0738-081X, DOI: 10.1016/S0738-081X(02)00250-X. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6 T5G-46MBF63-4/2/8d6754fb70b3b214872fb2cd 8fe4bca9) [6] http://books.google.com/books?id=weyQKyh tTGMC&pg=PA742&dq=bonomo+cestoni&as_brr= 1&ei=1KO_SfruN5XSlQSL8dVQ [7] Dr Bonomo and Richard Mead, "An Abstract of Part of a Letter from Dr Bonomo to Sigmor Redi, Containing Some Observations concerni... more", Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 23, (1702 - 1703), pp. 1296-1299. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 102886 | Livorno, Italy4 |
[1] Bonomo's drawings of the agent of scabies PD/Corel AND source: de.wikipedia Deutsch: Räudemilbe, weiblich author: Kalumet date: 06.11.2004 GNU source: http://www3.interscience.wiley.c om/cgi-bin/fulltext/119104681/nf1http:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c /c0/Sarcoptes_scabei_2.jpg [2] Bonomo's drawings of the agent of scabies PD/Corel source: http://www3.interscience.wiley.c om/cgi-bin/fulltext/119104681/nf1 |
310 YBN [1690 AD] 6 | 1200) A gear-cutting machine2 (a machine for cutting gears out of cylinders of metal3 ).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Ted Huntington 4. ^ "Polhem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polhem 5. ^ "Polhem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polhem 6. ^ "Polhem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polhem | Sweden5 |
[1] Christopher Polhem in 1741. PD AND On Sunday, December 18 inaugurated the exhibition of Christopher Polhem On Technical ... Class 5 pilot from Klastorp School had the honor to visit it before, photographed, snabbguidas and also showcase their inventions. There are many parts of the mechanical alphabet, mine lifts, computer games, one point for creative children and adolescents mm. UNKNOWN source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Christopher_Polhem_painted_by_Johan_H enrik_Scheffel_1741.jpghttp://kungsholms uppfinnare.se/wp-content/uploads/2011/12 /IMG_1050.jpg [2] Christopher Polhem in 1741. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Christopher_Polhem_painted_by_Johan_H enrik_Scheffel_1741.jpg |
310 YBN [1690 AD] 5 | 1864) The steam engine is reinvented;2 a pump with a piston is raised by steam.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dugald Clerks, "The Gas Engine", Scientific American Supplement, No. 484, April 11, 1885 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/139 39/13939-h/13939-h.htm 2. ^ Dugald Clerks, "The Gas Engine", Scientific American Supplement, No. 484, April 11, 1885 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/139 39/13939-h/13939-h.htm 3. ^ "Denis Papin". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Denis%20Papin 4. ^ "Denis Papin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Papin 5. ^ "Denis Papin". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Denis%20Papin (1690) MORE INFO [1] "Denis Papin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 8341/Denis-Papin [2] http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/pr ojects/cecil/history.html | Leipzig, Germany4 |
[1] First Piston Steam Engine, by Papin. 19th century encyclopedia. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Papinengine.jpg [2] subject: Denis Papin, unknown artist, 1689. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Denis_Papin.jpg |
306 YBN [1694 AD] 3 4 | 1888) A water wheel is used to lift ore from a mine.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Svenska teknologf�reningen. Christopher Polhem, the Father of Swedish Technology. Trustees of Trinity College, 1963, p165-168. {Polhem_1963.pdf} 2. ^ Svenska teknologf�reningen. Christopher Polhem, the Father of Swedish Technology. Trustees of Trinity College, 1963, p168. {Polhem_1963.pdf} 3. ^ Svenska teknologf�reningen. Christopher Polhem, the Father of Swedish Technology. Trustees of Trinity College, 1963, p168. {Polhem_1963.pdf} 4. ^ "Christopher Polhem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher _Polhem (1690) MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] http://www.answers.com/Christopher%20Pol hem | (Falun Mine) Blankstoten, Sweden2 |
[1] Svenska teknologf�reningen. Christopher Polhem, the Father of Swedish Technology. Trustees of Trinity College, 1963, p167. {Polhem_1963.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: Svenska teknologf�reningen. Christopher Polhem, the Father of Swedish Technology. Trustees of Trinity College, 1963, p167. [2] Svenska teknologf�reningen. Christopher Polhem, the Father of Swedish Technology. Trustees of Trinity College, 1963, p25. {Polhem_1963.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: Svenska teknologf�reningen. Christopher Polhem, the Father of Swedish Technology. Trustees of Trinity College, 1963, p25. |
305 YBN [1695 AD] 5 6 | 3260) The quantity mass times velocity squared is named "vis-visa" ("the living force"), and the theory that vis-visa, not momentum is the quantity always conserved.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp155-156. 2. ^ George E. Smith, "The vis viva dispute: A controversy at the dawn of dynamics", Physics Today, October 2006, page 31. http://physicstoday.org/journals/do c/PHTOAD-ft/vol_59/iss_10/31_1.shtml 3. ^ Gottfried Leibniz, "Specimen Dynamicum" (1695). books.google.com/books?id=0je_D N18UkoC&pg=PA315 English translation: L. E. Loemker, "Philosophical Papers and Letters", (1976), pp.435-452. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=vm_7-mtXj0YC {Leibniz_specimen_16 95.pdf} 4. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz 5. ^ Gottfried Leibniz, "Specimen Dynamicum" (1695). books.google.com/books?id=0je_D N18UkoC&pg=PA315 English translation: L. E. Loemker, "Philosophical Papers and Letters", (1976), pp.435-452. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=vm_7-mtXj0YC {Leibniz_specimen_16 95.pdf} 6. ^ http://www.physics.odu.edu/~kuhn/PHYS101 /VisViva.html (1695) MORE INFO [1] "Gottfried Leibniz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_L eibniz [2] http://www.answers.com/Gottfried+Wilhelm +Leibniz?cat=technology [3] "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz (03/??/1679) [4] G. W. Leibniz, Acta Eruditorum (1686), p. 161; English translation in Philosophical Papers and Letters, L. E. Loemker, trans. and ed., Reidel, Dordrecht, the Netherlands (1969), p. 296 | Hannover, Germany4 (presumably) |
[1] Gottfried Leibniz, ''Specimen Dynamicum'' (1695). books.google.com/books?id=0je_D N18UkoC&pg=PA315 PD English translation: L. E. Loemker, ''Philosophical Papers and Letters'', (1976), pp.435-452. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=vm_7-mtXj0YC {Leibniz_specimen_16 95.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: books.google.com/books?id=0je_DN 18UkoC&pg=PA315http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=vm_7-mtXj0YC [2] [t Diagram from Leibniz's Specimen Dynamicum] PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?id =vm_7-mtXj0YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phi losophical+papers+and+letters+leibniz&si g=8UL3CfCXAuOCpgMc-1WCFh7hHvg#PPA435,M1 |
303 YBN [1697 AD] 7 8 9 | 1885) The "phlogiston {Flo-JiS-ToN1 } theory" of combustion.2 Phlogiston is thought to be the combustible element in substances.3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "phlogiston." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/phlogiston 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp161-162. 3. ^ "Georg Ernst Stahl". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Georg+Ernst+Stahl ?cat=technology 4. ^ Mellor, J.W. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Longmans, Green and Co., 1922. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, p64-65. http://books.google.com/books?i d=PnjVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA65 5. ^ "Zymotechnia fundamentalis) in: Stahl, G.E. Georgii Ernesti Stahlii Opusculum Chymico-physico-medicum, Seu Schediasmatum a Pluribus Annis Variis Occasionibus in Publicum Emissorum Nunc ... in Unum Volumen Jam Collectorum ... typis et impensis Orphanotrophei, 1715, p67. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z Kx7vYJ-ujsC&pg=PA67 6. ^ "Georg Ernst Stahl". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-687 0/Georg-Ernst-Stahl 7. ^ Mellor, J.W. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Longmans, Green and Co., 1922. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, p64-65. http://books.google.com/books?i d=PnjVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA65 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp161-162. (1700) (1700) 9. ^ "Georg Ernst Stahl". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ernst _Stahl (1697) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/phlogiston?cat=te chnology [2] "phlogiston". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 9739/phlogiston | Halle, Germany6 |
[1] English: Georg Ernst Stahl (1660-1734), German chemist, physician and metallurgist Source http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/exhibit /large/01_19.gif Date 18th century PD AND ''Zymotechnia fundamentalis) in: Stahl, G.E. Georgii Ernesti Stahlii Opusculum Chymico-physico-medicum, Seu Schediasmatum a Pluribus Annis Variis Occasionibus in Publicum Emissorum Nunc ... in Unum Volumen Jam Collectorum ... typis et impensis Orphanotrophei, 1715, p67. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z Kx7vYJ-ujsC&pg=PA67 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Georg_Ernst_Stahl.pnghttp://books.goo gle.com/books?id=ZKx7vYJ-ujsC&pg=PA67 [2] English: Georg Ernst Stahl (1660-1734), German chemist, physician and metallurgist Source http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/exhibit /large/01_19.gif Date 18th century PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Georg_Ernst_Stahl.png |
302 YBN [1698 AD] 12 | 1777) The size and distance of other stars is measured by comparing the apparent size of Sirius to a fractional portion of the Sun.7 8 9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Sagan, Soter, Druyan, "Cosmos", 1984. 2. ^ Thomas Dick, "The sidereal heavens and other subjects connected with astronomy: as ...", 1844, p63. books.google.com/books?id=a-gRAAAA YAAJ&pg=PA63 3. ^ Huygens, "Cosmotheoros, Or Conjectures Concerning the Planetary Worlds and Their Inhabitants", 1699. Huygens, Christiaan. Cosmotheoros: or, conjectures concerning the inhabitants of the planets. Translated from the Latin of Christian Huygens. A new edition, corrected. Glasgow, Mcdlxii (1762). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 May 2012, Book 2, p116. http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomar k.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupN ame=ucirvine&tabID=T001&docId=CW33099415 61&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticle s&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE {Huyge ns_Cosmotheoros.pdf} 4. ^ Sagan, Soter, Druyan, "Cosmos", 1984. 5. ^ Thomas Dick, "The sidereal heavens and other subjects connected with astronomy: as ...", 1844, p63. books.google.com/books?id=a-gRAAAA YAAJ&pg=PA63 6. ^ Huygens, "Cosmotheoros, Or Conjectures Concerning the Planetary Worlds and Their Inhabitants", 1699. Huygens, Christiaan. Cosmotheoros: or, conjectures concerning the inhabitants of the planets. Translated from the Latin of Christian Huygens. A new edition, corrected. Glasgow, Mcdlxii (1762). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 May 2012, Book 2, p116. http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomar k.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupN ame=ucirvine&tabID=T001&docId=CW33099415 61&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticle s&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE {Huyge ns_Cosmotheoros.pdf} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140. 8. ^ Thomas Dick, "The sidereal heavens and other subjects connected with astronomy: as ...", 1844, p63. books.google.com/books?id=a-gRAAAA YAAJ&pg=PA63 9. ^ Huygens, "Cosmotheoros, Or Conjectures Concerning the Planetary Worlds and Their Inhabitants", 1699. Huygens, Christiaan. Cosmotheoros: or, conjectures concerning the inhabitants of the planets. Translated from the Latin of Christian Huygens. A new edition, corrected. Glasgow, Mcdlxii (1762). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 May 2012, Book 2, p116. http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomar k.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupN ame=ucirvine&tabID=T001&docId=CW33099415 61&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticle s&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE {Huyge ns_Cosmotheoros.pdf} 10. ^ Sagan, Soter, Druyan, "Cosmos", 1984. 11. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1658/Christiaan-Huygens 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140. (1698) (1698) MORE INFO [1] "Christiaan Huygens". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_ Huygens [2] http://www.answers.com/Christiaan+Huygen s?cat=technology [3] http://books.google.com/books?id=ntZwxtt ZF-sC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=huygens+distan ce+stars+sirius&source=web&ots=LS3xk1VXz b&sig=dggeaF1_TGO8d12SB7CC9-t0Wxg | The Hague, Netherlands11 (presumably) |
[1] Cosmotheoros (1698) PD source: http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/c osmotheoros_en.htm [2] The Proportion of the Magnitude of the Planets, in respect of one another, and the Sun PD source: http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/c osmotheoros_nl.htm |
301 YBN [1699 AD] 4 5 | 2008) The theory that color is determined by the frequency of light.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p75. 2. ^ Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p75. 3. ^ Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p57. 4. ^ Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p56. (1699) 5. ^ "Malebranche". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malebranche (1699) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/topic/nicolas-mal ebranche [2] light_color_malebranche_Newton.pdf http://www.springerlink.com/content/n572 10216334v842/ VI From Newton to Young Journal Documenta Ophthalmologica Publisher Springer Netherlands ISSN 0012-4486 (Print) 1573-2622 (Online) Issue Volume 96, Numbers 1-3 / July, 1999 DOI 10.1023/A:1017248722519 Pages 88-111 Subject Collection Medicine SpringerLink Date Monday, October 25, 2004 | Paris, France3 |
[1] Engraving by N. Edelinck after I. B. Santerre - Nicolas Malebranche PD source: http://www.archiv.cas.cz/english /foto/malebra.htm |
300 YBN [07/11/1700 AD] 5 6 | 1857) The "Akademie der Wissenschaften1 " (Academy of Sciences) is established in Berlin.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Gottfried+Wilhelm +Leibniz?cat=technology 2. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Gottfried+Wilhelm +Leibniz?cat=technology 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp155-156. 4. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz 5. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz (07/11/1700) 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp155-156. (1700) (1700) MORE INFO [1] "Gottfried Leibniz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_L eibniz | Berlin, Germany3 4 |
[1] Description Deutsch: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (Gemälde von Bernhard Christoph Francke, Braunschweig, Herzog-Anton-Ulrich-Museum, um 1700) Source http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gbrown/philosoph ers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Leibniz/Leib nizGif.html Date ca. 1700 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz.jpg [2] Source: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedi a/L/Leibniz.html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Leibniz_231.jpg |
300 YBN [1700 AD] 4 | 3593) A frog muscle is caused to move by rubbing a cut nerve with a scalpel.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884,p175-176. http://books.google.com/ books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcove r&dq=A+History+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to +the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA #PPA176,M1 2. ^ Histoire de l'Academie des Sciences," 1700, p. 40, and 1742, vol. I. p. 187. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k3502d/f46.image {Historie_de_l_Acad emie_1700.pdf} 3. ^ "Duverney, Joseph-Guichard", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p270 4. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884,p175-176. http://books.google.com/ books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcove r&dq=A+History+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to +the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA #PPA176,M1 {1700} MORE INFO [1] "Joseph-Guichard Du Verney". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Guic hard_Du_Verney [2] http://www.speedylook.com/Joseph-Guichar d_Of_Verney.html | Paris, France3 (presumably) |
[1] AND Histoire de l'Academie des Sciences,'' 1700, p. 40, and 1742, vol. I. p. 187. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k3502d/f46.image {Historie_de_l_Acad emie_1700.pdf} AND Joseph Guichard (Joseph Guichard) Du Verney (Duverney, 1648-1730) donnant une lecon d'anatomie au duc de Bourgogne Louis de France (1682-1712). 18eme siecle. 1878. UNKNOWN source: http://www.artelista.com/prints/ scala/big/4/6/WH19289m.jpghttp://gallica .bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3502d/f46.image [2] Joseph Guichard (Joseph Guichard) Du Verney (Duverney, 1648-1730) donnant une lecon d'anatomie au duc de Bourgogne Louis de France (1682-1712). 18eme siecle. 1878. UNKNOWN source: http://www.artelista.com/prints/ scala/big/4/6/WH19289m.jpg |
300 YBN [1700 AD] 4 | 6251) The pianoforte (or piano) is invented.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p91. 2. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p91. 3. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p91. 4. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p91. {1700} | Florence, Italy3 |
[1] [t Note Remnant describes apparently the same piao as ''The oldest surviving piano, by Bartolomeo Cristofori, Florence, 1720. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Crosby Brown Collection''] Description English: Piano forte by Bartolomeo Cristofori manufactured in 1722, Museo Nazionale degli Strumenti Musicali di Roma Date 28 January 2010 Source Own work CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/32/Piano_forte_Cristofor i_1722.JPG |
298 YBN [06/28/1702 AD] 4 5 | 1892) That liquids such as water always boil at the same temperature is determined.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p163. 2. ^ Amontons, G. "Discours sur quelques proprits de lair, et le moyen den connatre la temprature dans tous les climats de la Terre." Mmoires de lAcadmie Royale des Sciences (1702): 155-171. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/121 48/bpt6k3505b/f314.image.r=Histoire%20et %20M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mi e%20royale%20des%20sciences.langEN AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k3505b.image.langEN.r=Histoire%20et%20 M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie%2 0royale%20des%20sciences 3. ^ "Guillaume Amontons". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Guillaume+Amonton s?cat=technology 4. ^ Amontons, G. "Discours sur quelques proprits de lair, et le moyen den connatre la temprature dans tous les climats de la Terre." Mmoires de lAcadmie Royale des Sciences (1702): 155-171. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/121 48/bpt6k3505b/f314.image.r=Histoire%20et %20M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mi e%20royale%20des%20sciences.langEN AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k3505b.image.langEN.r=Histoire%20et%20 M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie%2 0royale%20des%20sciences 5. ^ "Guillaume Amontons". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Guillaume+Amonton s?cat=technology (1702) MORE INFO [1] "Guillaume Amontons". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_A montons | Paris, France3 (presumably) |
[1] Amontons, G. ''Discours sur quelques propriétés de l’air, et le moyen d’en connaître la température dans tous les climats de la Terre.'' Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences (1702): 155- http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k3505b/f314.image.r=Histoire%20et%20M %C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie%20 royale%20des%20sciences.langEN AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k3505b.image.langEN.r=Histoire%20et%20 M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie%2 0royale%20des%20sciences PD source: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148 /bpt6k3505b/f314.image.r=Histoire%20et%2 0M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie% 20royale%20des%20sciences.langEN [2] Amontons, G. ''Discours sur quelques propriétés de l’air, et le moyen d’en connaître la température dans tous les climats de la Terre.'' Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences (1702): 155- http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k3505b/f314.image.r=Histoire%20et%20M %C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie%20 royale%20des%20sciences.langEN AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k3505b.image.langEN.r=Histoire%20et%20 M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie%2 0royale%20des%20sciences PD source: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148 /bpt6k3505b/f314.image.r=Histoire%20et%2 0M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie% 20royale%20des%20sciences.langEN |
295 YBN [1705 AD] 4 | 1872) The path of a comet is correctly calculated.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8943/Edmond-Halley 2. ^ "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8943/Edmond-Halley 3. ^ "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8943/Edmond-Halley 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. MORE INFO [1] "Edmund Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hall ey [2] http://www.answers.com/Edmund+Halley+?ca t=technology | London, England3 (presumably) |
[1] Halley's comet on the Bayeux tapesry {ULSF: determine date} PD source: http://classconnection.s3.amazon aws.com/510/flashcards/1411510/jpg/pictu re1061336605287772.jpg [2] Halley's comet on the Bayeux tapesry {ULSF: determine date} PD source: http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/ laserdisk/0214/21434.JPG |
292 YBN [1708 AD] 4 | 4481) Light rays are shown to move low-mass objects.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light and Colours", 1772, kraus reprint 1978, p385. {Priestley_History_Light.pdf} 2. ^ Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, 1708, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=t N0EAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=g bs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=fals e {verify this link - I can't find the specific text} 3. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light and Colours", 1772, kraus reprint 1978, p385. {Priestley_History_Light.pdf} 4. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light and Colours", 1772, kraus reprint 1978, p385. {Priestley_History_Light.pdf} {1708} MORE INFO [1] http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyc lop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Homberg,_Wilhelm | Paris, France3 |
[1] Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, 1708, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=t N0EAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=g bs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=fals e source: Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, 1708, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=t N0EAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=g bs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=fals e |
290 YBN [1710 AD] 5 6 | 3773) The first theory of relativity; that a motion requires at least two bodies, as opposed to the theory of absolute space, time, and motion.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Berkeley, George." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 31 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078 783>. 2. ^ George Berkeley, Thomas Joseph McCormack, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, Open Court Pub. Co., 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= mWVCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=auth or:berkeley&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=8qNbSfClJo_I M8mO4BY#PPR4,M1 1710 edition: http://books.google.com/books? id=mmMIOwAACAAJ&dq=author:berkeley+date: 1710-1710&ei=17tbSaRQkagzyaC43wE 3. ^ W. A. Suchting, "Berkeley's Criticism of Newton on Space and Motion Berkeley's Criticism of Newton on Space and Motion", Isis, Vol. 58, No. 2 (Summer, 1967), pp. 186-197. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pd fplus/228223.pdf {Suchting_Berkeley_Geo rge_Newton_1967.pdf} 4. ^ George Berkeley, "De Moto", 1721. from: George Berkeley, "The Works of George Berkeley" By http://books.google.com/books?id=3dIQA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA84&dq=de+moto+author:berkel ey&ei=47BbSdXIII2YMsKwybAH#PPA73,M1 5. ^ W. A. Suchting, "Berkeley's Criticism of Newton on Space and Motion Berkeley's Criticism of Newton on Space and Motion", Isis, Vol. 58, No. 2 (Summer, 1967), pp. 186-197. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pd fplus/228223.pdf {Suchting_Berkeley_Geo rge_Newton_1967.pdf} {1710} 6. ^ "Berkeley, George." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 31 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078 783>. {1710} | (Trinity College) Dublin, Ireland4 |
[1] George Berkeley PD/Corel source: http://www.nndb.com/people/584/0 00087323/berkeley-3.jpg |
287 YBN [03/28/1713 AD] 15 | 6594) The mass and density of the planets are determined5 and the theory that the Universe is made of mostly empty space by Newton6 . Newton calculates the mass of Jupiter to be around 1/1000th the mass of the Sun, Saturn around 1/2000th, and the Earth to be 1/200000th.7 Newton estimates the density of Earth to be about 4 times the density of the Sun, Jupiter 3/4 the density, and Saturn only 1/2 the density.8 Newton allows that gravitational attraction may arise as a result of emissions from the bodies themselves, or by the action of a material medium.9 10 11 Newton also recognizes that the Sun is moved by the gravity of the other planets.12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p370-371. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p370-371. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} For English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 2, p228. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228 2. ^ (Book III, Propositions X) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p372-373. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA372 AND: Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p372-373. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} For English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 2, p230-232. http://books.google.com/books ?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA230 3. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p370-371. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p370-371. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} For English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 2, p228. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228 4. ^ (Book III, Propositions X) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p372-373. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA372 AND: Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p372-373. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} For English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 2, p230-232. http://books.google.com/books ?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA230 5. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p370-371. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p370-371. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} For English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 2, p228. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228 6. ^ (Book III, Propositions X) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p372-373. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA372 AND: Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p372-373. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} For English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 2, p230-232. http://books.google.com/books ?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA230 7. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p370-371. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p370-371. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} For English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 2, p228. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228 8. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p370-371. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p370-371. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} For English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 2, p228. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228 9. ^ Newton, I., and F. Cajori. Sir Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World: The System of the World. University of California Press, 1962. Sir Isaac Newtons Mathematical Principles on Natural Philosophy and His System of the World, p634. http://books.google.com/books?id= gB2-Hqdx_LUC&pg=PA634 10. ^ (Proposition LXIX Scholium) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p172-173. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA172 AND Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p172-173. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} 11. ^ Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, p262. http://books.google.com/books?id= Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA262 12. ^ (Book III, Propositions XI and XII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p373-374. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA373 AND: Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p373-374. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} For English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 2, p232-233. http://books.google.com/books ?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA232 13. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p370-371. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p370-371. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} 14. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/413189/Sir-Isaac-Newton>. 15. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723, p370-371. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�, MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p370-371. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} For English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 2, p228. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228 MORE INFO [1] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaa c_Newton [2] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 9241/binomial-theorem [3] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Biographies/Newton.html [4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.htm l [5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/pr ism.php?id=47 [6] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/te xts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma lized [7] http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000 007/00a00090/0 [8] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8475/Niccolo-Zucchi [9] http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeH istory/Early_Period.html [10] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/pr ism.php?id=15 [11] "acoustics". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-640 48/acoustics [12] (De Motu Corporum -Liber Primus- Scholium) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687), p34. http://books.google.com/books?id=q jEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA34 AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac. uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 [13] Sir Isaac Newton, The mathematical principles of natural philosophy, Volume 2, printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729, p227-228. http://books.google.com/books ?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA227 [14] "Ismael Bullialdus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Bull ialdus [15] Isaac Newton, "Opticks: Or, A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. Also Two treatises of the Species and Magnitude of Curvilinear Figures", First Edition, (London: 1704), p132. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.a c.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00031 AND http://archive.org/details/optickso rtreatis00newt [16] Isaac Newton, "Opticks: Or, A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. Also Two treatises of the Species and Magnitude of Curvilinear Figures", First Edition, (London: 1704) http://www.newtonproject.sussex.a c.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00031 [17] http://www.physics.odu.edu/~kuhn/PHYS101 /VisViva.html#ref [18] "Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Isaac+Newton+?cat =technology [19] http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7wkAAA AMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA136&dq=aristotle+physics+ gravity+levity&as_brr=1 [20] http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7wkAAA AMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA141&lpg=RA1-PA141&dq=aris totle+gravity+levity&source=web&ots=uMyd iEAeSU&sig=7Jj8rcY4QjtyJC6olR_uyAt2KAE#P RA1-PA141,M1 [21] "Isaac Newton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newto n [22] "Edmund Halley". Who2? Biographies. Who2?, 2008. Answers.com 2008. http://www.answers.com/Edmund+Halley+?ca t=technology [23] The Mechanical Universe, Episode 18, Waves [24] http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath109/k math109.htm [25] Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965, p4 | (Dabam) London, England13 14 |
[1] Newton, Isaac, Sir. Philosophiæ naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigiæ, MDCCXIII. [1713]. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 Mar. 2013, p370-371. {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130 328.pdf} PD source: [2] Sir Isaac Newton's own first edition copy of his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica with his handwritten corrections for the second edition. The first edition was published under the imprint of Samuel Pepys who was president of the Royal Society. By the time of the second edition, Newton himself had become president of the Royal Society, as noted in his corrections. The book can be seen in the Wren Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. CC source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:NewtonsPrincipia.jpg |
286 YBN [1714 AD] 4 | 1925) A thermometer that uses mercury and the Fahrenheit temperature scale.1 That boiling point changes with change in pressure is recognized.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 3562/Daniel-Gabriel-Fahrenheit 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp167-168. 3. ^ "Gabriel Fahrenheit". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Gabriel+Fahrenhei t+?cat=technology 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp167-168. (1714) (1714) MORE INFO [1] "Gabriel Fahrenheit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Fah renheit | Amsterdam, Netherlands3 (presumably) |
[1] An original thermometer invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit to fetch $157,000 at London auction UNKNOWN source: http://www.instablogsimages.com/ 1/2012/08/31/an_original_thermometer_inv ented_by_daniel_gabriel_fahrenheit_to_fe tch_100000_at_auction_gxlbd.jpg [2] Fahrenheit nació en Gdansk en 1686 y murió en La Haya en 1736 PD source: http://static.tvazteca.com/image nes/2012/48/Crean-retrato-virtual-Daniel -Gabriel-1741871.jpg |
282 YBN [1718 AD] 11 12 | 1876) The movement of the stars over long periods of time is proven.7 8 9 This adds proof against the ancient claim that the stars are fixed on a celestial sphere.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Edmund Halley, "Considerations on the Change of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixt Stars.", R. S. Sec. Phil. Trans. 1717 30 351-363 736-738; doi:10.1098/rstl.1717.0025 http://intl-rstl.royalsocietypublishin g.org/citmgr?gca=roypt;30/351-363/736 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/103320 2. ^ Aitken, R. G., "Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions", Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 4, No. 164, p.103. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1942ASPL....4..103A/0000106.000 .html 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. 4. ^ Edmund Halley, "Considerations on the Change of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixt Stars.", R. S. Sec. Phil. Trans. 1717 30 351-363 736-738; doi:10.1098/rstl.1717.0025 http://intl-rstl.royalsocietypublishin g.org/citmgr?gca=roypt;30/351-363/736 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/103320 5. ^ Aitken, R. G., "Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions", Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 4, No. 164, p.103. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1942ASPL....4..103A/0000106.000 .html 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. 7. ^ Edmund Halley, "Considerations on the Change of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixt Stars.", R. S. Sec. Phil. Trans. 1717 30 351-363 736-738; doi:10.1098/rstl.1717.0025 http://intl-rstl.royalsocietypublishin g.org/citmgr?gca=roypt;30/351-363/736 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/103320 8. ^ Aitken, R. G., "Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions", Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 4, No. 164, p.103. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1942ASPL....4..103A/0000106.000 .html 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. 12. ^ Aitken, R. G., "Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions", Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 4, No. 164, p.103. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1942ASPL....4..103A/0000106.000 .html MORE INFO [1] "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8943/Edmond-Halley [2] "Edmund Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hall ey [3] "comet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0156/comet [4] "Comet Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Halle y |
[1] Description Comet P/Halley as taken March 8, 1986 by W. Liller, Easter Island, part of the International Halley Watch (IHW) Large Scale Phenomena Network. Source NSSDC's Photo Gallery (NASA): * http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery /photogallery-comets.html * http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planeta ry/comet/lspn_comet_halley1.jpg Date image taken on 8. Mar. 1986 Author NASA/W. Liller Permission (Reusing this image) Copyright information from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery /photogallery-faq.html - All of the images presented on NSSDC's Photo Gallery are in the public domain. As such, they may be used for any purpose. [...] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Lspn_comet_halley.jpg [2] Portrait of Edmond Halley painted around 1687 by Thomas Murray (Royal Society, London) uploaded from http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/astrology/n ewton.htm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Edmund_Halley.gif | |
280 YBN [1720 AD] 4 | 6650) The theory that space is mostly dark because other stars are too far away for light emitting from them to be going in our direction.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Halley, Edmund. "Of the Infinity of the Sphere of Fix'd Stars. By Edmund Halley, LLDRSS." Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) 31 (1720): 22-24. http://books.google.com/books?id =O19FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22 2. ^ Halley, Edmund. "Of the Number, Order, and Light of the Fix'd Stars. By the Same." Philosophical transactions 31.364-369 (1720): 24-26. http://books.google.com/books?id =O19FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA24 3. ^ Jaki, Stanley L. "Olbers', Halley's, or Whose Paradox?." American Journal of Physics 35 (1967): 200. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajp ias/v35/i3/p200_s1 4. ^ Halley, Edmund. "Of the Infinity of the Sphere of Fix'd Stars. By Edmund Halley, LLDRSS." Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) 31 (1720): 22-24. http://books.google.com/books?id =O19FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22 MORE INFO [1] "Edmund Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hall ey [2] http://www.answers.com/Edmund+Halley+?ca t=technology [3] "St. Helena". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena [4] "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8943/Edmond-Halley [5] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. (1676) |
[1] Portrait of Edmond Halley PD AND Halley, Edmund. ''Of the Infinity of the Sphere of Fix'd Stars. By Edmund Halley, LLDRSS.'' Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) 31 (1720): 22-24. http://books.google.com/books?id =O19FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Edmond_Halley_5.jpghttp://books.googl e.com/books?id=O19FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22 [2] Portrait of Edmond Halley painted around 1687 by Thomas Murray (Royal Society, London) uploaded from http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/astrology/n ewton.htm PD AND Halley, Edmund. ''Of the Infinity of the Sphere of Fix'd Stars. By Edmund Halley, LLDRSS.'' Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) 31 (1720): 22-24. http://books.google.com/books?id =O19FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Edmund_Halley.gifhttp://books.google. com/books?id=O19FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22 | |
275 YBN [1725 AD] 5 | 3604) A machine uses a perforated roll of paper to form patterns in textiles.2 Perforated paper is the basis for early mechanical computers, and perforated film.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/589392/textile>. 2. ^ "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/589392/textile>. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ W. Maigne, "Dictionnaire classique des origines, inventions & découvertes dans les arts, les sciences, et les lettres, présentant une exposition dommaire des grandes conquétes du génie de l'homme: ouvrage destiné aux gens du monde et aux élèves des écoles", Larousse et Boyer, 1864, p614. http://books.google.com/books?id= DOgIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA614&dq=basile+bouchon+ lyon&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=KjLZSP_RKYXWsgOKouS ZDg 5. ^ "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/589392/textile>. {1725} MORE INFO [1] "Basile Bouchon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basile_Bouc hon [2] http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/inde x.php?id=315 [3] http://books.google.com/books?id=vf8tAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA444&dq=basile+bouchon&as_brr= 1&ei=JjHZSLTaMYjutAP99KHeDg#PPA444,M1 | Lyon, France4 |
[1] Basile Bouchon's loom, 1725 COPYRIGHTED source: http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac .at/uploads/pics/Basile_Bouchons_loom_01 .jpg |
274 YBN [1726 AD] 4 | 3381) "Coal gas", a flammable gas made mostly of hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide1 is produced by distillation of coal.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "coal gas." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 02 Jul. 2008. oal gas>. 2. ^ William Robinson, "Gas and Petroleum Engines: A Practical Treatise on the Internal Combustion ...", http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+ street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=z XhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct= result#PPA102,M1 3. ^ "Stephen Hales". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8874/Stephen-Hales 4. ^ William Robinson, "Gas and Petroleum Engines: A Practical Treatise on the Internal Combustion ...", http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+ street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=z XhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct= result#PPA102,M1 {1726} MORE INFO [1] "Stephen Hales". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hal es [2] http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/r arebooks/title.asp?relation=QK711H341727 (Vegtable Staticks) [3] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p165. (1727) (1727) [4] "Stephen Hales". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8874/Stephen-Hales (1727) | Teddington, England3 (presumably) |
[1] Description Scan of old picture of Stephen Hales Source The Gases of the Atmosphere (old book) Date 1896 Author William Ramsay PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Hales_Stephen.jpg [2] Stephen Hales measuring the blood pressure of a mare by means of a tube placed in the carotid artery. The Granger Collection, New York COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -15460/Stephen-Hales-measuring-the-blood -pressure-of-a-mare-by?articleTypeId=1 |
271 YBN [1729 AD] 3 4 | 1957) That electricity can flow in silk and metal is discovered.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "electromagnetism#152023.hook". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-715 98/electromagnetism#152023.hook 2. ^ "Stephen Gray (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gra y_%28scientist%29 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p173. (1729) (1729) 4. ^ "electromagnetism#152023.hook". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-715 98/electromagnetism#152023.hook (1729) | London, England2 |
[1] Picture of the month - Flying boy Stephen Gray FRS Flying boy The above image depicts the famous ''flying boy'' experiment carried out by Stephen Gray in the early 18th century. The experiment was used to demonstrate electrical polarity in suspended objects. The boy was suspended on silk cords and charged with electricity, which attracted paper and other light objects to his hands. Gray's work was very important in the understanding of the role played by conductors and insulators in electricity for which he was awarded the Society's first Copley Medal in 1731. PD source: http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.a sp?id=6276 [2] Stephen Gray découvre la conduction (Les Merveilles de la Science, Louis Figuier) PD source: http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/parcou rspedagogique/agora/spip.php?article18 |
267 YBN [12/27/1733 AD] 7 8 | 1965) The theory that electricity is made of two different fluids3 4 ; "vitreous" and "resinous".5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Charles François de Cisternay Du Fay". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Charles+Fran%C3%A 7ois+de+Cisternay+Du+Fay?cat=technology 2. ^ Du Fay, "V. A Letter from Mons. Du Fay", Philosophical Transactions. N432, Jan-Mar 1734, p258-266,p263. (p797 in link) http://books.google.com/books?id= sfMyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA263 3. ^ "Charles François de Cisternay Du Fay". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Charles+Fran%C3%A 7ois+de+Cisternay+Du+Fay?cat=technology 4. ^ Du Fay, "V. A Letter from Mons. Du Fay", Philosophical Transactions. N432, Jan-Mar 1734, p258-266,p263. (p797 in link) http://books.google.com/books?id= sfMyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA263 5. ^ "Charles François de Cisternay Du Fay". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Charles+Fran%C3%A 7ois+de+Cisternay+Du+Fay?cat=technology 6. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/BOOK_DUFAY.HT M 7. ^ Du Fay, "V. A Letter from Mons. Du Fay", Philosophical Transactions. N432, Jan-Mar 1734, p258-266,p263. (p797 in link) http://books.google.com/books?id= sfMyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA263 8. ^ "C. F. du Fay". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._du_Fa y (12/1733) | Paris, France6 |
[1] Du Fay, ''V. A Letter from Mons. Du Fay'', Philosophical Transactions. N432, Jan-Mar 1734, p258-266,p263. (p797 in link) http://books.google.com/books?id= sfMyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA263 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =sfMyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA263 [2] 1733 AD: Charles Francois de Cisternay Du FayThe French chemist Charles Francois de Cisternay Du Fay (1698-1739) discovered that when objects are rubbed together they either repel or attract each other and therefore that electricity came in two forms, which he called ''resinous'' (-) and ''vitreous'' (+). PD source: http://www.worldofenergy.com.au/ 07_timeline_world_1675_1780.html |
265 YBN [1735 AD] 14 15 16 | 1996) Life of Earth, including the human species, is systematically categorized by Carolus Linnaeus (lin Aus8 9 ).10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8407/Carolus-Linnaeus 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp181-183. 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=linnae us&submit=Submit 4. ^ "Carl Linnaeus." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 28 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/carolus-lin naeus 5. ^ "linnaeus." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 14 May. 2013. innaeus>. 6. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8407/Carolus-Linnaeus 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp181-183. 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=linnae us&submit=Submit 9. ^ "Carl Linnaeus." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 28 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/carolus-lin naeus 10. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8407/Carolus-Linnaeus 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp181-183. 12. ^ "carolus linnaeus". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/carolus-lin naeus 13. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Lin naeus 14. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8407/Carolus-Linnaeus (1735) 15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp181-183. (1735) 16. ^ "carolus linnaeus". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/carolus-lin naeus (1735) | Netherlands12 13 |
[1] Table of the Animal Kingdom (Regnum Animale) from Carolus Linnaeus's first edition (1735) of Systema Naturae. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29. png [2] Artist Alexander Roslin Title Carl von Linné 1707-1778 Year 1775 Technique Oil on canvas Dimensions 56 x 46 cm Current location Royal Science Academy of Sweden (Kungliga vetenskapsakademin) Stockholm Permission Public domain Carl von Linné painted by Alexander Roslin in 1775. The original painting can be viewed at the Royal Science Academy of Sweden (Kungliga vetenskapsakademin). PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg |
264 YBN [1736 AD] 3 | 1923) Substances that can conduct a flow of electricity are called "conductors" and those that cannot are called "insulators".1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p167. 2. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/desaguliers.html (copy at http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/desagu liers.html) 3. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/desaguliers.html (copy at http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/desagu liers.html) (1736 (loosely based on ) (1736 (loosely based on ) MORE INFO [1] "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electric ity [2] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/gray.h tml [3] http://www.roughashlar.com/members/artic le_index/9990194831362.html | London, England2 |
[1] Scientist: Desaguliers, John Theophilus (1683 - 1744) Discipline(s): Physics Original Artist: Hans Hysing, 1678-1752 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 15.6 x 10 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsiz e/SIL14-D3-02a.jpg [2] Scientist: Desaguliers, John Theophilus (1683 - 1744) Discipline(s): Physics Print Artist: James Tookey, 19th C. Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Hans Hysing, 1678-1752 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 12 x 9.6 cm / Sheet: 17.5 x 11.5 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsiz e/SIL14-D3-01a.jpg |
264 YBN [1736 AD] 5 | 1966) That the Earth is an oblate spheroid (a sphere flattened at the poles) is verified.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p175. 2. ^ "Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 1494/Pierre-Louis-Moreau-de-Maupertuis 3. ^ "Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 1494/Pierre-Louis-Moreau-de-Maupertuis 4. ^ "Maupertuis". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Maupertuis?cat=te chnology 5. ^ "Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 1494/Pierre-Louis-Moreau-de-Maupertuis (1736) MORE INFO [1] "Pierre Louis Maupertuis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Loui s_Maupertuis | Lapland3 4 |
[1] Scientist: Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de (1698 - 1759) Discipline(s): Mathematics ; Biology ; Physics Print Artist: Johann Jakob Haid, 1704-1767 Medium: Engraving Original Artist: R. Tourmere Original Dimensions: Graphic: 31 x 19 cm / PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/by_d iscipline_display_results.cfm?Research_D iscipline_1=Biology [2] Scientist: Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de (1698 - 1759) Discipline(s): Mathematics ; Biology ; Physics Original Dimensions: Graphic: 13.9 x 11 cm / Sheet: 30.7 x 21.5 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/by_d iscipline_display_results.cfm?Research_D iscipline_1=Biology |
262 YBN [1738 AD] 4 5 6 | 1971) The kinetic theory of gases and heat. Pressure is explained as the impact of molecules on a surface. Pressure and motion are shown to increase with temperature.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Daniel Bernoulli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8863/Daniel-Bernoulli 2. ^ "Daniel Bernoulli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8863/Daniel-Bernoulli 3. ^ Henry Crew, The Rise of Modern Physics, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1935, p218-223. {This also contains a partial translation from Latin.} 4. ^ "Daniel Bernoulli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8863/Daniel-Bernoulli (1738) 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp175-176. (1738) (1738) 6. ^ Henry Crew, The Rise of Modern Physics, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1935, p218-223. {This also contains a partial translation from Latin.} {1738} MORE INFO [1] "Daniel Bernoulli". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bern oulli [2] http://www.answers.com/Daniel+Bernoulli? cat=technology [3] http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes /252/kinetic_theory.html | Basel, Switzerland2 (presumably)| (published in ) Strasbourg3 |
[1] Bernoulli's Picture [t From 1738 book] PD/Corel source: http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu /classes/252/kinetic_theory_files/image0 02.jpg [2] Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) [Portrait by anonymous painter, in Historisches Museum Basel; from the frontispiece of Die Werke von Daniel Bernoulli, Band 1, Birkhaeuser Verlag] PD source: http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/phi sci/Gallery/D.bernoulli.html |
260 YBN [1740 AD] 3 | 2019) That phosphorus gains weight when burned (now known as oxidation) is found. This conflicts with the phlogiston theory.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp184-185. 2. ^ "Andreas Sigismund Marggraf". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 0865/Andreas-Sigismund-Marggraf 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp184-185. (1740) (1740) MORE INFO [1] "Andreas Sigismund Marggraf". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Sig ismund_Marggraf | Berlin, Germany2 (presumably) |
[1] Marggraf, engraving Bavaria-Verlag To cite this page: * MLA style: ''Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund.'' Online Photograph. Britannica Student Encyclopædia. 4 Nov. 2007 source: http://student.britannica.com/eb /art-28657/Marggraf-engraving |
260 YBN [1740 AD] 4 | 2067) Parthenogenesis (reproduction without fertilization) is conclusively proven; in female aphids.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 0625/Charles-Bonnet 2. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bon net 3. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 0625/Charles-Bonnet 4. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bon net (1740) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/parthenogenesis | Geneva?, Switzerland2 3 (presumably) |
[1] engraving of Charles Bonnet Source http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/mhng/pag e1/ins-ill-04.htm Date paint in 1777 Author Paint by I. Iuel et engraved by IF. Clemens PD source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik i/Image:Charles_Bonnet_engraved.jpg [2] Charles Bonnet (1720-1793). Source: http://www.univie.ac.at/science-archives /wissenschaftstheorie_2/bonnet.html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:CharlesBonnet.jpg |
258 YBN [1742 AD] 3 | 1975) The Celsius (or centigrade) temperature scale is invented; the freezing and boiling point of water are divided into 100 degrees1 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p177. 2. ^ "Celsius Anders". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 2032/Celsius-Anders 3. ^ "Celsius Anders". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 2032/Celsius-Anders (1742) MORE INFO [1] "Anders Celsius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Cels ius | Uppsala, Sweden2 (presumably) |
[1] Painting by Olof Arenius (1701 - 1766) Uppsala University - Astronomical Observatory PD source: http://www.astro.uu.se/history/i mages/celsius2.jpg [2] Anders Celsius, detail from a drawing by an unknown artist, 18th century. Archiv fur Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art /print?id=9261&articleTypeId=0 |
257 YBN [1743 AD] 2 3 | 1976) The first philosophical society in America, "the American Philosophical Society" is formed.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179. (1743) (1743) 3. ^ "John Harrison". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/John+Harrison?cat =technology (1735) (1743) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Benjamin%20Frankl in%20 [2] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/ELECTROSCOPE. HTM | Philadelphia, Pennsylviania, (English Colonies) USA |
[1] Credit: ''White House Historical Association (White House Collection)'' (981) Painted in 1759 by British artist and scientist Benjamin Wilson -who disagreed with Franklin's findings about electrical polarity-this portrait hung in Franklin's dining room in Philadelphia until Captain Andre' stole it during the British occupation of Philadelphia. Returned to the U.S. in 1906, it is now in the White House, in Washington, D. C. PD source: http://www.explorepahistory.com/ displayimage.php?imgId=668 [2] Multimedia Gallery - Image Portrait of Benjamin Franklin by artist David Martin (1737-1797) Portrait of Benjamin Franklin by artist David Martin (1737-1797) Credit: Library of Congress, LC-USZC4-3576 PD source: http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/medi a/images/benfranklin2_h3.jpg |
256 YBN [1744 AD] 4 | 2121) An electric spark is used to ignite a flammable liquid;1 ether.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ether." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Mar. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ether 2. ^ "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electric ity 3. ^ Royal Society (Great Britain). Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious in Many Considerable Parts of the World. Royal Society, Volume 43, N744, 1746, p167. books.google.com/books?id=6j9WAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA167 4. ^ "Electricity (1744)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electric ity (1744) (1744) MORE INFO [1] Phil. Trans., 1 744, 43, p. 167) |
[1] Royal Society (Great Britain). Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious in Many Considerable Parts of the World. Royal Society, Volume 43, N744, 1746, p167. books.google.com/books?id=6j9WAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA167 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=6j9WAA AAYAAJ&pg=PA167 | |
255 YBN [03/27/1745 AD] 4 | 1244) An electric spark ignites black powder.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Watson, W. Experiments and Observations Tending to Illustrate the Nature and Properties of Electricity. C. Davis, 1746, p3. books.google.com/books?id=TRw5AAAAM AAJ&pg=PA3 2. ^ Lynch, A.J., and C.A. Rowland. The History of Grinding. Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, Incorporated, 2005, p168. http://books.google.com/books?id= Kj7PSOqTZ3IC&pg=PA168 3. ^ "Blasting cap". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasting_ca p 4. ^ Watson, W. Experiments and Observations Tending to Illustrate the Nature and Properties of Electricity. C. Davis, 1746, p3. books.google.com/books?id=TRw5AAAAM AAJ&pg=PA3 MORE INFO [1] "William Watson (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wat son_%28scientist%29 [2] Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group. http://galenet.galegroup.com/ser vlet/ECCO Gale Document Number: CW3308601351 http://galenet.galegroup.c om/servlet/ECCO?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0 657800501&srchtp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&df=f&d2=1 40&docNum=CW3308601351&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af= BN&d6=140&d3=140&ste=10&stp=Author&d4=0. 33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T036346 Priestley_Hist ory_of_Electricity.pdf | England3 |
[1] William Watson (1715-1787) * Print Artist: J. Thornwaite * Medium/Year: Line engraving, 1784 * Original Artist: after an oilpainting by Lemuel Francis Abbott * Original Dimensions: Graphic: 9.8 x 7.7 cm / Sheet: 14.5 x 10.2 cm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:William_Watson.jpg |
255 YBN [11/04/1745 AD] 18 19 20 | 1972) The storage of electricity. The first electric memory and capacitor (commonly called the Leyden jar).10 11 12 A Leyden jar is a glass bottle holding water that can store electricity and give the holder of the bottle a large electric shock.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 5738/E-Georg-von-Kleist 2. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group, pp102-103. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECC O Gale Document Number: CW3308601351 3. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=u wgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21 4. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 5738/E-Georg-von-Kleist 5. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group, pp102-103. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECC O Gale Document Number: CW3308601351 6. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=u wgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21 7. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 5738/E-Georg-von-Kleist 8. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group, pp102-103. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECC O Gale Document Number: CW3308601351 9. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=u wgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21 10. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 5738/E-Georg-von-Kleist 11. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group, pp102-103. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECC O Gale Document Number: CW3308601351 12. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=u wgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21 13. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=u wgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21 14. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=u wgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21 15. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 5738/E-Georg-von-Kleist 16. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/kleist .html 17. ^ "Pomerania". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania 18. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=u wgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21 19. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group, p102. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECC O Gale Document Number: CW3308601351 (11/04/1745) 20. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 5738/E-Georg-von-Kleist (1745) MORE INFO [1] "Ewald Georg von Kleist". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Georg _von_Kleist | (University of Wittenburg) Wittenburg, Germany14 (was for von Kleist: Pomerania?, Prussia15 16 ) (coast of Baltic Sea between Germany and Poland17 ) |
[1] http://books.google.com/books?id=ko9BAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA71&dq=jar+%22von+Kleist%22&lr =&as_brr=1&ei=aniTR_uCJ5HwsgOQ5bU4#PPA71 ,M1 page with text and figure about von Kleist's invention of the Leyden jar Source Electricity in Every-day Life Date 1905 Author Edwin J. Houston PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Von_Kleist_Leyden_jar_1905.png [2] Pieter van Musschenbroek aus: http://20eeuwennederland.nl/actueel/1113 .htm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Pieter_van_Musschenbroek.jpeg |
255 YBN [1745 AD] 7 8 | 2966) An electrostatic motor.3 4 A clapper swings back and forth between two bells of oppositely charged glasses, causing a ring on contact with each, until the charge is gone.5 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ http://www.arcsandsparks.com/franklin.ht ml 2. ^ video of a modern version of Hamilton's Mill http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewgVXg_ tsC4 3. ^ http://www.arcsandsparks.com/franklin.ht ml 4. ^ video of a modern version of Hamilton's Mill http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewgVXg_ tsC4 5. ^ http://www.arcsandsparks.com/franklin.ht ml 6. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06649b.h tm 7. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06649b.h tm (1745) 8. ^ http://www.arcsandsparks.com/franklin.ht ml (Bells= 1742) MORE INFO [1] Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism By Silvanus Phillips Thompson http://books.google.com/books? id=hLk3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=winc kler+leipzig+electricity&source=web&ots= Op8vIkfDDE&sig=qHZAdRw3VdIi8ePfK7kcsGP6H zA&hl=en | (University of Erfurt) Erfurt, Germany6 |
[1] Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism By Silvanus Phillips Thompson http://books.google.com/books? id=hLk3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=winc kler+leipzig+electricity&source=web&ots= Op8vIkfDDE&sig=qHZAdRw3VdIi8ePfK7kcsGP6H zA&hl=en PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =hLk3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=winckl er+leipzig+electricity&source=web&ots=Op 8vIkfDDE&sig=qHZAdRw3VdIi8ePfK7kcsGP6HzA &hl=en [2] Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism By Silvanus Phillips Thompson http://books.google.com/books? id=hLk3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=winc kler+leipzig+electricity&source=web&ots= Op8vIkfDDE&sig=qHZAdRw3VdIi8ePfK7kcsGP6H zA&hl=en PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =hLk3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=winckl er+leipzig+electricity&source=web&ots=Op 8vIkfDDE&sig=qHZAdRw3VdIi8ePfK7kcsGP6HzA &hl=en http://books.google.com/books?id=TFLkGa4 bDCIC |
254 YBN [1746 AD] 3 4 | 2953) The theory that electricity is made of two streams of electrical fluid that move in opposite directions.1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Riskin, J. Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment. University of Chicago Press, 2002, p77. http://books.google.com/books?id=QpWa9 XSnFx4C&pg=PA77 2. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nollet .html 3. ^ "JEAN ANTOINE NOLLET". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/JEAN+ANTOINE+NOLL ET?cat=technology (1746) 4. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nollet .html (1745) MORE INFO [1] "Jean-Antoine Nollet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoin e_Nollet [2] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11090b.h tm | Paris, France2 (presumably) |
[1] Jean-Antoine Nollet PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Abben ollet.jpg [2] Scientist: Nollet, Jean-Antoine, abbé (1700 - 1770) Discipline(s): Physics Print Artist: Pasqual Pere Moles I Corones, 1741-1797 Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Georges de a Tour, 1593-1652 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 13.8 x 11.8 cm / Sheet: 27.4 x 19.5 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/disp lay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=n |
254 YBN [1746 AD] 4 | 2968) That electricity in an electrostatic generator comes from the ground and not the sphere is proven.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged. London, 1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 p113. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECC O?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW330860121 2&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T0363 46 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf 2. ^ A Sequel to the Experiments and Observations Tending to Illustrate the Nature and Properties of Electricity; In a Letter to the Royal Society from the Same Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 44 - 1746/1747 Author William, pp713-714. Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1746.0119 Wats on_William_1746_Sequel.pdf 3. ^ "William Watson (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wat son_%28scientist%29 4. ^ "William Watson (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wat son_%28scientist%29 (1746) (1746) MORE INFO [1] A Continuation of a Paper concerning Electricity, by William Watson F. R. S. Printed in These Trans. N. 477, Article I. Ending p. 501 Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 44 - 1746/1747 Author William Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1746.0118 Wats on_William_1746_Continuation.pdf [2] An Account of the Phaenomena of Electricity in Vacuo, with Some Observations Thereupon, by Mr. Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Wm. Watson Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 47. (1751 - 1752), pp. 362-376. http://www.jstor.org/view/02607085/ap0 00035/00a00610/0?frame=noframe&userID=80 c3de14@uci.edu/01c0a848640050f4dd0&dpi=3 &config=jstor | London, England3 |
[1] William Watson (1715â''1787) * Print Artist: J. Thornwaite * Medium/Year: Line engraving, 1784 * Original Artist: after an oilpainting by Lemuel Francis Abbott * Original Dimensions: Graphic: 9.8 x 7.7 cm / Sheet: 14.5 x 10.2 cm PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Willi am_Watson.jpg [2] Figure from a Watson 1746 paper PD/Corel source: A Sequel to the Experiments and Observations Tending to Illustrate the Nature and Properties of Electricity; In a Letter to the Royal Society from the Same Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 44 - 1746/1747 Author William Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1746.0119 Wats on_William_1746_Sequel.pdf |
253 YBN [07/11/1747 AD] 4 5 6 | 1981) The theory that electricity is a single fluid, and that lightning is electricity.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179. 3. ^ "Benjamin Franklin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-224 67/Benjamin-Franklin 4. ^ The Writings of Benjamin Franklin By Benjamin Franklin Published 1905 Macmillan & co., ltd. United States, p302. http://books.google.com/books?id=BITTQfM LcpEC&pg=PA302&lpg=PA302&dq=franklin+mar ch+28+1747+letter&source=web&ots=cMKNLDw QT2&sig=rk0pZ33SEwyWeJb7wA3PCHnUKOk&hl=e n (07/11/1747) 5. ^ "Benjamin Franklin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-224 67/Benjamin-Franklin (1751) 6. ^ "Leyden Jar (1747-1748)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Leyden Jar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Leyden_J ar (1747-1748) (1747-1748) MORE INFO [1] "Benjamin Franklin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Fr anklin [2] http://www.answers.com/Benjamin%20Frankl in%20 [3] http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser vation/bios/franklin/chpt4.htm [4] An Account of Mr. Benjamin Franklin's Treatise, Lately Published, Intituled, Experiments and Observations on Electricity, Made at Philadelphia in America; By Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 47 - 1751/1752 Authors Benjamin Franklin and Wm. Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1751.0032 http ://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q49 0w47733103h6h/?p=d81fd6c4f77d41ce864b64a fe5cacc64&pi=9 Franklin_Electricity_175 1.pdf (resuscitates pigeon killed by shock which flies into wall as if blind) [5] Electrical Experiments, Made in Pursuance of Those by Mr. Canton, Dated Decem. 3, 1753; With Explanations by Mr. Benjamin Franklin, Communicated Mr. Peter Collinson, F. R. S. Franklin_1753_RS.pdf (threads separate electroscope, Canton made pithballs) | Philadelphia, PA (English colonies) USA (letter to London, England3 ) |
[1] Credit: ''White House Historical Association (White House Collection)'' (981) Painted in 1759 by British artist and scientist Benjamin Wilson -who disagreed with Franklin's findings about electrical polarity -this portrait hung in Franklin's dining room in Philadelphia until Captain Andre' stole it during the British occupation of Philadelphia. Returned to the U.S. in 1906, it is now in the White House, in Washington, D. C. PD source: http://www.explorepahistory.com/ displayimage.php?imgId=668 [2] Multimedia Gallery - Image Portrait of Benjamin Franklin by artist David Martin (1737-1797) Portrait of Benjamin Franklin by artist David Martin (1737-1797) Credit: Library of Congress, LC-USZC4-3576 PD source: http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/medi a/images/benfranklin2_h3.jpg |
253 YBN [1747 AD] 4 5 | 2055) Citris fruits are proven to cure scurvy in one of the earliest clinical experiments.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p189. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p189. 3. ^ "James Lind". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8347/James-Lind 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p189. (1747) (1747) 5. ^ "James Lind". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lind (1747) | England3 |
[1] James Lind painting: PD image: COPYRIGHTED? source: http://dodd.cmcvellore.ac.in/hom /17%20-%20James%20Lind.html [2] Painted by Sir George Chalmers, c 1720-1791. painting: PD image: COPYRIGHTED? source: http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/ trial_records/17th_18th_Century/lind/lin d_portrait.html |
253 YBN [1747 AD] 6 | 3452) The basis of refrigeration is understood.3 That evaporating liquids produces cold is recognized.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols, p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf} 2. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols, p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf} 3. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols, p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf} 4. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols, p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf} 5. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols, p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf} 6. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols, p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf} {1747} MORE INFO [1] "William Cullen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cul len [2] "William Cullen." Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-cul len [3] Thomas S. Kuhn, "The Caloric Theory of Adiabatic Compression", Isis, Vol. 49, No. 2 (Jun., 1958), pp. 132-140. http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici =0021-1753(195806)49%3A2%3C132%3ATCTOAC% 3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 {Cullen_William_1755_Isi s.pdf} (05/01/1755) | (Academy of Petersburg) Petersburg, Russia5 |
[1] William Cullen, ''Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some other Means of producing Cold'', Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols, p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf} PD source: Cullen_evaporation.pdf [2] St. Petersburg, 6 August 1783. Prof. Richman and his assistant being struck by lightning while charging capacitors. The assistant escaped almost unharmed, whereas Richman was dead immediately. The pathologic analysis revealed that ''he only had a small hole in his forehead, a burnt left shoe and a blue spot at his foot. [...] the brain being ok, the front part of the lung sane, but the rear being brown and black of blood.'' The conclusion was that the electric discharge had taken its way through Richmann's body. The scientific community was shocked. [t notice difference in dates] PD/Corel source: http://www.hp-gramatke.net/histo ry/english/page4000.htm |
252 YBN [02/14/1748 AD] 4 | 1932) The phenomenon of "nutation", that the apparent declination of some stars changes annually because of the movement of the nodes of the Moon's orbit around the Earth.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "James Bradley". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/James+Bradley+?ca t=technology 2. ^ "James Bradley". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/James+Bradley+?ca t=technology 3. ^ "James Bradley". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/James+Bradley+?ca t=technology 4. ^ "James Bradley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bradl ey (02/14/1748) MORE INFO [1] "Aberration of light". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration_ of_light | Kew, England3 |
[1] James Bradley (1693-1762), English astronomer. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:James_Bradley.jpg [2] Description English: Movement of a planet's (e.g. Earth's) axis R - Rotation of a planet P - Precession N - Nutation Date Bad Muskau, May 2004 Source This file is lacking source information. Please edit this file's description and provide a source. Author User Herbye (German Wikipedia). Designed by Dr. H. Sulzer GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Praezession.svg /1000px-Praezession.svg.png |
252 YBN [1748 AD] 7 8 9 | 2954) Osmosis is described (the spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or some other solvent through a semipermeable membrane1 ).2 3 4 5 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "osmosis." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 13 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/osmosis 2. ^ Memoires de l'Acudemie des Sciences, Paris 1748, p101 3. ^ Chapman, H.C. Treatise on Human Physiology ... Lea brothers & Company, 1887. http://books.google.com/books?id= Np1BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA202 4. ^ Kahlenberg, Louis. "The bearing of actual osmotic experiments upon the conception of the nature of solutions." Transactions of the Faraday Society 3.July (1907): 22-26. http://books.google.com/books?id =khbzAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA22 5. ^ http://www.enotes.com/microbiology-resou rces/historical-chronology 6. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nollet .html 7. ^ Memoires de l'Acudemie des Sciences, Paris 1748, p101 8. ^ Chapman, H.C. Treatise on Human Physiology ... Lea brothers & Company, 1887. http://books.google.com/books?id= Np1BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA202 9. ^ Kahlenberg, Louis. "The bearing of actual osmotic experiments upon the conception of the nature of solutions." Transactions of the Faraday Society 3.July (1907): 22-26. http://books.google.com/books?id =khbzAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA22 MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/JEAN+ANTOINE+NOLL ET?cat=technology [2] "Jean-Antoine Nollet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoin e_Nollet [3] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11090b.h tm [4] "electromagnetism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-715 99/electromagnetism [5] "Jean Antoine Nollet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Ant oine_Nollet [6] http://www.enotes.com/microbiology-resou rces/historical-chronology (1748) | Paris, France6 (presumably) |
[1] Jean-Antoine Nollet PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Abbenollet.jpg [2] Scientist: Nollet, Jean-Antoine, abbé (1700 - 1770) Discipline(s): Physics Print Artist: Pasqual Pere Moles I Corones, 1741-1797 Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Georges de a Tour, 1593-1652 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 13.8 x 11.8 cm / Sheet: 27.4 x 19.5 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/disp lay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=n |
252 YBN [1748 AD] 4 5 | 4537) That irregularities in the motions of satellites occur because the bodies they orbit are not perfectly spherical is recognized.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Robert Grant, "History of physical astronomy: from the earliest ages to the middle of the ...", 1852, p88. http://books.google.com/books?id=J P_ekCK1MQgC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=1758+wal msley+jupiter&source=bl&ots=zsFdAtj7iK&s ig=SjyleX3mZhWpM1XsXxRsD7xXE3w&hl=en&ei= U1dDTPWnLY2-sQOb0_iCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_resu lt&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v= onepage&q=1758%20walmsley%20jupiter&f=fa lse 2. ^ Charles Lane Poor, "Gravitation versus Relativity" (New York, 1922) 3. ^ "Leonhard Euler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 3216/Leonhard-Euler 4. ^ Charles Lane Poor, "Gravitation versus Relativity" (New York, 1922) {1748} 5. ^ Robert Grant, "History of physical astronomy: from the earliest ages to the middle of the ...", 1852, p88. http://books.google.com/books?id=J P_ekCK1MQgC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=1758+wal msley+jupiter&source=bl&ots=zsFdAtj7iK&s ig=SjyleX3mZhWpM1XsXxRsD7xXE3w&hl=en&ei= U1dDTPWnLY2-sQOb0_iCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_resu lt&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v= onepage&q=1758%20walmsley%20jupiter&f=fa lse {1748} MORE INFO [1] "Leonhard Euler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Eu ler [2] http://www.answers.com/Leonhard%20Euler% 20 [3] "Contributions of Leonhard Euler to mathematics". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributio ns_of_Leonhard_Euler_to_mathematics [4] "E (mathematical constant)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_%28mathem atical_constant%29 [5] ^ O'Connor, J.J., and Roberson, E.F.; The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive: "The number e"; University of St Andrews Scotland (2001) [6] History of Mathematics, D. E. Smith [7] http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/ca talogue.asp?isbn=9780521035071 (Optics in the Age of Euler), Conceptions of the Nature of Light, 1700-1795 [8] http://math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/ [9] "Johann Andreas von Segner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Andr eas_von_Segner [10] http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/optics/co lour.htm [11] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, pp56-57 [12] Home, R.W. (1988). "Leonhard Euler's 'Anti-Newtonian' Theory of Light". Annals of Science 45 (5): 521-533. (euler_antiNewton_light_1988_annals_of_s cience.pdf), p13 [13] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, pp1-2 [14] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p75 [15] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, pp78-79 [16] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p82 [17] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p84 [18] "Johann Andreas von Segner". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6597/Johann-Andreas-von-Segner [19] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, pp88-89 [20] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p102 [21] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p103 [22] http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/pag es/E088.html (1746) [23] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995 (1746) [24] Charles Walmesley, "Of the Irregularities in the Motion of a Satellite Arising from the Spheroidical Figure of Its Primary Planet: In a Letter to the Rev. James Bradley D. D. Astronomer Royal, F. R. S. and Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris;", Phil. Trans. 1757, 10/21/1758. 50:809-835; doi:10.1098/rstl.1757.0111 http://boo ks.google.com/books?id=S-U_AAAAYAAJ&pg=P A295&lpg=PA295&dq=%22since+the+time+that +astronomers+have+been+enabled%22&source =bl&ots=03k1LyYeep&sig=Eb-Z2Mu_sAc_baKvd SXS4TI9YIs&hl=en&ei=PVtDTLmNDZHCsAOwl-H5 DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum= 1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22since%2 0the%20time%20that%20astronomers%20have% 20been%20enabled%22&f=false [25] Robert E. Bradley, Charles Edward Sandifer, "Leonhard Euler: life, work and legacy", 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id= 75vJL_Y-PvsC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=euler +1748+jupiter&source=bl&ots=RslLkxNhjB&s ig=gmr0_82LV9HvoxrDdGYLT_f5Vys&hl=en&ei= _l5DTOP_CpGmsQPo-oH1DA&sa=X&oi=book_resu lt&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAw#v= onepage&q=euler%201748%20jupiter&f=false | Berlin, Germany3 |
[1] portrait by Johann Georg Brucker From English Wikipedia: Leonhard Euler Source: http://www.mathematik.de/mde/information /kalenderblatt/differentialrechnung/eule r-1000.png PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg [2] From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Leonh ard_Euler.jpg Leonhard_Euler.jpg (219 × 283 pixel, file size: 13 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Picture of Leonhard Euler by Emanuel Handmann. Retrieved from: http://www.kunstkopie.de/static/m otive/Bildnis-des-Mathematikers-Leonhard -Euler-Emanuel-Handmann-1010890.html PD source: http://www.croeos.net/Mambo/inde x.php?Itemid=67&id=527&option=com_conten t&task=view |
251 YBN [04/29/1749 AD] 4 | 2971) That the electric charge is stored in the glass of a Leyden jar is proven.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Leyden Jar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Leyden Jar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Leyden_J ar 2. ^ Benjamin Franklin, "The Writings of Benjamin Franklin", Macmillan & co., ltd., 1905, p402. http://books.google.com/books?id=BITTQfM LcpEC&pg=PA402 3. ^ Benjamin Franklin, "The Writings of Benjamin Franklin", Macmillan & co., ltd., 1905, p396. http://books.google.com/books?id=BITTQfM LcpEC&pg=PA396 4. ^ Benjamin Franklin, "The Writings of Benjamin Franklin", Macmillan & co., ltd., 1905, p411. http://books.google.com/books?id=BITTQfM LcpEC&pg=PA411 MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Benjamin Franklin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-224 67/Benjamin-Franklin [3] "Benjamin Franklin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Fr anklin [4] http://www.answers.com/Benjamin%20Frankl in%20 [5] http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser vation/bios/franklin/chpt4.htm [6] http://books.google.com/books?id=QpWa9XS nFx4C&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&dq=nollet+electri cal+mechanical&source=web&ots=soy1Mv8usj &sig=lEG1Yk6qvpp4Img5Ga3ZGHz5r-I&hl=en#P PA76,M1 [7] An Account of Mr. Benjamin Franklin's Treatise, Lately Published, Intituled, Experiments and Observations on Electricity, Made at Philadelphia in America; By Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 47 - 1751/1752 Authors Benjamin Franklin and Wm. Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1751.0032 http ://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q49 0w47733103h6h/?p=d81fd6c4f77d41ce864b64a fe5cacc64&pi=9 Franklin_Electricity_175 1.pdf (resuscitates pigeon killed by shock which flies into wall as if blind) [8] Electrical Experiments, Made in Pursuance of Those by Mr. Canton, Dated Decem. 3, 1753; With Explanations by Mr. Benjamin Franklin, Communicated Mr. Peter Collinson, F. R. S. Franklin_1753_RS.pdf (threads separate electroscope, Canton made pithballs) [9] "Franz Ulrich Theodor Aepinus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Franz_Ul rich_Theodor_Aepinus [10] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Biographies/Aepinus.html [11] Franklin, B., W.T. Franklin, and W. Duane. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. McCarty & Davis, 1840. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin, p251. http://books.google.com/books?id= HptPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA251 | Philadelphia, Pennsylviania, (English Colonies) USA3 |
[1] Benjamin Franklin, ''The Writings of Benjamin Franklin'', Macmillan & co., ltd., 1905, p402. http://books.google.com/books?id=BITTQfM LcpEC&pg=PA402 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =BITTQfMLcpEC&pg=PA402 [2] Franklin, B., W.T. Franklin, and W. Duane. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. McCarty & Davis, 1840. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin, p251. http://books.google.com/books?id= HptPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA251 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =HptPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA251 |
250 YBN [1750 AD] 2 | 2025) The theory that the Sun is not the center of the universe, and that the Milky Way is flattened.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp185-186. 2. ^ "Thomas Wright (astronomer)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wrig ht_%28astronomer%29 (1750) (1750) |
[1] AN ORIGINAL THEORY OR NEW HYPOTHESIS OF THE UNIVERSE ~ Thomas Wright, 1750 :: The confinement of the Milky Way to a narrow plane in the sky gave rise to speculation in the 18th century about the structure f the universe. Thomas Wright of Durham, England, hypothesized that the Earth was at the center of a vast spherical shell of stars :: PD source: http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumbl r_mdg7jlYfnG1qb07b5o1_1280.jpg [2] Thomas Wright PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Thomas_Wright_%28astronomer%29.jpg | |
249 YBN [1751 AD] 3 4 | 2047) Diderot's (DEDrO) twenty-eight volume encyclopedia.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp188-189. 2. ^ "Denis Diderot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-181 8/Denis-Diderot 3. ^ "Denis Diderot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-181 8/Denis-Diderot (1751) 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp188-189. (1751) (1751) MORE INFO [1] "Denis Diderot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Dider ot | Paris, France2 |
[1] Info: Cover of the Encyclopédie. Resized to 600px width Credit: See List of contributors to the Encyclopédie Source: http://ets.lib.uchicago.edu/ARTFL/OLDENC YC/images PD AND [3] Portrait of Denis Diderot 1767 Oil on canvas, 81 x 65 cm Musée du Louvre, Paris PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeghttp://www.wga.hu /art/l/loo/louis/diderot.jpg [2] Info: Cover of the Encyclopédie. Resized to 600px width Credit: See List of contributors to the Encyclopédie Source: http://ets.lib.uchicago.edu/ARTFL/OLDENC YC/images PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg |
248 YBN [01/03/1752 AD] 3 | 2009) The different spectra of an alcohol flame colored by various salts is described.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Melvill, Thomas, "Observations on Light and Colours", Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 8, p.231, 08/1914 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 914JRASC...8..231M {melville_thomas.pdf } 2. ^ http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18 542?_fromAuth=1 3. ^ http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18 542?_fromAuth=1 (01/03/1752) MORE INFO [1] A Letter from Mr. T. Melvil to the Rev. James Bradley, D. D. F. R. S. With a Discourse concerning the Cause of the Different Refrangibility of the Rays of Light Author T. Melvil DOI 10.1098/rstl.1753.0038 melvil_thomas_1753_phil_trans.pdf [2] Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Title: Early Papers on Light and Color by Thomas Melville Authors: Hess, H. V. Journal: Publication of the Pomona College Astronomical Society, vol. 4, pp.22-25 1914 melville_thomas2.pdf [3] http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes /252/spectra.html [4] http://members.aol.com/WSRNet/D1/hist.ht m [5] Criticisms of the projectile theory of light G N Cantor 1981 Phys. Educ. 16 112-119 doi:10.1088/0031-9120/16/2/314 G N Cantor Print publication: Issue 2 (March 1981) http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/003 1-9120/16/2/314/pev16i2p112.pdf?request- id=GEXT97iQ3BG5LVsA3Ai7Kg michell_corpu scular_criticism_pev16i2p112.pdf | Edinburgh, Scotland2 |
[1] Melvill, Thomas, ''Observations on Light and Colours'', Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 8, p.231, 08/1914 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 914JRASC...8..231M {melville_thomas.pdf } PD source: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/19 14JRASC...8..231M |
248 YBN [02/20/1752 AD] 6 | 2976) A spark is passed through a vacuum tube.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged. London, 1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 347-351. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECC O?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW330860121 2&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T0363 46 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf 2. ^ An Account of the Phaenomena of Electricity in Vacuo, with Some Observations Thereupon, by Mr. Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Wm. Watson Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 47. (1751 - 1752), pp. 362-376. http://www.jstor.org/view/02607085/ap0 00035/00a00610/0?frame=noframe&userID=80 c3de14@uci.edu/01c0a848640050f4dd0&dpi=3 &config=jstor 3. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged. London, 1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 347-351. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECC O?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW330860121 2&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T0363 46 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf 4. ^ An Account of the Phaenomena of Electricity in Vacuo, with Some Observations Thereupon, by Mr. Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Wm. Watson Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 47. (1751 - 1752), pp. 362-376. http://www.jstor.org/view/02607085/ap0 00035/00a00610/0?frame=noframe&userID=80 c3de14@uci.edu/01c0a848640050f4dd0&dpi=3 &config=jstor 5. ^ "William Watson (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wat son_%28scientist%29 6. ^ An Account of the Phaenomena of Electricity in Vacuo, with Some Observations Thereupon, by Mr. Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Wm. Watson Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 47. (1751 - 1752), pp. 362-376. http://www.jstor.org/view/02607085/ap0 00035/00a00610/0?frame=noframe&userID=80 c3de14@uci.edu/01c0a848640050f4dd0&dpi=3 &config=jstor (02/20/1752) (02/20/1752) MORE INFO [1] "electromagnetism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-715 99/electromagnetism [2] A Continuation of a Paper concerning Electricity, by William Watson F. R. S. Printed in These Trans. N. 477, Article I. Ending p. 501 Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 44 - 1746/1747 Author William Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1746.0118 Wats on_William_1746_Continuation.pdf [3] A Sequel to the Experiments and Observations Tending to Illustrate the Nature and Properties of Electricity; In a Letter to the Royal Society from the Same Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 44 - 1746/1747 Author William Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1746.0119 Wats on_William_1746_Sequel.pdf | London, England5 |
[1] William Watson (1715â''1787) * Print Artist: J. Thornwaite * Medium/Year: Line engraving, 1784 * Original Artist: after an oilpainting by Lemuel Francis Abbott * Original Dimensions: Graphic: 9.8 x 7.7 cm / Sheet: 14.5 x 10.2 cm PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Willi am_Watson.jpg [2] Figure from a Watson 1746 paper PD/Corel source: A Sequel to the Experiments and Observations Tending to Illustrate the Nature and Properties of Electricity; In a Letter to the Royal Society from the Same Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 44 - 1746/1747 Author William Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1746.0119 Wats on_William_1746_Sequel.pdf |
248 YBN [1752 AD] 3 4 | 1922) Digestion of food is proven to be chemical and not mechanical; small metal cylinders with food inside are regurgitated by birds with partially digested food.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp166-167. 2. ^ "René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Ren%C3%A9+Antoine +Ferchault+de+R%C3%A9aumur?cat=technolog y 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp166-167. (1752) (1752) 4. ^ "René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Ren%C3%A9+Antoine +Ferchault+de+R%C3%A9aumur?cat=technolog y (1752) MORE INFO [1] "Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 2880/Rene-Antoine-Ferchault-de-Reaumur [2] "René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_A ntoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur [3] http://www.answers.com/topic/cupola?cat= health | Paris, France2 (presumably) |
[1] René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur Source Galerie des naturalistes de J. Pizzetta, Ed. Hennuyer, 1893 (tombé dans le domaine public) Date Author J. Pizzetta PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Reaumur_1683-1757.jpg |
248 YBN [1752 AD] 3 | 1983) Lightning is proven to be electricity by charging a Leyden jar with electricity from the sky using a kite.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179. 2. ^ "Benjamin Franklin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-224 67/Benjamin-Franklin 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179. (1752) (1752) MORE INFO [1] "Benjamin Franklin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Fr anklin [2] http://www.answers.com/Benjamin%20Frankl in%20 [3] http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser vation/bios/franklin/chpt4.htm | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania2 (presumably) |
[1] A drawing of Franklin's kite experiment CREDIT: Currier & Ives. ''Franklin's experiment, June 1752: Demonstrating the identity of lightning and electricty, from which he invented the lightning rod.'' Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress. PD source: http://www.americaslibrary.gov/a a/franklinb/aa_franklinb_electric_2_e.ht ml [2] Franklin with kite PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/bo ok/apr17.html |
247 YBN [12/??/1753 AD] 3 | 2972) Electrostatic induction is identified: that an electrified object can induce an opposite charge in a second object just by being close.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged. London, 1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 p260-261. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECC O?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW330860121 2&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T0363 46 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf 2. ^ "John Canton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0076/John-Canton 3. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged. London, 1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 p260-261. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECC O?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW330860121 2&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T0363 46 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf (12/1753) (12/1753) MORE INFO [1] "John Canton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Canton [2] http://www.answers.com/John+Canton?cat=t echnology [3] "Electroscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroscop e [4] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/ELECTROSCOPE. HTM [5] "Electroscope". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electros cope [6] http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/s tories/enlightenment_and_measurement/05. ST.05/?scene=6 [7] "Electrostatic induction". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostat ic_induction | London, England2 |
[1] ABOUT THIS PAINTING John Canton by unknown artist National Portrait Gallery, London Date painted: 1740s Oil on canvas, 48.9 x 39.4 cm Collection: National Portrait Gallery, London Where to see this painting? National Portrait Gallery, London PD source: http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/arts/you rpaintings/images/paintings/npg/large/np g_npg_809_large.jpg [2] 1762 John CANTON (1718-1772). PD/Corel source: http://11magazine.free.fr/SWL_BC L/2004/04/swl_bcl04_fichiers/image008.jp g |
247 YBN [1753 AD] 3 | 2957) That air can hold electricity is discovered.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged. London, 1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 p245. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECC O?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW330860121 2&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T0363 46 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf 2. ^ "John Canton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0076/John-Canton 3. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/ELECTROSCOPE. HTM (1753) MORE INFO [1] "John Canton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Canton [2] http://www.answers.com/John+Canton?cat=t echnology [3] "Electroscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroscop e [4] "Electroscope". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electros cope [5] http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/s tories/enlightenment_and_measurement/05. ST.05/?scene=6 | London, England2 |
[1] ABOUT THIS PAINTING John Canton by unknown artist National Portrait Gallery, London Date painted: 1740s Oil on canvas, 48.9 x 39.4 cm Collection: National Portrait Gallery, London Where to see this painting? National Portrait Gallery, London PD source: http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/arts/you rpaintings/images/paintings/npg/large/np g_npg_809_large.jpg [2] 1762 John CANTON (1718-1772). PD/Corel source: http://11magazine.free.fr/SWL_BC L/2004/04/swl_bcl04_fichiers/image008.jp g |
245 YBN [01/25/1755 AD] 4 5 | 1370) Moscow State University is founded.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Moscow State University." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/393517/Moscow-State-University>. 2. ^ "Moscow State University." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/393517/Moscow-State-University>. 3. ^ http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html 4. ^ http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html 5. ^ "Moscow State University." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/393517/Moscow-State-University>. | Moscow, Russia3 |
[1] Lomonosov University in Moscow, Russia GNU AND from http://www.peoples.ru/science/founder/lo monosov/ PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Moskau_Uni.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Image:Lomonosov.jpg [2] Lomonosov University in Moscow, Russia GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Moskau_Uni.jpg |
245 YBN [06/05/1755 AD] 4 | 2089) Carbon dioxide is isolated; when released by mixing magnesium oxide with an acid.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Joseph Black". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 5464/Joseph-Black 2. ^ Joseph Black, "Experiments upon Magnesia Alba, Quicklime, and Some Other Alcaline Substances", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and Observations, Physical and Literary. G. Hamilton and J. Balfour, 1756. Essays and Observations, Physical and Literary, p157. http://books.google.com/books?id= 7IUDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157 3. ^ "Joseph Black". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 5464/Joseph-Black 4. ^ "Joseph Black". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 5464/Joseph-Black (1755) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Black". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Blac k | Edinburgh, Scotland3 |
[1] Joseph Black, ''Experiments upon Magnesia Alba, Quicklime, and Some Other Alcaline Substances'', Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and Observations, Physical and Literary. G. Hamilton and J. Balfour, 1756. Essays and Observations, Physical and Literary, p157. http://books.google.com/books?id= 7IUDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =7IUDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157 [2] Scan of an old picture of Joseph Black Source The Gases of the Atmosphere (old book) Date 1896 Author William Ramsay PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Black_Joseph.jpg |
245 YBN [1755 AD] 4 | 2072) The nebular hypothesis, that the star system formed as a result of the gravitational interaction of atoms1 , that the Milky Way is a lens shaped collection of stars, and that other such "island universes" exist.2 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Immanuel Kant". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Immanuel%20Kant%2 0 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p192. 3. ^ "Immanuel Kant". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Immanuel%20Kant%2 0 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p192. (1755) (1755) MORE INFO [1] "Immanuel Kant". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-271 37/Immanuel-Kant [2] "Immanuel Kant". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Ka nt [3] "solar system". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-242 060/solar-system [4] "Nebular hypothesis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hyp othesis | Königsberg, Germany3 |
[1] Steel engraving by J. L. Raab, 1791 after a painting by Döbler Source: [1] http://www.jhu.edu/~phil/kant-hegelconfe rence/main.htm PD source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik i/Image:Immanuel_Kant_(portrait).jpg [2] Kant PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Kant_2.jpg |
242 YBN [1758 AD] 4 | 3649) The first color specification based on the painters' three primary colors (red, yellow, and blue1 ).2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color6.h tml 3. ^ http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color6.h tml 4. ^ http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color6.h tml {1758} | (lecture at U of Göttingen) Göttingen, Germany3 |
[1] tobias mayer's trichromatic mixing triangle (1758) PD/Corel source: http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/ IMG/mayer.jpg |
241 YBN [1759 AD] 4 5 | 2141) The theory that specialized organs arise out of unspecialized tissue in the embryo is introduced and will replace the theory that a body is preformed in the egg or sperm.1 2 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p206. 2. ^ Wolff, C.F. Theoria Generationis. typis et sumtu Io. Christ. Hendeli, 1774. http://books.google.com/books?id= 4ZlS5D9A_8QC 3. ^ "Caspar Friedrich Wolff". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Frie drich_Wolff 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p206. (1759) (1759) 5. ^ "Caspar Friedrich Wolff". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Caspar%20Friedric h%20Wolff (1759) | Halle, Germany3 |
[1] {ULSF: Note that this is from a later edition} One of the founding works of modern embryology, Caspar Wolff’s Theoria generationis (1774) proposes a ‘theory of generation’ for plants and animals. This plate shows chick embryos and their parts. CCD.46.87, table 2 PD source: http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/exhibit ions/Babies/pictures/big/CCD.46.87.jpg [2] C. F. Wolff, attribution of the portrait dubious. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas par_Friedrich_Wolff |
241 YBN [1759 AD] 3 | 3011) The electrical inverse distance squared law. The theory that electrical attraction and repulsion between charged bodies decreases by the inverse of the distance between them squared.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Aepinus, Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor Hoch." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 3864>. 2. ^ "Aepinus, Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor Hoch." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 3864>. 3. ^ "Aepinus, Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor Hoch." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 3864>. (1759) MORE INFO [1] "Franz Ulrich Theodor Aepinus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/F ranz_Ulrich_Theodor_Aepinus [2] John L. Heilbron, "Electricity in the 17th and 18th centuries: a study of early Modern physics", University of California Press, (1979), pp391-392. ISBN 0-520-03478-3 [3] Joseph Priestley, The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments (London, England: 1767), page 732. http://books.google.com/books?id=H ZE_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA732 | St. Petersberg, Russia2 |
[1] Franz Maria Ulrich Theodosius Aepinus PD/Corel source: http://www.eoearth.org/article/A epinus [2] Charge device by Ulrich Theodor Aepinus source: http://www.fisicamente.net/aepin us1.jpg |
240 YBN [1760 AD] 4 | 2074) Locating the center of an earthquake by recording the time when the earthquake is felt in different places is described.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Conjectures Concerning the Cause and Observations upon the Phaenomena of Earthquakes (1760), p10-11. http://archive.org/details/Mich ell1760sc82C 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p192. 3. ^ "John Michell". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/John+Michell?cat= technology 4. ^ "John Michell". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/John+Michell?cat= technology (1760) MORE INFO [1] "John Michell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michel l | Cambridge, England3 |
[1] Conjectures Concerning the Cause and Observations upon the Phaenomena of Earthquakes (1760), p10-11. http://archive.org/details/Mich ell1760sc82C PD source: http://archive.org/details/Miche ll1760sc82C |
240 YBN [1760 AD] 6 7 | 2122) Electrolysis. Molecules are split using electricity. Water is separated into hydrogen and oxygen gases by passing electricity through water.3 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/16009a.h tm 5. ^ "Giovanni Battista Beccaria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Ba ttista_Beccaria 6. ^ http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/conte nt/c8x97gg743267538/fulltext.pdf (1760 (presumably) 7. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=wKzJTBZ h20wC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=%22john+warlti re%22+electricity&source=web&ots=qx-N2a9 F9w&sig=0ReDFF5mI7Bgvvrn__a-VFc2T-0 (c1762) MORE INFO [1] "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electric ity [2] Phil. Trans., 1 744, 43, p. 167) [3] "Electrolysis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electrol ysis [4] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06649b.h tm [5] http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/conte nt/?k=Beccaria [6] "biophysics#48706.toc". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0580/biophysics#48706.toc [7] http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/b/ beccaria.xml | Turin, Italy4 5 |
[1] Anonimo, Giambattista Beccaria, fine secolo XVIII PD? source: http://www.torinoscienza.it/img/ orig/it/s00/00/000c/00000c89.jpg [2] Beccaria, Giovanni Battista (1716-1781) PD? source: http://bms.beniculturali.it/ritr atti/ritratti.php?chiave=ritr0079 |
237 YBN [1763 AD] 5 | 2080) That valleys are formed by streams that run through them is understood,1 and that all rocks are not sedimentary is proven because basalt is shown to be formed by volcanoes2 (has an igneous origin3 ). FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p193. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p193. 3. ^ "Nicolas Desmarest". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Nicolas+Desmarest ?cat=technology 4. ^ "Nicolas Desmarest". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Nicolas+Desmarest ?cat=technology 5. ^ "Nicolas Desmarest". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Nicolas+Desmarest ?cat=technology (1763) MORE INFO [1] "Nicolas Desmarest". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Des marest | France4 |
[1] Desmarest, Nicolas (1725-1815). ''Mémoire Sur l'origine & la nature du Basalte à grandes colonnes polygones, determinées par l'Histoire Naturelle de cette pierre, observée en Auvergne''. Histoire de l'Académie royale des Sciences, Année M. DCCLXXI, Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique. Paris, De l'Imprimerie Royale, 1774, pp. 705-775 PD? source: http://members.chello.nl/~a.heks tra2/VII%2019%20In%201771%20werd%20de%20 vulkanische%20oorsprong...htm [2] Puy De Dome COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.wired.cz/cyklo/images /Provence/puy_de_dome.jpg |
236 YBN [05/08/1764 AD] 5 6 | 6589) A globular cluster is recognized as a group of stars.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp199-200. 2. ^ "Charles Messier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Charles+Messier+? cat=technology 3. ^ Charles Messier, 1774. Catalogue des N�buleuses & des amas d'�toiles, que l'on d�couvre parmi les �toiles fixes sur l'horizon de Paris; observ�es � l'Observatoire de la Marine, avec differens instruments. M�moires de l'Acad�mie Royale des Sciences for 1771, Paris (dated February 16, 1771, published 1774), pp. 435-461 + Pl. VIII. http://books.google.com/books?id=z0FRA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA435 English: http://messi er.seds.org/xtra/history/m-cat71.html 4. ^ Charles Messier, 1774. Catalogue des N�buleuses & des amas d'�toiles, que l'on d�couvre parmi les �toiles fixes sur l'horizon de Paris; observ�es � l'Observatoire de la Marine, avec differens instruments. M�moires de l'Acad�mie Royale des Sciences for 1771, Paris (dated February 16, 1771, published 1774), pp. 435-461 + Pl. VIII. http://books.google.com/books?id=z0FRA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA435 English: http://messi er.seds.org/xtra/history/m-cat71.html 5. ^ Charles Messier, 1774. Catalogue des N�buleuses & des amas d'�toiles, que l'on d�couvre parmi les �toiles fixes sur l'horizon de Paris; observ�es � l'Observatoire de la Marine, avec differens instruments. M�moires de l'Acad�mie Royale des Sciences for 1771, Paris (dated February 16, 1771, published 1774), pp. 435-461 + Pl. VIII. http://books.google.com/books?id=z0FRA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA435 English: http://messi er.seds.org/xtra/history/m-cat71.html 6. ^ http://messier.seds.org/m/m004.html MORE INFO [1] "Charles Messier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mes sier [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp199-200. (1758) (1758) [3] "Charles Messier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2247/Charles-Messier (1758) [4] Cudnik, B. Faint Objects and How to Observe Them. Springer New York, 2013. Astronomers� Observing Guides, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=3F gpvtufVW0C&pg=PA7 | Paris, France4 |
[1] Description Charles Messier, French astronomer, at the age of 40 Date circa 1770 Source Stoyan R. et al. Atlas of the Messier Objects: Highlights of the Deep Sky. — Cambridge: Cambridge Univercity Press, 2008. — P. 15. Author Ansiaume (1729—1786) PD AND Charles Messier, 1774. Catalogue des Nébuleuses & des amas d'Étoiles, que l'on découvre parmi les Étoiles fixes sur l'horizon de Paris; observées à l'Observatoire de la Marine, avec differens instruments. Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences for 1771, Paris (dated February 16, 1771, published 1774), pp. 435-461 + Pl. VIII. http://books.google.com/books?id=z0FRA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA435 PD AND English: htt p://messier.seds.org/xtra/history/m-cat7 1.html UNKNOWN source: http://www.messier.com.ar/messie r/fotos_messier/m4.jpghttp://books.googl e.com/books?id=z0FRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA435http ://messier.seds.org/xtra/history/m-cat71 .html [2] Listado Completo - M4 - NGC 6121 Cúmulo Globular en Scorpius Datos del objeto Messier Mapa Celeste centrado en el objeto Nombre: Número Messier: M4 Número NGC: NGC6121 Constelación a la que pertenece: Scorpio Ascensión recta: 16h 23,6m Declinación: -26,32° Magni tud aparente: 5.0 Tamaño aparente: 26,3 (min/arco) Distancia en años luz: 7200 años luz Estación del año que es visible: (Depende de la latitud del lugar de observación) Invierno Invierno (Hemisferio Sur) Verano Verano (Hemisferio Norte) Mejor fecha para la observación: 2008-06-07 CC source: http://www.messier.com.ar/messie r/fotos_messier/m4.jpg |
234 YBN [05/29/1766 AD] 8 9 | 2113) Hydrogen gas is isolated by dissolving metals in acids and collecting the gas released in bottles inverted over water or mercury.5 6 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 2. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S.", Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) , Vol. 56, (1766), pp. 141-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/105 491 3. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 4. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S.", Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) , Vol. 56, (1766), pp. 141-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/105 491 5. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 6. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S.", Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) , Vol. 56, (1766), pp. 141-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/105 491 7. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 8. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S.", Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) , Vol. 56, (1766), pp. 141-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/105 491 9. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish (1766) MORE INFO [1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Caven dish [2] "Hydrogen#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen#Hi story [3] http://books.google.com/books?id=ygqYnSR 3oe0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+scienti fic+papers+cavendish#PPA77,M1 [4] http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/co ntent?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMA IN&node_id=925&content_id=CTP_004439&use _sec=true&sec_url_var=region1 [5] Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S. Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 56 - 1766 Pages 141-184 DOI 10.1098/rstl.17 66.0019 http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac .uk/content/k22512528480nx11/?p=d80161c9 05fe4831aa63484ba66ccb98&pi=2 cavendish _3gases.pdf | London, England7 |
[1] Figures 1-6 from: Henry Cavendish, ''Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S.'', Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) , Vol. 56, (1766), pp. 141-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/105 491 PD source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1054 91 [2] By Henry Cavendish Published 1921 The University Press PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =ygqYnSR3oe0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=the +scientific+papers+cavendish#PPA78-IA |
232 YBN [1768 AD] 3 | 2667) The first Encyclopaedia Britannica.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2600/Encyclopaedia-Britannica 2. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2600/Encyclopaedia-Britannica 3. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2600/Encyclopaedia-Britannica (1768) MORE INFO [1] "Encyclopaedia britannica". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaed ia_britannica | Edinburgh, Scotland2 |
[1] First edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -97337/First-edition-of-the-Encyclopaedi a-Britannica?articleTypeId=1 [2] Scanned titlepage of my facsimile copy of the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, published in 1771. Slightly rotated and saved using the GIMP. Scanned and modified by me on 3 April 2007 and released into the public domain, owing to its age. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:EB1_titlepage.gif |
232 YBN [1768 AD] 4 | 4482) That light particles do not appear to interfere or collide with each other is recognized.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Canton, M. A. and F. R. S., "An Easy Method of Making a Phosphorus, That Will Imbibe and Emit Light, like the Bolognian Stone; With Experiments and Observations"; Phil. Trans. January 1, 1768 58:337-344; doi:10.1098/rstl.1768.0045 http://rstl. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/58/33 7.full.pdf+html?sid=001d4bce-e36d-4a76-9 692-410401128f00 2. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light and Colours", 1772, kraus reprint 1978, p385. {Priestley_History_Light.pdf} 3. ^ "John Canton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0076/John-Canton 4. ^ John Canton, M. A. and F. R. S., "An Easy Method of Making a Phosphorus, That Will Imbibe and Emit Light, like the Bolognian Stone; With Experiments and Observations"; Phil. Trans. January 1, 1768 58:337-344; doi:10.1098/rstl.1768.0045 http://rstl. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/58/33 7.full.pdf+html?sid=001d4bce-e36d-4a76-9 692-410401128f00 MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/John+Canton?cat=t echnology [2] "John Canton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Canton (1750) | London, England3 |
[1] ABOUT THIS PAINTING John Canton by unknown artist National Portrait Gallery, London Date painted: 1740s Oil on canvas, 48.9 x 39.4 cm Collection: National Portrait Gallery, London Where to see this painting? National Portrait Gallery, London PD source: http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/arts/you rpaintings/images/paintings/npg/large/np g_npg_809_large.jpg [2] 1762 John CANTON (1718-1772). ORIGINAL: PD COPYRIGHTED? source: http://11magazine.free.fr/SWL_BC L/2004/04/swl_bcl04_fichiers/image008.jp g |
231 YBN [1769 AD] 16 | 1206) The first self-propelled vehicle.11 12 A steam-engine powered automobile.13 14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 6. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 8. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot 9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 10. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot 11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 12. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot 13. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 14. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot 15. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot 16. ^ "Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 02 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/145966/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot>. {1769} | England15 |
[1] Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot's steam auto, from 7 August, 1869 issue of Appleton's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:CugnotAppleton.jpg [2] Fardier de Cugnot, modèle de 1771. Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris. 11 janvier 2005. (Note that this is the second fardier, the full-size one. It is not a 'model' (as has been mis-translated elsewhere)) Source : Photo et photographisme © Roby 19:13, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC). Avec l'aimable permission du Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/56/FardierdeCugnot200501 11.jpg |
231 YBN [1769 AD] 5 | 2069) The theory that fossils that resemble no living creature may have been animals that went extinct.1 2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 0625/Charles-Bonnet 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp190-191. 3. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bon net 4. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 0625/Charles-Bonnet 5. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 0625/Charles-Bonnet (1769) | Geneva?, Switzerland3 4 (presumably) |
[1] engraving of Charles Bonnet Source http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/mhng/pag e1/ins-ill-04.htm Date paint in 1777 Author Paint by I. Iuel et engraved by IF. Clemens PD source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik i/Image:Charles_Bonnet_engraved.jpg [2] Charles Bonnet (1720-1793). Source: http://www.univie.ac.at/science-archives /wissenschaftstheorie_2/bonnet.html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:CharlesBonnet.jpg |
229 YBN [1771 AD] 3 | 2118) That quantity of charge equals electric potential times capacity is understood.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, Second Edition, 1935, p272-273. 2. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 3. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish (1771) MORE INFO [1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Caven dish | London, England2 |
[1] Henry Cavendish Henry CavendishBorn: 10-Oct-1731 Birthplace: Nice, France Died: 24-Feb-1810 Location of death: Clapham, England PD? source: http://www.nndb.com/people/030/0 00083778/ [2] Old picture from F. Moore's History of Chemistry, published in 1901 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Cavendish_Henry.jpg |
228 YBN [06/04/1772 AD] 5 6 7 | 2138) Carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water which is the beginning of the soda-water industry.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Priestley, J. Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air: In Order to Communicate to It the Peculiar Spirit and Virtues of Pyrmont Water, and Other Mineral Waters of a Similar Nature. By Joseph Priestley, LL.D. F.R.S. printed for J. Johnson, 1772. http://books.google.com/books?id= huNbAAAAQAAJ 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp204-206. 3. ^ Priestley, J. Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air: In Order to Communicate to It the Peculiar Spirit and Virtues of Pyrmont Water, and Other Mineral Waters of a Similar Nature. By Joseph Priestley, LL.D. F.R.S. printed for J. Johnson, 1772. http://books.google.com/books?id= huNbAAAAQAAJ 4. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Prie stley 5. ^ Priestley, J. Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air: In Order to Communicate to It the Peculiar Spirit and Virtues of Pyrmont Water, and Other Mineral Waters of a Similar Nature. By Joseph Priestley, LL.D. F.R.S. printed for J. Johnson, 1772. http://books.google.com/books?id= huNbAAAAQAAJ 6. ^ Priestley, J. Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air: In Order to Communicate to It the Peculiar Spirit and Virtues of Pyrmont Water, and Other Mineral Waters of a Similar Nature. By Joseph Priestley, LL.D. F.R.S. printed for J. Johnson, 1772. http://books.google.com/books?id= huNbAAAAQAAJ 7. ^ American Council of Learned Societies. Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Scribner’s, 2000, p722-724. MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1366/Joseph-Priestley (1772) | Leeds, England3 4 |
[1] Priestley, J. Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air: In Order to Communicate to It the Peculiar Spirit and Virtues of Pyrmont Water, and Other Mineral Waters of a Similar Nature. By Joseph Priestley, LL.D. F.R.S. printed for J. Johnson, 1772. http://books.google.com/books?id= huNbAAAAQAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =huNbAAAAQAAJ [2] Portrait of Joseph Priestley Source http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=h ttp://www.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/im ages/priestlyc.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www. chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/PortraitsHH_ Detail.asp%3FHH_LName%3DPriestley&h=640& w=462&sz=57&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=ipHldQCy TukivM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3F q%3Djoseph%2Bpriestley%26gbv%3D2%26svnum %3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Date 1794 Author Ellen Sharples PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Priestley.jpg |
228 YBN [06/04/1772 AD] 18 19 | 6495) Five new gases are identified and isolated (including nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide).7 8 9 10 11 12 That some gases cannot be collected over water because they are soluble in water, but can be collected over mercury is realized.13 14 15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Observations on different Kinds of Air." Philosophical Transactions 62 (1772): 147-264, p.216. http://books.google.com/books?id =ABJ8KuRujGQC&pg=PA216 2. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1366/Joseph-Priestley 3. ^ SMITH, W. D. A. “A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA PART I: JOSEPH PRIESTLEY TO HUMPHRY DAVY.” British Journal of Anaesthesia 37.10 (1965): 790–798. Print. http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/37/10/790.extract 4. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.1. London, 1774, p118. http://www.archive.org/details/ex perimentsobser01prie 5. ^ Thorpe, T.E. Joseph Priestley. Dent, 1906. English Men of Science, p177. http://books.google.com/books?id= uAwFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177 6. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.1. London, 1774, p38-39. http://www.archive.org/details/ experimentsobser01prie 7. ^ "Observations on different Kinds of Air." Philosophical Transactions 62 (1772): 147-264, p.216. http://books.google.com/books?id =ABJ8KuRujGQC&pg=PA216 8. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1366/Joseph-Priestley 9. ^ SMITH, W. D. A. “A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA PART I: JOSEPH PRIESTLEY TO HUMPHRY DAVY.” British Journal of Anaesthesia 37.10 (1965): 790–798. Print. http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/37/10/790.extract 10. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.1. London, 1774, p118. http://www.archive.org/details/ex perimentsobser01prie 11. ^ Thorpe, T.E. Joseph Priestley. Dent, 1906. English Men of Science, p177. http://books.google.com/books?id= uAwFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177 12. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.1. London, 1774, p38-39. http://www.archive.org/details/ experimentsobser01prie 13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp204-206. 14. ^ "Observations on different Kinds of Air." Philosophical Transactions 62 (1772): 147-264, p.213. http://books.google.com/books?id =ABJ8KuRujGQC&pg=PA213 15. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1366/Joseph-Priestley 16. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1366/Joseph-Priestley 17. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1366/Joseph-Priestley 18. ^ "Observations on different Kinds of Air." Philosophical Transactions 62 (1772): 147-264, p.230. http://books.google.com/books?id =ABJ8KuRujGQC&pg=PA147 19. ^ "Observations on different Kinds of Air." Philosophical Transactions 62 (1772): 147-264, p.230. http://books.google.com/books?id =ABJ8KuRujGQC&pg=PA147 MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1366/Joseph-Priestley (1772) [2] Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.2. London, 1775. http://books.google.com/books?id= gB0UAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=da [3] "Joseph Priestley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Prie stley [4] Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.1. London, 1774. http://www.archive.org/details/ex perimentsobser01prie | Leeds, England16 |(does not move to Calne until 1773)17 |
[1] Portrait of Joseph Priestley Source http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=h ttp://www.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/im ages/priestlyc.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www. chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/PortraitsHH_ Detail.asp%3FHH_LName%3DPriestley&h=640& w=462&sz=57&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=ipHldQCy TukivM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3F q%3Djoseph%2Bpriestley%26gbv%3D2%26svnum %3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Date 1794 Author Ellen Sharples PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Priestley.jpg [2] Description Portrait of Joseph Priestley Source http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers. org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?theme =47&originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefau lt%2Easp&page=3&records=58&direction=1&p ointer=2784&text=0&resource=4501 Date c.1763 Author Artist is unknown. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:PriestleyLeeds.jpg |
228 YBN [1772 AD] 6 7 8 | 2076) The theory that gravity must change the speed of light particles, that a mass may be so large that light particles cannot escape it, and that the force that causes light to be emitted from luminous bodies is much higher than the force of gravity at the surface of the Sun.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries relating to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771, p786-791,787. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yy mkNcC Vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh 257sC&pg=PA787 2. ^ Michell, John (1784), "On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D. F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (The Royal Society) 74: 35–57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 6576 michell_1783.pdf 3. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries relating to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771, p786-791,787. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yy mkNcC Vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh 257sC&pg=PA787 4. ^ Michell, John (1784), "On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D. F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (The Royal Society) 74: 35–57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 6576 michell_1783.pdf 5. ^ Michell, John (1784), "On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D. F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (The Royal Society) 74: 35–57 http://www.jstor.org/stable/106 576 michell_1783.pdf 6. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries relating to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771, p786-791,787. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yy mkNcC Vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh 257sC&pg=PA787 7. ^ Michell, John (1784), "On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D. F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (The Royal Society) 74: 35–57 http://www.jstor.org/stable/106 576 michell_1783.pdf {05/26/1783} 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p192. (1784) (1784) MORE INFO [1] "John Michell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michel l [2] http://www.answers.com/John+Michell?cat= technology [3] http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/mi chell.html [4] Criticisms of the projectile theory of light G N Cantor 1981 Phys. Educ. 16 112-119 doi:10.1088/0031-9120/16/2/314 G N Cantor Print publication: Issue 2 (March 1981) michell_corpuscular_criticism_pev 16i2p112.pdf [5] "John Michell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2474/John-Michell | Thornhill, Yorkshire, England5 |
[1] Text from p789 in: Joseph Priestley, ''The history and present state of discoveries relating to vision, light, and colours.'', Leeds: n.p., 1771, p786-791,787. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yy mkNcC Vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh 257sC&pg=PA787 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xg h257sC&pg=PA789 [2] Portrait of Joseph Priestley Source http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=h ttp://www.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/im ages/priestlyc.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www. chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/PortraitsHH_ Detail.asp%3FHH_LName%3DPriestley&h=640& w=462&sz=57&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=ipHldQCy TukivM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3F q%3Djoseph%2Bpriestley%26gbv%3D2%26svnum %3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Date 1794 Author Ellen Sharples PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Priestley.jpg |
228 YBN [1772 AD] 4 | 2140) The mass of a light particle is measured to be around 10 nanograms.2 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries relating to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771, p389-390. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yy mkNcC&pg=PA390 Vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh 257sC 2. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries relating to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771, p389-390. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yy mkNcC&pg=PA390 Vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh 257sC 3. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Prie stley 4. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries relating to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771, p390. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yy mkNcC&pg=PA390 Vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh 257sC MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1366/Joseph-Priestley [2] http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Priestle y [3] http://books.google.com/books?id=prOsrEl RVHoC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=ac.+par.+1723& source=web&ots=8KE7ChOjYe&sig=5bJOnyDkXk JNqljVIEI_-nhrl_k&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_res ult&resnum=1&ct=result {interesting account about Newton believing inflexion} [4] "Joseph Priestley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Prie stley (1772) | Leeds, England3 |
[1] Joseph Priestley, ''The history and present state of discoveries relating to vision, light, and colours.'', Leeds: n.p., 1771, p390. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yy mkNcC&pg=PA390 Vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh 257sC PD source: Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yy mkNcC&pg=PA390 [2] Portrait of Joseph Priestley Source http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=h ttp://www.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/im ages/priestlyc.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www. chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/PortraitsHH_ Detail.asp%3FHH_LName%3DPriestley&h=640& w=462&sz=57&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=ipHldQCy TukivM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3F q%3Djoseph%2Bpriestley%26gbv%3D2%26svnum %3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Date 1794 Author Ellen Sharples PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Priestley.jpg |
228 YBN [1772 AD] 3 | 2172) The inverse square law of gravitation is applied to chemical forces of attraction.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8619/Louis-Bernard-Guyton-de-Morveau 2. ^ "Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8619/Louis-Bernard-Guyton-de-Morveau 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp211-212. (1772) (1772) MORE INFO [1] "Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Berna rd_Guyton_de_Morveau [2] http://www.answers.com/Guyton+De+Morveau +?cat=technology | Dijon, France2 |
[1] Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, also known as Louis-Bernard Guyton-Morveau. This is a cropped and contrast-enhanced version of an image from the Library of Congress online collection. It is in the public domain; see catalog information below. TITLE: Louis Bernard Guyton-Morveau, né Ã Dijon le 4 janvier 1737 / Dess. et gravé au physionotrace par Quenedey, rue Croix des Petits Champs, no. 10,Ã Paris. CALL NUMBER: LOT 13400, no. 56 [P&P] Check for an online group record (may link to related items) REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-ppmsca-02240 (digital file from original print) No known restrictions on publication. SUMMARY: Head-and-shoulders profile portrait of French scientist Louis Bernard Guyton-Morveau. MEDIUM: 1 print : stipple engraving. CREATED/PUBLISHED: [Paris : s.n., between 1790 and 1820] CREATOR: Quenedey, Edme PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau.jpg |
228 YBN [1772 AD] 5 | 2285) Nitrogen gas is isolated.3 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p238. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p238. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p238. 4. ^ "Daniel Rutherford". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Daniel+Rutherford ?cat=technology 5. ^ "nitrogen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 5947/nitrogen (1772) MORE INFO [1] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [2] "Nitrogen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen | Edinburgh, Scotland4 |
[1] Description Scan of an old picture of Daniel Rutherford Source The Gases of the Atmosphere (old book) Date 1896 Author William Ramsay PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Rutherford_Daniel.jpg |
226 YBN [08/01/1774 AD] 6 7 | 2139) Oxygen gas is isolated by collecting the gas emitted by heating mercury oxide.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Priestle y 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp204-206. 3. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.2. London, 1775, p34. books.google.com/books?id=gB0UAAAA QAAJ&pg=PA34 4. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Priestle y 5. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Prie stley 6. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Priestle y (08/01/1774) 7. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.2. London, 1775, p34. books.google.com/books?id=gB0UAAAA QAAJ&pg=PA34 MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1366/Joseph-Priestley [2] "oxygen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 7841/oxygen [3] "Oxygen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen [4] http://www.answers.com/oxygen?cat=health | Calne, England5 |
[1] Portrait of Joseph Priestley Source http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=h ttp://www.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/im ages/priestlyc.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www. chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/PortraitsHH_ Detail.asp%3FHH_LName%3DPriestley&h=640& w=462&sz=57&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=ipHldQCy TukivM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3F q%3Djoseph%2Bpriestley%26gbv%3D2%26svnum %3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Date 1794 Author Ellen Sharples PD AND [5] Joseph Priestley Library of Congress PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Priestley.jpghttp://www.answers.com/K arl+Wilhelm+Scheele+?cat=technology [2] Portrait of Joseph Priestley Source http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=h ttp://www.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/im ages/priestlyc.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www. chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/PortraitsHH_ Detail.asp%3FHH_LName%3DPriestley&h=640& w=462&sz=57&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=ipHldQCy TukivM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3F q%3Djoseph%2Bpriestley%26gbv%3D2%26svnum %3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Date 1794 Author Ellen Sharples PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Priestley.jpg |
226 YBN [1774 AD] 3 | 2111) The first catalog of Messier objects, celestial objects which include nebulae and star clusters.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "Charles Messier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Charles+Messier+? cat=technology 2. ^ "Charles Messier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Charles+Messier+? cat=technology 3. ^ "Charles Messier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Charles+Messier+? cat=technology (1774) MORE INFO [1] "Charles Messier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 2247/Charles-Messier [2] "Charles Messier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mes sier | Paris, France2 (presumably) |
[1] Charles Messier 1730 - 1817 [t Notice how the curtain appears to be made to look like a spiral galaxy with the earth as part of it. I doubt this is coincidence. Interesting that the artist felt that this needed to be hidden. it seems unlikely to be coincidence, because the curtain is so important as to cover part of the globe.] PD source: http://www.wwu.edu/depts/skywise /a101_historicalfigures.html [2] Messier, Charles Joseph (1730-1817) PD source: http://www.daviddarling.info/enc yclopedia/M/Messier.html |
226 YBN [1774 AD] 4 5 6 7 | 2200) The element chlorine is isolated, as a gas, using hydrochloric acid on manganese dioxide.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele 2. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele 3. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp218-219. (1774) (1774) 5. ^ "Karl Wilhelm Scheele". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Karl+Wilhelm+Sche ele+?cat=technology (1774) 6. ^ "Karl Wilhelm Scheele". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Karl+Wilhelm+Sche ele+?cat=technology (1774) 7. ^ "chlorine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 2243/chlorine (1774) MORE INFO [1] "Karl Wilhelm Scheele". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhel m_Scheele [2] A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times, Ernst von Meyer, 1905, http://books.google.com/books?id=QUENAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=Karl+Wilhelm+Scheele#P PA133,M1 [3] "Chlorine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine | Uppsala, Sweden3 |
[1] Karl Wilhelm Scheele Library of Congress PD source: http://www.answers.com/Karl+Wilh elm+Scheele+?cat=technology [2] Chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele from Svenska Familj-Journalen 1874. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Jour nalen1874.png |
226 YBN [1774 AD] 6 | 2216) Combustion is shown to be a reaction with a gas in the air (later named oxygen).3 Material in the air is shown to combine with metals when heated, which will end the phlogiston theory of combustion, and demonstrates the conservation of mass.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. 5. ^ "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 6472/Antoine-Laurent-Lavoisier 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. (1774) (1774) MORE INFO [1] "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lau rent_Lavoisier | Paris, France5 (presumably) |
[1] Creator/Artist Name English: Jacques-Louis David Alternative names English: David Date of birth/death 1748-08-30 1825-12-29 Location of birth/death English: Paris Work location Title English: Portrait of Monsieur de Lavoisier and his Wife Year 1788 Technique English: Oil on canvas Dimensions 259.7 x 196 cm Current location Metropolitan Museum of Art New York PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisie r_and_His_Wife.jpg [2] Scientist: Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743 - 1794) Discipline(s): Chemistry Print Artist: William G. Jackman, fl. 1841-1860 Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Jacques Louis David, 1744-1825 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 15.2 x 10.8 cm / Sheet: 24.7 x 13.9 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=L |
226 YBN [1774 AD] 11 | 2664) The earliest telegraph.7 8 9 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/blu etelephone/html/part4.html 2. ^ Bowers , Brain, "Sir Charles Wheatstone" Science Museum- London Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1977, Pg109 3. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p48. 4. ^ http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/blu etelephone/html/part4.html 5. ^ Bowers , Brain, "Sir Charles Wheatstone" Science Museum- London Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1977, Pg109 6. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p48. 7. ^ http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/blu etelephone/html/part4.html 8. ^ Bowers , Brain, "Sir Charles Wheatstone" Science Museum- London Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1977, Pg109 9. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p48. 10. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p48-49. 11. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p48-49. (1774) MORE INFO [1] "Georges-Louis LeSage". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Lou is_LeSage | Switzerland10 (presumably) |
[1] Le Sage: Telegraph, 1774 PD source: http://images.fineartamerica.com /images-medium-large/le-sage-telegraph-1 774-granger.jpg [2] Description Georges-Louis Le Sage Source Bibliotheque Geneve Date 2007-08-27 Author Created around 1780 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Lesage.jpg |
223 YBN [1777 AD] 7 8 9 10 | 2201) Eleven new acids are identified (including citric and lactic),3 in addition to the identification of casein, aldehyde, and glycerol.4 The effect of light on silver compounds is also described, which 50 years later will be used in the development of photography.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp218-219. 2. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp218-219. 4. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp218-219. 6. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele 7. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp218-219. (1774) (1774) 9. ^ "Karl Wilhelm Scheele". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Karl+Wilhelm+Sche ele+?cat=technology (1774) 10. ^ "Karl Wilhelm Scheele". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Karl+Wilhelm+Sche ele+?cat=technology (1774) MORE INFO [1] "Karl Wilhelm Scheele". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhel m_Scheele [2] A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times, Ernst von Meyer, 1905, http://books.google.com/books?id=QUENAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=Karl+Wilhelm+Scheele#P PA133,M1 [3] http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/scheele77 .html | (starts phramacy position in 1777 in) Uppsala, Sweden6 |
[1] PD source: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/s cheele77.html [2] Karl Wilhelm Scheele Library of Congress PD source: http://www.answers.com/Karl+Wilh elm+Scheele+?cat=technology |
222 YBN [1778 AD] 3 | 1209) A threshing machine: a farm machine that separates seeds from plants.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Andrew Meikle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/373349/Andrew-Meikle>. 2. ^ "Andrew Meikle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/373349/Andrew-Meikle>. 3. ^ "Andrew Meikle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/373349/Andrew-Meikle>. MORE INFO [1] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000) [2] "Lothian". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothian [3] "Threshing machine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_m achine (=1796) [4] "Andrew Meikle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Meik le (=1786) [5] http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/f amousfirst243.html (=1789) | Houston Mill, near Dunbar, East Lothian, Scotland2 |
[1] Threshing machine from 1881 Source: cropped from http://www.unige.ch/lareh/Archives/Archi ves-images/Images/Dictionnaire-arts-indu striels/Page%20585%20-%20batteuse.jpg 1 881 Dictionnaire d'arts industriels. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Batteuse_1881.jpg [2] Flail PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Dreschflegel.jpg |
222 YBN [1778 AD] 4 | 2248) Methane gas is discovered and isolated.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. 2. ^ "Conte Alessandro Volta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 5699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta 3. ^ "Conte Alessandro Volta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 5699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. (1778) (1778) MORE INFO [1] "Alessandro Volta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_ Volta [2] "Methane". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane [3] http://www.answers.com/methane?cat=healt h | Como, Italy3 |
[1] Description Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta Source http://www.anthroposophie.net/bibliot hek/nawi/physik/volta/bib_volta.htm Dat e 2006-03-02 (original upload date) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Alessandro_Volta.jpeg [2] Scientist: Volta, Alessandro (1745 - 1827) Discipline(s): Physics Original Dimensions: Graphic: 11.9 x 9.7 cm / Sheet: 18.2 x 12.3 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=V |
219 YBN [03/13/1781 AD] 6 7 | 2840) Planet Uranus is identified.3 This is the first new planet to be discovered since prehistoric times.4 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 4. ^ "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0235/Sir-William-Herschel 5. ^ "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0235/Sir-William-Herschel 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. (1781) (1781) 7. ^ "William Herschel". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Herschel? cat=technology (03/13/1781) MORE INFO [1] # Full text of The Story of the Herschels (1886) from Project Gutenberg http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/12340 [2] http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/similar /herschel.html [3] http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~trw/telescopes. html | Bath, England5 |
[1] Wilhelm Herschel, German-British astronomer. from fr. PD source: http://cunosc.ro/curiozitati/ima gini/backup/Astronomie/William_Herschel- high.jpg [2] Wilhelm Herschel, German-British astronomer. from fr. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:William_Herschel01.jpg |
219 YBN [1781 AD] 3 | 2208) That the shape of crystals implies their chemical composition is understood.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p221. 2. ^ "ren just ha y". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-just-ha -y?cat=technology 3. ^ "ren just ha y". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-just-ha -y?cat=technology (1781) MORE INFO [1] "Rene Just Hauy". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 9573/Rene-Just-Hauy [2] "René Just Haüy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_J ust_Ha%C3%BCy | Paris, France2 (presumably) |
[1] René Just Haüy (1743-1822), French mineralogist. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ren%C3%A9_Just_Ha%C3%BCy.jpg [2] Scientist: Haüy, René Just (1743 - 1822) Discipline(s): Geology Print Artist: Riedel Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Felix Massard, 1773- Original Dimensions: Graphic: 9 x 7.2 cm / Sheet: 20.5 x 15.9 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=H |
218 YBN [11/??/1782 AD] 3 4 | 2348) Periodic variations in the intensity of the light from variable stars is explained as the star being eclipsed by a darker companion body.1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "John Goodricke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 7383/John-Goodricke 2. ^ "John Goodricke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodri cke 3. ^ "John Goodricke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 7383/John-Goodricke (11/1782) 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p253. (1782) (1782) MORE INFO [1] http://www.jyi.org/features/ft.php?id=93 8 | York Minster, England2 |
[1] John Goodricke (1764-1786), Astronomer PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.surveyor.in-berlin.de /himmel/Bios/Goodricke-e.html [2] John Goodricke (1764-1786), Astronomer PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.surveyor.in-berlin.de /himmel/Bios/Goodricke-e.html |
218 YBN [1782 AD] 3 | 2220) The theory that respiration is a combustion process that accounts for animal heat.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Antoine+Laurent+L avoisier+?cat=health 2. ^ "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 6472/Antoine-Laurent-Lavoisier 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. (1782) (1782) MORE INFO [1] "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lau rent_Lavoisier | Paris, France2 (presumably) |
[1] Creator/Artist Name English: Jacques-Louis David Alternative names English: David Date of birth/death 1748-08-30 1825-12-29 Location of birth/death English: Paris Work location Title English: Portrait of Monsieur de Lavoisier and his Wife Year 1788 Technique English: Oil on canvas Dimensions 259.7 x 196 cm Current location Metropolitan Museum of Art New York PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisie r_and_His_Wife.jpg [2] Scientist: Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743 - 1794) Discipline(s): Chemistry Print Artist: William G. Jackman, fl. 1841-1860 Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Jacques Louis David, 1744-1825 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 15.2 x 10.8 cm / Sheet: 24.7 x 13.9 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=L |
218 YBN [1782 AD] 4 | 6608) The first sewer (a drain used to carry away surface water or sewage1 ) to be installed under the streets.2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "sewer." Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. 13 Apr. 2013. ewer>. 2. ^ Massey, H.C. Plumber’s Handbook. Craftsman Book Company, 1998, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jd W_X7OwP-IC&pg=PA6 3. ^ Massey, H.C. Plumber’s Handbook. Craftsman Book Company, 1998, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jd W_X7OwP-IC&pg=PA6 4. ^ Massey, H.C. Plumber’s Handbook. Craftsman Book Company, 1998, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jd W_X7OwP-IC&pg=PA6 MORE INFO [1] Carter, "Flushed", 2006 | New York City, New York, USA3 |
[1] the cover of Scientific American showing the construction of a 19th century NYC sewer books.google.com/books?id=7qA0AQA AMAAJ&pg=PA367 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=7qA0AQ AAMAAJ&pg=PA367http://1.bp.blogspot.com/ _evsx5sAIVrc/TKtVVskEdqI/AAAAAAAAAjs/VZM qj_ncFQY/s1600/sewer1.gif [2] the cover of Scientific American showing the construction of a 19th century NYC sewer books.google.com/books?id=7qA0AQA AMAAJ&pg=PA367 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=7qA0AQ AAMAAJ&pg=PA367http://1.bp.blogspot.com/ _evsx5sAIVrc/TKtVVskEdqI/AAAAAAAAAjs/VZM qj_ncFQY/s1600/sewer1.gif |
217 YBN [02/01/1783 AD] 7 8 | 2183) The motion of the Sun relative to the other stars is recognized;3 the Sun is found to be moving towards the constellation Hercules.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 2. ^ Herschel, William. "On the Proper Motion of the Sun and Solar System; With an Account of Several Changes That Have Happened among the Fixed Stars since the Time of Mr. Flamstead. By William Herschel, Esq. FRS." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 73 (1783): 247-283. http://archive.org/details/phi ltrans06614922 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=AE 9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA247 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 5. ^ Herschel, William. "On the Proper Motion of the Sun and Solar System; With an Account of Several Changes That Have Happened among the Fixed Stars since the Time of Mr. Flamstead. By William Herschel, Esq. FRS." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 73 (1783): 247-283. http://archive.org/details/phi ltrans06614922 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=AE 9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA247 6. ^ "William Herschel". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Herschel? cat=technology 7. ^ Herschel, William. "On the Proper Motion of the Sun and Solar System; With an Account of Several Changes That Have Happened among the Fixed Stars since the Time of Mr. Flamstead. By William Herschel, Esq. FRS." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 73 (1783): 247-283. http://archive.org/details/phi ltrans06614922 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=AE 9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA247 8. ^ "William Herschel". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Herschel? cat=technology (1783) MORE INFO [1] "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0235/Sir-William-Herschel [2] "William Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Her schel | Datchet, near Winsor, England5 |(Slough, England6 ) |
[1] Figure 3 from: Herschel, William. ''On the Proper Motion of the Sun and Solar System; With an Account of Several Changes That Have Happened among the Fixed Stars since the Time of Mr. Flamstead. By William Herschel, Esq. FRS.'' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 73 (1783): 247-283. http://archive.org/details/phi ltrans06614922 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=AE 9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA247 PD source: http://archive.org/details/philt rans06614922 [2] Wilhelm Herschel, German-British astronomer. from fr. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:William_Herschel01.jpg |
217 YBN [06/04/1783 AD] 6 7 | 2192) The hot air balloon.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp216-217. 2. ^ "Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 3540/Joseph-Michel-and-Jacques-Etienne-M ontgolfier 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp216-217. 4. ^ "Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 3540/Joseph-Michel-and-Jacques-Etienne-M ontgolfier 5. ^ "Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 3540/Joseph-Michel-and-Jacques-Etienne-M ontgolfier 6. ^ "Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 3540/Joseph-Michel-and-Jacques-Etienne-M ontgolfier (06/04/1783) 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp216-217. (06/05/1783) (06/05/1783) MORE INFO [1] "Montgolfier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfier | Annonay, France5 |
[1] First public demonstration in Annonay, 1783-06-04. Library of Congress PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Early_flight_02562u_%282%29.jpg [2] Jacques Étienne Montgolfier (1745-1799), inventor of the hot air balloon. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Jacques_%C3%89tienne_Montgolfier.jpg |
217 YBN [07/15/1783 AD] 5 6 7 | 2206) A steam engine boat.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 4021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de -Jouffroy-dAbbans 2. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 4021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de -Jouffroy-dAbbans 3. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 4021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de -Jouffroy-dAbbans 4. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 4021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de -Jouffroy-dAbbans 5. ^ http://www.answers.com/steamship (1783) 6. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 4021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de -Jouffroy-dAbbans (1783) 7. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08526b.h tm (07/15/1783) MORE INFO [1] "Claude de Jouffroy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_J ouffroy [2] "Steamboat". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat | Saône River, near Lyon, France4 |
[1] Model of a steamship, built by d'Abbans in 1784. Musee de la Marine. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:D%27AbbansSteamshipModel.jpg |
217 YBN [11/21/1783 AD] 5 6 | 2194) Human flight by balloon.3 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "balloon flight." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1424455/balloon-flight>. 2. ^ "balloon flight." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1424455/balloon-flight>. 3. ^ "balloon flight." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1424455/balloon-flight>. 4. ^ "Montgolfier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Montgolfier?cat=t echnology 5. ^ "balloon flight." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1424455/balloon-flight>. {11/21/1783} 6. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p40. {11/21/1783} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 3540/Joseph-Michel-and-Jacques-Etienne-M ontgolfier [3] "Montgolfier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfier [4] "Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C 3%A7ois_Pil%C3%A2tre_de_Rozier (11/21/1783) | Paris, France4 |
[1] This image is available from the United States Library of Congress Prints and Pictures division under the digital ID ppmsca.02562 The first untethered balloon flight, by Rosier and the Marquis d'Arlandes on 21 November 1783. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Early_flight_02562u_%284%29.jpg [2] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-ppmsca-02227 (digital file from original print) LC-USZ62-15586 (b&w film copy neg.) No known restrictions on publication. SUMMARY: Oval head-and-shoulders portrait of French balloonist Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, who took the first balloon flight in 1783. MEDIUM: 1 print : etching with engraving. CREATED/PUBLISHED: [S.l.] : Chez Mr. Pujos, peintre, [between 1783 and 1800] RELATED NAMES: Pujos, André, 1738-1788, artist. NOTES: ''Et se trouve chez Mr. Pujos Peintre, Quai Pelletier prés la Greve''-- at bottom of print. Title from item. Tissandier collection. SUBJECTS: Pilâtre de Rozier, Jean-François, 1754-1785. Balloonists--French--1780-1800. FORMA T: Portrait prints 1780-1800. Etchings 1780-1800. REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID: (digital file from original print) ppmsca 02227 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.02227 (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a17830 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a17830 CARD #: 2002724820 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Pilatre_de_Rozier.jpg |
217 YBN [1783 AD] 4 | 2114) The density of gases is measured by measuring the weight of particular volumes of gas.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202. 3. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 4. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish (1783 (presumably) MORE INFO [1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Caven dish [2] http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?c at=technology | London, England3 |
[1] Henry Cavendish Henry CavendishBorn: 10-Oct-1731 Birthplace: Nice, France Died: 24-Feb-1810 Location of death: Clapham, England PD? source: http://www.nndb.com/people/030/0 00083778/ [2] Old picture from F. Moore's History of Chemistry, published in 1901 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Cavendish_Henry.jpg |
216 YBN [01/15/1784 AD] 11 12 | 2115) Water is shown to be a compound, not an element. The fusion of molecules using electricity.5 6 Water is produced by burning hydrogen gas in oxygen gas with an electric spark.7 This shows that water is a combination of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen, and not an element as was thought for centuries.8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Henry Cavendish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-caven dish 2. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74, 1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKA AAAIAAJ 3. ^ "Henry Cavendish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-caven dish 4. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74, 1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKA AAAIAAJ 5. ^ "Henry Cavendish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-caven dish 6. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74, 1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKA AAAIAAJ 7. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202. 9. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74, 1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKA AAAIAAJ 10. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 11. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74, 1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKA AAAIAAJ 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202. (01/15/1784) (01/15/1784) MORE INFO [1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Caven dish [2] "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?c at=technology | London, England10 |
[1] Text from: Henry Cavendish, ''Experiments On Air'', Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74, 1784, pp119-153, text from p129. http://books.google.com/books?id= Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKA AAAIAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false [2] Scan of a drawing of Cavendish's apparatus for making hydrogen gas Source Philosophical Transactions (periodical) Date 1766 Author Henry Cavendish PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Cavendish_hydrogen.jpg |
216 YBN [1784 AD] 4 | 2180) That some nebulae contain stars is observed, and nebulae are thought to be very large and distant collections of stars.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0235/Sir-William-Herschel 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 3. ^ "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0235/Sir-William-Herschel 4. ^ "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0235/Sir-William-Herschel (1784) MORE INFO [1] "William Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Her schel | Datchet, England3 |
[1] Wilhelm Herschel, German-British astronomer. from fr. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:William_Herschel01.jpg [2] William Herschel AKA Frederick William Herschel Born: 15-Nov-1738 Birthplace: Hannover, Hanover, Germany Died: 25-Aug-1822 Location of death: Slough, Buckinghamshire, England Cause of death: unspecified Gender: Male Race or Ethnicity: White Occupation: Astronomer Nationality: England Executive summary: Mapped heavens, discovered Uranus PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nndb.com/people/661/0 00096373/ |
216 YBN [1784 AD] 11 12 13 | 2259) The first gas is liquefied, sulfur dioxide.7 8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp230-231. 3. ^ Ren� Taton, Gaspard MONGE (Count de P�luse.), "L'�uvre Scientifique de Monge", 1951, p332-333. {Monge_First_liquefaction_of_ gas_Taton_1951.pdf} 4. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp230-231. 6. ^ Ren� Taton, Gaspard MONGE (Count de P�luse.), "L'�uvre Scientifique de Monge", 1951, p332-333. {Monge_First_liquefaction_of_ gas_Taton_1951.pdf} 7. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp230-231. 9. ^ Ren� Taton, Gaspard MONGE (Count de P�luse.), "L'�uvre Scientifique de Monge", 1951, p332-333. {Monge_First_liquefaction_of_ gas_Taton_1951.pdf} 10. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. 11. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. 12. ^ Ren� Taton, Gaspard MONGE (Count de P�luse.), "L'�uvre Scientifique de Monge", 1951, p332-333. {Monge_First_liquefaction_of_ gas_Taton_1951.pdf} 13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp230-231. (1785) (1785) MORE INFO [1] "Gaspard Monge". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Mon ge [2] http://books.google.com/books?id=YrQEAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA15&dq=intitle:statics&as_brr= 1&hl=en An Elementary Treatise on Statics With a Biographical Notice of the Author (Biddle, Philadelphia, 1851) [3] http://books.google.com/books?id=UjEDAAA AQAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=inauthor:Gas pard+inauthor:Monge&as_brr=0&hl=en An elementary treatise on descriptive geometry, with a theory of shadows and of perspective (Weale, London, 1851) | (École du génie) Angers, France10 |
[1] Scientist: Monge, Gaspard (1746 - 1818) Discipline(s): Mathematics ; Chemistry ; Physics Print Artist: François-Seraphin Delpech, 1778-1825 Medium: Lithograph Original Artist: Henri-Joseph Hesse, 1781-1849 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 9.2 x 8.5 cm / Sheet: 21.3 x 12.4 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=M [2] GASPARD MONGE Photo : Patrice Maurin-Berthier (C) Photo Collections Ecole polytechnique PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sabix.org/bulletin/b2 3/monge.html |
215 YBN [02/17/1785 AD] 6 | 3463) The earliest "diffraction" grating;2 constructed using hair.3 4 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ F. Hopkinson and David Rittenhouse, "An Optical Problem, Proposed by Mr. Hopkinson, and Solved by Mr. Rittenhouse", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, (1786), pp. 201-206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 05186 {Rittenhouse_David_1785_02_17.pdf } 2. ^ F. Hopkinson and David Rittenhouse, "An Optical Problem, Proposed by Mr. Hopkinson, and Solved by Mr. Rittenhouse", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, (1786), pp. 201-206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 05186 {Rittenhouse_David_1785_02_17.pdf } 3. ^ F. Hopkinson and David Rittenhouse, "An Optical Problem, Proposed by Mr. Hopkinson, and Solved by Mr. Rittenhouse", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, (1786), pp. 201-206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 05186 {Rittenhouse_David_1785_02_17.pdf } 4. ^ Horace C. Richard, "Some Early American Physicists", Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, v86, 1943, pp22-28. http://books.google.com/books? id=o1ULAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22&dq=david+rittenh ouse+grating&lr=&as_brr=1&sig=ACfU3U0Z2V gHcMQd0GbphTKuQKpcv0ybEw#PPA22,M1 5. ^ F. Hopkinson and David Rittenhouse, "An Optical Problem, Proposed by Mr. Hopkinson, and Solved by Mr. Rittenhouse", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, (1786), pp. 201-206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 05186 {Rittenhouse_David_1785_02_17.pdf } 6. ^ F. Hopkinson and David Rittenhouse, "An Optical Problem, Proposed by Mr. Hopkinson, and Solved by Mr. Rittenhouse", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, (1786), pp. 201-206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 05186 {Rittenhouse_David_1785_02_17.pdf } {02/17/1785} | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA5 |
[1] David Rittenhouse from an original Picture in the possession of Mrs. Sergeant. PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?id =_J8RAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=dav id+rittenhouse#PPP6,M1 |
215 YBN [06/02/1785 AD] 9 10 | 2116) Air is shown to be a mixture of gases, and not a single element3 by showing that nitric acid is produced by sparking air.4 5 6 Air is found to be made of around 4 parts nitrogen to 1 part oxygen.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?c at=technology 2. ^ "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?c at=technology 3. ^ "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?c at=technology 4. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895, p.265-287. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 10.2307/106766 and http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8 JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf} 5. ^ "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?c at=technology 6. ^ "Henry Cavendish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 29 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-caven dish 7. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments on Air.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 75 - 1785, 372-384 Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74, 1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/book s?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ 8. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 9. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments on Air.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 75 - 1785, 372-384 Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74, 1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/book s?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ 10. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish (1785) MORE INFO [1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Caven dish | London, England8 |
[1] Figures 1-3 from: Henry Cavendish, ''Experiments on Air.'', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 75 - 1785, 372-384 Henry Cavendish, ''Experiments On Air'', Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74, 1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/book s?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =-uEKAAAAIAAJ [2] Figure from Experiments on Air. By Henry Cavendish, Esq. F.R.S. and A.S. Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 75 - 1785 Pages 372-384 DOI 10.1098/rstl.17 85.0023 PD? source: http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac. uk/content/002m322p050qv423/?p=d80161c90 5fe4831aa63484ba66ccb98&pi=6 |
215 YBN [1785 AD] 5 | 2107) The first artificial insemination (impregnating an organism by injecting semen into the vagina1 ).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ "Lazzaro Spallanzani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 8983/Lazzaro-Spallanzani 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp197-198. 4. ^ "Lazzaro Spallanzani". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spa llanzani 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp197-198. (1785) (1785) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Lazzaro+Spallanza ni?cat=health | Pavia, Italy4 (presumably) |
[1] Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italian biologist, 1729-99 Source:http://home.tiscalinet.c h/biografien/biografien/spallanzani.htm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Spallanzani.jpg [2] Spallanzani, detail of an oil painting by an unknown artist; in the collection of the Universita degli Studi di Pavia, Italy Courtesy of the Universita degli Studi di Pavia, Italy Related Articles: Spallanzani, Lazzaro (Encyclopædia Britannica) Italian physiologist who made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions and animal reproduction. His investigations into the development of microscopic life in nutrient culture solutions paved the way for the research of Louis Pasteur. To cite this page: * MLA style: ''Spallanzani, Lazzaro.'' Online Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Nov. 2007 source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -31518/Spallanzani-detail-of-an-oil-pain ting-by-an-unknown-artist?articleTypeId= 1 |
215 YBN [1785 AD] 8 | 2168) Electric and magnetic attraction and repulsion are proven to be both proportional to amount of charge and inversely proportional to distance squared.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Baigrie, B.S. Electricity and Magnetism: a Historical Perspective. Greenwood Press., p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=3XEc5 xkWxi4C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=coulomb+1785 +construction+and+usage&source=web&ots=R Cp1tlEosB&sig=olOXH2XVdh36x0kmcoBsMtstqT I#PPA44,M1 Electricity and Magnetism, By Brian Baigrie, 2006 2. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm 3. ^ Baigrie, B.S. Electricity and Magnetism: a Historical Perspective. Greenwood Press., p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=3XEc5 xkWxi4C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=coulomb+1785 +construction+and+usage&source=web&ots=R Cp1tlEosB&sig=olOXH2XVdh36x0kmcoBsMtstqT I#PPA44,M1 Electricity and Magnetism, By Brian Baigrie, 2006 4. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm 5. ^ Baigrie, B.S. Electricity and Magnetism: a Historical Perspective. Greenwood Press., p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=3XEc5 xkWxi4C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=coulomb+1785 +construction+and+usage&source=web&ots=R Cp1tlEosB&sig=olOXH2XVdh36x0kmcoBsMtstqT I#PPA44,M1 Electricity and Magnetism, By Brian Baigrie, 2006 6. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p211. 8. ^ "Charles Augustin Coulomb". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Charles+Augustin+ Coulomb+?cat=technology (1785) MORE INFO [1] "Charles Augustin de Coulomb". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 6555/Charles-Augustin-de-Coulomb [2] "Charles Augustin Coulomb". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Aug ustin_Coulomb | Paris?, France7 (presumably) |
[1] Portrait by Hippolyte Lecomte PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Coulomb.jpg [2] Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, detail of a bronze bust. H. Roger-Viollet COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -9659/Charles-Augustin-de-Coulomb-detail -of-a-bronze-bust?articleTypeId=1 |
213 YBN [07/28/1787 AD] 3 | 6595) The earliest iron ship.1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Grantham, J. Iron Ship-building: With Practical Illustrations. Virtue & Company, 1868. Weale�s Rudimentary Series, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=3z cEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA6 2. ^ Grantham, J. Iron Ship-building: With Practical Illustrations. Virtue & Company, 1868. Weale�s Rudimentary Series, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=3z cEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA6 3. ^ Grantham, J. Iron Ship-building: With Practical Illustrations. Virtue & Company, 1868. Weale�s Rudimentary Series, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=3z cEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA6 | Birmingham, England2 |
[1] Grantham, J. Iron Ship-building: With Practical Illustrations. Virtue & Company, 1868. Weale’s Rudimentary Series, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=3z cEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA6 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =3zcEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA6 |
213 YBN [08/27/1787 AD] 5 | 2265) That volume and temperature of a gas are inversely related is known.2 In addition, for each degree Centigrade rise in temperature, the volume of a gas is found to expand by 1/273 parts of its volume at 0˚ Celsius, which implies that at a temperature of -273˚ Celsius the volume of a gas would reach 0, and that there can be no lower temperature.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Jacques Charles". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jacques+Charles?c at=technology 2. ^ "Jacques Charles". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jacques+Charles?c at=technology 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p232. 4. ^ "Jacques Charles". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jacques+Charles?c at=technology 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p232. (1787) MORE INFO [1] "Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 2590/Jacques-Alexandre-Cesar-Charles [2] "Jacques Charles". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cha rles | Paris, France4 (presumably) |
[1] Jacques Alexandre César Charles, 1820 Jacques Alexandre César Charles, French scientist, mathematician, and balloonist. This image is from the Library of Congress online collection, and is in the public domain. It has been cropped for concision. See catalog information below. TITLE: Charles, (Jacques Alexandre César.) né Beaugency-sur-Loire, le 11 novembre 1746, élu en 1793 / Jul. Bailly, 1820. CALL NUMBER: LOT 13400, no. 22 [P&P] Check for an online group record (may link to related items) REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-ppmsca-02185 (digital file from original print) LC-USZ62-70373 (b&w film copy neg.) No known restrictions on publication. SUMMARY: Head-and-shoulders portrait of French balloonist Jacques Alexandre César Charles, who made the first flight in a hydrogen balloon, Dec. 1, 1783. MEDIUM: 1 print : lithograph. CREATED/PUBLISHED: [S.l. : s.n., 1820] NOTES: ''Institut royal de France, Académie des sciences (physique génle.)''--printed above title. Title from item. Tissandier collection. SUBJECTS: Charles, Jacques Alexandre César, 1746-1823. Balloonists--French--1820. FORMAT: Portrait prints 1820. Lithographs 1820. REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID: (digital file from original print) ppmsca 02185 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.02185 (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3b17771 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3b17771 CARD #: 2002716398 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Jacques_Alexandre_C%C3%A9sar_Charles. jpg [2] First flight by Prof. Jacques Charles with Ainé Roberts, December 1, 1783. Illustration from the late 19th Century. N°. 5 - Premier voyage aérien par Charles et Robert (1783) First aerial voyage by Charles and Robert · Erste Flugreise mit Charles und Robert Library of Congress PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Early_flight_02562u_%285%29.jpg |
211 YBN [1789 AD] 5 | 2222) Light is listed as the most simple element on the first list of the known elements.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ De Lavoisier, A.L. Trait� �l�mentaire De Chimie, Pr�sent� Dans Un Ordre Nouveau, Et D�apr�s Les D�couvertes Modernes... 1793. Trait� �l�mentaire De Chimie, Pr�sent� Dans Un Ordre Nouveau, Et D�apr�s Les D�couvertes Modernes. books.google.com/books?id=Cut AsQTSzCcC&pg=PA192 2. ^ "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Antoine+Laurent+L avoisier+?cat=health 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. 4. ^ "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 6472/Antoine-Laurent-Lavoisier 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. (1789) (1789) MORE INFO [1] "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lau rent_Lavoisier | Paris, France4 (presumably) |
[1] LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743 - 1794). Traité élémentaire de chimie, présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d'après les découvertes modernes. 2 vols. Paris, 1789. PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/ exhibit/lavoisier.htm [2] LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743 - 1794). Traité élémentaire de chimie, présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d'après les découvertes modernes. 2 vols. Paris, 1789. PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/ exhibit/lavoisier.htm |
210 YBN [1790 AD] 3 | 3271) A sewing machine.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "sewing machine." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 14 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sewing-mach ine 2. ^ "sewing machine." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 14 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sewing-mach ine 3. ^ "sewing machine." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 14 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sewing-mach ine (1790) | England2 |
[1] Thomas Saint Sewing Machine Replica sewing machine created for Brother International for their Sewing Machine museum in Nagoya, Japan. UNKNOWN source: http://www.gluefactory.co.uk/mod elmaker/thomas-saint-1.jpg |
209 YBN [04/??/1791 AD] 3 4 5 | 2295) That all objects emit heat and that heat always moves from a hot body to a cold body is known.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp240-241. 2. ^ Prevost, Pierre. "M�moire sur l��quilibre du feu." Journal de physique 38 (1791): 314-322. books.google.com/books?id=IeQP AAAAQAAJ&pg=PA314 English: "Memoire on the Equilibrium of Fire" 3. ^ Prevost, Pierre. "M�moire sur l��quilibre du feu." Journal de physique 38 (1791): 314-322. books.google.com/books?id=IeQP AAAAQAAJ&pg=PA314 English: "Memoire on the Equilibrium of Fire" 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp240-241. (1791) (1791) 5. ^ "Pierre Prévost". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Pr%C3%A9vo st+?cat=technology (1791) MORE INFO [1] "Pierre Prévost". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C 3%A9vost [2] "Abraham Gottlob Werner". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Abraham+Gottlob+W erner?cat=technology |
[1] Pierre Prévost Ref. Journal Officiel Illustré De L'Exposition Nationale Suisse Genève 1896 - No 21 - 12 Juin 1896 -- page 241 (page de titre) PD AND Prevost, Pierre. ''Mémoire sur l’équilibre du feu.'' Journal de physique 38 (1791): 314-322. books.google.com/books?id=IeQP AAAAQAAJ&pg=PA314 PD source: http://bern-1914.org/pictures/ge neve1896/pictet/21_1_pierre_prevost_72.j pghttp://bern-1914.org/pictures/geneve18 96/pictet/21_1_pierre_prevost_72.jpgbook s.google.com/books?id=IeQPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA 314 [2] Pierre Prévost Ref. Journal Officiel Illustré De L'Exposition Nationale Suisse Genève 1896 - No 21 - 12 Juin 1896 -- page 241 (page de titre) PD source: http://bern-1914.org/pictures/ge neve1896/pictet/21_1_pierre_prevost_72.j pghttp://bern-1914.org/pictures/geneve18 96/pictet/21_1_pierre_prevost_72.jpg | |
209 YBN [1791 AD] 7 | 2175) Remote neuron activation (or remote neuron writing) by Luigi Galvani. A muscle is contracted remotely by using a remote electric spark while metal is connected to the nerve.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953. 2. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953. 3. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953. 4. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953. 5. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953. 6. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5937/Luigi-Galvani 7. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5937/Luigi-Galvani (1791) MORE INFO [1] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/Nat ureandArtifice/lecture14.html | Bologna, Italy6 |
[1] Italian physicists Luigi Galvani Source http://www.museopalazzopoggi.unibo.it //poggi_eng/palazzo/foto/prot Date 18-19 th century Author Unknown PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg [2] The electrochemical behavior of two dissimilar metals [(zinc (Z) and copper (C)] in a bimetallic arch, in contact with the electrolytes of tissue, produces an electric stimulating current that elicits muscular contraction. [Malmivuo, J., & Plonsey, R. (1995). Bioelectromagnatism: Principles and applications of bioelectric and biomagnetic fields. New York: Oxford University Press., Ch.1] URL: http://butler.cc.tut.fi/~malmivuo/bem/be mbook/01/01.htm Diagram of Luigi Galvani's frog legs (~1770s) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Galvani%27s_legs.gif |
208 YBN [1792 AD] 3 | 2312) Coal gas is used to light a house.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "William Murdock". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 4338/William-Murdock 2. ^ "William Murdock". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 4338/William-Murdock 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p245. (1792) (1792) MORE INFO [1] "William Murdoch". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mur doch [2] "Coal gas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gas | Redruth, Cornwall, England2 |
[1] William Murdoch, reproduction of a portrait by John Graham Gilbert in the City Museum and Art Gallery, Birmingham. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:William_Murdoch_%281754-1839%29.jpg [2] Scientist: Murdock, William (1754 - 1834) Discipline(s): Engineering Original Artist: Grahma Gilbert Original Dimensions: Graphic: 10.4 x 8.1 cm / Sheet: 14 x 8.7 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=M |
208 YBN [1792 AD] 6 7 | 2343) That acids and bases neutralize each other in fixed proportions is shown.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richter, J. B. Anfangsgründe der Stöchyometrie oder Meßkunst chymischer Elemente. Vol. 1. Korn, 1792. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&lr=&id=NhFQAAAAcAAJ 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p252. 3. ^ "Richter, Jeremias Benjamin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 434-438. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18 July 2013. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?i d=GALE%7CCX2830903667&v=2.1&u=univca20&i t=r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ "Richter, Jeremias Benjamin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 434-438. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18 July 2013. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?i d=GALE%7CCX2830903667&v=2.1&u=univca20&i t=r&p=GVRL&sw=w 5. ^ "Silesia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 18 Jul. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/544097/Silesia>. 6. ^ "Richter, Jeremias Benjamin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 434-438. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18 July 2013. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?i d=GALE%7CCX2830903667&v=2.1&u=univca20&i t=r&p=GVRL&sw=w 7. ^ Richter, J. B. Anfangsgründe der Stöchyometrie oder Meßkunst chymischer Elemente. Vol. 1. Korn, 1792. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&lr=&id=NhFQAAAAcAAJ MORE INFO [1] http://www.euchems.org/Distinguished/18t hCentury/benjamin.asp [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p252. (1791) (1791) | Gross-Ober-Tschirnau, near Glogau, in Lower Silesia, Prussia4 5 (presumably) |
[1] Richter, J. B. Anfangsgründe der Stöchyometrie oder Meßkunst chymischer Elemente. Vol. 1. Korn, 1792. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&lr=&id=NhFQAAAAcAAJ AND Description Deutsch: Jeremias Benjamin Richter Date 29 June 2006 (original upload date) Source Transferred from de.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Leyo using CommonsHelper. http://histoirechimie.fr ee.fr/Lien/RICHTER.htm Author Original uploader was Dr. Manuel at de.wikipedia PD source: http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&lr=&id=NhFQAAAAcAAJhttp://upload.wik imedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Jeremi as_Benjamin_Richter.jpeg [2] Richter, J. B. Anfangsgründe der Stöchyometrie oder Meßkunst chymischer Elemente. Vol. 1. Korn, 1792. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&lr=&id=NhFQAAAAcAAJ AND Description Deutsch: Jeremias Benjamin Richter Date 29 June 2006 (original upload date) Source Transferred from de.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Leyo using CommonsHelper. http://histoirechimie.fr ee.fr/Lien/RICHTER.htm Author Original uploader was Dr. Manuel at de.wikipedia PD source: http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&lr=&id=NhFQAAAAcAAJhttp://upload.wik imedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Jeremi as_Benjamin_Richter.jpeg |
207 YBN [1793 AD] 4 | 2372) That the amount of water vapor the air can hold rises with temperature is shown.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dalton, J. Meteorological Observations and Essays. Ostell, 1793, p135. http://books.google.com/books?id= IxsAAAAAQAAJ 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261. 3. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 8616/John-Dalton 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261. (1793) (1793) MORE INFO [1] "John Dalton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | Manchester, England3 |
[1] Engraving of a painting of John Dalton Source Frontispiece of John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry by Henry Roscoe Date 1895 Author Henry Roscoe (author), William Henry Worthington (engraver), and Joseph Allen (painter) [t right one finger = ?] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Dalton_John_desk.jpg [2] John Dalton John Dalton, 1766-1844, English chemist and Fellow of the Royal Society. [t this pose, hand in coat=?, famous Napoleon pose] PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.english.upenn.edu/Pro jects/knarf/People/dalton.html |
206 YBN [1794 AD] 5 6 | 2085) The theory of natural selection: that species less adapted are more likely to die while those better adapted will continue and multiply.3 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Paul N. Pearson (16 October 2003). In Retrospect (html). Nature V. 425 #6959, p. 665. Comments on Hutton's 3-volume 1794 work, An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy. http://www.nature.com/natur e/journal/v425/n6959/index.html 2. ^ Hutton, J. An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy... by James Hutton,... A. Strahan, 1794, Volume 2, p500. http://books.google.com/books?id= b_MkAQAAIAAJ {Hutton_Investigation_of_the_Principle _of_Knowledge_1794.pdf} 3. ^ Paul N. Pearson (16 October 2003). In Retrospect (html). Nature V. 425 #6959, p. 665. Comments on Hutton's 3-volume 1794 work, An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy. http://www.nature.com/natur e/journal/v425/n6959/index.html 4. ^ "James Hutton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 1650/James-Hutton 5. ^ Paul N. Pearson (16 October 2003). In Retrospect (html). Nature V. 425 #6959, p. 665. Comments on Hutton's 3-volume 1794 work, An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy. http://www.nature.com/natur e/journal/v425/n6959/index.html 6. ^ Hutton, J. An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy... by James Hutton,... A. Strahan, 1794, Volume 2, p500. http://books.google.com/books?id= b_MkAQAAIAAJ {Hutton_Investigation_of_t he_Principle_of_Knowledge_1794.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "James Hutton". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/James%20Hutton (1795) | Edinburgh, Scotland4 (presumably) |
[1] Hutton, J. An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy... by James Hutton,... A. Strahan, 1794, Volume 2, p500. http://books.google.com/books?id= b_MkAQAAIAAJ {Hutton_Investigation_of_the_Principle _of_Knowledge_1794.pdf} PD source: Hutton, J. An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy... by James Hutton,... A. Strahan, 1794, Volume 2, p500. http://books.google.com/books?id= b_MkAQAAIAAJ [2] JAMES HUTTON (1726-1797) PD source: http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geograph y/hutton/hutton.htm |
204 YBN [07/01/1796 AD] 5 6 7 | 2280) Immunity by vaccination is proven: that having cow pox disease provides immunity from the more severe small pox disease is confirmed.3 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp236-237. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp236-237. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp236-237. 4. ^ "Edward Jenner". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 3524/Edward-Jenner 5. ^ "Edward Jenner". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 3524/Edward-Jenner (07/01/1796 (injection of small pox) 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp236-237. (05/14/1796 (injection of cow pox) (05/14/1796 (injection of cow pox) 7. ^ "Edward Jenner". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 3524/Edward-Jenner (05/14/1796 (injection of cow pox) MORE INFO [1] "Edward Jenner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenn er [2] http://www.answers.com/edward+jenner?cat =health [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | Berkeley, England4 (presumably) |
[1] Source: http://www.edward-jenner.com/family-life .html PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Edward_Jenner2.jpg [2] Figure 1: Portrait of Edward Jenner painted in about 1800 by William Pearce. Note the cows in the background, the source of the cowpox virus he used to vaccinate people against smallpox. PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/file .php/2642/formats/S320_1_rss.xml |
204 YBN [1796 AD] 4 | 2330) That different parts of the brain control different parts of the body is understood.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p249. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p249. 3. ^ "Franz Joseph Gall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Franz Joseph Gall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Franz_Jo seph_Gall 4. ^ "Franz Joseph Gall (1796)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Franz Joseph Gall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Franz_Jo seph_Gall (1796) (1796) MORE INFO [1] "Franz Joseph Gall". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josep h_Gall [2] http://www.answers.com/Franz%20Joseph%20 Gall | Vienna, Germany3 |
[1] English: Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828), German physician and anatomist Source http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollecti ons/hst/scientific-identity/explore.htmh ere. Date early 19th century PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Franz_Joseph_Gall.jpg [2] Franz Joseph Gall, engraving by Friedrich Wilhelm Bollinger after a portrait by Karl Heinrich Rahl, c. 1812 Archiv fur Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -10919/Franz-Joseph-Gall-engraving-by-Fr iedrich-Wilhelm-Bollinger-after-a?articl eTypeId=1 |
203 YBN [1797 AD] 6 | 2338) Marble is produced by melting and quickly cooling limestone (which is calcium carbonate3 ).4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp250-251. 2. ^ "Sir James Hall 4th Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8914/Sir-James-Hall-4th-Baronet 3. ^ "Sir James Hall 4th Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8914/Sir-James-Hall-4th-Baronet , -251. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp250-251. 5. ^ "Sir James Hall 4th Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8914/Sir-James-Hall-4th-Baronet 6. ^ "Wilhelm Olbers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 6957/Wilhelm-Olbers (1797) MORE INFO [1] "James Hall, 4th Baronet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hall% 2C_4th_Baronet [2] http://www.electricscotland.com/history/ other/hall_james.htm [3] http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/f amousfirst2053.html |
[1] Description A limestone formation in the Waitomo District of New Zealand. Date 2007-12-?? Source Self-photographed Author Uploader. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Limestone_Forma tion_In_Waitomo.jpg/1280px-Limestone_For mation_In_Waitomo.jpg [2] Description English: Weathered marble anticline at General Carrera Lake, Chile Date 17 November 2008 Source Glaciers Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by User:Common Good using CommonsHelper. Author Dentren at en.wikipedia CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Catedraldemarmo l.JPG/1280px-Catedraldemarmol.JPG | |
202 YBN [1798 AD] 8 | 2117) The gravitational constant, the mass, and the density of the Earth are measured.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202. 2. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202. 4. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202. 6. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 7. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish 8. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 1916/Henry-Cavendish (1798) MORE INFO [1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Caven dish | London, England7 |
[1] Henry Cavendish Henry CavendishBorn: 10-Oct-1731 Birthplace: Nice, France Died: 24-Feb-1810 Location of death: Clapham, England PD? source: http://www.nndb.com/people/030/0 00083778/ [2] Old picture from F. Moore's History of Chemistry, published in 1901 PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Caven dish_Henry.jpg |
201 YBN [1799 AD] 4 5 | 2283) The metric system.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Jos eph+Delambre?cat=technology 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p238. 3. ^ "Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 9788/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph-Delambre 4. ^ "Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 9788/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph-Delambre (1792-1799) 5. ^ "Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Jos eph+Delambre?cat=technology (1791-1799) MORE INFO [1] "Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptis te_Joseph_Delambre | France3 |
[1] Scientist: Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1749 - 1822) Discipline(s): Astronomy ; Geodesy Print Artist: Attributed to Julien Leopold Boilly, 1796-1874 and Benjamin Holl, 1808-1884 Medium: Lithograph Original Dimensions: Graphic: 12.7 x 10.2 cm / Sheet: 25.8 x 17.5 cm Jean-Baptiste Joseph Delambre - French mathematician and astronomer. Source http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollection s/hst/scientific-identity/fullsize/SIL14 -D2-17a.jpg Date 1820 Author Julien Leopold Boilly (1796-1874) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Delambre.jpg [2] Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Delambre Jean-Baptiste-Joseph DelambreBorn: 19-Sep-1749 Birthplace: Amiens, France Died: 19-Aug-1822 Location of death: Paris, France Cause of death: unspecified PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nndb.com/people/404/0 00097113/ |
201 YBN [1799 AD] 5 6 7 8 | 2315) Elements are shown to combine in definite proportions.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp245-246. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp245-246. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp245-246. 4. ^ "Joseph Louis Proust". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1640/Joseph-Louis-Proust 5. ^ "Joseph Louis Proust". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1640/Joseph-Louis-Proust (1793) 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp245-246. (1799) (1799) 7. ^ "Joseph Louis Proust". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Louis+Prou st?cat=technology (1799) 8. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1799) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Louis Proust". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Loui s_Proust | Segovia, Spain4 |
[1] Joseph Proust French chemist Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Date 2005-10-15 (original upload date) Author Original uploader was HappyApple at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this image) PD-AUTHOR; Released into the public domain (by the author). PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Proust_joseph.jpg [2] Joseph-Louis Proust, medallion by Pierre-Jean David H. Roger-Viollet To cite this page: * MLA style: ''Proust, Joseph-Louis: portrait coin.'' Online Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Dec. 2007 source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -30847/Joseph-Louis-Proust-medallion-by- Pierre-Jean-David?articleTypeId=1 |
200 YBN [03/20/1800 AD] 12 13 | 2250) The electric battery (or voltaic pile) is invented:7 8 stacks of alternating silver and zinc plates, each separated by a moist pad produce a large electric force when the opposite ends are connected with a conductor.9 This battery provides a continuous source of electrical current.10 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. 4. ^ Volta, "On the Electricity excited by the mere Contact of conducting Substances of different Kinds.", Philosophical Magazine, September 1800, p288. http://archive.org/download/lepid opterarepor07winc/lepidopterarepor07winc 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. 6. ^ Volta, "On the Electricity excited by the mere Contact of conducting Substances of different Kinds.", Philosophical Magazine, September 1800, p288. http://archive.org/download/lepid opterarepor07winc/lepidopterarepor07winc 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. 8. ^ Volta, "On the Electricity excited by the mere Contact of conducting Substances of different Kinds.", Philosophical Magazine, September 1800, p288. http://archive.org/download/lepid opterarepor07winc/lepidopterarepor07winc 9. ^ Bern Dibner, "Alessandro Volta and the Electric Battery", 1964, p64-66. 10. ^ "Conte Alessandro Volta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 5699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta 11. ^ "Conte Alessandro Volta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 5699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. (1800) (1800) 13. ^ "alessandro volta". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/alessandro- volta?cat=technology (03/20/1800(sends letter to Banks secretary of royal society) MORE INFO [1] "Alessandro Volta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_ Volta [2] http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bl_Alessandro_Volta.htm | Pavia, Italy11 |
[1] Volta, ''On the Electricity excited by the mere Contact of conducting Substances of different Kinds.'', Philosophical Magazine, September 1800, p415. http://archive.org/download/lepid opterarepor07winc/lepidopterarepor07winc .pdf PD source: http://archive.org/download/lepi dopterarepor07winc/lepidopterarepor07win c.pdf [2] Description Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta Source http://www.anthroposophie.net/bibliot hek/nawi/physik/volta/bib_volta.htm Dat e 2006-03-02 (original upload date) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Alessandro_Volta.jpeg |
200 YBN [03/27/1800 AD] 12 13 | 2179) Invisible light is recognized: an invisible portion of the spectrum of light beyond the color red (later named infrared) is found to heat up a thermometer more than any other color.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ &pg=PA255 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 3. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ &pg=PA255 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 5. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ &pg=PA255 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 7. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ &pg=PA255 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 9. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ &pg=PA255 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 11. ^ "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0235/Sir-William-Herschel 12. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ &pg=PA255 13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. (1800) (1800) MORE INFO [1] "William Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Her schel | Slough, England11 |
[1] William Herschel, ''Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.'', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ &pg=PA255 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAA AAcAAJ&pg=PA255 [2] Description Wilhelm Herschel, German-British astronomer. Date 1785 Source Nat ional Portrait Gallery, London: NPG 98 Author Lemuel Francis Abbott PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/36/William_Herschel01.jp g |
200 YBN [06/27/1800 AD] 3 | 3254) The change in temperature caused by compressing and expanding air is measured.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Dalton, "Experiments and Observations on the Heat and Cold produced by the Mechanical Condensation and Rarefaction of Air", Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 1802, 5: 515-526. http://books.google.com/books?id=3qdJA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA515 2. ^ Making of America Project, Eliakim Littell, Robert S. Littell, "The Living Age", 1845, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= 2L3mqFyy8w0C&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=Exper iments+and+Observations+on+the+Heat+and+ Cold+produced+by+the+Mechanical+Condensa tion+and+Rarefaction+of+Air&source=web&o ts=2XlBC3fRdE&sig=iDBlqgzlZyCmRpe0tDK2zo Ac35c&hl=en (06/27/1800) 3. ^ John Dalton, "Experiments and Observations on the Heat and Cold produced by the Mechanical Condensation and Rarefaction of Air", Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 1802, 5: 515-526. http://books.google.com/books?id=3qdJA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA515 MORE INFO [1] "John Dalton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton [2] http://www.answers.com/John+Dalton?cat=t echnology [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261. (1801) (1801) [5] Thomas S. Kuhn, "The Caloric Theory of Adiabatic Compression", Isis, Vol. 49, No. 2 (Jun., 1958), pp. 132-140. http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici =0021-1753(195806)49%3A2%3C132%3ATCTOAC% 3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 {Cullen_William_1755_Isi s.pdf} | Manchester, England2 |
[1] Engraving of a painting of John Dalton Source Frontispiece of John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry by Henry Roscoe Date 1895 Author Henry Roscoe (author), William Henry Worthington (engraver), and Joseph Allen (painter) [t right one finger = ?] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Dalton_John_desk.jpg [2] John Dalton John Dalton, 1766-1844, English chemist and Fellow of the Royal Society. [t this pose, hand in coat=?, famous Napoleon pose] PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.english.upenn.edu/Pro jects/knarf/People/dalton.html |
200 YBN [06/??/1800 AD] 5 6 | 3597) That electricity in water mixed with litmus is colored blue around the silver electrode and red around the zinc electrode is found.1 2 Litmus is a material obtained from certain lichens that turns blue in in alkaline solution and red in acid solution.3 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884,p196. http://books.google.com/book s?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =A+History+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the +year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA#PPA 196,M1 2. ^ William Cruickshank, "Some Experiments and Observations on Galvanic Electricity.", "Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts By William Nicholson", G. G. and J. Robinson, 1801, v.4 (Apr. 1800- March 1801),p187-191. books.google.com/books? id=TggAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA187 {06/1800} 3. ^ "litmus." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Mar. 2013. itmus>. 4. ^ http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/57 592?_fromAuth=1 5. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884,p220-227. http://books.google.com/ books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcove r&dq=A+History+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to +the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA {09/1800} {06/1800} 6. ^ William Cruickshank, "Some Experiments and Observations on Galvanic Electricity.", "Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts By William Nicholson", G. G. and J. Robinson, 1801, v.4 (Apr. 1800- March 1801),p187-191. books.google.com/books? id=TggAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA187 {06/1800} MORE INFO [1] http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemi stry/cruickshank.html [2] http://www.buchmann.ca/Article3-page3.as p [3] "William Cruickshank (chemist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cru ickshank_(chemist) [4] William Cruickshank, "Additional Remarks on Galvanic Electricity.", "Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts By William Nicholson", G. G. and J. Robinson, 1801, v.4 (Apr. 1800- March 1801),p254-264. http://books.google.com /books?id=TggAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcov er&dq=editions:0eMW4sl3XZyNHpE6-nh#PPA25 4,M1 | (Royal Military Academy at Woolwich) Woolwich, England4 |
[1] William Cruickshank, ''Some Experiments and Observations on Galvanic Electricity.'', ''Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts By William Nicholson'', G. G. and J. Robinson, 1801, v.4 (Apr. 1800- March 1801),p187-191. books.google.com/books? id=TggAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA187 PD AND Description Deutsch: de:William Cumberland Cruikshank (* 1745 in Edinburg; â 27. Juni 1800) Date Published in London.: J. Sewell., 1787 Source http://imagesvr.library.upenn.edu/cgi /i/image/image-idx?type=detail&cc=smith& entryid=X-smit0130&viewid=1&sstrt=1&hits =1& http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/images/B0565 1 Author Engraved by J. Corner Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain due to its age. PD source: books.google.com/books?id=TggAAA AAMAAJ&pg=PA187https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/William_Cumbe rland_Cruikshank.jpg [2] Description Deutsch: de:William Cumberland Cruikshank (* 1745 in Edinburg; â 27. Juni 1800) Date Published in London.: J. Sewell., 1787 Source http://imagesvr.library.upenn.edu/cgi /i/image/image-idx?type=detail&cc=smith& entryid=X-smit0130&viewid=1&sstrt=1&hits =1& http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/images/B0565 1 Author Engraved by J. Corner Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain due to its age. PD source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wik ipedia/commons/3/34/William_Cumberland_C ruikshank.jpg |
200 YBN [09/17/1800 AD] 5 6 | 2436) Hydrogen and oxygen gas are collected separately from the electrolysis of water.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278. 4. ^ "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 3787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p244. (Nicholson: 05/02/1800)(by: )09/17/1800) (Nicholson: 05/02/1800)(by: )09/17/1800) 6. ^ http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RITTER_BIO.ht ml (Nicholson: 05/02/1800)(by: )09/17/1800) (Nicholson: 05/02/1800)(by: )09/17/1800) MORE INFO [1] "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilh elm_Ritter [2] http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/for um/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kunst/Physik _als_Kunst.htm [3] http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/di bner-library-lectures/scientific-discove ries/text-lecture.htm | Jena, Germany4 (presumably) |
[1] Undatiertes Portrait von J. W. Ritter PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie /ehh/forum/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kuns t/Physik_als_Kunst.htm [2] Johann Wilhelm Ritter. Undated woodcut, courtesy Deutsches Museum, Munich. Reproduced in Ritter 1986. PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublica tions/dibner-library-lectures/scientific -discoveries/text-lecture.htm |
200 YBN [11/??/1800 AD] 5 6 | 2437) Electroplating is discovered: by passing electric current through a solution of copper sulfate, metallic copper can be made to cover (or plate) a conductive object that is used as an electrode.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278. 3. ^ "electroplating." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 31 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/183990/electroplating>. 4. ^ "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 3787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter 5. ^ http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RITTER_BIO.ht ml (c11/1800 (just a guess after id2436) 6. ^ Ted Huntington. (c11/1800 (just a guess after id2436) MORE INFO [1] "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilh elm_Ritter [2] http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/for um/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kunst/Physik _als_Kunst.htm [3] http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/di bner-library-lectures/scientific-discove ries/text-lecture.htm [4] "Dowsing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing [5] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/ritter.htm | Jena, Germany4 (presumably) |
[1] Undatiertes Portrait von J. W. Ritter PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie /ehh/forum/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kuns t/Physik_als_Kunst.htm [2] Johann Wilhelm Ritter. Undated woodcut, courtesy Deutsches Museum, Munich. Reproduced in Ritter 1986. PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublica tions/dibner-library-lectures/scientific -discoveries/text-lecture.htm |
199 YBN [01/01/1801 AD] 6 | 2261) The first known asteroid (and minor planet), Ceres {SErEZ3 }, is recognized.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ceres." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 20 Jan. 2013. eres>. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp231-232. 3. ^ "ceres." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 20 Jan. 2013. eres>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp231-232. 5. ^ "Giuseppe Piazzi". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Giuseppe+Piazzi?c at=technology 6. ^ "Giuseppe Piazzi". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Giuseppe+Piazzi?c at=technology (01/01/1801) MORE INFO [1] "Giuseppe Piazzi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 9895/Giuseppe-Piazzi [2] "Giuseppe Piazzi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pi azzi [3] http://www.lpi.usra.edu/books/AsteroidsI II/pdf/3027.pdf [4] "Ceres (dwarf planet)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_%28dw arf_planet%29 [5] "olbers s paradox". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/olbers-s-pa radox?cat=technology | Palermo, Sicily5 |
[1] NASA's Hubble Space Telescope color image of Ceres, the largest Main Belt asteroid. Astronomers optimized spatial resolution to about 18 km per pixel, enhancing the contrast in these images to bring out features on Ceres' surface, that are both brighter and darker than the average which absorbs 91% of sunlight falling on it. (Original discription by NASA) Source http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/images/ceres .jpg (Slightly cropped from original) Date Taken: December 2003 - January 2004. Released 7 September 2005 Author NASA, ESA, J. Parker (Southwest Research Institute), P. Thomas (Cornell University), and L. McFadden (University of Maryland, College Park) Permission Unless otherwise specifically stated, no claim to copyright is being asserted by STScI and it may be freely used as in the public domain in accordance with NASA's contract. [...] [1] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ceres_optimized.jpg [2] Scientist: Piazzi, Giuseppe (1746 - 1846) Discipline(s): Astronomy Print Artist: F. Bordiga Medium: Engraving Original Dimensions: Graphic: 11.9 x 9.4 cm / Sheet: 20.7 x 15.9 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=P |
199 YBN [02/22/1801 AD] 8 9 | 2167) The invisible light, ultra-violet light is discovered: an invisible part of the spectrum of light beyond the violet part causes a silver chloride chemical reaction more strongly than any other part of the spectrum.5 6 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278. 2. ^ Ritter, J. W. "Auffindung nicht-sichtbarer Sonnenstrahlen an der Seite des Violett." Annalen der Physik 7 (1801): 527. http://books.google.com/books?id=q wU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527 English: "Discovery of non-visible solar radiation to the side of violet." {todo: Determine if there is any English translation of this work} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278. 4. ^ Ritter, J. W. "Auffindung nicht-sichtbarer Sonnenstrahlen an der Seite des Violett." Annalen der Physik 7 (1801): 527. http://books.google.com/books?id=q wU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527 English: "Discovery of non-visible solar radiation to the side of violet." {todo: Determine if there is any English translation of this work} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278. 6. ^ Ritter, J. W. "Auffindung nicht-sichtbarer Sonnenstrahlen an der Seite des Violett." Annalen der Physik 7 (1801): 527. http://books.google.com/books?id=q wU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527 English: "Discovery of non-visible solar radiation to the side of violet." {todo: Determine if there is any English translation of this work} 7. ^ "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 3787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter 8. ^ Ritter, J. W. "Auffindung nicht-sichtbarer Sonnenstrahlen an der Seite des Violett." Annalen der Physik 7 (1801): 527. http://books.google.com/books?id=q wU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527 English: "Discovery of non-visible solar radiation to the side of violet." {todo: Determine if there is any English translation of this work} 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278. (1801) (1801) MORE INFO [1] "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilh elm_Ritter [2] http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/for um/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kunst/Physik _als_Kunst.htm [3] http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/di bner-library-lectures/scientific-discove ries/text-lecture.htm [4] "Dowsing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing [5] http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RITTER_BIO.ht ml | Jena, Germany7 (presumably) |
[1] Ritter, J. W. ''Auffindung nicht-sichtbarer Sonnenstrahlen an der Seite des Violett.'' Annalen der Physik 7 (1801): 527. http://books.google.com/books?id=q wU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527 English: ''Discovery of non-visible solar radiation to the side of violet.'' PD AND [1] Undatiertes Portrait von J. W. Ritter PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =qwU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527http://www2.uni-je na.de/biologie/ehh/forum/ausstellungen/P hysik_als_Kunst/Physik_als_Kunst.htm [2] Undatiertes Portrait von J. W. Ritter PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie /ehh/forum/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kuns t/Physik_als_Kunst.htm |
199 YBN [11/12/1801 AD] 13 | 2405) The frequencies and wavelengths (or particle intervals) of light are determined and the theory of light interference: that two light waves can add to each other or cancel each other out, similar to two sound waves. The first glass diffraction gratings are in use.10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161. 2. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.o rg/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-X AXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_ on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf} 3. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161. 4. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.o rg/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-X AXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_ on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf} 5. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161. 6. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.o rg/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-X AXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_ on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf} 7. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p147. 8. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161. 9. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.o rg/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-X AXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_ on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf} 10. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161. 11. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.o rg/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-X AXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_ on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf} 12. ^ John Charles Drury Brand, Raymond Bonnett, "Lines of Light: The Sources of Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800-1930", CRC Press, 1995, p27. http://books.google.com/books?id=sKx0I BC22p4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=joseph+fraun hofer+measured+wavelengths+lines&source= web&ots=qKuKNGN2kv&sig=ZwvLfbjr0XPa68680 mOZkZhEnUs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&res num=4&ct=result#PPA32,M1 {11/12/1801} 13. ^ Thomas Young, Philip Kelland, "A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts", Taylor and Walton, 1845. {Contains the lectures which form vol. I of the 1807 edition.} http://books.google.com/books ?id=fGMSAAAAIAAJ {11/12/1801} MORE INFO [1] "Thomas Young (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Youn g_%28scientist%29 [2] "etalon." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 17 Jun. 2008. talon> [3] Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c9a9 74a16d595c628d0π=24 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-X AXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 | London, England12 |
[1] {ULSF: Table of light wavelengths and frequencies calculated by Young from Theory of Light and Colours 11/12/1801} The inch used in the table is the French (Paris) inch of 27.07mm. PD/Corel AND Portrait of Thomas Young in color PD source: Young_Thomas_1802_on_the_theory_ of_light_and_colours.pdfhttp://ugadayki. ru/images/sv/133163204157_full.jpg [2] {ULSF: Table of light wavelengths and frequencies calculated by Young from Theory of Light and Colours 11/12/1801} The inch used in the table is the French (Paris) inch of 27.07mm. PD/Corel source: Young_Thomas_1802_on_the_theory_ of_light_and_colours.pdf |
199 YBN [12/10/1801 AD] 5 6 | 2508) The first oxygen-hydrogen torch and gas torch welding.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p291. 2. ^ Hare, Robert. Memoir on the Supply and Application of the Blow-pipe: Containing an Account of a New Method of Supplying the Blowpipe Either with Common Air, Or Oxygen Gas: and Also of the Effects of the Intense Heat Produced by the Combustion of the Hydrogen and Oxygen Gases: Illustrated by Engravings. Chemical Society, 1802. also printed in (Ending on "I have now concluded..."): Smith, E.F. Chemistry in America: Chapters from the History of the Science in the United States. D. Appleton and company, 1914, p157-179. http://books.google.com/books ?id=SiJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157 3. ^ Hare, Robert. "XIV. On the oxi-hydrogen blow-pipe." Philosophical Magazine, 1817, p106-114. http://books.google.com/books ?id=xRZRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106 4. ^ Hare, Robert. Memoir on the Supply and Application of the Blow-pipe: Containing an Account of a New Method of Supplying the Blowpipe Either with Common Air, Or Oxygen Gas: and Also of the Effects of the Intense Heat Produced by the Combustion of the Hydrogen and Oxygen Gases: Illustrated by Engravings. Chemical Society, 1802. also printed in (Ending on "I have now concluded..."): Smith, E.F. Chemistry in America: Chapters from the History of the Science in the United States. D. Appleton and company, 1914, p157-179. http://books.google.com/books ?id=SiJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157 5. ^ Hare, Robert. Memoir on the Supply and Application of the Blow-pipe: Containing an Account of a New Method of Supplying the Blowpipe Either with Common Air, Or Oxygen Gas: and Also of the Effects of the Intense Heat Produced by the Combustion of the Hydrogen and Oxygen Gases: Illustrated by Engravings. Chemical Society, 1802. also printed in (Ending on "I have now concluded..."): Smith, E.F. Chemistry in America: Chapters from the History of the Science in the United States. D. Appleton and company, 1914, p157-179. http://books.google.com/books ?id=SiJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p291. (1801) (1801) MORE INFO [1] "Robert Hare (chemist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hare _%28chemist%29 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania4 |
[1] {ULSF: Note that this image is different slightly from the original} Smith, E.F. Chemistry in America: Chapters from the History of the Science in the United States. D. Appleton and company, 1914, p157-179. http://books.google.com/books ?id=SiJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =SiJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157 [2] Smith, E.F. Chemistry in America: Chapters from the History of the Science in the United States. D. Appleton and company, 1914, p157-179. http://books.google.com/books ?id=SiJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =SiJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157 |
199 YBN [1801 AD] 3 | 2374) The law of partial pressures: that each component of a mixture of gases exerts the same pressure that it would exert if it alone occupied the whole volume of the mixture, at the same temperature.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261. 2. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 8616/John-Dalton 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261. (1801) (1801) MORE INFO [1] "John Dalton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton [2] http://www.answers.com/John+Dalton?cat=t echnology [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | Manchester, England2 |
[1] Engraving of a painting of John Dalton Source Frontispiece of John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry by Henry Roscoe Date 1895 Author Henry Roscoe (author), William Henry Worthington (engraver), and Joseph Allen (painter) [t right one finger = ?] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Dalton_John_desk.jpg [2] John Dalton John Dalton, 1766-1844, English chemist and Fellow of the Royal Society. [t this pose, hand in coat=?, famous Napoleon pose] PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.english.upenn.edu/Pro jects/knarf/People/dalton.html |
198 YBN [1802 AD] 11 12 | 2365) Spectral lines are identified as dark lines in the spectrum of a ray of light from the Sun.7 8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Woll aston+?cat=technology 2. ^ William Hyde Wollaston, "A Method of Examining Refractive and Dispersive Powers, by Prismatic Reflection", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 92, (1802), pp365-380. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 107124 AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/co ntent/k1u515395v15n93p/?p=5f779c071a024f e5bd90a27e9245eea7π=13 {Wollaston_Will iam_1802_PT.pdf} 3. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2- HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} 4. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Woll aston+?cat=technology 5. ^ William Hyde Wollaston, "A Method of Examining Refractive and Dispersive Powers, by Prismatic Reflection", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 92, (1802), pp365-380. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 107124 AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/co ntent/k1u515395v15n93p/?p=5f779c071a024f e5bd90a27e9245eea7π=13 {Wollaston_Will iam_1802_PT.pdf} 6. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2- HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} 7. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Woll aston+?cat=technology 8. ^ William Hyde Wollaston, "A Method of Examining Refractive and Dispersive Powers, by Prismatic Reflection", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 92, (1802), pp365-380. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 107124 AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/co ntent/k1u515395v15n93p/?p=5f779c071a024f e5bd90a27e9245eea7π=13 {Wollaston_Will iam_1802_PT.pdf} 9. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2- HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} 10. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Woll aston+?cat=technology 11. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Woll aston+?cat=technology (1802) 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp257-258. (1802) MORE INFO [1] "William Hyde Wollaston". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hyd e_Wollaston [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] Francis Wollaston, "The secret history of a private man", 1795. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&id=vCUAAAAAQAAJ&dq=The+Secret+History +of+a+Private+Man&printsec=frontcover&so urce=web&ots=lMwgXnBmu7&sig=JiY5flaqsad7 lmMEp0aw3Smzu-c&sa=X&oi=book_result&resn um=1&ct=result [4] "William Hyde Wollaston." Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 15 May. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/646649/William-Hyde-Wollaston>. | London, England10 |
[1] William Wollaston Fiure 3 from 1802 Philosophical Transactions PD/Corel source: Wollaston_William_1802_PT.pdf [2] Scientist: Wollaston, William Hyde (1766 - 1878) Discipline(s): Chemistry ; Physics ; Medicine Print Artist: James Thomson, 1789-1850 Medium: Lithograph Original Artist: J. Jackson Original Dimensions: Graphic: 11.5 x 8.7 cm / Sheet: 24.5 x 16 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=W |
198 YBN [1802 AD] 4 5 | 2439) The first dry electric battery.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 3787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter 2. ^ "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 3787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter 3. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/ritter.htm 4. ^ "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 3787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter (1802) 5. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/ritter.htm (1802) MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilh elm_Ritter [3] http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/for um/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kunst/Physik _als_Kunst.htm [4] http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/di bner-library-lectures/scientific-discove ries/text-lecture.htm [5] "Dowsing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing [6] Ritter, Johann Wilhelm. "Neue Versuche über den Galvanismus." Reichs-Anzeiger (Gotha) 66 (1802): 813-820 | Gotha, Germany3 |
[1] Replikation der trockenen Ladungssäule Ritters, dem ersten Akkumulator PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie /ehh/forum/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kuns t/Physik_als_Kunst.htm [2] Undatiertes Portrait von J. W. Ritter PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie /ehh/forum/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kuns t/Physik_als_Kunst.htm |
198 YBN [1802 AD] 3 | 2464) That different gases all expand by equal amounts with rise in temperature is discovered.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284. 2. ^ "Joseph Louis Gay Lussac". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 6247/Joseph-Louis-Gay-Lussac 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284. (1802) (1802) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Loui s_Gay-Lussac [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | Arcueil, France2 (presumably) |
[1] Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gaylussac.jpg [2] Scientist: Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 - 1850) Discipline(s): Chemistry ; Physics Original Dimensions: Graphic: 10 x 6.4 cm / Sheet: 25 x 19.3 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=g |
198 YBN [1802 AD] 3 | 6609) The first water distribution system of a city; Philadelphia.1 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Baker, L.A. The Water Environment of Cities. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2009, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hj MYxB8aeR8C&pg=PA6 2. ^ Baker, L.A. The Water Environment of Cities. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2009, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hj MYxB8aeR8C&pg=PA6 3. ^ Baker, L.A. The Water Environment of Cities. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2009, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hj MYxB8aeR8C&pg=PA6 MORE INFO [1] Carter, "Flushed", 2006 [2] http://www.phillyh2o.org/backpages/MSB_W ater.htm | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA2 |
[1] Plan and Profile of Philadelphia's First Water Supply System (Plan drawn 1904-1905) PD source: http://www.phillyh2o.org/backpag es/MSB_Water/MSBW_1801Plan.jpg [2] ''New Plan Of The City And Its Environs'', 1802 map by Charles P. Varle Courtesy of The Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia. In 1802, a geographer and engineer, Charles P. Varle, published a map of the city and county of Philadelphia which he titled, ''New Plan of the City and its Environs.'' It included an idealized view of the future expansion of the city into West Philadelphia, with West Philadelphia streets following the city’s grid pattern as well as its practice of city squares dedicated to public use. Varle’s map called for three public spaces along High (now Market) Street – a Market Square, Washington Square, and an unnamed oval – and also located the country houses of the Penn, Bingham, Powel, and Hamilton families. West Philadelphia’s development eventually followed the city’s grid pattern, but it did not include Varle’s proposed city squares. PD source: http://www.archives.upenn.edu/hi sty/features/wphila/img/map1802varles_al l_full.jpg |
197 YBN [10/21/1803 AD] 7 8 | 2375) That atoms of different elements vary in size and mass is shown, and the first table of elements by atomic mass3 with Hydrogen assigned a value of 1.4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic -theory>. 2. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic -theory>. 3. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic -theory>. 4. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic -theory>. 5. ^ "John Dalton". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/John+Dalton?cat=t echnology 6. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 8616/John-Dalton (10/21/1803 (paper to Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society) 7. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic -theory>. 8. ^ John Dalton, "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids." Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester , Second Series, 1, 271-87 (1805). http://books.google.com/books?i d=LJNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA259 MORE INFO [1] "John Dalton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261. (1803) (10/21/1803 (paper to Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society) [4] http://www.surveyor.in-berlin.de/himmel/ Bios/Goodricke-e.html (1803) | Manchester, England6 |
[1] Two figures from: John Dalton, ''On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids.'' Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester , Second Series, 1, 271-87 (1805). http://books.google.com/books?i d=LJNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA287 PD AND Engraving of a painting of John Dalton Source Frontispiece of John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry by Henry Roscoe Date 1895 Author Henry Roscoe (author), William Henry Worthington (engraver), and Joseph Allen (painter) [t right one finger = ?] PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =LJNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA259http://en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Image:Dalton_John_desk.jpg [2] Figure from: John Dalton, ''On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids.'' Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester , Second Series, 1, 271-87 (1805). http://books.google.com/books?i d=LJNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA287 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =LJNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA259 |
197 YBN [1803 AD] 4 5 | 2400) The steam engine railway train.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Richard Trevithick". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 3323/Richard-Trevithick 2. ^ "Richard Trevithick". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 3323/Richard-Trevithick 3. ^ "Richard Trevithick". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 3323/Richard-Trevithick 4. ^ "Richard Trevithick". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 3323/Richard-Trevithick (1803) 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p268. (1801) (1801) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Richard%20Trevith ick%20 | South Wales, England3 |
[1] On the plaques is the following text: ''This model was refurbished by the combined efforts of: THE FRIENDS OF TREVITHICK CENTRAL TRAINS EASTERN GENERATION ABB-PCL ENGINEERING KUE ENGINEERING Presented to Central Trains by Frank Trevithick-Okuno on 17th April 1998. 1803 LOCOMOTIVE RICHARD TREVITHICK This is a full scale replica of the first steam railway locomotive in the world, which preceded Stephenson's 'Rocket' by 26 years. It was designed by Richard Trevithick (1771-1833), and built near Ironbridge in Shropshire by the Coalbrookdale Company in the winter of 1802/3. A near identical engine ran the following year at Pen-y-Darren. The replica was built by Task Undertakings, a Manpower Services Commission project in Birmingham, under the guidance of Allen Gulliver, to drawings made for the Ironbridge Gorge Museum by Stewart Johnson.'' This replica is located in Telford Central Station, Telford, Shropshire, UK. The photo was taken on 14 June 2005 by Mark Barker. CC source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Trevithick1803Locomotive.jpg [2] London Steam Carriage, eigener Scan Road locomotive by Trevithick and Vivian, demonstrated in London in 1803. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Trevithicks_Dampfwagen.jpg |
196 YBN [12/20/1804 AD] 4 | 6506) The size of an atom is estimated to be around a nanometer.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Young, Thomas. "An essay on the cohesion of fluids." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 95 (1805): 65-87. http://books.google.com/books?id =YghGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA65 2. ^ "Molecule" in Chisholm, H. Encyclopaedia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911. Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, p656. http://books.google.com/books?id= IycqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA656 3. ^ "thomas young". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-youn g?cat=health 4. ^ Young, Thomas. "An essay on the cohesion of fluids." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 95 (1805): 65-87. http://books.google.com/books?id =YghGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA65 MORE INFO [1] "Thomas Young (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Youn g_%28scientist%29 [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] "Color". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color [4] Craig F. Bohren (2006). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation: An Introduction with 400 Problems. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527405038 [5] Opticks, Isaac Newton, Cohen, Dover, 1979 [6] http://journals.royalsociety.org/content /q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c9a974 a16d595c628d0&pi=24 The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 92 - 1802 Pages 12-48 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1802 .0004 Young_Thomas_1802_on_the_theory_o f_light_and_colours.pdf [7] Great Experiments in Physics, Shamos, 1959,1987 [8] The Last Man Who Knew Everything, Robinson, 2005 [9] Thomas Young, Philip Kelland, "A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts", Taylor and Walton, 1845. {Contains the lectures which form vol. I of the 1807 edition.} http://books.google.com/books ?id=fGMSAAAAIAAJ [10] "astigmatism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, p161. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 9975/astigmatism [11] The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light and Colours, Joseph Priestley, 1772, kraus reprint 1978, p181 [12] "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p179 | London, England (presumably)3 |
[1] Scientist: Young, Thomas (1773 - 1829) Discipline(s): Physics Print Artist: G. Adcock, 19th C. Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Thomas Lawrence, 1769-1830 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 11.1 x 8.7 cm / Sheet: 19.6 x 12.5 cm PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Thoma s_Young_%28scientist%29.jpg [2] Scientist: Young, Thomas (1773 - 1829) Discipline(s): Physics Print Artist: Henry Adlard, 19th C. Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Thomas Lawrence, 1769-1830 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 11.2 x 9 cm / Sheet: 24.8 x 16.6 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=Y |
196 YBN [1804 AD] 7 8 | 6519) There are 1 billion humans on Earth.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 3. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 4. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 5. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 6. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 7. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 8. ^ http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopu lationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm |
[1] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. COPYRIGHTED source: Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. | |
195 YBN [1805 AD] 3 | 3223) The first percussion ignition gun.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "small arm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-572 57>. 2. ^ "Forsyth, Alexander John." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 4927>. 3. ^ "small arm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-572 57>. (1805) | Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland2 (presumably) |
[1] Forsyth gun with special lock UNKNOWN source: http://www.wikitree.com/photo.ph p/2/23/Forsyth_guns.jpg |
195 YBN [1805 AD] 4 | 6249) The first refrigeration machine: ether is expanded into a vacuum to lower the temperature inside a refrigerator, then compressed to raise the temperature outside the refrigerator, and this process is then repeated.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/blrefrigerator.htm 2. ^ Oliver Evans, John Stevens, "The abortion of the young steam engineer's guide", 1805 http://books.google.com/books?id=z lpGAAAAYAA AND http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-sear ch/we/Evans AND http://www.himedo.net/TheHopkinThom asProject/TimeLine/Wales/Steam/URocheste rCollection/Evans/Evans%20Combined.htm#A RTICLE9 {Evans_Oliver_1805.pdf} 3. ^ http://www.americanheritage.com/articles /magazine/it/2006/4/2006_4_16.shtml 4. ^ http://www.americanheritage.com/articles /magazine/it/2006/4/2006_4_16.shtml {1805} MORE INFO [1] "Oliver Evans". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Evan s [2] http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3g 00000/3g02000/3g02700/3g02758v.jpg | Philadelphia, PA, USA3 |
[1] [t Note, I don't know if this is the water cooler and ice making machine.] Plate 1 from: Oliver Evans, John Stevens, ''The abortion of the young steam engineer's guide'', 1805 http://books.google.com/books?id=z lpGAAAAYAA AND http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-sear ch/we/Evans AND http://www.himedo.net/TheHopkinThom asProject/TimeLine/Wales/Steam/URocheste rCollection/Evans/Evans%20Combined.htm#A RTICLE9 PD source: http://www.himedo.net/TheHopkinT homasProject/TimeLine/Wales/Steam/URoche sterCollection/Evans/Evans%20Combined.ht m#ARTICLE9 [2] Colin Hempstead, William E. Worthington, ''Encyclopedia of 20th-century technology, Volume 2'', 2005. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0wkIlnNjDWcC&pg=PA672&dq=Oliver+Evans+an d+refrigeration#v=onepage&q&f=false COP YRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =0wkIlnNjDWcC&pg=PA672&dq=Oliver+Evans+a nd+refrigeration#v=onepage&q&f=false |
194 YBN [11/20/1806 AD] 4 5 6 | 2474) The theory that chemical combination occurs between substances of opposite charge.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Davy, Humphry. "The Bakerian Lecture: On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 97 (1807): 1-56. books.google.com/books?id=wE9FAAA AcAAJ&pg=PA1 2. ^ "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 9535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet 3. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology 4. ^ Davy, Humphry. "The Bakerian Lecture: On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 97 (1807): 1-56. books.google.com/books?id=wE9FAAA AcAAJ&pg=PA1 5. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology (1806) 6. ^ "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 9535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet (1806) MORE INFO [1] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Dav y [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | London, England3 |
[1] http://www.nndb.com/people/028/000083776 /humphry-davy-2-sized.jpg [left finger 1: ''left'' viewed as educated intellectuals in 1800s England? just coincidence?] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Sir_Humphry_Davy2.jpg [2] Taken from The Life of Sir Humphry Davy by John A. Paris, London: Colburn and Bentley, 1831. Engraving from about 1830, based on a portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence (1769 - 1830) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Humphry_Davy_Engraving_1830.jpg |
194 YBN [1806 AD] 6 | 2346) Asparagine {e-SPAR-e-JEN3 }, the first amino acid, is isolated.4 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "asparagine." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/asparagine 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp252-253. 3. ^ "asparagine." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/asparagine 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp252-253. 5. ^ "Nicolas Louis Vauquelin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 4920/Nicolas-Louis-Vauquelin 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp252-253. (1806) (1806) MORE INFO [1] "Louis Nicolas Vauquelin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Nicol as_Vauquelin [2] http://www.answers.com/Louis+Nicolas+Vau quelin+?cat=technology | Paris, France5 |
[1] Louis Nicolas Vauquelin from en:Wikipedia PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin.jpg [2] Portrait de Vauquelin situé dans la Salle des actes de la Faculté de pharmacie, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire à Paris PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://euromin.w3sites.net/Nouve au_site/mineralogiste/biographies/Vauque linf.htm |
193 YBN [1807 AD] 3 | 2313) Streets are lit with gas lighting; in London.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p245. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p245. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p245. (1807) (1807) MORE INFO [1] "William Murdock". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 4338/William-Murdock [2] "William Murdock". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mur dock | London, England2 |
[1] Scientist: Murdock, William (1754 - 1834) Discipline(s): Engineering Original Artist: Grahma Gilbert Original Dimensions: Graphic: 10.4 x 8.1 cm / Sheet: 14 x 8.7 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=M [2] William Murdock, bust by an unknown artist; in the Science Museum, London Courtesy of the Science Museum, London COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -33699/William-Murdock-bust-by-an-unknow n-artist-in-the-Science?articleTypeId=1 |
192 YBN [1808 AD] 5 | 2428) The phenomenon of light "polarization" is observed:2 an image of sun light reflected from a window that passes through calcite is found to produce only one image instead of the usual two images from double refraction.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Étienne Louis Malus". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/%C3%89tienne+Loui s+Malus+?cat=technology 2. ^ "Étienne Louis Malus". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/%C3%89tienne+Loui s+Malus+?cat=technology 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp275-276. 4. ^ "Étienne Louis Malus". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/%C3%89tienne+Loui s+Malus+?cat=technology 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp275-276. (1808) (1808) MORE INFO [1] "Étienne Louis Malus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienn e_Louis_Malus | Paris, France4 |
[1] Etienne-Louis Malus (1775-1812), French officer, engineer, physicist, and mathematician. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Etienne-Louis_Malus.jpg [2] Scientist: Malus, Etienne Louis (1775 - 1812) Discipline(s): Physics Print Artist: Ambroise Tardieu, 1788-1841 Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Arago Original Dimensions: Graphic: 10.3 x 7.7 cm / Sheet: 23.8 x 15 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=M |
191 YBN [11/15/1809 AD] 4 | 6606) Electric arc welding and an electric arc furnace: a metal (aluminum) is melted using electricity.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Borchers, W., and H.G. Solomon. Electric Furnaces: The Production of Heat from Electrical Energy and the Construction of Electric Furnaces. Longmans, Green, and Co., 1908, p5. books.google.com/books?id=hLpPAAAAM AAJ&pg=PA5 2. ^ Humphry Davy, "The Bakerian Lecture for 1809 On some new Electrochemical Researches on various Objects particularly the metallic Bodies the Alkalies and Earths and on some Combinations of Hydrogene", Philosophical Transactions of London, Volume 100, 1810, p16-74. books.google.com/books?id=nVBFA AAAcAAJ&pg=PA16 3. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology 4. ^ Humphry Davy, "The Bakerian Lecture for 1809 On some new Electrochemical Researches on various Objects particularly the metallic Bodies the Alkalies and Earths and on some Combinations of Hydrogene", Philosophical Transactions of London, Volume 100, 1810, p16-74. books.google.com/books?id=nVBFA AAAcAAJ&pg=PA16 MORE INFO [1] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Dav y [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 9535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet (1813) [4] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. (1813) (1813) | London, England3 |
[1] Fig l The apparatus for electrizing potassium in gasses A the glass tube B the wire negatively electrified C and D the cup and wire positively electrified Fig 2 The apparatus for decomposing water out of the contact of air page 4 1 AA the cones containing the water BBB the tubes for conveying the gas C and D the pneumatic apparatus Fig 3 The apparatus for decomposing and recomposing water under oil CC the wires for communicating the Voltaic electricity DD the wires for producing the explosion B the tube A the vessel containing it a.d.c. the level of the different fluids Humphry Davy, ''The Bakerian Lecture for 1809 On some new Electrochemical Researches on various Objects particularly the metallic Bodies the Alkalies and Earths and on some Combinations of Hydrogene'', Philosophical Transactions of London, Volume 100, 1810, p16-74. books.google.com/books?id=nVBFA AAAcAAJ&pg=PA16 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=nVBFAA AAcAAJ&pg=PA75 [2] Plate 2 Fig 4 The apparatus for exposing water to the action of ignited potash and charcoal out of the contact of air A the tube for water B the iron tube C the receiver for the ammonia D the pneumatic apparatus Fig 5 The apparatus for the decomposition of ammonia Fig 6 A Voltaic apparatus being one of the 200 which compose the new Voltaic battery of the Royal Institution For the construction of this battery and of other instruments applicable to new researches a fund of upwards 1000 has been raised by subscription from members of the Royal Institution As yet the whole combination has not been put into action but reasoning from the effects of that part of it which have been used some important phaenomena may be expected from so great an accumulation of electrical power Humphry Davy, ''The Bakerian Lecture for 1809 On some new Electrochemical Researches on various Objects particularly the metallic Bodies the Alkalies and Earths and on some Combinations of Hydrogene'', Philosophical Transactions of London, Volume 100, 1810, p16-74. books.google.com/books?id=nVBFA AAAcAAJ&pg=PA16 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=nVBFAA AAcAAJ&pg=PA75 |
191 YBN [1809 AD] 9 10 | 2466) Gases are shown to combine in small whole number ratios by volume and not by mass (as long as temperature and pressure are constant).5 6 For example, two parts of hydrogen unite with one part nitrogen to form ammonia.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284. 3. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284. 5. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284. 8. ^ "Joseph Louis Gay Lussac". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 6247/Joseph-Louis-Gay-Lussac 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284. (1809) (1809) 10. ^ "Joseph Louis Gay Lussac". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Louis%20 Gay-Lussac (1808) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Loui s_Gay-Lussac | Paris, France8 (presumably) |
[1] Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gaylussac.jpg [2] Scientist: Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 - 1850) Discipline(s): Chemistry ; Physics Original Dimensions: Graphic: 10 x 6.4 cm / Sheet: 25 x 19.3 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=g |
191 YBN [1809 AD] 12 | 2481) The first electric light; the arc lamp.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. 2. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. 4. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. 6. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. 8. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. 10. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology 11. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology 12. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology (1809) MORE INFO [1] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 9535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet [2] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Dav y [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | London, England11 |
[1] Humphry Davy demonstrates his new electric light for the members of the Royal Institution of London. Power is drawn from the banks of batteries in the basement and rapidly used up by the intense light. Electric light was then only a scientific curiosity, practical only when expense was no object. Humphry Davy Demonstrating the Arc Light, 1809 PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://people.clarkson.edu/%7Eek atz/scientists/davy.htm [2] http://www.nndb.com/people/028/000083776 /humphry-davy-2-sized.jpg [left finger 1: ''left'' viewed as educated intellectuals in 1800s England? just coincidence?] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Sir_Humphry_Davy2.jpg |
190 YBN [1810 AD] 4 | 2480) Chlorine is shown to support combustion like oxygen does, and Hydrogen is shown to be characteristic of acids.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. 3. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology 4. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology (1810) MORE INFO [1] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Dav y [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9756/Michael-Faraday [4] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 9535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet | London, England3 |
[1] http://www.nndb.com/people/028/000083776 /humphry-davy-2-sized.jpg [left finger 1: ''left'' viewed as educated intellectuals in 1800s England? just coincidence?] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Sir_Humphry_Davy2.jpg [2] Taken from The Life of Sir Humphry Davy by John A. Paris, London: Colburn and Bentley, 1831. Engraving from about 1830, based on a portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence (1769 - 1830) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Humphry_Davy_Engraving_1830.jpg |
189 YBN [1811 AD] 6 7 8 9 10 | 2380) "Fourier's theorem": that any periodic oscillation can be reduced to a sum of simple sinusoidal waves.3 4 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Théorie du mouvement de la chaleur dans les corps solides (suite) p.1-94 Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences de l'Institut de France, années 1821 et 1822, t. V, p. 153 à 246; 1826. Imprimerie royale http://books.google.com/books?id =EpfgAAAAMAAJ AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k33707/f6 AND http://math-doc.ujf-grenoble.fr/cgi -bin/oetoc?id=OE_FOURIER__2 {Fourier_18 21.pdf} English translation: Fourier, J.B.J., and A. Freeman. The Analytical Theory of Heat. At the University Press, 1878. http://books.google.com/books?id= -N8EAAAAYAAJ 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp262-263. 3. ^ Théorie du mouvement de la chaleur dans les corps solides (suite) p.1-94 Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences de l'Institut de France, années 1821 et 1822, t. V, p. 153 à 246; 1826. Imprimerie royale http://books.google.com/books?id =EpfgAAAAMAAJ AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k33707/f6 AND http://math-doc.ujf-grenoble.fr/cgi -bin/oetoc?id=OE_FOURIER__2 {Fourier_18 21.pdf} English translation: Fourier, J.B.J., and A. Freeman. The Analytical Theory of Heat. At the University Press, 1878. http://books.google.com/books?id= -N8EAAAAYAAJ 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp262-263. 5. ^ "Joseph Baron Fourier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5044/Joseph-Baron-Fourier 6. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1811) 7. ^ George A. Gibson, "On the History of the Fourier Series", Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Scottish Academic Press, (5/12/1893) 1893, p146. http://books.google.com/books?id= 2uoKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146 8. ^ Carslaw, H.S. Introduction to the Theory of Fourier’s Series and Integrals and the Mathematical Theory of the Conduction of Heat. Macmillan and Company, Limited, 1906. Introduction to the Theory of Fourier’s Series and Integrals and the Mathematical Theory of the Conduction of Heat. http://books.google.com/books?id= RIs9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp262-263. (1807) (1807) 10. ^ Merriman, M. et al. Higher Mathematics: A Text-book for Classical and Engineering Colleges. J. Wiley & Sons, 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=TS4PT _tpjBYC&pg=PA542 MORE INFO [1] "Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptis te_Joseph_Fourier [2] "Fourier transform". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5045/Fourier-transform [3] http://www.answers.com/Fourier+transform ?cat=technology [4] http://www.answers.com/Fourier+integrals ?cat=technology [5] Fourier, J. "Sine and Cosine Series for an Arbitrary Function in Joseph Fourier 1768-1830 Ed. and annotated by I." Grattan-Guinness The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1807) | Grenoble, France5 |
[1] http://br.geocities.com/saladefisica3/fo tos/fourier.jpg PD/CC AND Fourier Series general form and example from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_ser ies GNU AND Théorie du mouvement de la chaleur dans les corps solides (suite) p.1-94 Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences de l'Institut de France, années 1821 et 1822, t. V, p. 153 à 246; 1826. Imprimerie royale http://books.google.com/books?id =EpfgAAAAMAAJ AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k33707/f6 AND http://math-doc.ujf-grenoble.fr/cgi -bin/oetoc?id=OE_FOURIER__2 {Fourier_18 21.pdf} English translation: Fourier, J.B.J., and A. Freeman. The Analytical Theory of Heat. At the University Press, 1878. http://books.google.com/books?id= -N8EAAAAYAAJ PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Fourier2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w iki/Fourier_serieshttp://books.google.co m/books?id=-N8EAAAAYAAJhttp://books.goog le.com/books?id=EpfgAAAAMAAJ [2] http://br.geocities.com/saladefisica3/fo tos/fourier.jpg PD/CC source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Fourier2.jpg |
189 YBN [1811 AD] 7 | 2432) The concept of molecules, and the method to determine correct atomic mass and molecular formula.3 By presuming that the distance between molecules does not vary4 , equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure must contain the same number of molecules.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp277-278. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp277-278. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp277-278. 4. ^ http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekl y/aa111602a.htm 5. ^ "Amedeo Avogadro". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 4090/Amedeo-Avogadro 6. ^ "Amedeo Avogadro". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 4090/Amedeo-Avogadro 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp277-278. (1811) MORE INFO [1] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | Vercelli, Italy6 |
[1] Amedeo Avogadro, lithograph, 1856. The Granger Collection, New York PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art -15471/Amedeo-Avogadro-lithograph-1856?a rticleTypeId=1 [2] [t [3 wiki] describes as ''Caricature of Amedeo Avogadro'', is this not an accurate portrait? and no photo by 1856?] Amedeo Avogadro - chemist PD source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik i/Image:Amedeo_Avogadro.gif |
189 YBN [1811 AD] 3 4 5 | 2564) That fats are combinations of glycerol and fatty acids is recognized1 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Michel Eugéne Chevreul". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Michel+Eug%C3%A9n e+Chevreul+?cat=technology 2. ^ "Michel Eugene Chevreul". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 3910/Michel-Eugene-Chevreul 3. ^ "Michel Eugene Chevreul". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 3910/Michel-Eugene-Chevreul (starts in 1811) 4. ^ "Michel Eugéne Chevreul". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Michel+Eug%C3%A9n e+Chevreul+?cat=technology (starts in 1810) 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp301-302. (1809) MORE INFO [1] "Michel Eugène Chevreul". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Eug% C3%A8ne_Chevreul [2] http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/work0 003.htm | Paris, France2 (presumably) |
[1] Michel Eugène Chevreul (1786-1889), French chemist. Source http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollecti ons/hst/scientific-identity/fullsize/SIL 14-C3-10a.jpg Scientist: Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1786 - 1889) Discipline(s): Chemistry ; Medicine Print Artist: C. Cook Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Maurir Original Dimensions: Graphic: 15.4 x 12 cm / Sheet: 23.5 x 16.5 cm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul.jpg [2] Michel Eugène Chevreul (1786-08-31-1889-04-09). Tagged as retouched by source. Cropped by uploader. Source Ministère de la culture - La Médiathèque de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine - Base Mémoire > http://www.mediatheque-patrimoine.cultur e.gouv.fr/fr/archives_photo/fonds_photo/ nadar.html > [1] > http://www.culture.gouv.fr/Wave/image/me moire/0071/sap01_v1-17878_t.jpg Date 1886 Author Félix Nadar PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Chevreul_by_Nadar_1886.jpg |
186 YBN [1814 AD] 15 | 2571) The spectroscope. That substances emit specific spectral lines is known.9 10 11 The spectrum of planet Venus is found to have the same absorption lines as the Sun, and the spectrum of other stars are found to have absorption lines that are different from those of the Sun.12 13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer 2. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2- HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} 3. ^ Joseph, Fraunhofer, "Bestimmung des Brechungs- und Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.", Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 This work is translated from German into English in the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal", (1823) vol IX, pp288-299 http://books.google.com/books ?id=Py87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 and "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" (1824), vol X, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=x S87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 In addition this is printed in: Vol. 56, pp. 264-313. Gilberts Annalen der Physik. (1817) (Apparently the figures are not included) {Fraunhofer_1817_1814.pdf} O riginal in German: {Fraunhofer_Joseph_1814.pdf} Another English translation: Excerpts in English translation "DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE AND THE DISPERSIVE POWER OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PERFECTING OF ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES.": J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 1-10. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id =5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Diffracti on+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraun hofer&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots =K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pL tn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resu lt#PPA1,M1 4. ^ "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer 5. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2- HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} 6. ^ Joseph, Fraunhofer, "Bestimmung des Brechungs- und Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.", Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 This work is translated from German into English in the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal", (1823) vol IX, pp288-299 http://books.google.com/books ?id=Py87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 and "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" (1824), vol X, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=x S87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 In addition this is printed in: Vol. 56, pp. 264-313. Gilberts Annalen der Physik. (1817) (Apparently the figures are not included) {Fraunhofer_1817_1814.pdf} O riginal in German: {Fraunhofer_Joseph_1814.pdf} Another English translation: Excerpts in English translation "DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE AND THE DISPERSIVE POWER OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PERFECTING OF ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES.": J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 1-10. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id =5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Diffracti on+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraun hofer&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots =K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pL tn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resu lt#PPA1,M1 7. ^ Joseph, Fraunhofer, "Bestimmung des Brechungs- und Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.", Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 This work is translated from German into English in the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal", (1823) vol IX, pp288-299 http://books.google.com/books ?id=Py87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 and "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" (1824), vol X, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=x S87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 In addition this is printed in: Vol. 56, pp. 264-313. Gilberts Annalen der Physik. (1817) (Apparently the figures are not included) {Fraunhofer_1817_1814.pdf} O riginal in German: {Fraunhofer_Joseph_1814.pdf} Another English translation: Excerpts in English translation "DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE AND THE DISPERSIVE POWER OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PERFECTING OF ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES.": J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 1-10. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id =5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Diffracti on+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraun hofer&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots =K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pL tn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resu lt#PPA1,M1 8. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p413-435. http://rstl.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/154/413.full.pdf+html {Huggins_William_1864.pdf} 9. ^ "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer 10. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2- HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} 11. ^ Joseph, Fraunhofer, "Bestimmung des Brechungs- und Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.", Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 This work is translated from German into English in the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal", (1823) vol IX, pp288-299 http://books.google.com/books ?id=Py87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 and "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" (1824), vol X, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=x S87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 In addition this is printed in: Vol. 56, pp. 264-313. Gilberts Annalen der Physik. (1817) (Apparently the figures are not included) {Fraunhofer_1817_1814.pdf} O riginal in German: {Fraunhofer_Joseph_1814.pdf} Another English translation: Excerpts in English translation "DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE AND THE DISPERSIVE POWER OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PERFECTING OF ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES.": J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 1-10. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id =5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Diffracti on+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraun hofer&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots =K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pL tn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resu lt#PPA1,M1 12. ^ Joseph, Fraunhofer, "Bestimmung des Brechungs- und Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.", Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 This work is translated from German into English in the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal", (1823) vol IX, pp288-299 http://books.google.com/books ?id=Py87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 and "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" (1824), vol X, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=x S87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 In addition this is printed in: Vol. 56, pp. 264-313. Gilberts Annalen der Physik. (1817) (Apparently the figures are not included) {Fraunhofer_1817_1814.pdf} O riginal in German: {Fraunhofer_Joseph_1814.pdf} Another English translation: Excerpts in English translation "DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE AND THE DISPERSIVE POWER OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PERFECTING OF ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES.": J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 1-10. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id =5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Diffracti on+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraun hofer&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots =K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pL tn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resu lt#PPA1,M1 13. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p413-435. http://rstl.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/154/413.full.pdf+html {Huggins_William_1864.pdf} 14. ^ "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer 15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp303-304. (1814) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_ Fraunhofer | Benedictbeuern (near Munich), Germany14 |
[1] Figure 3 from: Joseph, Fraunhofer, ''Bestimmung des Brechungs- und Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.'', Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 PD AND Figure 1 from: Joseph, Fraunhofer, ''Bestimmung des Brechungs- und Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.'', Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 PD AND circa 1820 - 01 Jan 1820 Email this image Rate this image Joseph von Fraunhofer (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =2-AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203http://www.viewima ges.com/Search.aspx?mid=3270856&epmid=1& partner=Google [2] Figure 3 from: Joseph, Fraunhofer, ''Bestimmung des Brechungs- und Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.'', Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =2-AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 |
185 YBN [11/??/1815 AD] 6 7 8 | 2544) The theory that all atomic masses are multiples of the atomic mass of hydrogen.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298. 5. ^ "William Prout". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Prout?cat =technology 6. ^ William Prout (published anonymously), On the Relation between the Specific Gravities of Bodies in their Gaseous State and the Weights of their Atoms. Annals of Philosophy 6, p321-330 (1815). books.google.com/books?id=tDowA AAAYAAJ 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298. (1815) (1815) 8. ^ "William Prout". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 1643/William-Prout (1815) MORE INFO [1] "William Prout". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pro ut [2] http://www.chem.yale.edu/~chem125/125/hi story99/4RadicalsTypes/Analysis/Liebigan al.html | London, England5 (presumably) |
[1] William Prout (published anonymously), On the Relation between the Specific Gravities of Bodies in their Gaseous State and the Weights of their Atoms. Annals of Philosophy 6, p321-330 (1815). books.google.com/books?id=tDowA AAAYAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =tDowAAAAYAA [2] William Prout (1785-1850) PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.uam.es/departamentos/ ciencias/qorg/docencia_red/qo/l0/1830.ht ml |
185 YBN [1815 AD] 5 6 | 2419) Optical isomers are discovered:1 2 chemically identical molecules that rotate polarized light in different directions because of differences in their shape.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "enantiomorph." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Apr. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/enantiomorp h 2. ^ "optical isomerism." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 05 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/430441/optical-isomerism>. 3. ^ "Jean Baptiste Biot". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Bio t?cat=technology 4. ^ "Jean Baptiste Biot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 9276/Jean-Baptiste-Biot 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp272-273. (1815) (1815) 6. ^ "Jean Baptiste Biot". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Bio t?cat=technology (1815) MORE INFO [1] "Jean Baptiste Biot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptis te_Biot [2] "Jean Baptiste Biot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Bap tiste_Biot [3] J. B. Biot, 'Me'moire sur les rotations que certaines substances impriment aux axes de polarisation des rayons lumineux', ~ k m o i r e s de I'Acadeinie des Sciences, Vol. I1 (1818), 41-136 [4] "Jean Baptiste Biot". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Bio t?cat=technology [5] , p152. http://www.jstor.org/view/03063127/ap010 006/01a00020/11?frame=noframe&userID=80c 3da37@uci.edu/01c0a8346b00501cfaa39&dpi= 3&config=jstor Corpuscular Optics and the Wave Theory of Light: The Science and Politics of a Revolution in Physics, by Eugene Frankel Social Studies of Science © 1976 Sage Publications, Ltd. Corpuscular_Wave_Frankel_1976.pdf | Paris, France4 (presumably) |
[1] Jean-Baptiste Biot PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://mek.oszk.hu/03500/03574/h tml/cz5.htm [2] Jean Baptiste Biot PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Jbiot.jpg |
185 YBN [1815 AD] 4 | 2469) Chemical radicals are recognized: a group of atoms that take part in most chemical reactions as a single unit1 , usually passing from one compound to another but incapable of existing freely for a long time2 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "radical." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/radical-che mistry 2. ^ "radical." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/radical-che mistry 3. ^ "Joseph Louis Gay Lussac". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 6247/Joseph-Louis-Gay-Lussac 4. ^ "Joseph Louis Gay Lussac". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 6247/Joseph-Louis-Gay-Lussac (1815) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Loui s_Gay-Lussac [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | Paris, France3 (presumably) |
[1] Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gaylussac.jpg [2] Scientist: Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 - 1850) Discipline(s): Chemistry ; Physics Original Dimensions: Graphic: 10 x 6.4 cm / Sheet: 25 x 19.3 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=g |
184 YBN [1816 AD] 2 3 | 2384) That strata layers can be recognized by the kinds of fossils in them is understood.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp263-264. 2. ^ "William Smith". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 8306/William-Smith (1815) 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp263-264. (1816) (1816) MORE INFO [1] "William Smith (geologist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smi th_%28geologist%29 |
[1] William Smith, from http://web4.si.edu/sil/scientific-identi ty/display_results.cfm?alpha_sort=W Sci entist: Smith, William (1769 - 1839) Discipline(s): Geology Original Dimensions: Graphic: 13.2 x 10.3 cm / [t looks like early photo in history of photography - first photo in 1816 and not permanent until 1822 and 1826 (oldest existing photo. Smith dies in 1839, it shows that photography spread fast within 13 years.] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:William_Smith.g.jpg | |
183 YBN [01/12/1817 AD] 10 11 12 | 2408) The theory that light is a transverse wave (oscillates at a right angle to the direction of travel)4 in an aether medium5 .6 This theory is used to explain light polarization as the alignment of light waves oscillating in the same plane.7 But polarization can also be explained as "planarization", in which light is filtered into parallel planes when reflected.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Thomas Young". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8063/Thomas-Young 2. ^ Young, Thomas. "The Bakerian lecture: On the theory of light and colours." Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, v92, 1802, p12-48, p14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.230 7/107113 AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/co ntent/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c 9a974a16d595c628d0&pi=24 {Young_Thomas_ 1802_on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours. pdf} 3. ^ "Letter from Dr. Young to M. Arago", Jan. 12, 1817, found in: Young, T., G. Peacock, and J. Leitch. Miscellaneous Works: Scientific Memoirs. Murray, 1855. http://books.google.com/books?id= -XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=380 4. ^ "Thomas Young". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8063/Thomas-Young 5. ^ Young, Thomas. "The Bakerian lecture: On the theory of light and colours." Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, v92, 1802, p12-48, p14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.230 7/107113 AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/co ntent/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c 9a974a16d595c628d0&pi=24 {Young_Thomas_ 1802_on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours. pdf} 6. ^ "Letter from Dr. Young to M. Arago", Jan. 12, 1817, found in: Young, T., G. Peacock, and J. Leitch. Miscellaneous Works: Scientific Memoirs. Murray, 1855. http://books.google.com/books?id= -XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=380 7. ^ "Thomas Young". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8063/Thomas-Young 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ "thomas young". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-youn g?cat=health 10. ^ "Letter from Dr. Young to M. Arago", Jan. 12, 1817, found in: Young, T., G. Peacock, and J. Leitch. Miscellaneous Works: Scientific Memoirs. Murray, 1855. http://books.google.com/books?id= -XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=380 11. ^ "Thomas Young". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8063/Thomas-Young {1817} 12. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm {1809} MORE INFO [1] "Thomas Young (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Youn g_%28scientist%29 [2] The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light and Colours, Joseph Priestley, 1772, kraus reprint 1978 [3] "astigmatism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 9975/astigmatism [4] "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George peacocl, 1855 John Murray [5] "Color". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color [6] # ^ Craig F. Bohren (2006). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation: An Introduction with 400 Problems. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527405038 [7] Opticks, Isaac Newton, Cohen, Dover, 1979 [8] http://journals.royalsociety.org/content /r83rgl3147706v03/?p=2c2209e43a82481a8fe 7ab25edbdf256&pi=1 The Bakerian Lecture: Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 94 - 1804 Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1804. 0001 Young_Thomas_1804_Experiments_and_ Calculations.pdf [9] Great Experiments in Physics, Shamos, 1959,1987 [10] Thomas Young, Philip Kelland, "A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts", Taylor and Walton, 1845. {Contains the lectures which form vol. I of the 1807 edition.} http://books.google.com/books ?id=fGMSAAAAIAAJ | London, England9 |
[1] ''Letter from Dr. Young to M. Arago'', Jan. 12, 1817, found in: Young, T., G. Peacock, and J. Leitch. Miscellaneous Works: Scientific Memoirs. Murray, 1855. http://books.google.com/books?id= -XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=380 PD AND Portrait of Thomas Young in color PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=380http://ugadayki.ru/i mages/sv/133163204157_full.jpg [2] ''Letter from Dr. Young to M. Arago'', Jan. 12, 1817, found in: Young, T., G. Peacock, and J. Leitch. Miscellaneous Works: Scientific Memoirs. Murray, 1855. http://books.google.com/books?id= -XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=380 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=380 |
183 YBN [1817 AD] 6 7 8 | 2600) The theory that chemicals contain light.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p213-214. 2. ^ Gmelin, L. Handbuch Der Theoretischen Chemie. Springer-Verlag, 1817. Handbuch Der Theoretischen Chemie. http://books.google.com/books?i d=ohUoAQAAIAAJ 3. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p213-214. 4. ^ Gmelin, L. Handbuch Der Theoretischen Chemie. Springer-Verlag, 1817. Handbuch Der Theoretischen Chemie. http://books.google.com/books?i d=ohUoAQAAIAAJ 5. ^ "Leopold Gmelin". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leopold+Gmelin?ca t=technology 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp307-308. (1817) (1817) 7. ^ "Leopold Gmelin". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leopold+Gmelin?ca t=technology (1817) 8. ^ "Gmelin (1817)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Gmelin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gmelin (1817) (1817) MORE INFO [1] "Leopold Gmelin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Gme lin | Heidelberg, Germany5 |
[1] Gmelin, L. Handbuch Der Theoretischen Chemie. Springer-Verlag, 1817. Handbuch Der Theoretischen Chemie. http://books.google.com/books?i d=ohUoAQAAIAAJ PD AND Scientist: Gmelin, Leopold (1788 - 1853) Discipline(s): Chemistry Print Artist: George Cook, 1793-1849 Medium: Engraving Original Artist: J. Woelfyle Original Dimensions: Graphic: 15.2 x 12 cm / Sheet: 26.9 x 18.4 cm PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =ohUoAQAAIAAJhttp://www.sil.si.edu/digit alcollections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/ CF/display_results.cfm?alpha_sort=G [2] Scientist: Gmelin, Leopold (1788 - 1853) Discipline(s): Chemistry Print Artist: George Cook, 1793-1849 Medium: Engraving Original Artist: J. Woelfyle Original Dimensions: Graphic: 15.2 x 12 cm / Sheet: 26.9 x 18.4 cm PD source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=G |
182 YBN [1818 AD] 4 | 2790) That fungi originate from spores is proven.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.springerlink.com/content/y0w6 w64010355260/ Gone with the wind â" a second blow against spontaneous generation In memoriam, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795â"1876) Journal Aerobiologia P ublisher Springer Netherlands ISSN 0393-5965 (Print) 1573-3025 (Online) Issue Volume 11, Number 3 / September, 1995 Category Historial Biography DOI 10.1007/BF02450041 Pages 205-211 Subject Collection Earth and Environmental Science SpringerLink Date Tuesday, August 01, 2006 Ehrenberg.pdf 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p329. 3. ^ "Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2099/Christian-Gottfried-Ehrenberg 4. ^, p2. http://www.springerlink.com/content/y0w6 w64010355260/ Gone with the wind â" a second blow against spontaneous generation In memoriam, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795â"1876) Journal Aerobiologia P ublisher Springer Netherlands ISSN 0393-5965 (Print) 1573-3025 (Online) Issue Volume 11, Number 3 / September, 1995 Category Historial Biography DOI 10.1007/BF02450041 Pages 205-211 Subject Collection Earth and Environmental Science SpringerLink Date Tuesday, August 01, 2006 Ehrenberg.pdf (1818) (1818) MORE INFO [1] "Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_G ottfried_Ehrenberg [2] http://www.answers.com/topic/christian-g ottfried-ehrenberg?cat=technology [3] "Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Christia n_Gottfried_Ehrenberg | Berlin, Germany3 |
[1] Portrait of Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795-1876) PD/Corel source: http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/y0w6w64010355260/ Gone with the wind â" a second blow against spontaneous generation In memoriam, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795â"1876) Journal Aerobiologia P ublisher Springer Netherlands ISSN 0393-5965 (Print) 1573-3025 (Online) Issue Volume 11, Number 3 / September, 1995 Category Historial Biography DOI 10.1007/BF02450041 Pages 205-211 Subject Collection Earth and Environmental Science SpringerLink Date Tuesday, August 01, 2006 Ehrenberg.pdf [2] Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795-1876) German naturalist, zoologist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopist PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Ehren berg_Christian_Gottfried_1795-1876.png |
180 YBN [04/21/1820 AD] 8 9 10 11 12 13 | 2454) Electricity is understood to cause magnetism, and the first electromagnet; electric current running through a wire causes a magnetic compass needle to move.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117. 2. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117. 3. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117. 4. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117. 5. ^ "Hans Christian Orsted". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 7470/Hans-Christian-Orsted 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp281-282. 7. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117. 8. ^ "Hans Christian Ørsted". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christ ian_%C3%98rsted (04/21/1820) 9. ^ "Hans Christian Orsted". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 7470/Hans-Christian-Orsted (04/1820) 10. ^ "hans christian rsted". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christ ian-rsted?cat=technology (1820) 11. ^ "hans christian rsted". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christ ian-rsted?cat=technology (1820) 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp281-282. (1819) (1819) 13. ^ "hans christian rsted". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christ ian-rsted?cat=technology (1819) MORE INFO [1] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [2] "electromagnetic radiation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-113 56/electromagnetic-radiation | Copenhagen, Denmark7 |
[1] A younger Hans Christian Ørsted, painted in the 19th century. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:%C3%98rsted.jpg [2] Picture number :317 CD number :9 Picture size :757x859[pixels], 66x75[mm] Date taken :0000-00-00 Date added :2000-04-13 Fotographer/Owner :Engrave d Location :Denmark Description H.C. Oersted (1777-1851). Danish physicist. Here as a youngster. The picture was donated to the Danish Polytech Institute, Copenhagen, by his daughter Miss Mathilde Oersted, April 19, 1905. PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.polytechphotos.dk/ind ex.php?CHGLAN=2&CatID=286 |
180 YBN [09/18/1820 AD] 11 12 13 14 15 | 2423) The direction of electric current in a wire is related to magnetic force.5 6 7 8 If the right hand holds a wire with the thumb pointing from positive to negative, the fingers indicate the direction the north pole of a magnet will be deflected.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Analyse des Memoires lus par M. Ampere a l'Academie des sciences, dans les seances des 18 et 25 septembre, des 9 et 30 octobre 1820," Annales générales des sciences physiques (published only 1819-1821), 1820, 6:238-257 ("Analyse"); p241-257. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3ugrAQAAMAAJ 2. ^ "Memoire presente a l'Academie royale des Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oiu se trouve compris le resume de ce qui avait ete lu a la meme Academie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans electriques."," Ann. chim. phys., 1820, 15:59-76; "Suite du Mémoire," ibid., pp. 170-218. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=YezNlOSC2pcC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q &f=false 3. ^ L. Pearce Williams, "What Were Ampere's Earliest Discoveries in Electrodynamics?", Isis , Vol. 74, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 492-508 http://www.jstor.org/stable/232 209 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp274-275. 5. ^ "Analyse des Memoires lus par M. Ampere a l'Academie des sciences, dans les seances des 18 et 25 septembre, des 9 et 30 octobre 1820," Annales générales des sciences physiques (published only 1819-1821), 1820, 6:238-257 ("Analyse"); p241-257. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3ugrAQAAMAAJ 6. ^ "Memoire presente a l'Academie royale des Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oiu se trouve compris le resume de ce qui avait ete lu a la meme Academie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans electriques."," Ann. chim. phys., 1820, 15:59-76; "Suite du Mémoire," ibid., pp. 170-218. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=YezNlOSC2pcC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q &f=false 7. ^ L. Pearce Williams, "What Were Ampere's Earliest Discoveries in Electrodynamics?", Isis , Vol. 74, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 492-508 http://www.jstor.org/stable/232 209 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp274-275. 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp274-275. 10. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/ampere.htm 11. ^ "Hans Christian Oersted." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christ ian-rsted?cat=technology (within one week of Oersted's report: 07/21) 12. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/ampere.htm (but this source has 09/04 in Paris) 13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (so by: 09/11/1820 according to this source) 14. ^ "1820)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_ Marie_Amp%C3%A8re (hears 9/11 reports:)09/18/1820) 15. ^ "1820)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "1820)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Andre_Ma rie_Ampere (hears 9/11 reports:)09/18/1820) MORE INFO [1] "André Marie Ampère". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_ Marie_Amp%C3%A8re [2] http://www.answers.com/Andr%C3%A9+Marie+ Amp%C3%A8re?cat=technology [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ | Paris, France10 |
[1] Ampere and Arago, French physicists UNKNOWN source: http://static.greatbigcanvas.com /images/print_rolled_photoluster/science -photo-library/1153189.jpg?max=540 [2] André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ampere1.jpg |
180 YBN [09/25/1820 AD] 8 9 10 | 2424) Magnetism is identified as electricity;3 that electric current runs through a permanent magnet.4 5 In addition two parallel wires are found to attract each other when carrying current in the same direction, and repel each other when carrying current in opposite directions.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ AMPERE, André-Marie. Mémoire présenté é l'Académie royale des Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oé se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait été lu é la méme Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans électriques. Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p. 59-74, p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ic e/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text& bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&ty peofbookId=1 partial translation to English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965, p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice /ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typ eofbookId=1 2. ^ AMPERE, André-Marie. Mémoire présenté é l'Académie royale des Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oé se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait été lu é la méme Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans électriques. Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p. 59-74, p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ic e/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text& bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&ty peofbookId=1 partial translation to English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965, p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice /ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typ eofbookId=1 3. ^ AMPERE, André-Marie. Mémoire présenté é l'Académie royale des Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oé se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait été lu é la méme Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans électriques. Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p. 59-74, p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ic e/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text& bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&ty peofbookId=1 partial translation to English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965, p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice /ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typ eofbookId=1 4. ^ R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965, p140-154. 5. ^ AMPERE, André-Marie. Mémoire présenté é l'Académie royale des Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oé se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait été lu é la méme Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans électriques. Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p. 59-74, p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ic e/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text& bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&ty peofbookId=1 partial translation to English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965, p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice /ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typ eofbookId=1 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp274-275. 7. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/ampere.htm 8. ^ AMPERE, André-Marie. "Mémoire présenté à l'Académie royale des Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, où se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait été lu à la même Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans électriques.", Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p. 59-74, p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ic e/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text& bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&ty peofbookId=1 partial translation to English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965, p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice /ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typ eofbookId=1 {1820) 10/02/1820} 9. ^ R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965, p140-154. {10/20/1820 (mistake} 10. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/ampere.htm c09/30/1820) (before the end of September) c09/30/1820) MORE INFO [1] "Andre Marie Ampere". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 7234/Andre-Marie-Ampere [2] "André Marie Ampère". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_ Marie_Amp%C3%A8re [3] http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christ ian-rsted?cat=technology [4] http://books.google.com/books?id=3XEc5xk Wxi4C&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=%22The+mutual+ action+of+two+electric+currents%22&sourc e=web&ots=RDi1vlMrpC&sig=gi8URXRfofk0H64 F6rtiHIYWarw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&r esnum=4&ct=result#PPA70,M1 [5] L. Pearce Williams, "What Were Ampere's Earliest Discoveries in Electrodynamics?", Isis , Vol. 74, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 492-508 http://www.jstor.org/stable/232 209 [6] "Analyse des Memoires lus par M. Ampere a l'Academie des sciences, dans les seances des 18 et 25 septembre, des 9 et 30 octobre 1820," Annales générales des sciences physiques (published only 1819-1821), 1820, 6:238-257 ("Analyse"); p241-257. http://books.google.com/books ?id=3ugrAQAAMAAJ [7] "Memoire presente a l'Academie royale des Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oiu se trouve compris le resume de ce qui avait ete lu a la meme Academie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans electriques."," Ann. chim. phys., 1820, 15:59-76; "Suite du Mémoire," ibid., pp. 170-218. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=YezNlOSC2pcC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q &f=false | Paris, France7 |
[1] [t Figure 1 and 2 from 10/02/1820 paper] PD/Corel source: http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/i-corp uspic/tab/Oeuvres/annales_chimie_15/077. jpg [2] André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ampere1.jpg |
180 YBN [1820 AD] 5 | 2486) The electric current meter: a needle is deflected to measure a current;2 wrapping a wire several turns around the needle is found to increase the effect3 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p286. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p286. 3. ^ http://siarchives.si.edu/history/jhp/jos eph21.htm 4. ^ "Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Salo mo_Christoph_Schweigger 5. ^ "Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Salo mo_Christoph_Schweigger (1820) MORE INFO [1] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/schwei gger.html [2] http://www.answers.com/galvanometer?cat= technology | Halle, Germany4 |
[1] Diagram of Schweigger's multiplier. From Journal für Chemie und Physik 31 (Neue Reihe, Bd. I, 1821), Plate I (after p. 114), Fig. 10. Smithsonian neg. no. 46,825. PD source: http://siarchives.si.edu/history /jhp/joseph21.htm [2] Multiplier (Multiplicator) In 1820, Schweigger built a rectangular wooden frame on which he wound an insulated wire. This was called the Schweigger multiplier. A magnetic needle was suspended from a thin thread inside the coil. In the absence of electrical current the needle is oriented according to the magnetic meridian. When an electrical current is passed through the coil on the frame, the needle changes direction; the stronger the current, the more marked the deflection. PD?/COPYRIGHTED source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/histor y/schweigger.html |
180 YBN [1820 AD] 3 | 2505) The continent of Antarctica is discovered.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp289-290. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp289-290. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp289-290. (1820) (1820) MORE INFO [1] "Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Gott lieb_von_Bellingshausen [2] http://www.answers.com/Fabian%20Gottlieb %20von%20Bellingshausen | Antarctica2 |
[1] Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen . Source Can be downloaded from e.g. http://www.70south.com/resources/antarct ic-history/explorers/bellingshausen The portrait was also on a British postal stamp (see http://www.ivki.ru/kapustin/expedition/a ntarctida/antarctida.htm) Date 19th century portrait PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen.jp g |
180 YBN [1820 AD] 8 | 3374) The first gas combustion engine. This engine uses hydrogen gas combustion to create a vacuum.5 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi ne 2. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi ne 3. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi ne 4. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi ne 5. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi ne 6. ^ Cambridge Philosophical Society, "Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", University Press, 1822, p217-239. http://books.google.com/books?id=hgYFA AAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0iE3HbhCd9wmSagF2t&as_brr=1#PPA217,M1 7. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi ne 8. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi ne {1820} MORE INFO [1] "history of technology." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1350805/history-of-technology> | (Magdalen College6 ) Cambridge, England7 |
[1] W. Cecil's hydrogen combustion vacuum engine PD/Corel source: http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignO ffice/projects/cecil/images/isometricalv iew.jpg [2] Cecil's figures PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?id =hgYFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:0iE3HbhCd9wmSagF2t&as_brr=1#PPA230 ,M1 |
179 YBN [07/05/1821 AD] 3 | 2883) Electrical current in air and in a vacuum is moved by a magnet.1 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Humphry Davy, "Farther Researches on the Magnetic Phaenomena Produced by Electricity; With Some New Experiments on the Properties of Electrified Bodies in Their Relations to Conducting Powers and Temperature", Philosophical Transactions, Vol. 111, 1821, p427. books.google.com/books?id=nYpJAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA425 AND http://journals.royalsoc iety.org/content/cu3223052t214156/?p=a82 2388f3bd34c1f976f9a6152c9ebcbπ=55 {Dav y_magnetic_full.pdf} 2. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat =technology 3. ^ Humphry Davy, "Farther Researches on the Magnetic Phaenomena Produced by Electricity; With Some New Experiments on the Properties of Electrified Bodies in Their Relations to Conducting Powers and Temperature", Philosophical Transactions, Vol. 111, 1821, p427. books.google.com/books?id=nYpJAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA425 AND http://journals.royalsoc iety.org/content/cu3223052t214156/?p=a82 2388f3bd34c1f976f9a6152c9ebcbπ=55 {Dav y_magnetic_full.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 9535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet [2] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Dav y [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286 | London, England2 |
[1] A. The tube, of the usual diameter. B. The wire for communicating electricity. E. A small cylinder of metallic foil, to place as a cap on tubes not having the wire B, to make a coated surface. C. The surface of the quicksilver, or fused tin. D. The part of the tube to be exhausted by the stop-cock F, after being filled by means of the same stop-cock, when necessary, with hydrogene. G. The moveable[err] tube connected with the air-pump. It is evident, that by introducing more mercury, the leg D may be filled with mercury, and the stop-cock closed upon it, so as to leave only a torricellian vacuum in the tube, in which the mercury may be boiled. I have found that the experiment tried in this way, offers no difference of result. PD source: http://journals.royalsociety.org /content/cu3223052t214156/?p=a822388f3bd 34c1f976f9a6152c9ebcbπ=55 Farther Researches on the Magnetic Phaenomena Produced by Electricity; With Some New Experiments on the Properties of Electrified Bodies in Their Relations to Conducting Powers and Temperature Davy_magnetic_full.pdf p74 [2] http://www.nndb.com/people/028/000083776 /humphry-davy-2-sized.jpg [left finger 1: ''left'' viewed as educated intellectuals in 1800s England? just coincidence?] PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Sir_H umphry_Davy2.jpg |
179 YBN [09/11/1821 AD] 9 10 | 2701) The dynamic electric motor.5 This electric motor creates sustained mechanical motion from electricity,6 and is based on the principle that like poles of a magnet repel one another.7 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM 2. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM 3. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM 4. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM 5. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p50. 8. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9756/Michael-Faraday 9. ^ Michael Faraday, "On some new Electro-Magnetical Motions, and on the Theory of Magnetism", Royal Institution Quarterly Journal of Science and Arts. Volume XII, (1822), pp74-96. http://books.google.com/books?id=lCUCA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=%22on+some +new+electro-magnetical+motions%22&sourc e=web&ots=VKIy3FqaNj&sig=YybSGqm9Q6m-Wqj 9LSQTTX8JGDk&hl=en {Faraday_1821_motor. pdf} (09/11/1821) 10. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM (1821) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+? cat=technology [2] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_ Faraday [3] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada y.htm [4] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of 1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 / 1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.19 93.0031 [5] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_ Electricity_1.pdf Experimental Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006 [6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c alico [7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9642/Charles-Darwin [8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMa terials.html [9] http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAA AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science +of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1 [10] Institution of Engineering and Technology, London Archives, Michael Faraday | (Royal Institution in) London, England8 |
[1] The first electric motors - Michael Faraday, 1821 From the Quarterly Journal of Science, Vol XII, 1821 PD source: http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTOR S.HTM [2] Description Michael Faraday, oil, by Thomas Phillips Source Thomas Phillips,1842 Date 1842 Author Thomas Phillips[3 wiki] The portrait shown here was painted by Thomas Phillips (1770-1845), oil on canvas, The National Portrait Gallery, London.[7] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg |
179 YBN [1821 AD] 20 | 2397) Thermoelectricity (or the Seebeck (ZABeK10 ) effect) is discovered: that an electric current flows between different conductive materials that are kept at different temperatures.11 12 13 14 15 This is the basis of the thermocouple {tr-mO-KuPL16 } and thermopile {tR-mu-PIL17 }.18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp267-268. 2. ^ "Thomas Johann Seebeck". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6564/Thomas-Johann-Seebeck 3. ^ T. SEEBECK, "Ueber den Magnetismus der Galvanischen Kette", Abhandlungen der Koenigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1821, pp. 289-346. http://books.google.com/books? id=G-JYAAAAYAAJ 4. ^ Seebeck, T.J., Magnetische polarisation der metalle und erze durck temperatur-differenz, Abhandlungen der Koenigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Berlin, 265, 1823. also printed in: Seebeck, T. J. "Ueber die magnetische Polarisation der Metalle und Erze durch Temperaturdifferenz." Annalen der Physik 82.3 (1826): 253-286. http://books.google.com/books? id=RWQEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253 5. ^ http://thermoelectrics.caltech.edu/therm oelectrics/history.html 6. ^ Rev. J. Cummings, "On the Development of Electro-Magnetism by Heat," Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1823), vol. 2, pp. 47-76. books.google.com/books?id=uv8IAA AAIAAJ&pg=PA47 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thermo couple&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thermo pile&submit=Submit 9. ^ Meijer, G. Smart Sensor Systems. Wiley, 2008, p165. http://books.google.com/books?id= Y1ZdqQc4UiUC&pg=PA165 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp267-268. 11. ^ "Thomas Johann Seebeck". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6564/Thomas-Johann-Seebeck 12. ^ T. SEEBECK, "Ueber den Magnetismus der Galvanischen Kette", Abhandlungen der Koenigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1821, pp. 289-346. http://books.google.com/books? id=G-JYAAAAYAAJ 13. ^ Seebeck, T.J., Magnetische polarisation der metalle und erze durck temperatur-differenz, Abhandlungen der Koenigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Berlin, 265, 1823. also printed in: Seebeck, T. J. "Ueber die magnetische Polarisation der Metalle und Erze durch Temperaturdifferenz." Annalen der Physik 82.3 (1826): 253-286. http://books.google.com/books? id=RWQEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253 14. ^ http://thermoelectrics.caltech.edu/therm oelectrics/history.html 15. ^ Rev. J. Cummings, "On the Development of Electro-Magnetism by Heat," Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1823), vol. 2, pp. 47-76. books.google.com/books?id=uv8IAA AAIAAJ&pg=PA47 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thermo couple&submit=Submit 17. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thermo pile&submit=Submit 18. ^ Meijer, G. Smart Sensor Systems. Wiley, 2008, p165. http://books.google.com/books?id= Y1ZdqQc4UiUC&pg=PA165 19. ^ "Thomas Johann Seebeck". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Thomas+Johann+See beck?cat=technology 20. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp267-268. (1821) (1821) MORE INFO [1] Magnetic polatization of metals and minerals [2] http://www.dea.icai.upco.es/romano/sp4/t pares_all.pdf | Berlin, Germany19 |
[1] the experimental use of Seebeck's instrument COPYRIGHTED source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/histor y/seebeck.html [2] Thomas Seebeck Source Originally from de.wikipedia; Hans Wahl, Anton Kippenberg: Goethe und seine Welt, Insel-Verlag, Leipzig 1932 S.204 Date early 19th century PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:ThomasSeebeck.jpg |
177 YBN [06/14/1823 AD] 8 | 3297) The grating equation, nλ=Dsinθ is established. This equation equates wavelength (or particle interval) of light to the grating groove spacing and the angle between the spectral line and the perpendicular to the grating. This equation is then used to calculate wavelengths of light from a diffraction grating for the first time.4 5 6 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Fraunhofer, Jos., "Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neurer Versuche über die Gesetze des Lichtes, und die Theorie derselben", Annalen der Physik, v74, i8, 1823, pp. 337-378. http://books.google.com/books?id=OAMAA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA337 AND http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.1823 0740802 Excerpts in English translation "SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE RESULTS OF NEW EXPERIMENTS ON THE LAWS OF LIGHT AND THEIR THEORY" : J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 39-61. http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von +Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErI WZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c t=result#PPP11,M1 {Fraunhofer_Joseph_vo n_Prismatic_and_diffraction_spectra_1823 0714.pdf} 2. ^ Howard-Duff, I., "Joseph Fraunhofer (1787-1826)", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.97, no.6, p.339-347. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//fu ll/1987JBAA...97..339H/0000343.000.html 3. ^ https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/ast rophysics.html 4. ^ Fraunhofer, "Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neurer Versuche über die Gesetze des Lichtes, und die Theorie derselben", "Annalen der Physik", LXXIV, 1823, pp. 337-378. http://books.google.com/books?id=OAMAA AAAMAAJ&pg=337 Excerpts in English translation "SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE RESULTS OF NEW EXPERIMENTS ON THE LAWS OF LIGHT AND THEIR THEORY" : J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 39-61. http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von +Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErI WZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c t=result#PPP11,M1 {Fraunhofer_Joseph_vo n_Prismatic_and_diffraction_spectra_1823 0714.pdf} 5. ^ Howard-Duff, I., "Joseph Fraunhofer (1787-1826)", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.97, no.6, p.339-347. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//fu ll/1987JBAA...97..339H/0000343.000.html 6. ^ https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/ast rophysics.html 7. ^ Fraunhofer, "Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neurer Versuche über die Gesetze des Lichtes, und die Theorie derselben", "Annalen der Physik", LXXIV, 1823, pp. 337-378. http://books.google.com/books?id=OAMAA AAAMAAJ&pg=337 Excerpts in English translation "SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE RESULTS OF NEW EXPERIMENTS ON THE LAWS OF LIGHT AND THEIR THEORY" : J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 39-61. http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von +Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErI WZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c t=result#PPP11,M1 {Fraunhofer_Joseph_vo n_Prismatic_and_diffraction_spectra_1823 0714.pdf} 8. ^ Fraunhofer, "Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neurer Versuche über die Gesetze des Lichtes, und die Theorie derselben, "Annalen der Physik", LXXIV, 1823, pp. 337-378. http://books.google.com/books?id=OAMAA AAAMAAJ&pg=337 Excerpts in English translation "SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE RESULTS OF NEW EXPERIMENTS ON THE LAWS OF LIGHT AND THEIR THEORY" : J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 39-61. http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von +Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErI WZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c t=result#PPP11,M1 {Fraunhofer_Joseph_vo n_Prismatic_and_diffraction_spectra_1823 0714.pdf} {06/14/1823} MORE INFO [1] "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_ Fraunhofer [2] "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer [3] "josef von fraunhofer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/josef-von-f raunhofer?cat=technology (1821) [4] "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 5214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer [5] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2- HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 | Benedictbeuern (near Munich), Germany7 (presumably) |
[1] T is the angle made with the plane of the grating by a colored beam after diffraction. E is grating spacing, v is order of spectrum, w is wavelength Adapter equation 5 from: Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neurer Versuche über die Gesetze des Lichtes, und die Theorie derselben, ''Annalen der Physik'', LXXIV, 1823, pp. 337-378. Excerpts in English translation ''SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE RESULTS OF NEW EXPERIMENTS ON THE LAWS OF LIGHT AND THEIR THEORY'' : J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 39-61. http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von +Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErI WZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c t=result#PPP11,M1 {Fraunhofer_Joseph_vo n_Prismatic_and_diffraction_spectra_1823 0714.pdf} others: Gilbert's Annalen der Physlk, Band 74, p. 337-378. Edinburgh Journal of Science, VII, VIII, 1827, 1828. PD AND English: Joseph von Fraunhofer was a German physicist. Quelle: Engraving in the Small Portraits collection, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries. http://hsci.cas.ou.edu/exhib its/exhibit.php?exbid=34&exbpg=1 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von +Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErI WZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c t=result#PPP11,M1http://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Image:Fraunhofer_2.jpg [2] T is the angle made with the plane of the grating by a colored beam after diffraction. E is grating spacing, v is order of spectrum, w is wavelength Adapter equation 5 from: Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neurer Versuche über die Gesetze des Lichtes, und die Theorie derselben, ''Annalen der Physik'', LXXIV, 1823, pp. 337-378. Excerpts in English translation ''SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE RESULTS OF NEW EXPERIMENTS ON THE LAWS OF LIGHT AND THEIR THEORY'' : J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 39-61. http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von +Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErI WZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c t=result#PPP11,M1 {Fraunhofer_Joseph_vo n_Prismatic_and_diffraction_spectra_1823 0714.pdf} others: Gilbert's Annalen der Physlk, Band 74, p. 337-378. Edinburgh Journal of Science, VII, VIII, 1827, 1828. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von +Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErI WZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c t=result#PPP11,M1 |
175 YBN [1825 AD] 6 7 8 | 2526) The first practical electromagnet (also known as an inductor2 ).3 This electromagnet can support more than it's own weight.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p295. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p295. 4. ^ "William Sturgeon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 0045/William-Sturgeon 5. ^ "William Sturgeon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 0045/William-Sturgeon 6. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/sturge on.html (1825) 7. ^ "William Sturgeon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 0045/William-Sturgeon (1825) 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p295. (1823) (1823) MORE INFO [1] "William Sturgeon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stu rgeon | Surrey, England5 (presumably) |
[1] Sturgeon's electromagnet. From Transactions of the Society for the Encouragement of the Arts 43 (1824), Plate 3, Fig. 13. Smithsonian neg. no. 46,761-D. PD/Corel source: http://siarchives.si.edu/history /jhp/sturgeon.jpg [2] Sturgeon's electro- magnet of 1824 PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/histor y/sturgeon.html |
174 YBN [03/??/1826 AD] 3 4 | 3454) That the spectrum of a flame can be used to detect the presence of chemical compounds is understood.1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ W. H. F. Talbot, "Some Experiments on Coloured Flames," Edinburgh Journal of Science, 1826, 5:77-81. http://books.google.com/books? id=FCEAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=e ditions:09ag5pOefph1Cw5vrXy#PPA77,M1 2. ^ W. H. F. Talbot, "Some Experiments on Coloured Flames," Edinburgh Journal of Science, 1826, 5:77-81. http://books.google.com/books? id=FCEAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=e ditions:09ag5pOefph1Cw5vrXy#PPA77,M1 3. ^ W. H. F. Talbot, "Some Experiments on Coloured Flames," Edinburgh Journal of Science, 1826, 5:77-81. http://books.google.com/books? id=FCEAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=e ditions:09ag5pOefph1Cw5vrXy#PPA77,M1 {03/1826} 4. ^ William Allen Miller, "Elements of chemistry", s.n., 1863, p167. http://books.google.com/books?id= OWUDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq=1835+ wheatstone+on+the+prismatic+electric+lig ht&source=web&ots=uNEuKxvNh4&sig=8ctnmGV BA1QA07Gk8nX14MpIid4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_ result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA167,M1 {1826} MORE INFO [1] "William Henry Fox Talbot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hen ry_Fox_Talbot [2] "William Henry Fox Talbot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_ Henry_Fox_Talbot [3] Philosophical Magazine, series 3, volume 14, number 88, March 1839, pp196-209. {talbot001.pdf} [4] http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewOb jectMain.jsp;jsessionid=84ae0c5f82409b3e d94e5f0845e8bb80da92736af390?fileid=0000 070503:000006275588&reqid=978 [5] http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/hist ory/talbot.htm [6] "William Henry Fox Talbot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 1034/William-Henry-Fox-Talbot (1835) [7] "William Henry Fox Talbot". The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University Press, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Henry+Fox +Talbot?cat=entertainment | London, England2 |
[1] W. H. F. Talbot, ''Some Experiments on Coloured Flames,'' Edinburgh Journal of Science, 1826, 5:77-81. http://books.google.com/books? id=FCEAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=e ditions:09ag5pOefph1Cw5vrXy#PPA77,M1 PD AND Description William Henry Fox Talbot, by John Moffat, 1864. Date 1864 Source Fox Talbot, Lifelines 38, Shire publications Ltd, Princes Risborough, 3rd Edition 1997. Author MichaelMaggs PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =FCEAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:09ag5pOefph1Cw5vrXy#PPA77,M1http:/ /upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ thumb/3/39/William_Henry_Fox_Talbot%2C_b y_John_Moffat%2C_1864.jpg/810px-William_ Henry_Fox_Talbot%2C_by_John_Moffat%2C_18 64.jpg [2] The AMICO Library from RLG - William Henry Fox Talbot. Leaves of Orchidea (negative). 1839. J. Paul Getty Museum. [JPGM86.XM.621] PD/Corel source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:William_Fox_Talbot.jpg |
174 YBN [07/31/1826 AD] 9 10 | 3440) The phenomenon of electrical oscillation is discovered (the basis of alternating current and radio communication4 ).5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp. 411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/22 8514?seq=7 {Electrical_Oscillation_1966.pdf} 3. ^ Félix Savary, "Mémoire sur l'alimentation", Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 1827, V34, p5-57;p54-56. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=QaQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 {Savary_182 7.pdf} 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp. 411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/22 8514?seq=7 {Electrical_Oscillation_1966.pdf} 6. ^ Félix Savary, "Mémoire sur l'alimentation", Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 1827, V34, p5-57;p54-56. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=QaQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 {Savary_182 7.pdf} 7. ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Biographies/Savary.html 8. ^ Félix Savary, "Mémoire sur l'alimentation", Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 1827, V34, p5-57;p54-56. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=QaQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 {Savary_182 7.pdf} 9. ^ Félix Savary, "Mémoire sur l'alimentation", Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 1827, V34, p5-57;p54-56. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=QaQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 {Savary_182 7.pdf} {07/05/1826} 10. ^ Félix Savary, "Mémoire sur l'alimentation", Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 1827, V34, p5-57;p54-56. http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=QaQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 {Savary_182 7.pdf} MORE INFO [1] http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~hist ory/Biographies/Savart.html [2] The Rise of Modern Physics, Henry Crew, Williams & Wilkens Company, 1928, p271 [3] The Rise of Modern Physics, Henry Crew, Williams & Wilkens Company, 1935, p270 [4] Tapan K. Sarkar, "History of Wireless", p12. http://books.google.com/books?id=N BLEAA6QKYkC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=felix+sa vary+france+academy&source=web&ots=1G-Qe rT8pr&sig=svebXMDBkxIt9XuFntMm0NDttMU&hl =en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=resu lt | (Bureau des Longitudes7 ) Paris, France8 (presumably) |
source: Félix Savary, "Mémoire sur l'alimentation", Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 1827, 34. :54-56. http://books.google.com/books?i d=QaQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30 |
174 YBN [1826 AD] 9 10 11 | 2355) The first permanent photograph6 and photograph reproduction process. A pewter plate is coated with asphalt which hardens on exposure to light, the unhardened areas are removed with oil of lavender mixed with petroleum jelly. Prints of the image can then be made on a press.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/pe rmanent/wfp/7.html 2. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 5791/Nicephore-Niepce 3. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/pe rmanent/wfp/7.html 4. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/pe rmanent/wfp/7.html 5. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 5791/Nicephore-Niepce 6. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/pe rmanent/wfp/7.html 7. ^ "photoengraving." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/457873/photoengraving>. 8. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 5791/Nicephore-Niepce 9. ^ "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Nic%C3%A9p hore+Niepce?cat=technology (1826) 10. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/pe rmanent/wfp/7.html (1826/7) 11. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 5791/Nicephore-Niepce (1826/7) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nic% C3%A9phore_Niepce [2] "lithography". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8518/lithography | Chalon-sur-Saône, France8 |
[1] English: By Nicéphore Niépce in 1826, entitled ''View from the Window at Le Gras,'' captured on 20 × 25 cm oil-treated bitumen. Due to the 8-hour exposure, the buildings are illuminated by the sun from both right and left. This photo is generally considered the first successful permanent photograph. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Jo seph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg [2] Joseph-Nicéphore Niépce. © Bettmann/Corbis PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://concise.britannica.com/eb c/art-59378/Joseph-Nicephore-Niepce |
174 YBN [1826 AD] 5 | 3384) A gas combustion vacuum engine car and boat.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dugald Clerk, "The Gas Engine", Scientific American Supplement (Vol. 19, #484: April 11, 1885) http://onlinebooks.library.upenn. edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=13939 and also http://www.a1nethost.com/american/scie ntific-american/484/00.htm#3 2. ^ Dugald Clerk, "The Gas Engine", Scientific American Supplement (Vol. 19, #484: April 11, 1885) http://onlinebooks.library.upenn. edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=13939 and also http://www.a1nethost.com/american/scie ntific-american/484/00.htm#3 3. ^ http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/pr ojects/cecil/history.html 4. ^ http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report. aspx?compid=50019 5. ^ William Robinson, "Gas and Petroleum Engines: A Practical Treatise on the Internal Combustion ...", http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+ street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=z XhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct= result#PPA102,M1 {1826} MORE INFO [1] "Samuel Brown (engineer)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Brow n_(engineer) [2] http://inventors.about.com/library/weekl y/aacarsgasa.htm [3] "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911 | London, England3 4 |
[1] [t Samuel Brown's engine used to raise water] PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?id =8e9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22r obert+street%22+patent+engine&source=web &ots=zXhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ 0kuNyVI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum =1&ct=result#PPA105,M1 |
173 YBN [05/01/1827 AD] 4 5 | 2606) The concept of electrical resistance, and "Ohm's law": that current is equal to voltage divided by resistance.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp309-310. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp309-310. 3. ^ Georg Simon Ohm, "Die Galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet von Dr. G. S. Ohm", Berlin, 1827. http://www.google.com/books?id=yR 0AAAAAQAAJ&dq=Die+Galvanische+Kette+math ematisch+bearbeitet+von+Dr.+G.+S.+Ohm&pg =PP1&ots=RNXZ5VQkE0&source=bn&sig=tUP0wc 3OFtbSTUIaXPvLz1pZbS0 Translated from German by William Frances, Student in Philosophy in the University of Berlin as: "The Galvanic Circuit investigated Mathematically.", Scientific Memoirs, v. 2, 1841, p401-506. {Ohm_Georg_1827.pdf} 4. ^ Georg Simon Ohm, "Die Galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet von Dr. G. S. Ohm", Berlin, 1827. http://www.google.com/books?id=yR 0AAAAAQAAJ&dq=Die+Galvanische+Kette+math ematisch+bearbeitet+von+Dr.+G.+S.+Ohm&pg =PP1&ots=RNXZ5VQkE0&source=bn&sig=tUP0wc 3OFtbSTUIaXPvLz1pZbS0 Translated from German by William Frances, Student in Philosophy in the University of Berlin as: "The Galvanic Circuit investigated Mathematically.", Scientific Memoirs, v. 2, 1841, p401-506. {Ohm_Georg_1827.pdf} {05/01/1827} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp309-310. (1827) MORE INFO [1] "Georg Simon Ohm". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Simon _Ohm | Berlin, Germany3 (written in Cologne?) |
[1] [t Figures from 1827 work of Ohm] PD source: Ohm_Georg_1827.pdf [2] Georg Simon Ohm PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ohm3.gif |
173 YBN [1827 AD] 4 5 | 2724) The mammal egg, the ovum, is discovered.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1720/Karl-Ernst-Ritter-von-Baer 2. ^ "Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1720/Karl-Ernst-Ritter-von-Baer 3. ^ "Karl Ernst von Baer". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Karl+Ernst+von+Ba er?cat=technology 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp321-322. (1827) (1827) 5. ^ "Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1720/Karl-Ernst-Ritter-von-Baer (1827) MORE INFO [1] "Karl Ernst von Baer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ernst_ von_Baer [2] "Karl Ernst Von Baer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Karl_Ern st_Von_Baer [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | (Königsberg now) Kaliningrad, Russia2 3 |
[1] Subject : Karl von Baer (1792-1876) German biologist, father of embryology. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Baer_Karl_von_1792-1876.jpg [2] Karl Ernst von Baer http://www.zbi.ee/baer/vonbaer.jpg PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Vonbaer.jpg |
173 YBN [1827 AD] 4 5 | 2774) That the wavelength (or particle interval) of light of a given spectral line can be used as a standard of length is realized.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Jacques Babinet". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jacques+Babinet?c at=technology 2. ^ "02178b.htm". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02178b.h tm 3. ^ "Collège Louis le Grand". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8g e_Louis_le_Grand 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p327. (1827) (1827) 5. ^ "Jacques Babinet". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jacques+Babinet?c at=technology (1827) MORE INFO [1] "Jacques Babinet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Bab inet | Paris, France2 3 |
[1] Description French physicist Jacques Babinet (1794-1872) Source [1]http://www.molecularexpressions.com/ optics/timeline/people/babinet.html Dat e 19th century Author Unknown PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Jacques_Babinet.jpg |
173 YBN [1827 AD] 5 | 3591) The earliest electric printer. A spark is passed through a rotating strip of litmus paper which, by the formation of nitric acid, leaves a red dot.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 2. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 3. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 4. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 5. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year +1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA {1827} MORE INFO [1] John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy: Including Some Bare-wire Proposals for Subaqueous Telegraphs", Dodd, Mead, 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id= alIXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=john +j+fahie&ei=8xfYSLjYNKGutgP_lpXeDg [2] "Old Time Telegraphic History", Electrical World and Engineer, 01/17/1903, p113. http://books.google.com/books?id= hbZQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115 | New York City NY4 (presumably) |
[1] Text from: ''Old Time Telegraphic History'', Electrical World and Engineer, 01/17/1903, p113. http://books.google.com/books?id= hbZQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =hbZQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115 |
173 YBN [1827 AD] 5 6 7 8 | 6599) Roads are paved with asphalt.1 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ The Roads and Railroads, Vehicles, and Modes of Travelling, of Ancient and Modern Countries: With Accounts of Bridges, Tunnels, and Canals, in Various Parts of the World ... Parker, 1839, p91. http://books.google.com/books?id=P PUHAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 2. ^ Gwilt, J. An Encyclop�dia of Architecture: Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1842, p511. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6-1LAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA511 3. ^ Baynes, T.S. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. A. and C. Black, 1898. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, p716. http://books.google.com/books?id= LdxTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA716 4. ^ The Roads and Railroads, Vehicles, and Modes of Travelling, of Ancient and Modern Countries: With Accounts of Bridges, Tunnels, and Canals, in Various Parts of the World ... Parker, 1839, p91. http://books.google.com/books?id=P PUHAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 5. ^ Gwilt, J. An Encyclop�dia of Architecture: Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1842, p511. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6-1LAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA511 6. ^ Haydn, J., and B. Vincent. Haydn�s Dictionary of Dates Relating to All Ages and Nations: For Universal Reference. E. Moxon and Company, 1883, p50. http://books.google.com/books?id=K il72tKqDo0C&pg=PA50 7. ^ Baynes, T.S. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. A. and C. Black, 1898. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, p716. http://books.google.com/books?id= LdxTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA716 8. ^ The Roads and Railroads, Vehicles, and Modes of Travelling, of Ancient and Modern Countries: With Accounts of Bridges, Tunnels, and Canals, in Various Parts of the World ... Parker, 1839, p91. http://books.google.com/books?id=P PUHAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 | (Pont Moraud Bridge) Lyons, France2 |France3 |(A bridge in) Paris, France4 |
[1] Gwilt, J. An Encyclop�dia of Architecture: Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1842, p511. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6-1LAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA511 PD AND LYON - LE PONT MORAUD - LE QUAI DE RETZ ET LE COTEAU DE FOURVIERE (Circulada en 1919) Postal de los primeros años del siglo XX Inscrita con el número: 41 LYON - LE PONT MORAUD - LE QUAI DE RETZ ET LE COTEAU DE FOURVIERE Circulada sin sello (ha sido despegado) con fecha del 22-9-1919 y en perfecto estado. Ahorre gastos de envio adquiriendo varios lotes. Adquiere lotes hasta un valor de 30 euros y los gastos de envio correrán de mi cuenta por correo certificado. No acumulable a varias subastas. Acepto pago por transferencia bancaria o giro postal. Envio por correo ordinario a España 1,00 euros, para Europa 1,50 euros, sean las postales que sean. Si el envio se prefiere certificado el coste es de 3,00 euros a España, y para envios a Europa 3,50 euros UNKNOWN source: http://books.google.com/books?id =6-1LAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA511http://pictures2.t odocoleccion.net/tc/2009/12/30/16664597. jpg |
172 YBN [02/??/1828 AD] 8 9 | 2857) The first "organic" molecule (urea) is produced from inorganic sources.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Wöhler, Friedrich. "Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs" Annalen der physik und chemie V12 p253 (1828): 1828. http://books.google.com/books?id= n5OZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253 English translation: "On the artificial formation of urea." http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-Hi story/Wohler-article.html 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp342-343. 3. ^ Wöhler, Friedrich. "Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs" Annalen der physik und chemie V12 p253 (1828): 1828. http://books.google.com/books?id= n5OZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253 English translation: "On the artificial formation of urea." http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-Hi story/Wohler-article.html 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp342-343. 5. ^ Wöhler, Friedrich. "Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs" Annalen der physik und chemie V12 p253 (1828): 1828. http://books.google.com/books?id= n5OZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253 English translation: "On the artificial formation of urea." http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-Hi story/Wohler-article.html 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp342-343. 7. ^ "Friedrich Wohler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 7322/Friedrich-Wohler 8. ^ "Friedrich Wohler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 7322/Friedrich-Wohler (02/1828) 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp342-343. (1828) (1828) MORE INFO [1] "Friedrich Wöhler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_W %C3%B6hler [2] http://www.answers.com/Friedrich+W%C3%B6 hler?cat=technology [3] "Friedrich Wohler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Friedric h_Wohler [4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | (Berlin Gewerbeschule (trade school)) Berlin, Germany7 |
[1] * Title: Friedrich Wöhler * Year: unknown * Source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections /hst/scientific-identity/explore.htm * Licence: Public Domain PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Stich.jpg [2] Friedrich Wöhler, German chemist Source: http://wwwihm.nlm.nih.gov/ PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Friedrich_woehler.jpg |
172 YBN [06/??/1828 AD] 4 5 6 | 2805) Insulated electric wire.1 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Joseph Henry". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0056/Joseph-Henry 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. 3. ^ "Joseph Henry". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Henry?cat= technology 4. ^ http://siarchives.si.edu/history/jhp/jos eph20.htm (06/1828) 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. (1829) (1829) 6. ^ Henry_1831_electromagnet_silk_insulate.p df APPENDIX.; On the application of the principle of the galvanic multiplier to electro-magnetic apparatus, and also to the developement of great magnetic power in soft Iron, with a small galvanic element; JOSEPH HENRY. American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879). New Haven: Jan 2, 1831. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; p. 400 (9 pages) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index= 0&did=338949441&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T S=1205045477&clientId=1568&aid=1 (published: 01/1931) (published: 01/1931) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Henry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henr y [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] http://www.150.si.edu/chap2/two.htm [4] http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bljosephhenry.htm [5] http://www.americanheritage.com/articles /magazine/ah/1963/1/1963_1_24.shtml [6] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31245/ 01454584.pdf The Electric Motor, the Telegraph, and Joseph Henrys Theory of Technological Progress ARTHUR P. MOLELLA Henry_Motor_Telegraph_01454584. | Albany, NY, USA2 3 |
[1] Henry's Albany magnet. Image copied from old photograph, N.M.A.H. Cat. No. 181,451c. Smithsonian neg. no. 39,040. PD AND In 1846, the Smithsonian Board of Regents chose Joseph Henry as the Institution's first secretary. PD/Corel source: http://siarchives.si.edu/history /jhp/39040.gifhttp://www.150.si.edu/chap 2/2man.htm [2] Henry's Albany magnet. Image copied from old photograph, N.M.A.H. Cat. No. 181,451c. Smithsonian neg. no. 39,040. PD source: http://siarchives.si.edu/history /jhp/39040.gif |
171 YBN [03/27/1829 AD] 15 | 2844) Electric current is produced by moving a wire near a magnet;10 11 12 the phenomenon of dynamic electrical induction.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402 {Zantedeschi_1829.pdf} 2. ^ Stewart, I. In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2012, p169. http://books.google.com/books?id= ezzWkITecN8C&pg=PT169 3. ^ Herbermann, C.G. et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, p750. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9sZAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA750 4. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402 {Zantedeschi_1829.pdf} 5. ^ Stewart, I. In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2012, p169. http://books.google.com/books?id= ezzWkITecN8C&pg=PT169 6. ^ Herbermann, C.G. et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, p750. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9sZAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA750 7. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402 {Zantedeschi_1829.pdf} 8. ^ Stewart, I. In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2012, p169. http://books.google.com/books?id= ezzWkITecN8C&pg=PT169 9. ^ Herbermann, C.G. et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, p750. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9sZAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA750 10. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402 {Zantedeschi_1829.pdf} 11. ^ Stewart, I. In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2012, p169. http://books.google.com/books?id= ezzWkITecN8C&pg=PT169 12. ^ Herbermann, C.G. et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, p750. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9sZAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA750 13. ^ Ted Huntington. 14. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402, p402. Zantedeschi_1829.pdf 15. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402, p402. Zantedeschi_1829.pdf (03/27/1829) MORE INFO [1] The Contribution of Fracesco Zantedeschi at the Development of the Experimental Laboratory of Physics Faculty of the Padua University, Massimo Tinazzi, http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/199 9/Tinazzi.pdf Zantedeschi_Tinazzi.pdf [2] La Electricidad, http://www2.ubu.es/ingelec/ingelect/Hist II.pdf Zantedeschi_HistII.pdf (apparently text identical to [3] http://books.google.com/books?id=fngtAAA AMAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PRA2-PA398,M1 [4] http://books.google.com/books?id=yUYEAAA AYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA76,M1 [5] http://www.wordreference.com/ | Pavia, Italy14 |
[1] Francesco Zantedeschi PD/Corel source: http://www.liceofoscarini.it/sto ria/bio/zantedeschi.html [2] Image of Francesco Zantedeschi 1797 to 1873 to illustrate that article. Uploaded from http://www.jergym.hiedu.cz/~canovm/objev ite/objev4/zan.htm and http://www.jergym.hiedu.cz/~canovm/objev ite/objev4/zan2.htm (English translation) This portrait of Francesco Zantedeschi was published by Stefano de Stefani, president of the Academy of Agriculture, Arts and Commerce of Verona, on March 21, 1875 to accompany his eulogy to Zantedeschi on the occasion of the transport of his ashes to the cemetery at Verona. Black and white version PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Franc esco_Zantedeschi_bw.jpg |
171 YBN [1829 AD] 5 | 2735) The terms "kinetic energy" (as E=½mv²1 ) and "work" (as W=Fd2 ) are introduced.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ "Gustave Gaspard Coriolis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 6304/Gustave-Gaspard-Coriolis 4. ^ "Gustave Gaspard Coriolis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 6304/Gustave-Gaspard-Coriolis 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp322-323. (1829) (1829) MORE INFO [1] "Coriolis Effect". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_Ef fect [2] http://www.answers.com/Gustave+Gaspard+d e+Coriolis+?cat=technology [3] "Coriolis force". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 6305/Coriolis-force [4] "Coriolis Effect". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_Ef fect "Gustave Gaspard Coriolis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Gustave Gaspard Coriolis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 6304/Gustave-Gaspard-Coriolis | Paris, France4 |
[1] Gustave Coriolis [Coriolis, detail of a portrait by Zéphirin Belliard, 19th century, after a painting by Jean Roller; in the Académie des Sciences, Paris Courtesy of the Archives de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris; photograph, J. Colomb-Gerard, Paris [2]] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gustave_coriolis.jpg |
171 YBN [1829 AD] 11 12 | 2767) The theory that space in the universe might be curved while only appearing to be straight. The start of "Non-Euclidean" geometry; a geometry where one or more of Euclid's postulates is supposed to be false.4 5 6 That angles in a triangle made of curved lines may not add to pi as one of Euclid's postulates requires7 is demonstrated.8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp325-326. 2. ^ NI Lobachevsky, (translated from Russian) "On the foundations of geometry", Kazan Messenger, 1829. reprinted in: Kagan V.F.(ed.): N.I.Lobachevsky - Complete Collected Works, Vols I-IV (Russian), Moscow-Leningrad (GITTL) 1946-51 German translation: N I Lobachevskii; Friedrich Engel, "Zwei geometrische Abhandlungen" ,Leipzig,1898-99, 1972. 3. ^ Lobachevski, tr: Halsted "The Theory of the Parallels", 1914, p3. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp325-326. 5. ^ NI Lobachevsky, (translated from Russian) "On the foundations of geometry", Kazan Messenger, 1829. reprinted in: Kagan V.F.(ed.): N.I.Lobachevsky - Complete Collected Works, Vols I-IV (Russian), Moscow-Leningrad (GITTL) 1946-51 German translation: N I Lobachevskii; Friedrich Engel, "Zwei geometrische Abhandlungen" ,Leipzig,1898-99, 1972. 6. ^ Lobachevski, tr: Halsted "The Theory of the Parallels", 1914, p3. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ A History of Non-Euclidean Geometry, Evolution of the Concept of a Geometric Space, B. A. Rosenfeld, 1988, p208. 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp325-326. (1829) 11. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1826 announces) (1829) 12. ^ "Lobachevsky". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Lobachevsky+?cat= technology (1826 announces) MORE INFO [1] "Lobachevsky". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobachevsky [2] "Kazan State University". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_State _University [3] http://www.answers.com/parallel+postulat e?cat=technology [4] "Euclid's Elements". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_ Elements [5] "Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 Oct. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/345382/Nikolay-Ivanovich-Lobache vsky> [6] Alexander Vucinich, "Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevskii: The Man behind the First Non-Euclidean Geometry", Isis , Vol. 53, No. 4 (Dec., 1962), pp. 465-481 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/227 721 | Kazan, Russia10 |
[1] Figure 8, p19. From German translation of: NI Lobachevsky, (translated from Russian) ''On the foundations of geometry'', Kazan Messenger, 1829. reprinted in: Kagan V.F.(ed.): N.I.Lobachevsky - Complete Collected Works, Vols I-IV (Russian), Moscow-Leningrad (GITTL) 1946-51 German translation: N I Lobachevskii; Friedrich Engel, ''Zwei geometrische Abhandlungen'' ,Leipzig,1898-99, 1972. PD source: N I Lobachevskii; Friedrich Engel, "Zwei geometrische Abhandlungen" ,Leipzig,1898-99, 1972. [2] Description Pic of a 19th century painting. Public domain, from en wiki image Source en:Image:Nikolay_Ivanovich_Lobachevsk y.jpeg Date 19th century PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Nikol ay_Ivanovich_Lobachevsky.jpeg |
170 YBN [1830 AD] 3 | 2624) The practice of blood-letting is denounced.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Marshall Hall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8918/Marshall-Hall 2. ^ "Marshall Hall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8918/Marshall-Hall 3. ^ "Marshall Hall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8918/Marshall-Hall (1830) MORE INFO [1] "Marshall Hall (physiologist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Ha ll_%28physiologist%29 | London, England2 (presumably) |
[1] Marshall Hall ([2]:Marshall Hall, detail of an engraving by J. Holl, 1839, after a portrait by J.Z. Bell Reproduced by courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum; photograph, J.R. Freeman & Co. Ltd.) PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nndb.com/people/940/0 00101637/ |
170 YBN [1830 AD] 32 33 34 35 | 4003) The first sound recordings. Sound vibrations are recorded by a tuning fork moving an attached whisker onto a sooted glass plate.25 26 27 28 29 30 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der ...", 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id= fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false 2. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=z Srte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20glass%20cylinder&f=false 3. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aI pXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 4. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29", p229-230. http://books.google.com/books ?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm% 20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 5. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864, pag. 83, §. 17. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c 6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von +den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v= onepage&q=weber&f=false (in English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864, p. 83, §. 17. 6. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band, Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon, Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber. 7. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der ...", 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id= fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false 8. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=z Srte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20glass%20cylinder&f=false 9. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aI pXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 10. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29", p229-230. http://books.google.com/books ?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm% 20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 11. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864, pag. 83, §. 17. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c 6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von +den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v= onepage&q=weber&f=false (in English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864, p. 83, §. 17. 12. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band, Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon, Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber. 13. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der ...", 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id= fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false 14. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=z Srte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20glass%20cylinder&f=false 15. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aI pXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 16. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29", p229-230. http://books.google.com/books ?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm% 20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 17. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864, pag. 83, §. 17. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c 6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von +den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v= onepage&q=weber&f=false (in English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864, p. 83, §. 17. 18. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band, Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon, Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber. 19. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der ...", 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id= fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false 20. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=z Srte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20glass%20cylinder&f=false 21. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aI pXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 22. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29", p229-230. http://books.google.com/books ?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm% 20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 23. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864, pag. 83, §. 17. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c 6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von +den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v= onepage&q=weber&f=false (in English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864, p. 83, §. 17. 24. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band, Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon, Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber. 25. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der ...", 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id= fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false 26. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=z Srte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20glass%20cylinder&f=false 27. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aI pXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 28. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29", p229-230. http://books.google.com/books ?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm% 20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 29. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864, pag. 83, §. 17. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c 6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von +den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v= onepage&q=weber&f=false (in English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864, p. 83, §. 17. 30. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band, Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon, Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber. 31. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=z Srte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20glass%20cylinder&f=false 32. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der ...", 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id= fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false {1830} 33. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=z Srte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20glass%20cylinder&f=false {1830} 34. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aI pXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber% 20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 35. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29", p229-230. http://books.google.com/books ?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm% 20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false MORE INFO [1] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Edu ard_Weber [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 6390/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber (1837) | (University of) Göttingen, Germany31 |
[1] Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891) PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg |
169 YBN [02/17/1831 AD] 9 | 2702) The electrical transformer5 : a device used to transfer electricity from one circuit to another, in particular a pair of wire coils that can be used to transfer electricity with a change in voltage, current, or phase6 . A primary coil is found to cause current in an unconnected secondary coil, but only when the primary current is switched on or off, and not during a constant current.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9 109756/Michael-Faraday 2. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9 109756/Michael-Faraday 3. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9 109756/Michael-Faraday 4. ^ "transformer." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/transformer 5. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9 109756/Michael-Faraday 6. ^ "transformer." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/transformer 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp315-320. 8. ^ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0& did=338986411&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&VI nst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS= 1204938559&clientId=48051&aid=1 Henry_J oseph_1832_ajs.pdf American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879); Jan 3, 1832; 22, 2; APS Online pg. 403 On the Production of Current and Sparks of Electricity from Magnetism (02/17/1831 {more full account published:} 08/29/1831) 9. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9756/Michael-Faraday (02/17/1831 {more full account published:} 08/29/1831) {02/17/1831 (more full account published:) 08/29/1831} MORE INFO [1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Far aday [2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+? cat=technology [3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_ Faraday [4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [5] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMa terials.html [6] http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAA AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science +of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1 [7] http://www.rigb.org/heritage/faradaypage .jsp [8] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15750b.h tm [9] The Contribution of Fracesco Zantedeschi at the Development of the Experimental Laboratory of Physics Faculty of the Padua University, Massimo Tinazzi, http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/199 9/Tinazzi.pdf Zantadeschi_Tinazzi.pdf [10] La Electricidad, http://www2.ubu.es/ingelec/ingelect/Hist II.pdf Zantadeschi_HistII.pdf (apparently text identical to [11] http://books.google.com/books?id=fngtAAA AMAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PRA2-PA398,M1 [12] http://books.google.com/books?id=fxsAAAA AQAAJ&pg=RA6-PA44&lpg=RA6-PA44&dq=lebail lif+scope&source=web&ots=36wpS-5ksg&sig= A7KVLfh8fg1hdDtoB5Kr81UzNAw&hl=en#PRA6-P A43,M1 (for a description of a sideroscope of M Lebaillid) [13] "Faradays law of induction". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 3718/Faradays-law-of-induction [14] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf, p243. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content /n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of 1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 / 1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.19 93.0031 [15] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c alico [16] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9642/Charles-Darwin [17] http://books.google.com/books?id=yUYEAAA AYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA76,M1 | (Royal Institution in) London, England8 |
[1] Michael Faraday, ''Experimental Researches in Electricity'', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, 1832. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006 {Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_ in_Electricity_1.pdf} PD source: Faraday_1832_Experimental_Resear ches_in_Electricity_1.pdf [2] Description Michael Faraday, oil, by Thomas Phillips Source Thomas Phillips,1842 Date 1842 Author Thomas Phillips[3 wiki] The portrait shown here was painted by Thomas Phillips (1770-1845), oil on canvas, The National Portrait Gallery, London.[7] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg |
169 YBN [09/??/1831 AD] 13 | 2705) The (dynamic) electric generator (or "dynamo"). By mechanically moving a conductor near a magnet, a constant electric current is produced.9 10 Now a steam engine or water power can be used to produce electricity. The generator creates a large and low cost supply of electric current.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006. {Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_ in_Electricity_1.pdf} 2. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada y.htm 3. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006. {Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_ in_Electricity_1.pdf} 4. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada y.htm 5. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006. {Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_ in_Electricity_1.pdf} 6. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada y.htm 7. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006. {Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_ in_Electricity_1.pdf} 8. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada y.htm 9. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006. {Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_ in_Electricity_1.pdf} 10. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada y.htm 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp315-320. 12. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9756/Michael-Faraday 13. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada y.htm (09/??/1831) MORE INFO [1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Far aday [2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+? cat=technology [3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_ Faraday [4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [5] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of 1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 / 1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.19 93.0031 [6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c alico [7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9642/Charles-Darwin [8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMa terials.html [9] http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAA AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science +of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1 | (Royal Institution in) London, England12 |
[1] Description Michael Faraday, oil, by Thomas Phillips Source Thomas Phillips,1842 Date 1842 Author Thomas Phillips[3 wiki] The portrait shown here was painted by Thomas Phillips (1770-1845), oil on canvas, The National Portrait Gallery, London.[7] PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:M_Far aday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg [2] Michael Faraday - Project Gutenberg eText 13103 From The Project Gutenberg eBook, Great Britain and Her Queen, by Anne E. Keeling http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/ 13103 PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Micha el_Faraday_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_131 03.jpg |
169 YBN [10/??/1831 AD] 6 | 6601) A heat sensor that can detect heat from a person 7 meters (or 25 feet) away.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "New instruments for measuring heat", American Journal of Science and Arts, Volume 22, 1832, p370- books.google.com/books?id=i-zRAAA AMAAJ&pg=PA370 2. ^ The American Journal of Science and Arts. S. Converse, Volume 23, 1833, p185. http://books.google.com/books?id= nDYPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA185 3. ^ Forbes, J.D. A Review of the Progress of Mathematical and Physical Science in More Recent Times: And Particulary Between the Years 1775 and 1850 ; Being One of the Dissertations to the Eighth Edition of the Encyclopeadia Britannica. Adam and Black, 1858, p157. http://books.google.com/books?id= iiJRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157 4. ^ Nobili, Leopoldo. "Description d'un thermo-multiplicateur ou thermoscope electrique." Biblioth�que Universelle. Science et Arts 30 (1830): 225-230. books.google.com/books?id=yIZC AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA225 5. ^ http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus /Thermodynamics/Differential_Thermopile/ Differential_Thermopile.html 6. ^ The American Journal of Science and Arts. S. Converse, Volume 23, 1833, p185. http://books.google.com/books?id= nDYPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA185 MORE INFO [1] "Macedonio Melloni". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonio_M elloni [2] http://www.answers.com/topic/macedonio-m elloni?cat=technology [3] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob =ArticleURL&_udi=B6V70-4HF5KMF-4&_user=4 422&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&v iew=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVe rsion=0&_userid=4422&md5=1658db485facb9e 3bce968dbdb29340e [4] Cornell, 1938 E.S. Cornell, The radiant heat spectrum from herschel to Melloni-I. The Work of Herschel and his contemporaries, Annals of Science 3 (1938), pp. 119-137. Full Text via CrossRef http://www.informaworld.com/sm pp/content?content=10.1080/0003379380020 0801 Infrared_Herschel_Melloni.pdf [5] Melloni, 1848 Melloni, M. (1848). Researches on the radiations of incandescent bodies, and on the elementary colours of the solar spectrum. Philosophical Magazine, 3rd series, 32, 262-276. (First published as Ricerche sulle irradiazioni de" corpi roventi, e sui colori elementari dello spettro solare, Museo di Napoli, 12 1847, 17-38; also reprinted in Rendiconto R. Accademia di Napoli, 6, 1847, 83-106) [6] Melloni, 1994 Melloni, M. (1994). Carteggio (1819-1854), (E. Schettino, Ed.). Firenze: Olschki [7] Philosophical magazine, 1848, series 3, vol 32 Melloni_1848_philosophical_magazine_ series_3_vol32.pdf [8] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp337-338. (1850) (1850) | Naples, Italy5 |
[1] Nobili, Leopoldo. ''Description d'un thermo-multiplicateur ou thermoscope electrique.'' Bibliothèque Universelle. Science et Arts 30 (1830): 225-230. books.google.com/books?id=yIZC AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA225 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=yIZCAA AAcAAJ&pg=PA225 [2] Setting: Room XVI Inventor: Leopoldo Nobili, Macedonio Melloni Maker: Giuseppe Caldini Place: Florence Date: ca. 1880 Materials: brass, cast iron, bismuth, antimony Dimensions: total height 430 mm, base diameter 131 mm Inventory: 3758 Nobili-Melloni radiant-heat thermopile (Inv. 3758) Nobili-Melloni radiant-heat thermopile (Inv. 3758) Radiant-heat thermopile, Nobili - Melloni pattern. Comprises a brass box with 120 elements and a large brass cone hinged to an adjustable support with cast-iron base. The back cover is missing. Made by Giuseppe Caldini, about whom we have no information. UNKNOWN source: http://catalogue.museogalileo.it /images/cat/oggetti_944/0554_3253_2145-0 16_944.jpg |
169 YBN [1831 AD] 4 | 2496) The occurrence of different compounds with the same chemical composition is named "isomerism" {I-SoM-e-riZM1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "isomerism." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/isomerism 2. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm 3. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/berzelius.htm 4. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1831) MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Jons Jacob Berzelius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8919/Jons-Jacob-Berzelius [3] "Jöns Jakob Berzelius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_J akob_Berzelius [4] http://www.answers.com/J%C3%B6ns+Jakob+B erzelius+?cat=technology [5] "Karolinska Institute". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinska_ Institute [6] Jöns Jacob Berzelius A Guide to the Perplexed Chemist Journal The Chemical Educator Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg ISSN 1430-4171 Issue Volume 5, Number 6 / December, 2000 Category Chemistry and History DOI 10.1007/s00897000430a Page s 343-350 Subject Collection Chemistry and Materials Science SpringerLink Date Monday, April 04, 2005 berzelius_2000_chem_educator.pdf [7] "article 9072236". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 2236 [8] "Thorium". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium [9] http://www.answers.com/thorium?cat=healt h | Stokholm, Sweden3 (presumably) |
[1] http://www.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/i mages/Berzelius3c.jpg PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.jpg [2] Scientist: Berzelius, Jons Jakob (1779 - 1848) Discipline(s): Chemistry Print Artist: Charles W. Sharpe, d. 1875(76) Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Johan Olaf Sodermark, 1790-1848 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 26.8 x 18.2 cm / Sheet: 31.6 x 23 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=B |
168 YBN [1832 AD] 17 | 2514) The first plastic materials, made of nitrocellulose, are created by treating starch, sawdust, and cotton with nitric acid.12 13 14 15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braco nnot.htm 2. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 71/major-industrial-polymers 3. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braco nnot.htm 4. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 71/major-industrial-polymers 5. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braco nnot.htm 6. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 71/major-industrial-polymers 7. ^ "Henri Braconnot", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p130. 8. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braco nnot.htm 9. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 71/major-industrial-polymers 10. ^ "Henri Braconnot", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p130. 11. ^ "nitrocellulose." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c//>. 12. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braco nnot.htm 13. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 71/major-industrial-polymers 14. ^ "Henri Braconnot", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p130. 15. ^ "nitrocellulose." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c//>. 16. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braco nnot.htm 17. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braco nnot.htm (1832) MORE INFO [1] "Henri Braconnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Braco nnot [2] http://www.answers.com/saponification?ca t=health | Nancy, France16 |
[1] Henri Braconnot, French chemist H402/0577 Rights Managed Credit: CCI ARCHIVES/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Henri Braconnot (1780-1855), French chemist and pharmacist. At 13 Braconnot undertook a two year apprenticeship in a pharmacy in Nancy. As well as pharmacology he also studied chemistry and botany. He continued his education in Strasbourg and Paris, before returning to Nancy in 1802 to become the chairman of the botanical garden. His research lead to the discovery of numerous plant compounds, including acids and sugars, as well as discovering chitin, the earliest known polysaccharide, in mushrooms. Braconnot was also the first chemist to create a polymer when he added nitric acid to wood or cotton to obtain xyloidine. Release details: Model and property releases are not available PD source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/223788/large/H4020577-Henri_Braconnot, _French_chemist-SPL.jpg [2] Henri Braconnot, French chemist H402/0577 Rights Managed Credit: CCI ARCHIVES/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Henri Braconnot (1780-1855), French chemist and pharmacist. At 13 Braconnot undertook a two year apprenticeship in a pharmacy in Nancy. As well as pharmacology he also studied chemistry and botany. He continued his education in Strasbourg and Paris, before returning to Nancy in 1802 to become the chairman of the botanical garden. His research lead to the discovery of numerous plant compounds, including acids and sugars, as well as discovering chitin, the earliest known polysaccharide, in mushrooms. Braconnot was also the first chemist to create a polymer when he added nitric acid to wood or cotton to obtain xyloidine. Release details: Model and property releases are not available PD source: |
168 YBN [1832 AD] 4 | 2717) The alternating electric current (or AC) generator.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hellemans and Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", 1988, p299. 2. ^ Hellemans and Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", 1988, p299. 3. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/pixii. html 4. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/pixii. html (1832) MORE INFO [1] "Hippolyte Pixii". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_P ixii | Paris, France3 |
[1] The machine contained a permanent magnet which was rotated by a hand crank. The spinning magnet was positioned so that its north and south poles passed by a piece of iron wrapped with wire. Pixii found that the spinning magnet produced a pulse of current in the wire each time a pole passed the coil. Furthermore, the north and south poles of the magnet induced currents in opposite directions. PD source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/histor y/pixii.html [2] Description: Erste bekannt gewordene magneto-elektrische Wechselstrommaschine, gebaut 1832 von Pixii auf Anregung von Ampere; Source: Niethammer, F.; Ein- und Mehrphasen-Wechselstrom-Erzeuger; Verlag S. Hirzel; Leipzig 1906 Date: created 1906 Author: - Permission: Hermann A. Wiese put it under public domain An early form of an alternating current electrical generator built by Pixii PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Wechselstromerzeuger.jpg |
166 YBN [01/01/1834 AD] | 1247) A mechanical reaper; a machine that cuts grain.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "reaper." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/493183/reaper>. 2. ^ "reaper." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/493183/reaper>. 3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p47. 4. ^ "reaper." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/493183/reaper>. 5. ^ "Robert Hall McCormick". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hall _McCormick MORE INFO [1] "Cyrus McCormick". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCor mick | Rockbridge County, Virginia, USA5 |
[1] Early reaping machine for harvesting grain. V900/0023 Rights Managed Credit: SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Reaping machine. Engraving of the first reaping machine for harvesting grain, invented by Cyrus Hall McCormick (1809-1884) in 1831. As the wheel (at centre) spun, the paddles on it pushed the crop onto a moving cutter bar and knife. This design feature has been retained in modern combine harvesters although McCormick's machine was pulled by horses rather than being pushed. McCormick patented his invention in 1834, made his first sale in 1840 and moved to Chicago in 1847 to begin large-scale production. The six million harvesters he manufactured opened the prairie lands to intensive agriculture, a major factor in America's prosperity. UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/364617/large/V9000023-Early_reaping_ma chine_for_harvesting_grain.-SPL.jpg [2] New Reaper, Getreidemäher New Reaper, Stein der Weisen 1889 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Agriculture_2.jpg |
166 YBN [01/09/1834 AD] 6 7 8 9 | 2704) The laws of electrolysis: the mass of a substance deposited on an electrode is in proportion to the quantity of electricity, and to the atomic mass of the element liberated.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Faraday, Michael. "Experimental Researches in Electricity.--Seventh Series." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 124 (1834): 77-122. http://books.google.com/books?i d=ZG5KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA127 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/108055 2. ^ "Michael Faraday." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 08 May. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/201705/Michael-Faraday>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp315-320. 4. ^ Ehl, Rosemary Gene, and Aaron J. Ihde. �Faraday�s Electrochemical Laws and the Determination of Equivalent Weights.� Journal of Chemical Education 31.5 (1954): 226. Web. 8 May 2013. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.10 21/ed031p226 5. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9756/Michael-Faraday 6. ^ Faraday, Michael. "Experimental Researches in Electricity.--Seventh Series." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 124 (1834): 77-122. http://books.google.com/books?i d=ZG5KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA127 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/108055 7. ^ Ehl, Rosemary Gene, and Aaron J. Ihde. �Faraday�s Electrochemical Laws and the Determination of Equivalent Weights.� Journal of Chemical Education 31.5 (1954): 226. Web. 8 May 2013. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.10 21/ed031p226 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp315-320. (1832) 9. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1834 {in seventh series}) MORE INFO [1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Far aday [2] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_ Faraday [3] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada y.htm [4] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of 1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 / 1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.19 93.0031 [5] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_ Electricity_1.pdf Experimental Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006 [6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c alico [7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9642/Charles-Darwin [8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMa terials.html [9] http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAA AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science +of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1 [10] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM [11] Faraday_e7_electrolysis.pdf Experimental Researches in Electricity. Seventh Series Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 124 - 1834 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1834.0008 htt p://journals.royalsociety.org/content/52 6145013443q040/?p=8083e5a3390d443eb3a9fe 1efa3140ab&pi=1 | (Royal Institution in) London, England5 |
[1] Description Michael Faraday, oil, by Thomas Phillips Source Thomas Phillips,1842 Date 1842 Author Thomas Phillips The portrait shown here was painted by Thomas Phillips (1770-1845), oil on canvas, The National Portrait Gallery, London. PD AND Faraday, Michael. ''Experimental Researches in Electricity.--Seventh Series.'' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 124 (1834): 77-122. http://books.google.com/books?i d=ZG5KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA127 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/108055 PD source: Faraday, Michael. "Experimental Researches in Electricity.--Seventh Series." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 124 (1834): 77-122. http://books.google.com/books?i d=ZG5KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA127http://en.wikiped ia.org/wiki/Image:M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_ oil_1842.jpg [2] Faraday, Michael. ''Experimental Researches in Electricity.--Seventh Series.'' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 124 (1834): 77-122. http://books.google.com/books?i d=ZG5KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA127 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/108055 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =ZG5KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA127 |
166 YBN [06/19/1834 AD] 8 9 | 2899) The speed of electricity in wire is measured using a rotating mirror.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 6748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone 2. ^ Charles Wheatstone, "An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, (1834), pp. 583-591. http://books.google.com/books? id=G09FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA583 AND http://ww w.jstor.org/stable/108080 {Wheatstone_v elocity.pdf} 3. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 6748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone 4. ^ Charles Wheatstone, "An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, (1834), pp. 583-591. http://books.google.com/books? id=G09FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA583 AND http://ww w.jstor.org/stable/108080 {Wheatstone_v elocity.pdf} 5. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 6748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone 6. ^ Charles Wheatstone, "An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, (1834), pp. 583-591. http://books.google.com/books? id=G09FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA583 AND http://ww w.jstor.org/stable/108080 {Wheatstone_v elocity.pdf} 7. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 6748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone 8. ^ Charles Wheatstone, "An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, (1834), pp. 583-591. http://books.google.com/books? id=G09FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA583 AND http://ww w.jstor.org/stable/108080 {Wheatstone_v elocity.pdf} 9. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 6748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone (1834) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Charles+Wheatston e?cat=entertainment [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/wheats tone.html [4] http://books.google.com/books?id=5iw5AAA AMAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=faraday+velo city+of+electricity&source=web&ots=5NZWU d1EhA&sig=NK0D0pm5FFvHZpV7lB3JamIKhoo&hl =en#PPA311,M1 [5] http://books.google.com/books?id=0qSDQld RTFMC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=velocity+of+ electricity&source=web&ots=HZUnerxDqB&si g=XJ1gYT3wGhkgfzjTLNa99vSFNrQ&hl=en#PPA1 32,M1 | (King's College) London, England7 |
[1] Figure from [7 591] PD source: An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 124 - 1834 Author Charles Wheatstone DOI 10.1098/rstl.1834.0031 Wheatstone_velocity.pdf 591 [2] Figure from [7 592] PD source: An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 124 - 1834 Author Charles Wheatstone DOI 10.1098/rstl.1834.0031 Wheatstone_velocity.pdf 592 |
166 YBN [1834 AD] 3 | 2741) A programmable mechanical calculating machine that uses punch card programs, with looping, iteration, and conditional branching is designed.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Norman, J.M. From Gutenberg to the Internet: A Sourcebook on the History of Information Technology: With an Introductory Essay Comparing and Contrasting the Impact of Gutenberg�s Introduction of Printing with the Impact of the Internet and an Annotated Timeline on the History of Information Technology. Historyofscience.com, 2005. From Gutenberg to the Internet: A Sourcebook on the History of Information Technology, p52. http://books.google.com/books?id=e mmitTbOoFgC&pg=PA52 2. ^ "Charles Babbage". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 1590/Charles-Babbage 3. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1834) MORE INFO [1] "Charles Babbage". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Charles_ Babbage | Cambridge, England2 (presumably) |
[1] Charles Babbage, circa 1843 PD/COREL source: http://robroy.dyndns.info/Babbag e/Images/babbage-1843.jpg [2] Scientist: Babbage, Charles (1791 - 1871) Discipline(s): Mathematics Original Dimensions: Graphic: 10.8 x 8.8 cm / Sheet: 32.8 x 22.8 cm PD/COREL source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/CF/disp lay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=b |
166 YBN [1834 AD] 4 | 2758) The first computer program.1 2 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Norman, J.M. From Gutenberg to the Internet: A Sourcebook on the History of Information Technology: With an Introductory Essay Comparing and Contrasting the Impact of Gutenberg�s Introduction of Printing with the Impact of the Internet and an Annotated Timeline on the History of Information Technology. Historyofscience.com, 2005. From Gutenberg to the Internet: A Sourcebook on the History of Information Technology, p. 244. http://books.google.com/books?id=e mmitTbOoFgC&pg=PA244 2. ^ "Ada King countess of Lovelace". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 9130/Ada-King-countess-of-Lovelace 3. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1834) 4. ^ Ted Huntington. (1834) MORE INFO [1] "Charles Babbage". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bab bage [2] "Charles Babbage". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Charles_ Babbage | Cambridge, England3 (presumably) |
[1] Español: Ada King, Condesa de Lovelace (1838) From The Ada Picture Gallery. Evelyn Silva scanned this from a picture she found ''in the trash'' in Lousianna, USA, and submitted it to the Ada Picture Gallery in October 2000. She wrote: On the bottom of the picture it says ''LONDON PUBLISHED NOV 1 1838 FOR THE PROPRIETORS, No 18 & 19 SOUTHAMPTON PLACE, EUSTON SQUARE, NEW ROAD''. In the lower left corner it says ''Printered by Mc Queen''. On the lower right of the picture its ''Engraved By W. H. Mote''. On the left ''Drawn by A.E. Chaton R.A.''. There was also a page with a bio on it. This was not in a book when I found it, it was loose along with some other Ladies of the Queens court. So I don't have any other info on it. It is an orginal print from its time, not a reproduction. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ada_Lovelace_1838.jpg [2] Español: Ada Augusta Byron King Ada Lovelace, 19th century British mathematician. Source: National Physical Gallery, Teddington. Copied from en:Image:Ada_Lovelace.jpg. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ada_Lovelace.jpg |
166 YBN [1834 AD] 4 | 2851) Methyl alcohol (methanol)1 is discovered by distilling wood2 . FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "Jean Baptiste André Dumas". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+And r%C3%A9+Dumas?cat=technology 2. ^ "Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 1426/Jean-Baptiste-Andre-Dumas 3. ^ "Jean Baptiste André Dumas". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+And r%C3%A9+Dumas?cat=technology 4. ^ "Jean Baptiste André Dumas". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+And r%C3%A9+Dumas?cat=technology (1834) MORE INFO [1] "Jean Baptiste André Dumas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptis te_Andr%C3%A9_Dumas [2] "Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Bap tiste_Andre_Dumas [3] "Methanol". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol | (Ecole Polytechnique) Paris, France3 (presumably) |
[1] Methanol PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met hanol [2] French chemist Jean Baptiste André Dumas (1800-1884) from English wikipedia original text: - Magnus Manske (164993 bytes) from http://web4.si.edu/sil/scientific-identi ty/display_results.cfm?alpha_sort=d PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Jean_Baptiste_Andr%C3%A9_Dumas.jpg |
165 YBN [01/19/1835 AD] 7 8 9 | 3459) That infrared light (or "heat rays") can be reflected and polarized is proven.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Records of General Science, "Abstract of a Paper on the Refraction and Polarization of Heat. By Professor Forbes.". p.394. http://books.google.com/books?id =RVcEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA478&lpg=PA478&dq=%22O n+the+Refraction+and+Polarization+of+Hea t%22&source=web&ots=Ssxgizc13b&sig=aStch RDJCXwSmEk_7OHFpBm9hF8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=boo k_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA394,M1 2. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 0562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBa sicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2 6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArti cleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} 3. ^ Forbes, James D. "XI. On the Refraction and Polarization of Heat." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 13.01 (1835): 131-168. http://journals.cambridge.org/ action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&a id=8363661 4. ^ Forbes, James D. "XXII. On the refraction and polarization of heat." The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 6.32 (1835): 134-142. books.google.com/books?id=c2vk AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA134 AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAM AAJ&pg=PA205 AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAM AAJ&pg=PA284 AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ &pg=PA366 5. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 0562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBa sicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2 6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArti cleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} 6. ^ Records of General Science, "Abstract of a Paper on the Refraction and Polarization of Heat. By Professor Forbes.". p.394. http://books.google.com/books?id =RVcEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA478&lpg=PA478&dq=%22O n+the+Refraction+and+Polarization+of+Hea t%22&source=web&ots=Ssxgizc13b&sig=aStch RDJCXwSmEk_7OHFpBm9hF8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=boo k_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA394,M1 7. ^ Forbes, James D. "XI. On the Refraction and Polarization of Heat." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 13.01 (1835): 131-168. http://journals.cambridge.org/ action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&a id=8363661 8. ^ Forbes, James D. "XXII. On the refraction and polarization of heat." The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 6.32 (1835): 134-142. books.google.com/books?id=c2vk AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA134 AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAM AAJ&pg=PA205 AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAM AAJ&pg=PA284 AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ &pg=PA366 9. ^ Records of General Science, "Abstract of a Paper on the Refraction and Polarization of Heat. By Professor Forbes.". p.394. http://books.google.com/books?id =RVcEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA478&lpg=PA478&dq=%22O n+the+Refraction+and+Polarization+of+Hea t%22&source=web&ots=Ssxgizc13b&sig=aStch RDJCXwSmEk_7OHFpBm9hF8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=boo k_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA394,M1 {01/29/1835} | (University of Edinburgh5 ) Edinburgh, Scotland6 |
[1] Forbes, James D. ''XXII. On the refraction and polarization of heat.'' The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 6.32 (1835): 134-142. books.google.com/books?id=c2vk AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA134 AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAM AAJ&pg=PA205 AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAM AAJ&pg=PA284 AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ &pg=PA366 PD AND Description English: James David Forbes Date 2011-06-27 00:22 (UTC) Source James_David_Forbes.jpg Author James_David_Forbes.jpg: Unknown derivative work: Quibik (talk) PD source: books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAA AAMAAJ&pg=PA134books.google.com/books?id =c2vkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA205books.google.com/b ooks?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA284books.googl e.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA366http ://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common s/2/2b/James_David_Forbes.png [2] Description English: James David Forbes Date 2011-06-27 00:22 (UTC) Source James_David_Forbes.jpg Author James_David_Forbes.jpg: Unknown derivative work: Quibik (talk) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2b/James_David_Forbes.pn g |
165 YBN [02/06/1835 AD] 5 6 | 2810) The electrical relay, a device that allows the electric current of telegraph signals to be carried over long distances.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. 4. ^ "Joseph Henry". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Henry?cat= technology 5. ^, p1. http://www.jstor.org/view/00659746/ap030 013/03a00120/0 "Contributions to Electricity and Magnetism. By Joseph Henry, Professor of Natural Philosophy in the College of New Jersey, Princeton, Late of the Albany Academy. No. II. On the Influence of a Spiral Conductor in Increasing the Intensity of Electricity from a Galvanic Arrangement of a Single Pair, &c." Joseph Henry Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Ser., Vol. 5. (1837), pp. 223-231. Henry_1835_relay.pdf (02/06/1835) (02/06/1835) 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. (1835) (1835) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Henry". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0056/Joseph-Henry [2] "Joseph Henry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henr y [3] "Joseph Henry". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Joseph_H enry [4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [5] http://www.150.si.edu/chap2/two.htm [6] http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bljosephhenry.htm [7] http://siarchives.si.edu/history/jhp/jos eph21.htm [8] http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0& did=338986411&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&VI nst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS= 1204938559&clientId=48051&aid=1 Henry_J oseph_1832_ajs.pdf American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879); Jan 3, 1832; 22, 2; APS Online pg. 403 On the Production of Current and Sparks of Electricity from Magnetism [9] Henry_1831_electromagnet_silk_insulate.p df APPENDIX.; On the application of the principle of the galvanic multiplier to electro-magnetic apparatus, and also to the developement of great magnetic power in soft Iron, with a small galvanic element; JOSEPH HENRY. American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879). New Haven: Jan 2, 1831. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; p. 400 (9 pages) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index= 0&did=338949441&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T S=1205045477&clientId=1568&aid=1 [10] "armature". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/a rmature | Princeton, NJ, USA3 4 |
[1] In 1846, the Smithsonian Board of Regents chose Joseph Henry as the Institution's first secretary. PD/Corel source: http://www.150.si.edu/chap2/2man .htm [2] Description Portrait of Joseph Henry Source http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/bigs/per s0124.jpg Date 1879 Author Henry Ulke (1821-1910) Permission (Reusing this image) Public domain. PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Jospe h_Henry_%281879%29.jpg |
165 YBN [1835 AD] 4 5 | 3300) The process of silvering objects (like mirrors) by chemical reduction of a silver nitrate solution with an aldehyde.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p201,325. 2. ^ Leibig, J., (1835) Annalem der Pharmacie, 14, 131-67. 3. ^ "Liebig, Justus Von", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p543-544. 4. ^ William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p201,325. {1835} 5. ^ Leibig, J., (1835) Annalem der Pharmacie, 14, 131-67. MORE INFO [1] "Justus von Liebig". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_ Liebig [2] "Baron Justus Von Liebig". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Baron_Ju stus_Von_Liebig [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "University of Giessen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_ of_Giessen | (University of Giessen), Giessen, Germany3 |
[1] Source: http://www.uh.edu/engines/jliebig.jpg A rtist & subject dies >70yrs ago. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:JustusLiebig.jpg [2] Deutsch: Justus Liebig 1821 als junger Student mit Burschenschaftsband, Zeichnung von 1843 Source http://www.liebig-museum.de/Tafeln/se ite_02.pdf Date 1843 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Young-Justus-Liebig.jpg |
164 YBN [02/09/1836 AD] 5 6 | 6602) The nerve cell, or neuron, is first identified.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeremy D. Schmahmann, M.D., and M.D. Deepak N. Pandya. Fiber Pathways of the Brain. OUP USA, 2009, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=Q IZ668QEH0wC&pg=PA26 2. ^ Valentin, G. G. "�ber den Verlauf und die letzten Enden der Nerven.", Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Nat. Curios 18.51,541 (1836). books.google.com/books?id=--IxA QAAMAAJ&pg=PA51 3. ^ "VALENTIN, GABRIEL GUSTAV", JewishEncyclopedia.com, (2002). http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view .jsp?artid=6&letter=V 4. ^ "Wroclaw." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 06 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/wroclaw 5. ^ Valentin, G. G. "�ber den Verlauf und die letzten Enden der Nerven.", Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Nat. Curios 18.51,541 (1836). books.google.com/books?id=--IxA QAAMAAJ&pg=PA51 6. ^ Jeremy D. Schmahmann, M.D., and M.D. Deepak N. Pandya. Fiber Pathways of the Brain. OUP USA, 2009, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=Q IZ668QEH0wC&pg=PA26 MORE INFO [1] "Gabriel Gustav Valentin", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp896-897 [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp304-305 [3] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp370-371. (1834) | (Breslau now:) Wrocław, Poland3 4 (presumably) |
[1] Valentin, G. G. ''Über den Verlauf und die letzten Enden der Nerven.'', Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Nat. Curios 18.51,541 (1836). books.google.com/books?id=--IxA QAAMAAJ&pg=PA241 PD AND Description English: Gabriel G. Valentin Polski: Gabriel G. Valentin Date before 1880 Source IHM Author Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) The National Library of Medicine believes this item to be in the public domain. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =--IxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA241http://upload.wiki media.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Gabriel _G._Valentin.jpg [2] Description English: Gabriel G. Valentin Polski: Gabriel G. Valentin Date before 1880 Source IHM Author Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) The National Library of Medicine believes this item to be in the public domain. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/75/Gabriel_G._Valentin.j pg |
164 YBN [1836 AD] 7 | 2813) A high voltage induction coil2 that can reach 600,000 volts3 , far above any voltage that can be generated with a voltaic pile4 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/callan.html 2. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/callan.html 3. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/callan.html 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/callan.html 6. ^ "Maynooth". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth 7. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/callan.html (1836) MORE INFO [1] "Nicholas Callan". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Ca llan [2] http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus /Electricity/Induction_Coil/Induction_Co il.html [3] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/page.html | Maynooth5 , Ireland6 |
[1] Nicholas Joseph Callan, Professor of Natural Philosophy PD/Corel source: http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekat z/scientists/callan.html [2] The ''Great Coil'' of Nicholas Callan, 1837 COPYRIGHTED source: same |
164 YBN [1836 AD] 3 4 | 2926) A screw propeller that replaces the paddle wheel.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp352-353. 2. ^ "John Ericsson". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2896/John-Ericsson 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp352-353. (1836) (1836) 4. ^ "John Ericsson". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2896/John-Ericsson (1836) MORE INFO [1] "John Ericsson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ericss on [2] "John Ericsson". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Eri csson | London, England2 (presumably) |
[1] John Ericsson (1803 - 1889), Swedish-born inventor. Original print in possession of National Archives. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:John_Ericsson_2.jpg [2] Library of Congress PD source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art /print?id=97184&articleTypeId=0 |
163 YBN [07/??/1837 AD] 6 7 8 | 3995) The principle of the electric speaker;1 that an iron bar emits sounds that correspond to the number of currents that rapidly magnetize and demagnetize it.2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ "The Production of Galvanic Music", The American journal of science and arts, Volume 32, Number 2, July, 1837, p396-397. http://books.google.com/books?id=gT0PA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=%22galvanic+music%22 #v=onepage&q=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=fa lse 3. ^ Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the phonograph", 1879,p3,11. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+mic rophone#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone &f=false and http://books.google.com/books?id=se QOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone& as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphon e&f=false 4. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878, p110. http://books.google.com/books?id= Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=%22ga lvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1 &sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl=en&e i=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q=%22g alvanic%20music%22&f=false 5. ^ Dr. Charles G. Page, "Experiments in Electro-Magnetism", American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol 33, p118. http://books.google.com/books?id= xj0PAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+ American+journal+of+science+and+arts+dat e:1838-1838#v=onepage&q=page&f=false 6. ^ "The Production of Galvanic Music", The American journal of science and arts, Volume 32, Number 2, July, 1837, p396-397. http://books.google.com/books?id=gT0PA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=%22galvanic+music%22 #v=onepage&q=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=fa lse {07/1837} 7. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878, p110. http://books.google.com/books?id= Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=%22ga lvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1 &sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl=en&e i=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q=%22g alvanic%20music%22&f=false {07/1837} 8. ^ Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the phonograph", 1879,p3,11. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+mic rophone#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone &f=false and http://books.google.com/books?id=se QOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone& as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphon e&f=false {1837} MORE INFO [1] Charles Grafton Page, "Psychomancy: Spirit-rappings and table-tippings exposed", 1853. http://books.google.com/books?id= kQFTqlVjfhUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=char les+grafton+page&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f =false [2] "Charles Grafton Page". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gra fton_Page [3] http://www.americanartifacts.com/smma/pa ge/page.htm [4] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/page.html [5] http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/291.h tml [6] Charles Grafton Page, "History of induction: The American claim to the induction coil and its ...", 1867. http://books.google.com/books?id= lrzn9ZX79jAC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=charles +grafton+page+1837+electromagnet&source= bl&ots=ZLXiJtW6Fe&sig=hAiExWZPt8GnGhnTGy xCOCIDnhc&hl=en&ei=M8aeSp61L43atgO0gfEs& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v =onepage&q=&f=false | Salem, Massachusetts, USA5 |
[1] ''The Production of Galvanic Music'', The American journal of science and arts, Volume 32, Number 2, July, 1837, p396-397. http://books.google.com/books?id=gT0PA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA396 PD AND [1] Description English: Charles Grafton Page Date c. 1860 Source Smithsonian file Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by User:Wdwd.. Author Charles Grafton Page. Anemonella at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain due to its age; PD-OLD-100. (Original text : Smithsonian negative 73-5100) PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =gT0PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA396http://upload.wiki media.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/CGPagep ortrait.jpg [2] Description English: Charles Grafton Page Date c. 1860 Source Smithsonian file Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by User:Wdwd.. Author Charles Grafton Page. Anemonella at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain due to its age; PD-OLD-100. (Original text : Smithsonian negative 73-5100) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f6/CGPageportrait.jpg |
162 YBN [12/??/1838 AD] 4 5 6 7 | 3103) The basis of the fuel-cell battery: the chemical union of hydrogen and oxygen gas in acidified water caused by platinum that generates electricity.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/grove.htm 2. ^ C. F. Shoenbein, "On the Voltaic Properties of certain Solid and Fluid Substances", "Philosophical Magazine", ser3, vol14, (1839). books.google.com/books?id=dF1KiX7MbSMC &pg=PA43 {schoenbein004.pdf} 3. ^ "Christian Friedrich Schonbein". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6197/Christian-Friedrich-Schonbein 4. ^ C. F. Shoenbein, "On the Voltaic Properties of certain Solid and Fluid Substances", "Philosophical Magazine", ser3, vol14, (1839). books.google.com/books?id=dF1KiX7MbSMC &pg=PA43 {schoenbein004.pdf} 5. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/grove.htm (01/1839) 6. ^ William Robert Grove, "On Voltaic Series and the Combination of Gases by Platinum.", Philosophical Magazine, Series 3, Volume 14, Number 86, Feb 1839, pp127-129. http://books.google.com/books?id=dF1Ki X7MbSMC&pg=PA127 {Grove_PM_1839.pdf} 7. ^ C. F. Shoenbein, "On the Voltaic Properties of certain Solid and Fluid Substances", "Philosophical Magazine", ser3, vol14, (1839). {schoenbein004.pdf} (01/1839) MORE INFO [1] "Christian Friedrich Schönbein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_F riedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbein [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] "Nitrocellulose". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellul ose [4] "nitrocellulose". The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/nitrocellul ose?cat=technology [5] http://www.answers.com/topic/esterificat ion?cat=technology&method=26&initiator=W ANS [6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp339-340. (1840) (1840) | (University of Basel) Basel, Switzerland3 |
[1] C. F. Shoenbein, ''On the Voltaic Properties of certain Solid and Fluid Substances'', ''Philosophical Magazine'', ser3, vol14, (1839). books.google.com/books?id=dF1KiX7MbSMC &pg=PA43 {schoenbein004.pdf} PD AND 19th century photograph. public domain. PD source: books.google.com/books?id=dF1KiX 7MbSMC&pg=PA43http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Image:Sch%C3%B6nbein.jpg [2] 19th century photograph. public domain. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Sch%C3%B6nbein.jpg |
162 YBN [1838 AD] 4 | 2500) The occurrence of different forms of the same element is named "allotropy" {u-lo-Tro-PE1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "allotropy." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun. 2013. llotropy>. 2. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm 3. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/berzelius.htm 4. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1838) MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Jons Jacob Berzelius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8919/Jons-Jacob-Berzelius [3] "Jöns Jakob Berzelius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_J akob_Berzelius [4] http://www.answers.com/J%C3%B6ns+Jakob+B erzelius+?cat=technology [5] "Karolinska Institute". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinska_ Institute [6] Jöns Jacob Berzelius A Guide to the Perplexed Chemist Journal The Chemical Educator Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg ISSN 1430-4171 Issue Volume 5, Number 6 / December, 2000 Category Chemistry and History DOI 10.1007/s00897000430a Page s 343-350 Subject Collection Chemistry and Materials Science SpringerLink Date Monday, April 04, 2005 berzelius_2000_chem_educator.pdf | Stokholm, Sweden3 (presumably) |
[1] http://www.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/i mages/Berzelius3c.jpg PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.jpg [2] Scientist: Berzelius, Jons Jakob (1779 - 1848) Discipline(s): Chemistry Print Artist: Charles W. Sharpe, d. 1875(76) Medium: Engraving Original Artist: Johan Olaf Sodermark, 1790-1848 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 26.8 x 18.2 cm / Sheet: 31.6 x 23 cm PD/COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific%2Didentity/CF/di splay_results.cfm?alpha_sort=B |
162 YBN [1838 AD] 9 | 2540) The parallax of a different star is measured, by comparing the position of 61 Cygni {SiG-nI6 }, to two other more distant stars during the course of a year. After correcting for the proper motion, the star appears to move in an ellipse every year which is due to parallax.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp296-297. 2. ^ "parallax." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/parallax 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp296-297. 4. ^ "cygni." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun. 2013. ygni>. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp296-297. 6. ^ "cygni." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun. 2013. ygni>. 7. ^ "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-823 3/Friedrich-Wilhelm-Bessel 8. ^ "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-823 3/Friedrich-Wilhelm-Bessel 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp296-297. (1838) (1838) MORE INFO [1] "popup?va=parallax". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/mwu/popup?va=p arallax | Königsberg, (Prussia now:) Germany8 |
[1] Stellar parallax motion PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Stellarparallax2.svg [2] Example of lunar parallax: Occultation of Pleiades by the Moon Example of lunar parallax from 4 points on earth This is a simulated image, combining of 4 views of the sky and the moon's location relative to the background stars at a single point in time. The bright stars visible are the star cluster Pleiades. The date March 22, 1988 was chosen because the moon occulted stars within the pleides as visible from North America. NOTE: This diagram is geometrically accurate, although not physically possible to see since the moon was not actually above the horizon in half the views. Specifically you can never see the Pleiades from the south pole! They were just picked as extreme views from the earth, the limit of what might be seen from a set of four locations in a square on a great circle and a moon just above the horizon in all four locations. Credit: Tom Ruen, Full Sky Observatory * This image was generated by my own solar system viewing software. * Source bitmap for projection from Nasa's Clementine Spacecraft: o USGS: Global simple cylindrical projection at 10 km/pixel. (http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/C lementine/images/albedo.simp750.jpeg) P D source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Lunarparallax_22_3_1988.png |
162 YBN [1838 AD] 7 | 2934) The first cell theory: that all plants are made of cells.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp354-355. 2. ^ "Cell theory." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 18 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-theory -1 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp354-355. 4. ^ "Cell theory." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 18 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-theory -1 5. ^ "Cell theory." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 18 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-theory -1 6. ^ "Mathias Jacob Schleiden". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6147/Mathias-Jacob-Schleiden 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp354-355. (1838) MORE INFO [1] "Matthias Jakob Schleiden". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Matthias _Jakob_Schleiden [2] Trisha Creekmore. The Science Channel :: 100 Greatest Discoveries: Biology. Discovery Communications. http://science.discovery.com/convergence /100discoveries/big100/biology.html [3] "University of Jena". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_ of_Jena | (University of Jena) Jena, Germany6 |
[1] Matthias Jakob Schleiden Library of Congress PD source: http://www.answers.com/Matthias+ Jakob+Schleiden+?cat=technology [2] 01 Jan 1870 Matthias Schleiden (Photo by Kean Collection/Getty Images ) [t again large side burns looks to be mid to late 1800s] PD source: http://www.viewimages.com/Search .aspx?mid=50898741&epmid=1&partner=Googl e |
162 YBN [1838 AD] 5 6 7 | 3386) The direct-acting gas combustion engine; a cylinder is directly moved by the explosion.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Donkin, B. A Text-book on Gas, Oil and Air Engines: Or, Internal Combustion Motors Without Boiler. C. Griffin and company, limited, 1896, p23. http://books.google.com/books?id=8 d03AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23 2. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi ne 3. ^ Donkin, B. A Text-book on Gas, Oil and Air Engines: Or, Internal Combustion Motors Without Boiler. C. Griffin and company, limited, 1896, p23. http://books.google.com/books?id=8 d03AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23 4. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi ne 5. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi ne {1838} 6. ^ Dugald Clerk, "The Gas Engine", Scientific American Supplement (Vol. 19, #484: April 11, 1885) http://onlinebooks.library.upenn. edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=13939 and also http://www.a1nethost.com/american/scie ntific-american/484/00.htm#3 {1838} 7. ^ William Robinson, "Gas and Petroleum Engines: A Practical Treatise on the Internal Combustion ...", http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+ street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=z XhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct= result#PPA102,M1 {1838} MORE INFO [1] http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/pr ojects/cecil/history.html | ?, England |
[1] Donkin, B. A Text-book on Gas, Oil and Air Engines: Or, Internal Combustion Motors Without Boiler. C. Griffin and company, limited, 1896. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8d03AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA22 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =8d03AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA22 [2] Barnett's ignition cock PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?id =8e9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22r obert+street%22+patent+engine&source=web &ots=zXhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ 0kuNyVI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum =1&ct=result#PPA219,M1 |
161 YBN [07/29/1839 AD] 25 | 3308) Light is converted into electricity (the photoelectric or photovoltaic effect).16 17 18 This is the first photovoltaic (or "solar") cell.19 20 21 Sunlight contacting metal electrodes that are immersed in a liquid electrolyte (such as ferric chloride mixed with ether) produces a very small electric current.22 23 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZ FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 2. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839, p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books ?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561 3. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/552875/solar-cell>. 4. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZ FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 5. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839, p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books ?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561 6. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/552875/solar-cell>. 7. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZ FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 8. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839, p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books ?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561 9. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/552875/solar-cell>. 10. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZ FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 11. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839, p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books ?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561 12. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/552875/solar-cell>. 13. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZ FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 14. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839, p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books ?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561 15. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/552875/solar-cell>. 16. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZ FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 17. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839, p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books ?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561 18. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/552875/solar-cell>. 19. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZ FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 20. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839, p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books ?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561 21. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/552875/solar-cell>. 22. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZ FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 23. ^ Knopfel, T., and E.S. Boyden. Optogenetics: Tools for Controlling and Monitoring Neuronal Activity. Elsevier Science, 2012. Progress in Brain Research, p226. http://books.google.com/books?id= WokkW1YSGKUC&pg=PA226 24. ^ "Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p72. 25. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumière solaire, au moyen des courants électriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149; 561. also Annalen der Physick und Chemie, Vol. 54, pp. 18-34, 1841. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-2968&M=chemindefer English: "Research on the effects of the chemical radiation of solar light by means of the electric currents" {Becquerel_Edmond_1839.pdf} {07/29/1839} MORE INFO [1] "thermionic power converter." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 6050> [2] "A. E. Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Becqu erel [3] "Becquerel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Becquere l [4] Edmond Becquerel, "Des effets chimiques et électriques produits sous l'influence de la lumière solaire", 1840. http://jubil.upmc.fr/sdx/pl/doc-t dm.xsp?id=TH_000231_001_page1&fmt=upmc&b ase=fa&root=&n=&qid=&ss=&as=&ai=#page1 [5] "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-458 72> [6] http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biograph y/BecquerelEdmond.html [7] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Isd9IEnR4 bw {video of liquid oxygen paramagnetism} | (University of Paris) Paris, France24 |
[1] Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. ''Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumière solaire, au moyen des courants électriques.'' CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: ''Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents'' books.google.com/books?id=zm ZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 PD AND [2] Scientist: Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond (1820 - 1891) Discipline(s): Physics Print Artist: Charles Jeremie Fuhr, b.1832 Medium: Lithograph Original Artist: Pierre Petit, 1832-1885 Original Dimensions: Graphic: 25.5 x 19 cm / Sheet: 30.6 x 20.1 cm PD/Corel source: books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAA AAcAAJ&pg=PA145http://www.sil.si.edu/dig italcollections/hst/scientific-identity/ fullsize/SIL14-B2-07a.jpg [2] Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. ''Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumière solaire, au moyen des courants électriques.'' CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: ''Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents'' books.google.com/books?id=zm ZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAA AAcAAJ&pg=PA145 |
161 YBN [1839 AD] 3 4 | 3072) Cell theory is extended to all animals and plants.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp372-373. 2. ^ "Schwann, Theodor." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6255>. 3. ^ "Schwann, Theodor." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6255>. (1839) 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp372-373. (1839) MORE INFO [1] "cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 6125> [2] Schwann, Theodor and Schleyden, M. J. 1847. "Microscopical researches into the accordance in the structure and growth of animals and plants". London: Printed for the Sydenham Society. http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/d ata/lit28715? [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Sch wann [4] http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/da ta?id=per136 | (University of Louvain) Louvain, Belgium2 |
[1] Theodor Schwann Library of Congress PD source: http://content.answers.com/main/ content/img/scitech/HStheodo.jpg [2] Autore: Pasquale Baroni Fonte: foto Gonella Copyright © Museo di Anatomia Umana ''Luigi Rolando'', Torino olio su tela PD? COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.torinoscienza.it/img/ orig/it/s00/00/0011/000011a0.jpg |
161 YBN [1839 AD] 8 9 10 11 12 13 | 3137) The plastic polystyrene {Po-lE-STI-rEN1 } is discovered;2 the first recorded polymerization {Pu-liMR-u-ZA-suN3 }.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "polystyrene." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun. 2013. olystyrene>. 2. ^ "Polystyrene and Styrofoam", Mary Bellis, About.com. http://inventors.about.com/library/inv entors/blpolystyrene.htm 3. ^ "polymerization." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun. 2013. olymerization>. 4. ^ Simon, E. "Ueber den flussingen Storax (Styrax liquidus)." Annalen der Pharmacie, Volume 31, 1839, p265-277. http://books.google.com/books ?id=7Bc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA265 5. ^ Boundy, R.H., R.F. Boyer, and S.M. Stoesser. Styrene: Its Polymers, Copolymers, and Derivatives. Hafner Pub. Co., 1952. Monograph Series, Volume 1, p1. http://books.google.com/books?ei=S- LAUaL9FoWSiAKIq4DAAw {Styrene_1970.pdf} 6. ^ John Scheirs, Duane Priddy, Inc NetLibrary, "Modern Styrenic Polymers: Polystyrenes and Styrenic Copolymers", John Wiley & Sons, 2003, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=FR GoFxKels4C&pg=PA3&dq=Eduard+Simon+polyst yrene&sig=vqLFWFTDE9icvea19zFUn87yesY 7. ^ "Polystyrene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene 8. ^ "industrial polymers, major." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 37>, p4. (1839) 9. ^ "Polystyrene and Styrofoam", Mary Bellis, About.com. http://inventors.about.com/library/inv entors/blpolystyrene.htm (1839) 10. ^ Simon, E. "Ueber den flussingen Storax (Styrax liquidus)." Annalen der Pharmacie, Volume 31, 1839, p265-277. http://books.google.com/books ?id=7Bc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA265 11. ^ Boundy, R.H., R.F. Boyer, and S.M. Stoesser. Styrene: Its Polymers, Copolymers, and Derivatives. Hafner Pub. Co., 1952. Monograph Series, Volume 1, p1. http://books.google.com/books?ei=S- LAUaL9FoWSiAKIq4DAAw {Styrene_1970.pdf} 12. ^ Boundy, R.H., R.F. Boyer, and S.M. Stoesser. Styrene: Its Polymers, Copolymers, and Derivatives. Hafner Pub. Co., 1952. Monograph Series, Volume 1, p2-3. http://books.google.com/books?ei= S-LAUaL9FoWSiAKIq4DAAw {Styrene_1970.pd f} 13. ^ Neumann, C., and C.H. Kessel. Chymia Medica Dogmatico-experimentalis... Oder Die Gr�ndliche Und Mit Experimenten Erwiesene Medicinische Chymie: In Sich Fassend Die Lehre Von Nassen Chymischen Arzneyen, Wie Solche Aufs Ordentlichste Und Vorz�glichste Zu Verfertigen Seyn. Dendeler, 1749. Chymia Medica Dogmatico-experimentalis... Oder Die Gr�ndliche Und Mit Experimenten Erwiesene Medicinische Chymie: In Sich Fassend Die Lehre Von Nassen Chymischen Arzneyen, Wie Solche Aufs Ordentlichste Und Vorz�glichste Zu Verfertigen Seyn, p373. http://books.google.com/books?id= hhVAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA373 | Berlin, Germany7 |
[1] Description Polystyrene packaging material Date Source Own work Author User:Acdx GNU AND Simon, E. ''Ueber den flussingen Storax (Styrax liquidus).'' Annalen der Pharmacie, Volume 31, 1839, p265-277. http://books.google.com/books ?id=7Bc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA265 PD AND CD case made from general purpose polystyrene (GPPS) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) Description Español: Caja de CD hecha de poliestireno cristal y poliestireno choque English: CD box made of GPPS and HIPS Français : Boîte de CD faite en polystyrène crystal et choc Date 2007 Source Own work Author Hispalois GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expanded_polyst yrene_foam_dunnage.jpg/1135px-Expanded_p olystyrene_foam_dunnage.jpghttp://books. google.com/books?id=7Bc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26 5http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ommons/9/90/Caja_de_CD.jpg [2] Description Polystyrene packaging material Date Source Own work Author User:Acdx GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expanded_polyst yrene_foam_dunnage.jpg/1135px-Expanded_p olystyrene_foam_dunnage.jpg |
160 YBN [03/12/1840 AD] 3 | 3875) Infrared spectral lines are identified.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John F. W. Herschel, "On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and Other Substances, Both Metallic and Non-Metallic, and on Some Photographic Processes", Philosophical Transactions, v130, 1840, p1-59. http://journals.royalsociety.org /content/j3401r3x2g4r02h8/?p=684dc9788b8 f4fdba45c07657d6560dfπ=11 {Herschel_Jo hn_infrared_1840.pdf} 2. ^ "Sir John Herschel 1st Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0234/Sir-John-Herschel-1st-Baronet 3. ^ John F. W. Herschel, "On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and Other Substances, Both Metallic and Non-Metallic, and on Some Photographic Processes", Philosophical Transactions, v130, 1840, p1-59. http://journals.royalsociety.org /content/j3401r3x2g4r02h8/?p=684dc9788b8 f4fdba45c07657d6560dfπ=11 {Herschel_Jo hn_infrared_1840.pdf} {03/12/1840} MORE INFO [1] "John Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hersch el [2] "Sir John Frederick William, Bart Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_John _Frederick_William,_Bart_Herschel [3] "Herschel, John Frederick William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p416-417 [4] "John Herschel". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/John+Herschel?cat =technology [5] "Sir John Herschel 1st Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 0234/Sir-John-Herschel-1st-Baronet (1839) | London, England2 (presumably) |
[1] Thermographs from 1840 John Herschel paper. PD source: http://journals.royalsociety.org /content/j3401r3x2g4r02h8/?p=684dc9788b8 f4fdba45c07657d6560dfπ=11 [2] John Herschel PD source: "Herschel, John Frederick William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p417. |
160 YBN [12/17/1840 AD] 3 4 5 | 3238) The heat created by electrical current is found to equal the square of the current multiplied by the resistance.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp398-400. 2. ^ James Prescott Joule, William Scoresby, Lyon Playfair Playfair, William Thomson, "The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule: (2 vol.)", The Society, 1884, pp59-60. http://books.google.com/books? id=UR5WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59&dq=%22On+the+Pro duction+of+Heat+by+Voltaic+Electricity%2 2 3. ^ James Prescott Joule, William Scoresby, Lyon Playfair Playfair, William Thomson, "The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule: (2 vol.)", The Society, 1884, pp59-60. http://books.google.com/books? id=UR5WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59&dq=%22On+the+Pro duction+of+Heat+by+Voltaic+Electricity%2 2 (12/17/1840) 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp398-400. (1840) 5. ^ "James Prescott Joule." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-presc ott-joule (1840) MORE INFO [1] "James Prescott Joule." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-presc ott-joule [2] "James Prescott Joule." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-presc ott-joule [3] "James Joule". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joule [4] "James Prescott Joule". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/James_Pr escott_Joule [5] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [6] "Joule, James Prescott." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 4024> | Broom Hill (near Manchester), England2 |
[1] Description Picture of James Joule Source The Life & Experiences of Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe (Macmillan: London and New York), p. 120 Date 1906 Author Henry Roscoe PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0f/Joule_James_sitting.j pg [2] Description Engraving of James Joule Source Nature, volume 26, facing page 616 (October, 1882) Date 1882 Author C. H. Jeens PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/41/Joule_James_Jeens_eng raving.jpg |
160 YBN [1840 AD] 4 | 2921) The first chemical fertilizers. That loss of soil fertility is caused by the consumption by plants of the minerals necessary for life such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus is recognized.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp351-352. 2. ^ "Justus baron von Liebig". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8177/Justus-baron-von-Liebig 3. ^ "University of Giessen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_ of_Giessen 4. ^ "Justus baron von Liebig". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8177/Justus-baron-von-Liebig (1840) MORE INFO [1] "Justus von Liebig". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_ Liebig [2] "Baron Justus Von Liebig". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Baron_Ju stus_Von_Liebig [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | (University of Giessen), Giessen, Germany2 3 |
[1] Source: http://www.uh.edu/engines/jliebig.jpg A rtist & subject dies >70yrs ago. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:JustusLiebig.jpg [2] Deutsch: Justus Liebig 1821 als junger Student mit Burschenschaftsband, Zeichnung von 1843 Source http://www.liebig-museum.de/Tafeln/se ite_02.pdf Date 1843 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Young-Justus-Liebig.jpg |
159 YBN [01/11/1841 AD] 3 | 3600) An electric clock.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Munro, Heroes of the Telegraph, "The Religious tract society", 1891. http://books.google.com/books?id= lM4LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277&dq=Alexander+Bain+ telegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM_PEajitQOKwO GrAQ 2. ^ John Munro, Heroes of the Telegraph, "The Religious tract society", 1891. http://books.google.com/books?id= lM4LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277&dq=Alexander+Bain+ telegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM_PEajitQOKwO GrAQ 3. ^ John Munro, Heroes of the Telegraph, "The Religious tract society", 1891. http://books.google.com/books?id= lM4LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277&dq=Alexander+Bain+ telegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM_PEajitQOKwO GrAQ {01/11/1841} MORE INFO [1] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/bain.html [2] "telephone and telephone system." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/585993/telephone> [3] "Alexander Bain" (obituary), Nature, Jan 11, 1877, 218. http://books.google.com/books?id=v 38CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA218&dq=Alexander+Bain+t elegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM_PEajitQOKwOG rAQ [4] Iconographic Encyclopaedia of the Arts and Sciences, Iconographic publishing co., 1890, p376. http://books.google.com/books?id= JkcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA376&dq=Alexander+B ain+telegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM_PEajitQ OKwOGrAQ | London, England2 |
[1] Bain's clock PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?id =JkcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA376&dq=Alexander+ Bain+telegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM_PEajit QOKwOGrAQ#PRA2-PA126-IA1,M1 [2] [t Bain's clock - not clear what year] PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?id =-PQDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ale xander+Bain+telegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM _PEajitQOKwOGrAQ#PPA36,M1 |
159 YBN [1841 AD] 7 | 3158) Cell division is described.3 4 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ "Robert Remak." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-rema k 2. ^ (presumably this is the paper) Remak, "Teilung roter Blutzellen beim Embryo." Medizinische Vereinszeitung (1841). English: Remak, Robert "Division of red blood cells in the embryo" 3. ^ "Robert Remak." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-rema k 4. ^ (presumably this is the paper) Remak, "Teilung roter Blutzellen beim Embryo." Medizinische Vereinszeitung (1841). English: Remak, Robert "Division of red blood cells in the embryo" 5. ^ "Robert Remak." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-rema k 6. ^ Record ID2886. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 7. ^ "Robert Remak." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-rema k (1841) MORE INFO [1] "Remak, Robert", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p740 [2] "Remak, Robert." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 3146> [3] http://medical-dictionary.thefreediction ary.com/Adrenergic+fibers | (University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany5 6 (presumably) |
[1] Robert Remak PD/Corel source: http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n 17/history/remak2.JPG [2] Robert Remak PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b2/Robert_Remak.gif |
159 YBN [1841 AD] 3 | 3190) The theory that the nucleus transmits inherited characteristics1 . FO OTNOTES 1. ^ "Koelliker, Rudolf Albert Von", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p495. 2. ^ "Koelliker, Rudolf Albert Von", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p495. 3. ^ "Koelliker, Rudolf Albert Von", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p495. (1841) MORE INFO [1] "Albert von Kölliker." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-von- kolliker [2] "Albert von Kölliker." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 27 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-von- kolliker [3] "Rudolf Albert von Kölliker". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Albe rt_von_K%C3%B6lliker [4] "Rudolph Albert Von Kolliker". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rudolph_ Albert_Von_Kolliker | (University of Zurich) Zurich, Switzerland2 |
[1] Kölliker, Albert von PD/Corel source: http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/pc /kolliker.jpg [2] Rudolph Albert von Kölliker (1857–1905) from portrait Left: Photograph showing Brown-Séquard. Right: Portrait of Von Kölliker. PD/Corel source: http://www.medscape.com/content/ 2004/00/46/84/468471/art-nf468471.fig7.j pg |
158 YBN [03/30/1842 AD] 7 | 3171) The first use of an anesthetic for surgery;3 a person is made to lose consciousness by inhaling ether before surgery in which a neck tumor is removed.4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "anesthesia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1507634/anesthesia>. 2. ^ "anesthesia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1507634/anesthesia>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p389. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p389. 5. ^ "Crawford Long." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/crawford-lo ng 6. ^ "Long, Crawford Williamson." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 8846>. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p389. (03/30/1842) | Jefferson, Georgia6 |
[1] 1870 photograph of Crawford Long, anesthesia pioneer PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8c/CrawfordLong.jpg |
158 YBN [07/04/1842 AD] 3 | 5837) The "light fountain"; the basis of fiber optic communication.1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Daniel Colladon, "Sur les réflexions d'un rayon de lumière à l'intérieur d'une veine liquide parabolique", Comptes Rendus, 15, p800-802, (1842). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/1214 8/bpt6k2974q/f800.image {Colladon_Danie l_18420704.pdf} English: "On the reflections of a ray of light inside a parabolic liquid stream" 2. ^ Daniel Colladon, "Sur les réflexions d'un rayon de lumière à l'intérieur d'une veine liquide parabolique", Comptes Rendus, 15, p800-802, (1842). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/1214 8/bpt6k2974q/f800.image {Colladon_Danie l_18420704.pdf} English: "On the reflections of a ray of light inside a parabolic liquid stream" 3. ^ Daniel Colladon, "Sur les réflexions d'un rayon de lumière à l'intérieur d'une veine liquide parabolique", Comptes Rendus, 15, p800-802, (1842). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/1214 8/bpt6k2974q/f800.image {Colladon_Danie l_18420704.pdf} English: "On the reflections of a ray of light inside a parabolic liquid stream" {07/04/1842} MORE INFO [1] "Fiberoptic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberoptic | Paris, France2 (presumably) |
[1] Daniel Colladon first described this ''light fountain'' or ''light pipe'' in an 1842 article titled On the reflections of a ray of light inside a parabolic liquid stream. This particular illustration comes from a later article by Colladon, in 1884. Author: Jean-Daniel Colladon (1802-1893). Source: This illustration appears in ''La Nature'' magazine in 1884 and it is reproduced in modern-day accounts of the history of fiber optics including Jeff Hecht's book Story of Fiber Optics and i-fiberoptics.com. Collodon first described the system in an article in ''Comptes Rendus'' 1842, and described it again in 1884 in ''La Nature''. In the above illustration, water comes out of a short spout on the watertank and then falls through open air, as in a fountain. The device on the illustration's lefthand side produces light and directs a beam of light into the watertank. The demonstration of this ''light fountain'' needs to be done in a darkened room to see the effect. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/ec/DanielColladon%27s_Li ghtfountain_or_Lightpipe%2CLaNature%28ma gazine%29%2C1884.JPG [2] Jean Daniel COLLADON (1802-1893) PD source: http://www.pionnair-ge.com/spip1 /IMG/jpg/Colladon-Jean-Daniel-prtrt.jpg |
158 YBN [1842 AD] 6 7 8 | 2929) The Doppler effect: that frequency of light and sound is affected by the relative motion of the source and observer.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Doppler, "Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels," Böhm. Gesell. Abbandlungen ii. 1841-42 s. 465. http://books.google.com/books?id=z l5RAAAAcAAJ 2. ^ "Christian Doppler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 0954/Christian-Doppler 3. ^ Doppler, "Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels," Böhm. Gesell. Abbandlungen ii. 1841-42 s. 465. http://books.google.com/books?id=z l5RAAAAcAAJ 4. ^ "Christian Doppler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 0954/Christian-Doppler 5. ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Biographies/Doppler.html 6. ^ Doppler, "Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels," Böhm. Gesell. Abbandlungen ii. 1841-42 s. 465. http://books.google.com/books?id=z l5RAAAAcAAJ 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p353. (1842) (1842) 8. ^ "Christian Doppler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 0954/Christian-Doppler (1842) MORE INFO [1] "Christian Johann Doppler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_J ohann_Doppler [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm | (Prague Polytechnic, now Czech Technical University)Prague, Czech Republic5 |
[1] Description English: Photographic portrait of Christian Doppler (1803-1853) Date unknown, but subject died in 1853 Source http://www.scientific-web.com/en/Physic s/Biographies/images/CDoppler2.jpg Auth or unknown PD AND Doppler, ''Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels,'' Böhm. Gesell. Abbandlungen ii. 1841-42 s. 465. http://books.google.com/books?id=z l5RAAAAcAAJ PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/86/Christian_Doppler.jpg http://books.google.com/books?id=zl5RAAA AcAAJ [2] Description English: Photographic portrait of Christian Doppler (1803-1853) Date unknown, but subject died in 1853 Source http://www.scientific-web.com/en/Physic s/Biographies/images/CDoppler2.jpg Auth or unknown PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/86/Christian_Doppler.jpg |
157 YBN [1843 AD] 6 | 6240) The first remote controlled wired explosive.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Samuel Colt." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/126860/Samuel-Colt>. 2. ^ Colby, F.M., and T. Williams. The New International Encyclopaedia. Dodd, Mead and company, 1918. The New International Encyclopaedia, p352. http://books.google.com/books?id= WnANAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA352 3. ^ "Samuel Colt." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/126860/Samuel-Colt>. 4. ^ Colby, F.M., and T. Williams. The New International Encyclopaedia. Dodd, Mead and company, 1918. The New International Encyclopaedia, p352. http://books.google.com/books?id= WnANAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA352 5. ^ "Samuel Colt." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/126860/Samuel-Colt>. 6. ^ "Samuel Colt." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/126860/Samuel-Colt>. {1843} | Paterson, New Jersey, USA5 (presumably) |
[1] Description Samuel Colt (1814 – 1862) English: Samuel Colt, founder of the firearms manufacturer Colt Deutsch: Samuel Colt, Begründer des Waffenherstellers Colt Date Source 19th century engraving PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3f/SamuelColt.jpg |
156 YBN [1844 AD] 4 | 3093) The first photographs from a microscope.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "John Draper." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 10 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp403-405. 3. ^ "John William Draper". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Wil liam_Draper 4. ^ http://photography.si.edu/SearchImage.as px?t=3&ex=STC_26&id=691# (1844) MORE INFO [1] http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/researc h/arch/175/pages/draper.htm [2] "John Draper." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 10 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper [3] "John William Draper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Willia m_Draper [4] http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/hist ory/draper.htm (1840) [5] "John Draper." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 10 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper (1840) | (New York University) New York City, New York, USA3 |
[1] Photomicrograph of Frog Blood John William Draper Daguerreotype 1844 National Museum of American History, Behring Center, Division of Information Technology and Communications Photographic History Collection Image ID: AFS 201 How to locate or purchase this image A multitalented scientist and inventor, John William Draper worked as a chemistry professor at the University of New York, where he conducted research in numerous fields, ranging from medicine and philosophy to spectrum analysis and photography. This photograph displaying the physiological characteristics of frog blood was taken after Draper developed a method for attaching a camera to his microscope. His photomicrography enabled him to see and photograph the previously unseen. PD/Corel source: http://photography.si.edu/upload /Images/778_Image_201.jpg [2] [t note that date in 1840] Spectrograph John William Draper Daguerreotype 1840 National Museum of American History, Behring Center, Division of Information Technology and Communications Photographic History Collection Image ID: AFS 138 PD/Corel source: http://photography.si.edu/upload /Images/691_Image_138.jpg |
155 YBN [01/04/1845 AD] 5 6 | 2811) Sunspots are shown to be cooler than the rest of the Sun.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ American Philosophical Society. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge. American Philosophical Society., 1847. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge. p174. books.google.com/books?id=X8AAAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA174 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. 4. ^ "Joseph Henry". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Henry?cat= technology 5. ^ American Philosophical Society. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge. American Philosophical Society., 1847. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge. p174. books.google.com/books?id=X8AAAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA174 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. (1848) (1848) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Henry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henr y [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] http://www.150.si.edu/chap2/two.htm [4] http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bljosephhenry.htm [5] http://siarchives.si.edu/history/jhp/jos eph21.htm [6] http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0& did=338986411&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&VI nst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS= 1204938559&clientId=48051&aid=1 Henry_J oseph_1832_ajs.pdf American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879); Jan 3, 1832; 22, 2; APS Online pg. 403 On the Production of Current and Sparks of Electricity from Magnetism [7] Henry_1831_electromagnet_silk_insulate.p df APPENDIX.; On the application of the principle of the galvanic multiplier to electro-magnetic apparatus, and also to the developement of great magnetic power in soft Iron, with a small galvanic element; JOSEPH HENRY. American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879). New Haven: Jan 2, 1831. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; p. 400 (9 pages) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index= 0&did=338949441&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T S=1205045477&clientId=1568&aid=1 [8] "armature". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/a rmature | Princeton, NJ, USA3 4 |
[1] Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 4, pp. 173-176 Stated Meeting, June 20, pp. 170-181 http://www.jstor.org/view/00030 49x/ap030007/03a00020/0?frame=frame&user ID=a9eaf18d@uci.edu/01c0a848750050a13c3& dpi=3&config=jstor AND books.google.com/books?id=X8AAAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA174 {Henry_sunspot.pdf} PD AND [1] In 1846, the Smithsonian Board of Regents chose Joseph Henry as the Institution's first secretary. PD/Corel source: http://www.jstor.org/view/000304 9x/ap030007/03a00020/0?frame=frame&userI D=a9eaf18d@uci.edu/01c0a848750050a13c3&d pi=3&config=jstorbooks.google.com/books? id=X8AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA174 http://www.150 .si.edu/chap2/2man.htm [2] In 1846, the Smithsonian Board of Regents chose Joseph Henry as the Institution's first secretary. PD/Corel source: http://www.150.si.edu/chap2/2man .htm |
155 YBN [04/??/1845 AD] 13 14 15 | 2839) The spiral shape of other galaxies is recognized.9 10 11 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://books.google.com/books? id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307 /108449 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. 3. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://books.google.com/books? id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307 /108449 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. 5. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://books.google.com/books? id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307 /108449 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. 7. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://books.google.com/books? id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307 /108449 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. 9. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://books.google.com/books? id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307 /108449 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. 11. ^ "William Parsons 3rd earl of Rosse". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 4148/William-Parsons-3rd-earl-of-Rosse 12. ^ http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/ Galaxies.html 13. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://books.google.com/books? id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307 /108449 14. ^ http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/Artik el/birr/birr_e.htm (04/1845) 15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. (1845) (1845) MORE INFO [1] "William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Par sons%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse [2] "William Parsons Rosse". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_ Parsons_Rosse [3] http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~trw/telescopes. html [4] http://seds.org/MESSIER/more/m-rosse.htm l [5] http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/unive rse/scientists/william_parsons_3rd_earl_ of_rosse#default [6] Rosse, Earl of. "Observations on Some of the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 134 (1844): 321-324. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 .2307/108366 | (Birr Castle) Parsonstown, Ireland12 |
[1] The Earl of Rosse. ''Observations on the Nebulae.'' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 .2307/108449 PD source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2 307/108449 [2] Abb. 2 - Lord Rosse's drwaing of M 51 showing its spiral structure. [t Notice that Parsons numbers stars which appear to be part of the galaxy] PD/Corel source: http://www.klima-luft.de/steinic ke/Artikel/birr/birr_e.htm |
155 YBN [09/18/1845 AD] 3 4 | 2713) Plane polarized light is found to rotate when passing through glass subjected to an electromagnetic field.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_ Faraday 2. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9756/Michael-Faraday 3. ^ "1845 )". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_ Faraday (09/18/1845 (received 11/06/1845 ) (09/18/1845 (received 11/06/1845) 4. ^ Faraday_e19_polarization.pdf, 1. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content /?k=michael+faraday+ninetenth+series Experimental Researches in Electricity. Nineteenth Series Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 136 - 1846 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1846.0001 (09/18/1845 (received 11/06/1845) (09/18/1845 (received 11/06/1845 ) MORE INFO [1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Far aday [2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+? cat=technology [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada y.htm [5] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of 1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 / 1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.19 93.0031 [6] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_ Electricity_1.pdf Experimental Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006 [7] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c alico [8] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9642/Charles-Darwin [9] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMa terials.html [10] http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAA AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science +of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1 [11] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM [12] The Bakerian Lecture: On the Manufacture of Glass for Optical Purposes Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 120 - 1830 Pages 1-57 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1830. 0002 http://journals.royalsociety.org/c ontent/f155428w87055468/?p=2f7f52c8e0d34 1ab877621b12a9cbd1b&pi=1 | (Royal Institution in) London, England2 |
[1] Figure 1 from [16 4] PD/COPYRIGHTED source: Faraday_e19_polarization.pdf ht tp://journals.royalsociety.org/content/? k=michael+faraday+ninetenth+series Experimental Researches in Electricity. Nineteenth Series Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 136 - 1846 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1846.0001 4 [2] Description Michael Faraday, oil, by Thomas Phillips Source Thomas Phillips,1842 Date 1842 Author Thomas Phillips[3 wiki] The portrait shown here was painted by Thomas Phillips (1770-1845), oil on canvas, The National Portrait Gallery, London.[7] PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:M_Far aday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg |
155 YBN [1845 AD] 3 4 | 3401) The air filled tire.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "tire." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/596799/tire>. 2. ^ http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Sco tland-History/RobertWilliamThomson.htm 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p417. {1845} 4. ^ "tire." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/596799/tire>. {1845} MORE INFO [1] "Robert William Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Will iam_Thomson | London, England2 (presumably) |
[1] US Patent 5104 PD/Corel source: http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc? DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5104&F=0&QPN=US5104 [2] Obituary of Robert William Thomson, Scottish engineer and inventor of the locomotive traction steam engine. The text above his obituary is the end of Lord Ossington (John Evelyn Denison)'s obituary. Source Illustrated London News Date March 29, 1873 Author Engraving by R & E Taylor, after a photograph by a Mr. Peterson of Copenhagen. Author of the obituary unknown. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/77/Robert_William_Thomso n_-_Illustrated_London_News_March_29_187 3.png |
154 YBN [09/23/1846 AD] 23 24 25 | 3073) Planet Neptune is first observed.16 17 18 19 20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374. 2. ^ Galle, J. G., "Account of the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7, p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS. ..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper =YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf 3. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsa bs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275. 4. ^ Encke, M. "XXXII. On the newly discovered planet." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30.200 (1847): 181-185. http://books.google.com/books? id=iB9DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181 5. ^ Bericht �ber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der K�nigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Oct 22 1846, p279 http://books.google.com/books?id=H q0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374. 7. ^ Galle, J. G., "Account of the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7, p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS. ..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper =YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf 8. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsa bs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275. 9. ^ Encke, M. "XXXII. On the newly discovered planet." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30.200 (1847): 181-185. http://books.google.com/books? id=iB9DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181 10. ^ Bericht �ber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der K�nigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Oct 22 1846, p279 http://books.google.com/books?id=H q0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374. 12. ^ Galle, J. G., "Account of the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7, p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS. ..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper =YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf 13. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsa bs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275. 14. ^ Encke, M. "XXXII. On the newly discovered planet." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30.200 (1847): 181-185. http://books.google.com/books? id=iB9DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181 15. ^ Bericht �ber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der K�nigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Oct 22 1846, p279 http://books.google.com/books?id=H q0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279 16. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp378-379. 17. ^ Galle, J. G., "Account of the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7, p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS. ..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper =YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf 18. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsa bs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275. 19. ^ Encke, M. "XXXII. On the newly discovered planet." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30.200 (1847): 181-185. http://books.google.com/books? id=iB9DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181 20. ^ Bericht �ber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der K�nigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Oct 22 1846, p279 http://books.google.com/books?id=H q0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279 21. ^ "Urbain Jean Joseph Leverrier." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/urbain-jean -joseph-leverrier 22. ^ "Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7487>. 23. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374. (09/23/1846) 24. ^ "Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 7487>. (09/23/1846) 25. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsa bs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275. MORE INFO [1] "Urbain-Jean-Joseph Le Verrier", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p538 [2] "celestial mechanics." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-774 32> | Berlin, Germany21 (and Paris, France22 ) |
[1] Galle, J. G., ''Account of the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846'', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7, p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS. ..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper =YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf PD AND [1] Scientist: Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph (1811 - 1877) Discipline(s): Astronomy Print Artist: Auguste Bry, 19th C. Medium: Lithograph Original Dimensions: Graphic: 12.5 x 10 cm / Sheet: 26.1 x 17 cm PD/Corel AND Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812-1910) PD/Corel source: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS. ..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper =YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdfhttp://up load.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8 9/Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpghttp://www.davidd arling.info/images/Galle.jpg [2] Scientist: Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph (1811 - 1877) Discipline(s): Astronomy Print Artist: Auguste Bry, 19th C. Medium: Lithograph Original Dimensions: Graphic: 12.5 x 10 cm / Sheet: 26.1 x 17 cm PD/Corel source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/89/Urbain_Le_Verrier.jpg |
154 YBN [10/??/1846 AD] 3 | 3022) Mathematical equations are used to represent logical statements.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p361. 2. ^ "Augustus De Morgan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Augustus _De_Morgan 3. ^ "Augustus De Morgan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Augustus _De_Morgan (10/1846) MORE INFO [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_De _Morgan#External_links (for a list of De Morgan's works) | (University College) London, England2 |
[1] Augustus De Morgan PD/Corel source: http://www.nndb.com/people/437/0 00097146/augustus-de-morgan-2-sized.jpg [2] Beschreibung: Augustus De Morgan Quelle: Fotografie aus dem 19. Jahrhundert PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0e/AugustusDeMorgan.png |
154 YBN [1846 AD] 3 | 2716) The theory that gravity propagates with a finite velocity.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Darrel T. Emerson ,"The Stage Is Set: Developments before 1900 Leading to Practical Wireless Communication", p. http://www.tuc.nrao.edu/~demerson/sset q.pdf 2. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9756/Michael-Faraday 3. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9756/Michael-Faraday (1846) MORE INFO [1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Far aday [2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+? cat=technology [3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_ Faraday [4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [5] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada y.htm [6] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of 1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 / 1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.19 93.0031 [7] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_ Electricity_1.pdf Experimental Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006 [8] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c alico [9] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9642/Charles-Darwin [10] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMa terials.html [11] http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAA AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science +of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1 [12] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM [13] The Bakerian Lecture: On the Manufacture of Glass for Optical Purposes Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 120 - 1830 Pages 1-57 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1830. 0002 http://journals.royalsociety.org/c ontent/f155428w87055468/?p=2f7f52c8e0d34 1ab877621b12a9cbd1bπ=1 [14] Faraday_e19_polarization.pdf http://jou rnals.royalsociety.org/content/?k=michae l+faraday+ninetenth+series Experimental Researches in Electricity. Nineteenth Series Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 136 - 1846 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1846.0001 [15] Faraday_e21_Diamagnetism.pdf Experiment al Researches in Electricity. Twenty-First Series Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 136 - 1846 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1846.0004 htt p://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q1 m6r722146m4t00/?p=fb8be4dd0be44bb78e3d96 70c7c2bea0π=0 [16] Faraday_e20_diamagnetism.pdf http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/75x2r22450097812/?p=c9cf323da7564bdd8 c3412936085483bπ=0 Experimental Researches in Electricity. And Twentieth Series. Section 26th. On New Magnetic Actions; and on the Magnetic Condition of All Matter. Journal Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London (1843-1854) Issue Volume 5 - 1843/1850 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rspl.1843.0066 [17] http://www.padrak.com/ine/FARADAY1.html | (Royal Institution in) London, England2 |
[1] Description Michael Faraday, oil, by Thomas Phillips Source Thomas Phillips,1842 Date 1842 Author Thomas Phillips[3 wiki] The portrait shown here was painted by Thomas Phillips (1770-1845), oil on canvas, The National Portrait Gallery, London.[7] PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg [2] Michael Faraday - Project Gutenberg eText 13103 From The Project Gutenberg eBook, Great Britain and Her Queen, by Anne E. Keeling http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/ 13103 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Michael_Faraday_-_Project_Gutenberg_e Text_13103.jpg |
154 YBN [1846 AD] 4 5 6 | 2828) The liquid explosive nitroglycerine is created by slowly adding glycerine to a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp379. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp379. 3. ^ Icilio Guareschi (1913). "Ascanio Sobrero nel centenario della sua nascita". Isis 1 (3): 351-358. http://links.jstor.org/sici?si ci=0021-1753%281913%291%3A3%3C351%3AASNC DS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U {Sobrero_Ascanio_2241 37.pdf} 4. ^ "explosive." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-823 67>. (1846) 5. ^ "Ascanio Sobrero." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/ascanio-sob rero (1846) 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp379. (1847) MORE INFO [1] "Ascanio Sobrero". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sob rero [2] Ascanio Sobrero, "Memorie scelte di Ascanio Sobrero pubblicate dall'Associazione chimica industriale di Torino con discorso storico-critico ed annotazioni di I. Guareschi", pp42-53. http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/s/ sobrero/memorie_scelte_di_ascanio_sobrer o_pubblicate_dall_associ_etc/pdf/memori_ p.pdf "Sopra alcuni nuovi composti fulminanti ottenuti col mezzo dell'azione dell'acido nitrico sulle sostanze organiche vegetali" in "Memorie della Reale accademia delle scienze di Torino", series 2, volume 10, 02/21/1847 http://www.liberliber.it/bib lioteca/s/sobrero/memorie_scelte_di_asca nio_sobrero_pubblicate_dall_associ_etc/p df/memori_p.pdf {Sobrero_1847_memori_p. pdf} | Torino, Italy3 (presumably) |
[1] [t notice there is a lot of oxygen trapped/stuck in the molecule, perhaps the more oxygen in the molecule the more explosive] Nitroglycerin 1,2,3-trinitr oxypropane 1,3-dinitrooxypropan-2-yl nitrate propane-1,2,3-triyl trinitrate IUPAC name Chemical formula C3H5(NO3)3 Molar mass 227.0872 g/mol Shock sensitivity high Friction sensitivity high Density 1.6 g/cm³ at 15 °C Explosive velocity 7700 m/s RE factor 1.50 Melting point 13.2 °C (55.76 °F) Autoignition temperature Decomposes at 50 to 60 °C (122 to 140 °F) Appearance Clear yellow/colorless oily liquid PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/40/Nitroglycerin-2D-skel etal.png [2] Ascanio Sobrero PD/Corel source: http://www.liberliber.it/bibliot eca/s/sobrero/immagini/ritratto.jpg |
153 YBN [1847 AD] 3 | 3094) That all substances become incandescent (start to glow red) at the same temperature (around 525ºC or 977ºF) is recognized.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "John William Draper", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p211. 2. ^ "John William Draper". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Wil liam_Draper 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp376-377. (1847) MORE INFO [1] http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/hist ory/draper.htm [2] http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/researc h/arch/175/pages/draper.htm [3] "John Draper." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 10 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper [4] "John Draper." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 10 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper [5] "John Draper." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 10 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper [6] "John William Draper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Willia m_Draper | (New York University) New York City, New York, USA2 |
[1] [t note that this photo appears to be an 1845 photo] Daguerreotype of the Moon taken by John William Draper in 1845. In 1840, the American doctor and chemist John William Draper produced a daguerreotype of the Moon: the first astronomical photograph ever created in North America. New York University Archives PD/Corel source: http://astro-canada.ca/_photos/a 4306_lune1845_g.jpg [2] Dorothy Catherine Draper, taken by John W. Draper The earliest American attempts in duplicating the photographic experiments of the Frenchman Louis Daguerre occurred at NYU in 1839. John W. Draper, professor of chemistry, built his own camera and made what may be the first human portrait taken in the United States, after a 65-second exposure. The sitter, his sister Dorothy Catherine Draper, had her face powdered with flour in an early attempt to accentuate contrasts. PD/Corel source: http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst /research/arch/175/images/drapL.jpg |
153 YBN [1847 AD] 5 | 3213) Antisepsis {aNTi-SeP-SiS1 } (washing hands in strong chemicals2 ) is introduced into the health practice.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "antisepsis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/antisepsis 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp395-396. 3. ^ "Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 6723>. 4. ^ "Semmelweis, Ignaz Phillipp", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p796. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp395-396. (1847) MORE INFO [1] "Ignaz Semmelweis." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/ignaz-semme lweis [2] "Ignaz Semmelweis." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 28 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/ignaz-semme lweis [3] "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweiss". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Phili pp_Semmelweiss [4] "Ignatz Philipp Semmelweiss". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ignatz_P hilipp_Semmelweiss | (Vienna General Hospital) Vienna, (Austria now:) Germany4 |
[1] Semmelweis, Ignaz PD/Corel source: http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/pc /semmelweis01.jpg [2] Semmelweis, Ignaz PD/Corel source: http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/pc /semmelweis02.jpg |
153 YBN [1847 AD] 6 | 3225) The percussion gun cartridge, a casing containing an explosive charge and a bullet or shot3 .4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cartridge." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2002. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cartridge 2. ^ "cartridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0562>. 3. ^ "cartridge." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2002. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cartridge 4. ^ "cartridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0562>. 5. ^ "cartridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0562>. 6. ^ "cartridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 0562>. (1847) MORE INFO [1] "Cartridge (firearms)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_% 28firearms%29 [2] "Bullet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet | Paris, France5 |
[1] A modern cartridge consists of the following: 1. the bullet itself, which serves as the projectile; 2. the case, which holds all parts together; 3. the propellant, for example gunpowder or cordite; 4. the rim, part of the casing used for loading; 5. the primer, which ignites the propellant. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bul let [2] Rifle cartridges - L to R: .50 BMG, 300 Win Mag, .308 Winchester, 7.62 Russian Short, 5.56 NATO, .22 LR Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ri fle_cartridge_comparison.jpg Date 25 February 2006 Author Richard C. Wysong II GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/ab/Rifle_cartridge_compa rison.jpg |
152 YBN [06/05/1848 AD] 6 7 | 3477) The absolute temperature scale is created, with -273°C as absolute 0, where all molecules stop moving.3 4 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp431-433. 2. ^ Thomson, William. "On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat and calculated from Regnaut's observations.", Cambridge Philosophical Society Proceedings for June 5, 1848. also in: THOMSON, W. MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 1882, p100. http://www.google.com/books?id=NG GOnRx4aakC&pg=PA100 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp431-433. 4. ^ Thomson, William. "On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat and calculated from Regnaut's observations.", Cambridge Philosophical Society Proceedings for June 5, 1848. also in: THOMSON, W. MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 1882, p100. http://www.google.com/books?id=NG GOnRx4aakC&pg=PA100 5. ^ "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-tho mson-1st-baron-kelvin 6. ^ Thomson, William. "On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat and calculated from Regnaut's observations.", Cambridge Philosophical Society Proceedings for June 5, 1848. also in: THOMSON, W. MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 1882, p100. http://www.google.com/books?id=NG GOnRx4aakC&pg=PA100 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp431-433. {1848} MORE INFO [1] "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-tho mson-1st-baron-kelvin [2] "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 14 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-tho mson-1st-baron-kelvin [3] "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tho mson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin [4] "William Thomson, Baron Kelvin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_ Thomson,_Baron_Kelvin [5] "Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p873-874 [6] "William Thomson, Baron Kelvin." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Aug. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/314541/William-Thomson-Baron-Kelvin>. {1842} [7] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p315 [8] http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/Physics3/Ke lvin_online/introduction.htm [9] Andrew Gray, "Lord Kelvin", E. P. Dutton & co., 1908. http://books.google.com/books?id= Hc6ipW7Vkk0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Life +of+Lord+Kelvin#PPA1,M1 [10] Magnus Maclean, "Lord Kelvin" (obituary), Proceedings of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, 1908. http://books.google.com/books?id= TwkVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Life+of+Lord+Kel vin&lr=&as_brr=1#PPA60,M1 | (University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland5 |
[1] Thomson, William. ''On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat and calculated from Regnaut's observations.'', Cambridge Philosophical Society Proceedings for June 5, 1848. also in: THOMSON, W. MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 1882, p100. http://www.google.com/books?id=NG GOnRx4aakC&pg=PA100 PD AND [1] Baron Kelvin, William Thomson Library of Congress PD source: http://www.google.com/books?id=N GGOnRx4aakC&pg=PA100http://content.answe rs.com/main/content/img/scitech/HSbaronk .jpg [2] Baron Kelvin, William Thomson Library of Congress PD source: http://content.answers.com/main/ content/img/scitech/HSbaronk.jpg |
152 YBN [08/10/1848 AD] 6 7 | 2880) A constant high voltage from an induction coil is applied through evacuated tubes filled with various gases3 .4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139, 1849, p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?i d=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p df 2. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139, 1849, p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?i d=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p df 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp376-377. 4. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139, 1849, p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?i d=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p df 5. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139, 1849, p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?i d=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p df 6. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139, 1849, p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?i d=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p df 7. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852): 87-101;87. http://books.google.com/book s?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 {Groves_W_R_1 852_polarity.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition", http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/rt1ug6668r7331x0/?p=8799fd4b7cc14bfd8 785b2ebc7cf84b9&pi=5 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) [2] "antithetic". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/a ntithetic [3] Harrison, W. J. (2004) "Gassiot, John Peter (1797-1877)", rev. Iwan Rhys Morus, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 5 August 2007 (subscription required) http://www.oxforddnb.com/view /article/10439 [4] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852): 87-101. http://books.google.com/books?i d=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 [5] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852): 87-101; 89-90. http://books.google.com/books?id =CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 [6] http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf /10.1046/j.1440-1622.2000.01745.x?cookie Set=1 [7] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852): 87-101;95. http://books.google.com/book s?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 [8] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852): 87-101;97. http://books.google.com/book s?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 [9] "Sir William Robert Grove". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8234/Sir-William-Robert-Grove [10] "William Robert Grove". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rob ert_Grove [11] "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition", http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/rt1ug6668r7331x0/?p=8799fd4b7cc14bfd8 785b2ebc7cf84b9&pi=5 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 139 - 1849 Pages 49-59 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1849 .0005 Grove_W_R_1849.pdf | London, England5 (presumably) |
[1] Figures 1 to 10 show the spots and rings in the order referred to: it should be observed that printed figures give but a very imperfect notion of the actual effects. Fig 11 is the coil apparatus, the contact breaker being in front. Fig. 12. The air-pump, of a construction which I proposed many years ago, and have found most useful for electrical or chemical experiments on gases. P. An imperforate piston, with a conical end, which, when pressed down, fits accurately the end of the tube, the apex touching the valve V, which opens outwards. A. Aperture for the air to rush from the receiver when the piston has been drawn beyond it. B. Bladder containing the gas to be experimented on. The piston-rod works air-tight in a collar of leathers, and the operation of the pump will be easily understood without further description. If it be required to examine the gas after experiment, a bladder, or tube leading to a pneumatic trough, can be attached at the extrmeity over the valve V. [5 p101] PD source: http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekat z/scientists/grove.htm Issue Volume 139 - 1849 Pages 49-59 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1849 .0005 Grove_W_R_1849.pdf p101 [2] Sir William Robert Grove (1811-1896), British scientist. PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Willi am_Robert_Grove.jpg |
151 YBN [01/20/1849 AD] 3 | 3280) That two yellow lines missing in the spectrum of sunlight are emitted from and also absorbed by an electric arc between coal electrodes is observed.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ L'Institut Feb 7 1849. Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878, pp170-171. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170 Translated by Professor Stokes in Phil Mag vol xix (1860) p194. {stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf} 2. ^ "Jean Bernard Leon Foucault". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Ber nard_Leon_Foucault 3. ^ L'Institut Feb 7 1849. Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878, pp170-171. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Fou cault&as_brr=1#PPA170,M1 Translated by Professor Stokes in Phil Mag vol xix (1860) p194. {stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf} (01/20/1849) MORE INFO [1] "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012> [2] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucau lt [3] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucau lt [4] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucau lt [5] "Jean Bernard Léon Foucault". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bernar d_L%C3%A9on_Foucault [6] "Foucault, Jean-Bernard-Léon", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p259 [7] Collected Works Volume One - Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon Foucault 1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/5 13/ [8] Collected Works Volume Two - Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon Foucault 1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8 080/527/ [9] Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878. http://books.google.com/books?id= Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+des+tra vaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault &as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 [10] Fox, William. "Jean-Bertrand-Léon Foucault." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 14 Jun. 2008 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06156c.h tm> [11] http://ams.astro.univie.ac.at/~nendwich/ Science/SoFi/portrait.html [12] http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7oAAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=foucault+sun+daguerreot ype+features&as_brr=1 | Paris, France2 (presumably) |
[1] L'Institut Feb 7 1849. Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, ''Recueil des travaux scientifiques'', Gauthier-Villars, 1878, pp170-171. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170 Translated by Professor Stokes in Phil Mag vol xix (1860) p194. {stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf} PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170 [2] Reproduction of the first daguerrotype of the Sun. The original image was a little over 12 centimeters in diameter. Reproduced from G. De Vaucouleurs, Astronomical Photography, MacMillan, 1961 (plate 1). PD/Corel source: http://ams.astro.univie.ac.at/~n endwich/Science/SoFi/firstsunphoto.jpg |
151 YBN [07/23/1849 AD] 5 6 | 3290) The speed of light is measured using a terrestrial method. Light passes between the teeth of a rapidly turning toothed disc on one hilltop, and reflects off a mirror on another, 8 km2 (or 5 miles) away. If the disc turns fast enough the reflected light passes through the next gap.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p405. 2. ^ Fizeau, Hippolyte 1849a: "Sur une expérience relative à la vitesse de propagation de la lumière", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences de l’Institut de France 29, 90–92. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/121 48/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-2986&M=chemindef er {Fizeau_1849.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p405. 4. ^ William Tobin, "The Life and Science of Léon Foucault", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p122-124. 5. ^ William Tobin, "The Life and Science of Léon Foucault", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p122-124. {07/23/1849} 6. ^ "Hippolyte Fizeau." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-f izeau (09/1849) MORE INFO [1] "Hippolyte Fizeau." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-f izeau [2] "Hippolyte Fizeau." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-f izeau [3] "Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Hipp olyte_Louis_Fizeau [4] "Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Armand_H ippolyte_Louis_Fizeau [5] "Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p254 [6] "Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9034454> | Paris, France4 |
[1] Fizeau's apparatus from Arago's ''Astronomie Populaire'' PD/Corel source: William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003 [2] Eyepiece views for Fizeau's 1849 speed of light experiment COPYRIGHTED? source: William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003 |
151 YBN [11/05/1849 AD] 7 8 | 3488) The first "organo-metallic" (or hydrocarbon-metallic1 ) compounds. This is the first time a metal atom is added to a hydrocarbon molecule: the new compound zincmethyl is created when zinc and methyl are joined.2 3 4 5 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ E. Frankland, "On a New Series of Organic Bodies Containing Metals", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 142, 1852, p417-444. books.google.com/books?id=CE9 FAAAAcAAJ&pg=pa417 http://journals.roya lsociety.org/content/e8816n27r1047213/?p =55e3df04be284120b8404167191430abπ=19 and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/frankland .html 3. ^ "Sir Edward Frankland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edwa rd_Frankland 4. ^ Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, Bd. LXXI, s. 213, and Frankland, E. "XXIX.—On a new series of organic bodies containing metals and phosphorus." Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London 2.4 (1850): 297-299. books.google.com/books?id=oKAw AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p434. 6. ^ "Sir Edward Frankland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edwa rd_Frankland 7. ^ Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, Bd. LXXI, s. 213, and Frankland, E. "XXIX.—On a new series of organic bodies containing metals and phosphorus." Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London 2.4 (1850): 297-299. books.google.com/books?id=oKAw AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p434. {1850} MORE INFO [1] "Edward Frankland." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-fran kland [2] "Edward Frankland." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-fran kland [3] "Edward Frankland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fran kland [4] http://members.cox.net/ggtext/edwardfran kland1825_obit.html | (Queenwood school) Hampshire, England6 |
[1] Frankland, E. ''XXIX.—On a new series of organic bodies containing metals and phosphorus.'' Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London 2.4 (1850): 297-299. books.google.com/books?id=oKAw AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297 PD AND Scanned from the frontispiece of Sketches from the life of Edward Frankland, published in 1902 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=oKAwAA AAYAAJ&pg=PA297http://upload.wikimedia.o rg/wikipedia/en/0/09/Frankland_Edward_26 .jpg [2] Scanned from the frontispiece of Sketches from the life of Edward Frankland, published in 1902 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/0/09/Frankland_Edward_26.jpg |
150 YBN [05/06/1850 AD] 5 | 3281) Light is shown to move more slowly in water than in air, and the speed of light is shown to be inversely proportional to the index of refraction of the medium.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878, pp173-184. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Fou cault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 2. ^ Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878, pp173-184. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Fou cault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 3. ^ Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878, pp173-184. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Fou cault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 4. ^ "Jean Bernard Leon Foucault". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Ber nard_Leon_Foucault 5. ^ Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878, pp173-184. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Fou cault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 (05/06/1850) MORE INFO [1] "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012> [2] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucau lt [3] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucau lt [4] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucau lt [5] "Jean Bernard Léon Foucault". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bernar d_L%C3%A9on_Foucault [6] "Foucault, Jean-Bertrand-Léon", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p259 [7] L'Institut Feb 7 1849. Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878, pp170-171. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Fou cault&as_brr=1#PPA170,M1 Translated by Professor Stokes in Phil Mag vol xix (1860) p194. {stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf} [8] Collected Works Volume One - Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon Foucault 1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/5 13/ [9] Collected Works Volume Two - Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon Foucault 1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8 080/527/ [10] Fox, William. "Jean-Bertrand-Léon Foucault." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 14 Jun. 2008 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06156c.h tm> [11] http://ams.astro.univie.ac.at/~nendwich/ Science/SoFi/portrait.html [12] http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7oAAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=foucault+sun+daguerreot ype+features&as_brr=1 | Paris, France4 (presumably) |
[1] Plan view of the optical layout of Foucault's 1850 rotating mirror experiment. COPYRIGHTED source: William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003 [2] Eyepiece view of air and water Foucault 1850 experiment PD/Corel source: William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p126. |
150 YBN [1850 AD] 3 | 3019) Ocean depths are mapped and the Atlantic ridge is discovered.1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "Atlantic Ocean." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/atlantic-oc ean 2. ^ "Matthew Fontaine Maury". A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/matthew-fon taine-maury 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp360-361. (1850) MORE INFO [1] "Maury, Matthew Fontaine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 28 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 1517>. (1848) | Washington, DC, USA2 |
[1] Matthew_F_Maury_sup23d.jpgâ (259 � 366 pixels, file size: 21 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Credit: U.S. Naval Observatory Library Matthew Fontaine Maury, founder of the United States Naval Observatory Source * http://www.usno.navy.mil/library/ * http://www.usno.navy.mil/library/photo/s up23d.html Source incorrectly shows as ''Matthew W. F. Maury'' whereas it should be Commander ''Matthew Fontaine Maury'' source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/a/a8/Matthew_F_Maury_sup23d.jpg [2] PD [2] Commander Matthew Fontaine MAURY (NOT ''MURRAY'') http://www.civil-war.net/searchphotos.as p?searchphotos=Confederate%20States%20Na vy%20Officers PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0a/CMFMurray.jpg |
150 YBN [1850 AD] 6 7 | 3332) The speed of electricity in nerves is measured as 27 meters (or 90 feet) per second.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Helmholtz, Hermann von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 6281>. 2. ^ Helmholtz, Hermann von. "Messungen über den zeitlichen Verlauf der Zuckung animalischer Muskeln und die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Reizung in den Nerven.", Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1850, p276-364. http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.d e/library/data/lit1862? {Helmholtz_Herm ann_1850_lit1862_Lo.pdf} "Of the methods of measuring very small intervals of time and their application to physiological purposes", Phil. Mag., 6, 1853, 313-325. {Helmholtz_Herman_Measuring_1850.pdf} 3. ^ "Helmholtz, Hermann von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 6281>. 4. ^ Helmholtz, Hermann von. "Messungen über den zeitlichen Verlauf der Zuckung animalischer Muskeln und die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Reizung in den Nerven.", Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1850, p276-364. http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.d e/library/data/lit1862? {Helmholtz_Herm ann_1850_lit1862_Lo.pdf} "Of the methods of measuring very small intervals of time and their application to physiological purposes", Phil. Mag., 6, 1853, 313-325. {Helmholtz_Herman_Measuring_1850.pdf} 5. ^ "Helmholtz, Hermann Von", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p408-410. 6. ^ "Helmholtz, Hermann von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 6281>. {1850} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p411-413. {1852} MORE INFO [1] "Hermann von Helmholtz." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-von -helmholtz [2] "Hermann von Helmholtz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 23 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-von -helmholtz [3] "Hermann von Helmholtz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 23 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-von -helmholtz [4] "Helmholtz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz [5] "Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand Von Helmholtz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hermann_ Ludwig_Ferdinand_Von_Helmholtz [6] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [7] "body heat." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-908 0373> [8] "hermann helmholtz". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/herman n-helmholtz/ [9] Leo Koenigsberger, Frances Alice Welby, "Hermann Von Helmholtz", Clarendon Press, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id= u-0HAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=%22Of+t he+methods+of+measuring+very+small+inter vals+of+time+and+their+application+to+ph ysiological+purposes%22&source=web&ots=7 g1i7bepqW&sig=MpMdlYaKd32Fcv9d_Md2RJpxXE U&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct= result#PPR1,M1 {includes photos} | (University of Königsberg) Königsberg, Germany5 |
[1] Figure from 1850 paper PD/Corel source: Helmholtz_Hermann_1850_lit1862_L o.pdf [2] Young Helmholtz German physiologist and physicist Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand Von Helmholtz (1821 - 1894). Original Publication: People Disc - HE0174 Original Artwork: From a daguerreotype . (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) * by Hulton Archive * * reference: 2641935 PD/Corel source: http://www.jamd.com/search?asset type=g&assetid=2641935&text=Helmholtz |
149 YBN [02/03/1851 AD] 5 6 | 3282) The rotation of the Earth around its own axis is proven experimentally with a pendulum.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012> . 2. ^ "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012> . 3. ^ "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012> . 4. ^ "Jean Bernard Leon Foucault". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Ber nard_Leon_Foucault 5. ^ Léon Foucault, "Demonstration physique du mouvement de rotation de la terre au moyen du pendule", Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. de Sciences de Paris. tome XXXII, 3 Fevrier, 1851, p435. English translation: "Physical Demonstration of the Rotation of the Earth by Means of the Pendulum" http://www.fi.edu/time/journey/Pendulum/ foucault_paper_page_one.html Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878, pp378-384. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Fou cault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 {Foucault_Recue il_des_travaux_scientifiques.pdf} (02/03/1851) 6. ^ "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012> . (1851) MORE INFO [1] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucau lt [2] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucau lt [3] "Jean Bernard Léon Foucault". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bernar d_L%C3%A9on_Foucault [4] "Foucault, Jean-Bertrand-Léon", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p259 [5] L'Institut Feb 7 1849. Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878, pp170-171. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Fou cault&as_brr=1#PPA170,M1 Translated by Professor Stokes in Phil Mag vol xix (1860) p194. {stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf} [6] Collected Works Volume One - Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon Foucault 1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/5 13/ [7] Collected Works Volume Two - Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon Foucault 1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8 080/527/ [8] Fox, William. "Jean-Bertrand-Léon Foucault." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 14 Jun. 2008 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06156c.h tm> [9] http://ams.astro.univie.ac.at/~nendwich/ Science/SoFi/portrait.html [10] http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7oAAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=foucault+sun+daguerreot ype+features&as_brr=1 [11] "Foucault pendulum." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035014> [12] "Foucault pendulum". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_pe ndulum | Paris, France4 (presumably) |
[1] Faucault's pendulum demonstration re-visited in 1902 PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?id =UbMRmyxCZmYC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=foucau lt+sun+daguerreotype+features&source=web &ots=sqQtMMzhko&sig=L_EL2qJEgsbAuU5PsDuO Dxa-NPA&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum =2&ct=result#PPP1,M1 [2] [t rotateable table-top pendulum illustrates principle of inertia] PD/Corel source: William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003 |
149 YBN [09/29/1851 AD] 4 5 | 3292) The speed of light in water is shown to change depending on the motion of the water.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H. Fizeau, "Sur les hypothèses relatives à l'éther lumineux et sur une expérience qui parait démontrer que le mouvement des corps change la vitesse avec laquelle la lumière se propage dans leur intérieur", Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie, vol 33, 1851, p349-355. Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. 57 385-404 (1859). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/1214 8/bpt6k347981/f381.table (09/29/1851) {Fizeau_Comptes_Rendus_1851.pdf} Engl ish: M. H. Fizeau, "On the Hypotheses Relating to the Luminous Aether, and an Experiment which Appears to Demonstrate that the Motion of Bodies Alters the Velocity with which Light Propagates Itself in their Interior.", Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, number 14, Supplement Volume 2, p568-573. http://books.google.com/books ?id=JbwdWbbM1KgC&pg=RA1-PA568 {fizeau_a ether001.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p405. 3. ^ "Hippolyte Fizeau." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-f izeau 4. ^ H. Fizeau, "Sur les hypothèses relatives à l'éther lumineux et sur une expérience qui parait démontrer que le mouvement des corps change la vitesse avec laquelle la lumière se propage dans leur intérieur", Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie, vol 33, 1851, p349-355. Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. 57 385-404 (1859). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/1214 8/bpt6k347981/f381.table (09/29/1851) English: M. H. Fizeau, "On the Hypotheses Relating to the Luminous Aether, and an Experiment which Appears to Demonstrate that the Motion of Bodies Alters the Velocity with which Light Propagates Itself in their Interior.", Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, number 14, Supplement Volume 2, p568-573. http://books.google.com/books ?id=JbwdWbbM1KgC&pg=RA1-PA568 {fizeau_a ether001.pdf} 5. ^ "Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9034454> . (1851) MORE INFO [1] "Hippolyte Fizeau." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-f izeau [2] "Hippolyte Fizeau." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-f izeau [3] "Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Hipp olyte_Louis_Fizeau [4] "Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Armand_H ippolyte_Louis_Fizeau [5] "Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p317 [6] A. A. Michelson and E.W. Morley, "Influence of motion of the medium on the motion of light" Am. J. Science 31 377-386 (1886) [7] Pieter Zeeman, "Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (First part)" Proc. Kon. Acad. van Weten. 17 445-451 (1914) [8] Pieter Zeeman, "Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (Second part)" Proc. Kon. Acad. van Weten. 18 398-408 (1915) [9] http://translate.google.com/translate_t | Paris, France3 (presumably) |
[1] scheme of Fizo experiment GNU AND [t Rareand early photo of portrait not looking at camera. To me it may possibly be a clue that hidden cameras were in use, but also may reflect a view that the camera is unimportant, that cameras are everywhere, and it is better to go on with life...not to smile for the camera, but to go about your life and let the many cameras document everything...its like ...the thrill is over for the novelty of photography. It's perhaps a person for the transition to the more practical daily business of the cameras, in particular when robots walk and document everything. ] Hippolyte Fizeau PD AND [4] H. Fizeau, ''Sur les hypothèses relatives à l'éther lumineux et sur une expérience qui parait démontrer que le mouvement des corps change la vitesse avec laquelle la lumière se propage dans leur intérieur'', Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie, vol 33, 1851, p349-355. Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. 57 385-404 (1859). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/1214 8/bpt6k347981/f381.table (09/29/1851) {Fizeau_Comptes_Rendus_1851.pdf} Engl ish: M. H. Fizeau, ''On the Hypotheses Relating to the Luminous Aether, and an Experiment which Appears to Demonstrate that the Motion of Bodies Alters the Velocity with which Light Propagates Itself in their Interior.'', Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, number 14, Supplement Volume 2, p568-573. http://books.google.com/books ?id=JbwdWbbM1KgC&pg=RA1-PA568 {fizeau_a ether001.pdf} PD [1] scheme of Fizo experiment GNU source: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148 /bpt6k347981/f381.table http://upload.w ikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Fizo _experiment_scheme_ru.PNGhttp://upload.w ikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Hipp olyte_Fizeau.jpg [2] [t Rareand early photo of portrait not looking at camera. To me it may possibly be a clue that hidden cameras were in use, but also may reflect a view that the camera is unimportant, that cameras are everywhere, and it is better to go on with life...not to smile for the camera, but to go about your life and let the many cameras document everything...its like ...the thrill is over for the novelty of photography. It's perhaps a person for the transition to the more practical daily business of the cameras, in particular when robots walk and document everything. ] Hippolyte Fizeau PD source: |
148 YBN [01/07/1852 AD] 3 | 6505) Electrolysis is performed on gases.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852): 87-101. http://books.google.com/books?i d=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 {Groves_W_R_1852 _polarity.pdf} 2. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852): 87-101;87. http://books.google.com/book s?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 {Groves_W_R_1 852_polarity.pdf} 3. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852): 87-101;87. http://books.google.com/book s?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 {Groves_W_R_1 852_polarity.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition", http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/rt1ug6668r7331x0/?p=8799fd4b7cc14bfd8 785b2ebc7cf84b9&pi=5 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) [2] "antithetic". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/a ntithetic [3] Harrison, W. J. (2004) "Gassiot, John Peter (1797-1877)", rev. Iwan Rhys Morus, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 5 August 2007 (subscription required) http://www.oxforddnb.com/view /article/10439 [4] "Sir William Robert Grove". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 8234/Sir-William-Robert-Grove [5] "William Robert Grove". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rob ert_Grove | London, England2 (presumably) |
[1] Figures 1 to 10 show the spots and rings in the order referred to: it should be observed that printed figures give but a very imperfect notion of the actual effects. Fig 11 is the coil apparatus, the contact breaker being in front. Fig. 12. The air-pump, of a construction which I proposed many years ago, and have found most useful for electrical or chemical experiments on gases. P. An imperforate piston, with a conical end, which, when pressed down, fits accurately the end of the tube, the apex touching the valve V, which opens outwards. A. Aperture for the air to rush from the receiver when the piston has been drawn beyond it. B. Bladder containing the gas to be experimented on. The piston-rod works air-tight in a collar of leathers, and the operation of the pump will be easily understood without further description. If it be required to examine the gas after experiment, a bladder, or tube leading to a pneumatic trough, can be attached at the extrmeity over the valve V. [5 p101] PD source: http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekat z/scientists/grove.htm Issue Volume 139 - 1849 Pages 49-59 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1849 .0005 Grove_W_R_1849.pdf p101 [2] Sir William Robert Grove (1811-1896), British scientist. PD source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Willi am_Robert_Grove.jpg |
148 YBN [05/10/1852 AD] 6 | 3489) The theory of "valence": that each type of atom has a fixed capacity for combining with other atoms is created.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p434. 2. ^ E. Frankland, "On a New Series of Organic Bodies Containing Metals", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 142, 1852, p417-444. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/e8816n27r1047213/?p=38cdc316 b887400e8b6f958d2d4a2d27π=1 {Frankland _Edward_1852.pdf} and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/frankland .html 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p434. 4. ^ E. Frankland, "On a New Series of Organic Bodies Containing Metals", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 142, 1852, p417-444. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/e8816n27r1047213/?p=38cdc316 b887400e8b6f958d2d4a2d27π=1 {Frankland _Edward_1852.pdf} and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/frankland .html 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p434. {05/10/1852} 6. ^ {05/10/1852} MORE INFO [1] "Frankland, Edward", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p327 [2] "Sir Edward Frankland." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Aug. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/217311/Sir-Edward-Frankland> [3] "Edward Frankland." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-fran kland [4] "Edward Frankland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fran kland [5] http://members.cox.net/ggtext/edwardfran kland1825_obit.html [6] "cacodyl." WordNet 1.7.1. Princeton University, 2001. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/cacodyl [7] "Sir Edward Frankland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edwa rd_Frankland | (Queenwood school) Hampshire, England5 |
[1] [t table from Frankland 1852 paper] PD/Corel source: Frankland_Edward_1852.pdf [2] [t table from Frankland 1852 paper] PD/Corel source: Frankland_Edward_1852.pdf |
148 YBN [1852 AD] 4 5 | 3104) A practical passenger elevator with a safety device is invented.2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2371>. 2. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2371>. 3. ^ "Otis, Elisha Graves." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905 7648>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp377. (1852) 5. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 2371>. (1853) | Yonkers, NY, USA3 |
[1] Elisha Otis Avaliable at http://www.otis.com/otis150/images/displ ay/1,2343,2039,00.gif PD source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id= 3274&rendTypeId=4 [2] Elisha Graves Otis (1811-1861) invented a safety device in 1852 that made PD source: http://arkadien.org/scientists/E lisha%20Graves2.jpg |
147 YBN [02/16/1853 AD] 6 7 | 3143) The theory that a gas absorbs and emits light of the same frequencies.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Anders Jonas Angstrom". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Anders_J onas_Angstrom 2. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?i d=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=Optis ka+Unders%C3%B6kning&source=web&ots=-3MJ K404gq&sig=olTzkNwJOvCyEr6WNZ7qUXFW9XM&h l=en {The_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} 3. ^ "Optiska Undersökningar", Trans Royal Aitukmy of Stockholm 1853. Translated in Phil Mag Fourth Series vol ix, 1857, p327. 4. ^ Anders Jonas Ångström, Annalen der Physik, v94, 1855, p141-165 http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12 148/bpt6k15179x.image.r=angstrom.f161.la ngEN English version: A. J. Angström, "Optical Researches", Philosophical Transactions, v9, 1857, p327-342. {Angstrom_English_1857.pdf} 5. ^ "Ångström, Anders Jonas." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 7607>. 6. ^ Anders Jonas Ångström, Annalen der Physik, v94, 1855, p141-165 http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12 148/bpt6k15179x.image.r=angstrom.f161.la ngEN English version: A. J. Angström, "Optical Researches", Philosophical Transactions, v9, 1857, p327-342. {Angstrom_English_1857.pdf} {02/16/1853} 7. ^ "Anders Jonas Angstrom". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Anders_J onas_Angstrom (1853) MORE INFO [1] "Anders Jonas Angström". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Jona s_Angstr%C3%B6m [2] "Ångström, Anders Jonas", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp22-23 | (University of Uppsala) Uppsala, Sweden5 |
[1] Anders Jonas Ångström (1814-1874) is remembered as one of the fathers of modern spectroscopy. His unit of wavelength is still used worldwide; the Ångström (1 Å = 0.1 nm). PD/Corel source: http://www.angstrom.uu.se/bilder /anders.jpg [2] Anders Jonas Ångström, c. 1865 Courtesy of the Kungl. Biblioteket, Stockholm PD/Corel source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id= 13450&rendTypeId=4 |
147 YBN [1853 AD] 3 | 3312) The concept of energy is distinguished into "actual" and "potential" energy.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Rankine, William John Macquorn", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p736. 2. ^ http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/bio graphy/?id=WH0067&type=P 3. ^ "Rankine, William John Macquorn", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p736. {1853} MORE INFO [1] "Rankine, William John Macquorn." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 2685> [2] "William John Macquorn Rankine." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-joh n-macquorn-rankine [3] "William John Macquorn Rankine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_ John_Macquorn_Rankine [4] "Rankine cycle." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 2686> | (University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland, UK2 |
[1] (William John) Macquorn Rankine (1820-1872) was Regius Professor of Civil and Engineering and Mechanics from 1855 to 1872. U of Glasglow PD/Corel source: http://www.universitystory.gla.a c.uk/images/UGSP00025_m.jpg [2] William John Macquorn Rankine PD/Corel source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/18/W_J_M_Rankine.JPG |
146 YBN [1854 AD] 4 5 | 2945) The theory that an electrical mass will not be influenced by the electrical force if moving with a velocity at least the speed of light.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ R. Kohlrausch, Wilhelm Weber, "Elektrodynamische Maassbestimmungen insbesondere Zurückführung der Stromintensitäts-messungen auf mechanisches Maass.", Abhandlungen der Konigl Sachsischen Gesellschasft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1856. in: Wilhelm Weber's Werke By Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Ernst Heinrich Weber, Eduard Weber, Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Weber, Woldemar Voigt, Eduard Riecke, Friedrich Siegmund Merkel, Otto Fischer, Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen Published by J. Springer, 1893 Bund 3, p609-676. http://books.google.com/books ?id=l9AEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25&vq=Maassbestimm ungen&dq=Ueber+die+Elektricit%C3%A4tsmen ge,+welche+bei+galvanische+Str%C3%B6men+ durch+den+Querschnitt+der+Kette+fliesst& as_brr=1&source=gbs_search_s#PPA609,M1 There is an English translation of this full work but it is unpublished (see below) a summary is given as: Wilhelm Weber, H. R. Kohlrausch, "Ueber die Elektricitätsmenge, welche bei galvanischen Strömen durch den Querschnitt der Kette fliesst", Annalen der Physik, Volume 175, Issue 9, (1856), p 10-25. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/sea rch/allsearch?mode=viewselected&product= journal&ID=112497888&view_selected.x=56& view_selected.y=12&view_selected=view_se lected English translation of summary: Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch, translated by Susan P. Johnson and edited by Laurence Hecht, "On the Amount of Electricity which Flows through the Cross-Section of the Circuit in Galvanic Currents", (1856), 1996. http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/ Weber-Kohlrausch(2003).pdf {Weber-Kohlr ausch_2003_1854.pdf} {selectable text: Weber_Kohlrausch_1854.pdf} 2. ^ R. Kohlrausch, Wilhelm Weber, "Elektrodynamische Maassbestimmungen insbesondere Zurückführung der Stromintensitäts-messungen auf mechanisches Maass.", Abhandlungen der Konigl Sachsischen Gesellschasft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1856. in: Wilhelm Weber's Werke By Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Ernst Heinrich Weber, Eduard Weber, Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Weber, Woldemar Voigt, Eduard Riecke, Friedrich Siegmund Merkel, Otto Fischer, Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen Published by J. Springer, 1893 Bund 3, p609-676. http://books.google.com/books ?id=l9AEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25&vq=Maassbestimm ungen&dq=Ueber+die+Elektricit%C3%A4tsmen ge,+welche+bei+galvanische+Str%C3%B6men+ durch+den+Querschnitt+der+Kette+fliesst& as_brr=1&source=gbs_search_s#PPA609,M1 There is an English translation of this full work but it is unpublished (see below) a summary is given as: Wilhelm Weber, H. R. Kohlrausch, "Ueber die Elektricitätsmenge, welche bei galvanischen Strömen durch den Querschnitt der Kette fliesst", Annalen der Physik, Volume 175, Issue 9, (1856), p 10-25. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/sea rch/allsearch?mode=viewselected&product= journal&ID=112497888&view_selected.x=56& view_selected.y=12&view_selected=view_se lected English translation of summary: Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch, translated by Susan P. Johnson and edited by Laurence Hecht, "On the Amount of Electricity which Flows through the Cross-Section of the Circuit in Galvanic Currents", (1856), 1996. http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/ Weber-Kohlrausch(2003).pdf {Weber-Kohlr ausch_2003_1854.pdf} {selectable text: Weber_Kohlrausch_1854.pdf} 3. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/weber. html 4. ^ R. Kohlrausch, Wilhelm Weber, "Elektrodynamische Maassbestimmungen insbesondere Zurückführung der Stromintensitäts-messungen auf mechanisches Maass.", Abhandlungen der Konigl Sachsischen Gesellschasft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1856. in: Wilhelm Weber's Werke By Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Ernst Heinrich Weber, Eduard Weber, Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Weber, Woldemar Voigt, Eduard Riecke, Friedrich Siegmund Merkel, Otto Fischer, Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen Published by J. Springer, 1893 Bund 3, p609-676. http://books.google.com/books ?id=l9AEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25&vq=Maassbestimm ungen&dq=Ueber+die+Elektricit%C3%A4tsmen ge,+welche+bei+galvanische+Str%C3%B6men+ durch+den+Querschnitt+der+Kette+fliesst& as_brr=1&source=gbs_search_s#PPA609,M1 There is an English translation of this full work but it is unpublished (see below) a summary is given as: Wilhelm Weber, H. R. Kohlrausch, "Ueber die Elektricitätsmenge, welche bei galvanischen Strömen durch den Querschnitt der Kette fliesst", Annalen der Physik, Volume 175, Issue 9, (1856), p 10-25. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/sea rch/allsearch?mode=viewselected&product= journal&ID=112497888&view_selected.x=56& view_selected.y=12&view_selected=view_se lected English translation of summary: Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch, translated by Susan P. Johnson and edited by Laurence Hecht, "On the Amount of Electricity which Flows through the Cross-Section of the Circuit in Galvanic Currents", (1856), 1996. http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/ Weber-Kohlrausch(2003).pdf {Weber-Kohlr ausch_2003_1854.pdf} {selectable text: Weber_Kohlrausch_1854.pdf} 5. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/weber. html {1854} MORE INFO [1] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Edu ard_Weber [2] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Wilhelm_ Eduard_Weber [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 6390/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber [5] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Wilhelm+Eduard+We ber+?cat=technology (1849) [6] Wilhelm Eduard Weber (obituary), Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, v.27 (1891-92), p449-450. http://books.google.com/books ?id=oLcAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA449&dq=wilhelm+web er&ei=3aP_SNOrKJH2sQPRr9S3DA#PPA449,M1 | (University of) Göttingen, Germany3 |
[1] [t Equation from Annalen paper: apparently first use of letter ''c'' to designate a constant, which will later be identified with the speed of light.] PD/Corel AND [t Another form of the Weber equation with 1/cc removed from parenthesis expression] PD/Corel AND Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891) PD source: http://www3.interscience.wiley.c om/cgi-bin/fulltext/112497888/PDFSTARTht tp://books.google.com/books?id=l9AEAAAAY AAJ&pg=PA25&vq=Maassbestimmungen&dq=Uebe r+die+Elektricit%C3%A4tsmenge,+welche+be i+galvanische+Str%C3%B6men+durch+den+Que rschnitt+der+Kette+fliesst&as_brr=1&sour ce=gbs_search_s#PPA628,M1http://en.wikip edia.org/wiki/Image:Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber _II.jpg [2] [t Equation from Annalen paper: apparently first use of letter ''c'' to designate a constant, which will later be identified with the speed of light.] PD/Corel source: |
146 YBN [1854 AD] 3 | 3111) That an epidemic of cholera is due to a transmittable agent in drinking water is understood.1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "John Snow." Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 17 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-snow 2. ^ "John Snow." Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 17 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-snow 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp380-381. (1854) MORE INFO [1] "John Snow (physician)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Snow_% 28physician%29 [2] http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html | London, England2 |
[1] During his career, Dr. John Snow (1813-1858) anesthetized 77 obstetric patients with chloroform. In addition to pioneering anesthesia, Dr. Snow is considered the father of epidemiology: well before germ theory was formulated, he studied an epidemic of cholera in S. London in 1845, and reported (1849) that the disease was transmitted through a contaminated water-supply. PD/Corel source: http://www.joyceimages.com/image s/John%20Snow.jpg [2] Original map by Dr. John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 Original map made by John Snow in 1854, copied from http://matrix.msu.edu/~johnsnow/images/o nline_companion/chapter_images/fig12-5.j pg Author died in 1858, material is public domain. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/27/Snow-cholera-map-1.jp g |
146 YBN [1854 AD] 3 | 3551) The first naturally occurring and artificial fats are synthesized by combining glycerol and fatty acids.1 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p443-444. 2. ^ "Marcellin Pierre Eugene Berthelot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Marcelli n_Pierre_Eugene_Berthelot 3. ^ "Pierre-Eugène-Marcellin Berthelot." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/62792/Pierre-Eugene-Marcellin-Berthelo t>. {1854} MORE INFO [1] "Marcellin Berthelot." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/marcellin-b erthelot [2] "Pierre Eugène Marcelin Berthelot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Eug% C3%A8ne_Marcelin_Berthelot [3] "Berthelot, Pierre Eugène Marcellin", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p90-91 [4] "Marcellin Berthelot." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/marcellin-b erthelot | (Collège de France) Paris, France2 |
[1] Marcellin Berthelot PD/Corel source: http://content.answers.com/main/ content/wp/en/thumb/1/1d/250px-Marcellin _Berthelot.jpg [2] Marcellin Berthelot PD/Corel source: http://hdelboy.club.fr/berthelot _6.jpg |
144 YBN [04/21/1856 AD] 5 6 | 3457) The bright D spectral lines in flames of hydrocarbons are shown to be attributed to sodium, and the widespread occurrence of the D lines due to the contamination of small amounts of sodium.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William Swan (1857). XXIX.�On the Prismatic Spectra of the Flames of Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 21, pp 411-429. doi:10.1017/S0080456800032233. http://books.google.com/books?id=QyxFA AAAcAAJ&pg=PA411 AND http://journals.cambridge.org/actio n/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=84 19263 German: Swan, William. "Ueber die prismatischen Spectra der Flammen von Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen." Annalen der Physik 176.2 (1857): 306-335. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com /doi/10.1002/andp.18571760212/abstract 2. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 0562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBa sicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2 6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArti cleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} 3. ^ Swan, "Prismatic Spectra", pp. 413-414, 419-420; McGucken, Spectroscopy, pp. 24-27. 4. ^ John Charles Drury Brand, Raymond Bonnett, "Lines of Light", p60. http://books.google.com/books?id=1 O2U8OMfLVEC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=%22Willi am+Swan%22+spectrum+1894&source=web&ots= PeMo6WX9e_&sig=oTOacnc_bPqGzxEF7DcQ81kv5 UI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct =result 5. ^ William Swan (1857). XXIX.�On the Prismatic Spectra of the Flames of Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 21, pp 411-429. doi:10.1017/S0080456800032233. http://books.google.com/books?id=QyxFA AAAcAAJ&pg=PA411 AND http://journals.cambridge.org/actio n/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=84 19263 German: Swan, William. "Ueber die prismatischen Spectra der Flammen von Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen." Annalen der Physik 176.2 (1857): 306-335. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com /doi/10.1002/andp.18571760212/abstract 6. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 0562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBa sicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2 6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArti cleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} {1856} | Edinburgh, Scotland4 |
[1] part of p421 from: William Swan (1857). XXIX.—On the Prismatic Spectra of the Flames of Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 21, pp 411-429. doi:10.1017/S0080456800032233. http://books.google.com/books?id=QyxFA AAAcAAJ&pg=PA411 AND http://journals.cambridge.org/actio n/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=84 19263 German: Swan, William. ''Ueber die prismatischen Spectra der Flammen von Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen.'' Annalen der Physik 176.2 (1857): 306-335. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com /doi/10.1002/andp.18571760212/abstract PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =QyxFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA421 |
144 YBN [1856 AD] 3 | 3774) The first synthetic dyes are produced.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sir William Henry Perkin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-per kin 2. ^ "Sir William Henry Perkin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-per kin 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p480-482. {1856} MORE INFO [1] "Sir William Henry Perkin." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-per kin [2] "William Henry Perkin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hen ry_Perkin [3] "William Henry Perkin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_ Henry_Perkin [4] "Perkin, William Henry", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p694-695 | (Royal College of Chemistry) London, England2 |
[1] Aniline Other names Phenylamine Aminobenzene Benzenamine GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani line [2] William Henry Perkin (1838-1907), in 1860. (Credit: Edelstein Collection.) PD/Corel source: http://64.202.120.86/upload/imag e/personal-column/tony-travis/19th-centu ary-high-tech/william-henry-perkin.jpg |
143 YBN [03/24/1857 AD] 4 5 6 7 | 3999) The earliest extant sound recording.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international encyclopaedia, Volume 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VD JXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%20185 5%20phonautograph&f=false 2. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international encyclopaedia, Volume 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VD JXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%20185 5%20phonautograph&f=false 3. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/arts/2 7soun.html 4. ^ Scott's March 24, 1857 patent - as far as I know the first publically known rotating cylinder sound recorder - the telautograph http://www.firstsounds.org /public/First-Sounds-Working-Paper-02.pd f {Scott_Leon_patent_1857.pdf} {03/24/1857} 5. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international encyclopaedia, Volume 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VD JXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%20185 5%20phonautograph&f=false 6. ^ Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the phonograph", 1879. http://books.google.com/books?id= Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=fal se {1855} 7. ^ Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Volume 22, 1900, p78. http://books.google.com/books?id=P 4Ms_U3Y6T8C&pg=PA78&dq=leon+scott&as_brr =1#v=onepage&q=leon%20scott&f=false {1856} MORE INFO [1] http://www.usnews.com/articles/science/2 009/06/01/earliest-known-sound-recording s-revealed.html [2] http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recordin g/scott.html [3] "Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douar d-L%C3%A9on_Scott_de_Martinville [4] "acoustics." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-6405 0> [5] edited by Clarence John Blake, The American journal of otology, Volume 1, 1879,p4. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=duhamel+vibrograph&lr= &as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=duhamel%20vibrogra ph&f=false [6] http://www.archive.org/stream/talkingmac hinein00mitcuoft/talkingmachinein00mitcu oft_djvu.txt [7] http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAA AMAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=duhamel+vibrograph&lr=&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=duhamel%20vibrograph &f=false [8] https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitst ream/handle/2022/899/Archivist_4_4_graf. pdf?sequence=1 [9] Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville, "Principes de Phonautographie", 1957 http://www.firstsounds.org/public/ First-Sounds-Working-Paper-01.pdf | Paris, France3 |
[1] Figure from Leon Scott's 03/24/1857 patent of the phonautograph CC source: http://www.firstsounds.org/publi c/First-Sounds-Working-Paper-02.pdf [2] Description Edouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.jpg Portrait of French typographer Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (1817-1879), inventor of the phonautograph. Date 19th century Source http://www.evolutionofsound.org/con tent/biog/leonscott.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/33/Edouard-L%C3%A9on_Sco tt_de_Martinville.jpg |
143 YBN [12/27/1857 AD] 4 | 2974) The luminescence of various gases in vacuum tubes under a high voltage is observed, determined to be from the gases (not the electrodes), and the spectrum of the light found to be specific to each gas.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Pl�cker, J. "Ueber die Einwirkung des Magneten auf die elektrischen Entladungen in verd�nnten Gasen." Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie 103 (1858): 88-106. books.google.com/books?id=ihM4A AAAMAAJ&pg=PA88 English translation: "On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in Rarefied Gases.", Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, Volume 16, num 105, August 1858, p119 http://books.google.com/books?id=aVEwA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA119 AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ item/53789#page/133/mode/1up {plucker_1 858_english.pdf} AND followed by: Pl�cker, M. "XLVI. Observations on the electrical discharge through rarefied gases." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 16.109 (1858): 408-418. http://books.google.com/books? id=vFAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA408 2. ^ "Julius Plucker". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Julius Plucker". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Julius_P lucker 3. ^ Pl�cker, J. "Ueber die Einwirkung des Magneten auf die elektrischen Entladungen in verd�nnten Gasen." Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie 103 (1858): 88-106. books.google.com/books?id=ihM4A AAAMAAJ&pg=PA88 English translation: "On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in Rarefied Gases.", Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, Volume 16, num 105, August 1858, p119 http://books.google.com/books?id=aVEwA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA119 AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ item/53789#page/133/mode/1up {plucker_1 858_english.pdf} AND followed by: Pl�cker, M. "XLVI. Observations on the electrical discharge through rarefied gases." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 16.109 (1858): 408-418. http://books.google.com/books? id=vFAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA408 4. ^ Pl�cker, J. "Ueber die Einwirkung des Magneten auf die elektrischen Entladungen in verd�nnten Gasen." Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie 103 (1858): 88-106. books.google.com/books?id=ihM4A AAAMAAJ&pg=PA88 English translation: "On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in Rarefied Gases.", Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, Volume 16, num 105, August 1858, p119 http://books.google.com/books?id=aVEwA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA119 AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ item/53789#page/133/mode/1up {plucker_1 858_english.pdf} AND followed by: Pl�cker, M. "XLVI. Observations on the electrical discharge through rarefied gases." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 16.109 (1858): 408-418. http://books.google.com/books? id=vFAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA408 MORE INFO [1] "Julius Plucker". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 0443/Julius-Plucker [2] "Julius Plücker". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Pl%C 3%BCcker [3] http://www.answers.com/Julius%20Pl%C3%BC cker%20 [4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [5] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15 188w pp88-106 Annalen der Physik (Leipzig). 1799. 1858 (Bd. 179 = F. 2 / Bd. 103) [6] http://www.google.com/translate_t?langpa ir=deen [7] The Discovery of X-Rays W. C. Rontgen; George Sarton Isis, Vol. 26, No. 2. (Mar., 1937), pp. 349-369. http://www.jstor.org/view/00211753/ap0 10040/01a00110/0 XRays_Rontgen_Sarton.p df [8] "John Peter Gassiot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peter_ Gassiot [9] http://journals.royalsociety.org/content /u247483p64245816/?p=5586690922f1445d80f 82675725be8d2&pi=5 Abstract of a Series of Papers and Notes Concerning the Electric Discharge through Rarefied Gases and Vapours. Journal Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905) Issue Volume 10 - 1859/1860 Pages 256-269 DOI 10.1098/rs pl.1859.0051 Plucker_1859_PT_abstract.p df [10] "On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in Rarefied Gases.", Philosophical Magazine, Volume 16, plucker_1858_english.pdf [11] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15 1897/f140.table [12] E. Newton Harvey, "A History of Luminescence", The American Philosophical Society, 1957, 353-354 | (University of Bonn) Bonn, Germany2 3 |
[1] Plücker, J. ''Ueber die Einwirkung des Magneten auf die elektrischen Entladungen in verdünnten Gasen.'' Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie 103 (1858): 88-106. books.google.com/books?id=ihM4A AAAMAAJ&pg=PA88 English translation: ''On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in Rarefied Gases.'', Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, Volume 16, num 105, August 1858, p119 http://books.google.com/books?id=aVEwA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA119 AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ item/53789#page/133/mode/1up {plucker_1 858_english.pdf} AND followed by: Plücker, M. ''XLVI. Observations on the electrical discharge through rarefied gases.'' The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 16.109 (1858): 408-418. http://books.google.com/books? id=vFAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA408 AND from here Source http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollecti ons/hst/scientific-identity/CF/display_r esults.cfm?alpha_sort=p Scientist: Plucker, Julius (1801 - 1868) Discipline(s): Mathematics ; Physics Print Artist: Rudolf Hoffmann, fl. ca. 1840 Medium: Lithograph Original Artist: Schafgans Original Dimensions: Graphic: 19 x 15 cm / Sheet: 33.1 x 23 cm PD source: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.o rg/item/53789#page/133/mode/1uphttp://en .pedia.org//Image:Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker.jp g [2] Plücker, J. ''Ueber die Einwirkung des Magneten auf die elektrischen Entladungen in verdünnten Gasen.'' Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie 103 (1858): 88-106. books.google.com/books?id=ihM4A AAAMAAJ&pg=PA88 English translation: ''On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in Rarefied Gases.'', Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, Volume 16, num 105, August 1858, p119 http://books.google.com/books?id=aVEwA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA119 AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ item/53789#page/133/mode/1up {plucker_1 858_english.pdf} AND followed by: Plücker, M. ''XLVI. Observations on the electrical discharge through rarefied gases.'' The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 16.109 (1858): 408-418. http://books.google.com/books? id=vFAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA408 PD source: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.o rg/item/53789#page/133/mode/1up |
143 YBN [1857 AD] 4 | 3628) That mountain ranges are created by horizontal movements of the Earth's crust is realized.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Eduard Suess." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/571632/Eduard-Suess>. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ "Suess, Eduard", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p848. 4. ^ "Eduard Suess." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/571632/Eduard-Suess>. {1857} MORE INFO [1] "Eduard Suess." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 01 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/eduard-sues s [2] "Eduard Suess." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 01 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/eduard-sues s [3] "Eduard Suess". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sues s [4] "Eduard Suess". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Eduard_S uess | (University of Vienna) Vienna, Austria (now Germany2 )3 |
[1] English: Eduard Suess (1831 – 1914), Austrian geologist Source http://www.jamd.com/image/g/2638599 Date c1890 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/47/Eduard_Suess00.jpg |
142 YBN [07/01/1858 AD] 17 18 | 3033) The theory of evolution is popularized: the theory that life descends from a single common ancestor10 , that many more organisms than can survive are born, each with individual differences, and through a process of natural selection, only the best adapted can survive to reproduce and pass on their successful traits, while the less adapted die out11 .12 13 Many religious people are shocked that humans and apes might have a common ancestor.14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id =lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 2. ^ Currently I am presuming Darwin and or Wallace identified the idea of a single common ancestor for all of life on Earth-Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id =lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 4. ^ Currently I am presuming Darwin and or Wallace identified the idea of a single common ancestor for all of life on Earth-Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id =lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 6. ^ Currently I am presuming Darwin and or Wallace identified the idea of a single common ancestor for all of life on Earth-Ted Huntington. 7. ^ "natural selection."Answers.com 23 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/natural-sel ection 8. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id =lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 9. ^ Darwin, C. R. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. {1st edition} http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialI ntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecie s.html http://darwin-online.org.uk/conv erted/pdf/1859_Origin_F373.pdf 10. ^ Currently I am presuming Darwin and or Wallace identified the idea of a single common ancestor for all of life on Earth-Ted Huntington. 11. ^ "natural selection."Answers.com 23 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/natural-sel ection 12. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id =lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 13. ^ Darwin, C. R. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. {1st edition} http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialI ntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecie s.html http://darwin-online.org.uk/conv erted/pdf/1859_Origin_F373.pdf 14. ^ "Charles Robert Darwin", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp230-231 15. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9642>. 16. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id =lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 17. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id =lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 18. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910 9642>. (07/01/1858) MORE INFO [1] The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online. http://darwin-online.org.uk/ [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rob ert_Darwin | (Linnean Society), London, England15 16 |
[1] ''Charles Darwin, aged 51.'' Scanned from Karl Pearson, The Life, Letters, and Labours of Francis Galton. Photo originally from the 1859 or 1860. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_5 1.jpg [2] Charles Darwin as a 7-year old boy in 1816 The seven-year-old Charles Darwin in 1816, one year before his mother's death. [t A rare smile, there are not many photos of Darwin smiling.] PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg |
142 YBN [08/16/1858 AD] 4 | 3305) The first transatlantic cable.1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "Cyrus West Field." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 19 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyrus-west- field 2. ^ "Telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Telegrap h 3. ^ "Field, Cyrus W." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 4195>. 4. ^ "Cyrus West Field." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 19 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyrus-west- field {08/16/1858} MORE INFO [1] "Cyrus West Field". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_West_ Field [2] "Cyrus West Field". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cyrus_We st_Field | (Newfoundland to Ireland2 ) Atlantic Ocean3 |
[1] Field, Cyrus West (1819 - 1892) Discipline(s): Science Patron Original Dimensions: Graphic: 31 x 21.4 cm / Sheet: 32.8 x 25.9 cm PD/Corel source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsiz e/SIL14-F002-06a.jpg [2] Cyrus West Field. Imperial salted-paper print by the Mathew Brady Studio 1858, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. secondary source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cyrus Field.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/01/CyrusField.jpg |
141 YBN [08/27/1859 AD] 4 5 | 3264) The first modern oil well.1 2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "Drake, Edwin Laurentine." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9031134> . 2. ^ Tate, A.N. Petroleum and Its Products: An Account of the History, Origin, Composition, Properties, Uses, and Commercial Value &c., of Petroleum, the Methods Employed in Refining It and the Properties, Uses, Etc., of Its Products. John W. Davies, 1863, 4. http://books.google.com/books?id=PCx IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4 3. ^ "Edwin Drake." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 13 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edwin-drake 4. ^ "Edwin Drake." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 13 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edwin-drake (08/27/1859) 5. ^ "Edwin Drake." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 13 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edwin-drake (08/27/1859) MORE INFO [1] "Edwin Laurentine Drake". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Laure ntine_Drake | (near) Titusville, Pennsylvania, USA3 |
[1] Edwin Drake [r] and Peter Wilson [l] in front of the engine house and derrick for the well which began the oil industry, 1866. John Mather, photographer. Image from PHMC, Drake Well Museum, Titusville PD/Corel source: http://www.cbsd.org/pennsylvania people/level2_biographies/images/Drake's %20well%201.jpg [2] Edwin Drake Image from PHMC, Drake Well Museum, Titusville PD/Corel source: http://www.cbsd.org/pennsylvania people/level2_biographies/images/Edwin%2 0Drake.jpg |
141 YBN [10/20/1859 AD] 12 13 14 15 | 3087) The spectral lines emitted when a substance is burned are used to determine the atomic composition of the substance. That each element emits and absorbs light at the same specific frequencies is recognized.7 The first element in the atmosphere of the Sun, sodium, is identified from the two dark "D" lines in the Sun's spectrum, and the finding that a spectral emission line can only be reversed to an absorption line when the absorber is colder than the emitter.8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 2. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 3. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 4. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 5. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 6. ^ Norman Lockyer, "The Chemistry of the Sun", Macmillan and co., 1887, p54-56. http://books.google.com/books?h l=en&id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54 7. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 8. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 9. ^ Norman Lockyer, "The Chemistry of the Sun", Macmillan and co., 1887, p54-56. http://books.google.com/books?h l=en&id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54 10. ^ "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-buns en 11. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 12. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} {10/20/1859} 13. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law"', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 0562?seq=2 {Kirchhoff_Siegal_Isis_1976_230562.pdf } {10/20/1859} 14. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/bunsen.html (1859) 15. ^ "Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 8091>. (1859) MORE INFO [1] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-buns en [2] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buns en [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154 [5] http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/ch emach/periodic/bunsen-kirchhoff.html [6] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2- HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} [7] (English translation of 1860 paper) Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen, "Chemical Analysis by Observation of Spectra", Annalen der Physik und der Chemie (Poggendorff), Vol. 110 (1860), pp161-189. http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/ webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-18 60.html {Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html} [8] "Gustav Robert Kirchhoff", Obituary Notice. Proc. Roy, Soc. vol. 46, p. vi. (1889). http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/cg61418590l307t2/?p=b6c499a7daa34dfb9 4680da0469118ebπ=1 {Kirchhoff_obituary _PRS.pdf} | (University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany10 11 |
[1] Bunsen-Kirchhoff spectroscope with the Bunsen burner (labeled D), from Annalen der Physik (1860). Chemical Heritage Foundation Collections. PD/Corel AND Kirchhoff (left) and Bunsen (right) PD source: http://www.chemheritage.org/clas sroom/chemach/images/lgfotos/04periodic/ bunsen-kirchhoff2.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspo t.com/-DmiBHx0pAXc/TZGos9g4_yI/AAAAAAAAA Wk/eFxlDSws9zI/s1600/kirchoff_bunsen.jpg [2] Bunsen-Kirchhoff spectroscope with the Bunsen burner (labeled D), from Annalen der Physik (1860). Chemical Heritage Foundation Collections. PD/Corel source: http://www.chemheritage.org/clas sroom/chemach/images/lgfotos/04periodic/ bunsen-kirchhoff2.jpg |
141 YBN [1859 AD] 3 | 3714) The first rechargeable battery; which is based on lead plates immersed in sulfuric acid.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p468. 2. ^ "Planté, Gaston." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9060 320>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p468. {1859} MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Gaston%20Plant%C3 %A9 [2] "Gaston Planté". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plan t%C3%A9 [3] "Lead-acid battery". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_b attery | (Conservatory of Arts and Crafts) Paris, France2 |
[1] Plante battery COPYRIGHTED source: http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekat z/scientists/plante_battery1.jpg [2] Plante cell COPYRIGHTED source: http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekat z/scientists/plante_cel.gif |
140 YBN [04/16/1860 AD] 6 7 8 9 | 3088) The element cesium is identified, the first element to be discovered spectroscopically3 .4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cesium." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 2171>. 2. ^ G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen (1861). "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 189 (7): 337–381. doi:10.1002/andp.18611890702. http://dx .doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18611890702 htt p://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/ fulltext/112489837/PDFSTART and free: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ bpt6k151986 {Bunsen_Kirchhoff_1861_cesi um.pdf} translated in English as "Chemical Analysis by spectrum-observations", Phil. Mag. 22, 329-49, 498-510 (1861). 3. ^ "cesium." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 2171>. 4. ^ G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen (1861). "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 189 (7): 337–381. doi:10.1002/andp.18611890702. http://dx .doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18611890702 htt p://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/ fulltext/112489837/PDFSTART and free: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ bpt6k151986 {Bunsen_Kirchhoff_1861_cesi um.pdf} translated in English as "Chemical Analysis by spectrum-observations", Phil. Mag. 22, 329-49, 498-510 (1861). 5. ^ "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-buns en 6. ^ James, Frank A. J. L. (1983) "The establishment of spectro-chemical analysis as a practical method of qualitative analysis, 1854-1861", Ambix, v30, pp30-53. {Ambix_1983.pdf} {04/16/1860} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p428-429. {05/10/1860} 8. ^ Klaus Hentschel, Mapping the Spectrum, p483. http://books.google.com/books?id= WceRw3sr-rQC&pg=PA483&lpg=PA483&dq=bunse n++ueber+ein+neues+dem+kalium&source=web &ots=MyI0GGw5c3&sig=uUJ6C2djUKdMeVVp3eWm wEjwe1g&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum =2&ct=result {05/10/1860} 9. ^ "cesium." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902 2171>. (1861) MORE INFO [1] "Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 8091> [2] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-buns en [3] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buns en [4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [5] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154 [6] G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen, "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 186, Issue 6, (1860), pp 161-189. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/journal/112489676/issue and http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k 151955 {Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf} [7] "Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904 5597> | (University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany5 |
[1] 1860 Bunsen Kirchhoff figures ''Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen'', Annalen der Physik, Volume 189, Issue 7, (1861), pp337-381. PD/Corel source: Bunsen_Kirchhoff_Cesium_Rubidium [2] Pollucite (Caesium mineral) Source: http://resourcescommittee.house.gov/subc ommittees/emr/usgsweb/photogallery/ ; PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f8/Pollucite%28CesiumMin eral%29USGOV.jpg |
140 YBN [04/??/1860 AD] 5 | 3458) The position of the spectral emission lines are found to be the same for a variety of metals, independent of the molecular compound the metal is in, and the heat source used.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen, "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 186, Issue 6, (1860), pp 161-189. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/journal/112489676/issue and http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k 151955 {Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf} (Full English translation) Pierre Prevost, Balfour Stewart, Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, De Witt Bristol Brace, "The Laws of Radiation and Absorption: Memoirs", American Book Company, 1901, pp101-125. http://books.google.com/book s?id=AfGOZ4Icu6wC&printsec=frontcover&dq =brace+%22laws+of+radiation+and+absorpti on%22#PPA101,M1 (partial English translation) http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Ch em-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html { Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html} 2. ^ "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-buns en 3. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, Kirchhoff's. ^ Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. {stokes_foucault_kirchhoff. pdf} 4. ^ G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen, "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 186, Issue 6, (1860), pp 161-189. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/journal/112489676/issue and http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k 151955 {Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf} (Full English translation) Pierre Prevost, Balfour Stewart, Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, De Witt Bristol Brace, "The Laws of Radiation and Absorption: Memoirs", American Book Company, 1901, pp101-125. http://books.google.com/book s?id=AfGOZ4Icu6wC&printsec=frontcover&dq =brace+%22laws+of+radiation+and+absorpti on%22#PPA101,M1 (partial English translation) http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Ch em-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html { Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html} 5. ^ G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen, "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 186, Issue 6, (1860), pp 161-189. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/journal/112489676/issue and http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k 151955 {Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf} (Full English translation) Pierre Prevost, Balfour Stewart, Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, De Witt Bristol Brace, "The Laws of Radiation and Absorption: Memoirs", American Book Company, 1901, pp101-125. http://books.google.com/book s?id=AfGOZ4Icu6wC&printsec=frontcover&dq =brace+%22laws+of+radiation+and+absorpti on%22#PPA101,M1 (partial English translation) http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Ch em-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html { Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html} {04/1860} MORE INFO [1] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-buns en [2] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buns en [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154 [5] http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/ch emach/periodic/bunsen-kirchhoff.html [6] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2- HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} [7] "spectroscopy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 9 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-805 89> [8] "Robert Wilhelm Von Bunsen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Robert_W ilhelm_Von_Bunsen [9] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/bunsen.html (1859) [10] "Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 8091>. (1859) [11] Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law"', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 0562?seq=2 {Kirchhoff_Siegal_Isis_1976_230562.pdf } [12] William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p109-112 [13] "Gustav Robert Kirchhoff", Obituary Notice. Proc. Roy, Soc. vol. 46, p. vi. (1889). http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte nt/cg61418590l307t2/?p=b6c499a7daa34dfb9 4680da0469118ebπ=1 {Kirchhoff_obituary _PRS.pdf} [14] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/kirchh off.htm [15] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp374-375 [16] Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 0562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBa sicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2 6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArti cleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} | (University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany2 3 4 |
[1] 1860 Bunsen Kirchhoff figures PD/Corel source: Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf [2] 1860 Bunsen Kirchhoff figures PD/Corel source: Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf |
140 YBN [1860 AD] 3 | 3124) The atomic masses of some elements are found to be far from integral values, which casts doubt on the theory that all elements are made of multiples of hydrogen.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p383. 2. ^ "Jean Baptiste André Dumas". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+And r%C3%A9+Dumas?cat=technology 3. ^ "Researches on the Mutual Relations of Atomic Weights", in the Bulletin de l'Académie Royale de Belgique v10, 1860, pp208-336. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giun ta/stas.html MORE INFO [1] "Jean-Servais Stas", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p830 [2] "Jean Stas." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 19 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-stas [3] "Jean Stas." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 19 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-stas [4] "Jean Servais Stas". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Ser vais_Stas [5] "Jean Servais Stas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Servai s_Stas [6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p342 [7] http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biog raphies/MainBiographies/S/Stas/1.html [8] "Aaron J. Ihde", The Development of Modern Chemistry, Courier Dover Publications, 1984, p155 (1840) | (Ecole Polytechnique) Paris, France2 (presumably) |
[1] Scan of a picture of Belgian scientist Jean Servais Stas (who died in 1891) Source Journal of Chemical Education, pages 353 – 357 Date 1938 Author Timmermans, Jean PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/de/Stas_Jean_Servais.jpg [2] Stas, Jean Servais 19th Century Born: Leuven (Belgium), 1813 Died Brussels (Belgium), 1891 PD/Corel source: http://www.euchems.org/binaries/ Stas_tcm23-29677.gif |
139 YBN [06/??/1861 AD] 4 | 3462) By matching solar dark lines to the bright lines emitted by elements, various metals are found to be in the atmosphere of the Sun, and others are ruled out.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ G. Kirchhoff, "Untersuchungen über das Sonnenspektrum und Spektren der chemischen Elemente", Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861, 63–95 1862, 227–240; 1863, 225–240 English translation: tr. by Henry E. Roscoe, "Researches on the solar spectrum, and the spectra of the chemical elements", 1862 http://books.google.com/books?id=l 4MDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover {Kirchh off_Researches_on_the_solar_spectrum_186 1.pdf} 2. ^ http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0038-567 0/2/6/R08/PHU_2_6_R08.pdf?request-id=8f1 884a6-fd47-447b-a653-fe3cb7086b72 3. ^ G. Kirchhoff, "Untersuchungen über das Sonnenspektrum und Spektren der chemischen Elemente", Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861, 63–95 1862, 227–240; 1863, 225–240 English translation: tr. by Henry E. Roscoe, "Researches on the solar spectrum, and the spectra of the chemical elements", 1862 http://books.google.com/books?id=l 4MDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover {Kirchh off_Researches_on_the_solar_spectrum_186 1.pdf} 4. ^ G. Kirchhoff, "Untersuchungen über das Sonnenspektrum und Spektren der chemischen Elemente", Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861, 63–95 1862, 227–240; 1863, 225–240 English translation: tr. by Henry E. Roscoe, "Researches on the solar spectrum, and the spectra of the chemical elements", 1862 http://books.google.com/books?id=l 4MDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover {Kirchh off_Researches_on_the_solar_spectrum_186 1.pdf} {06/1861} MORE INFO [1] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-buns en [2] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buns en [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154 [5] http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/ch emach/periodic/bunsen-kirchhoff.html [6] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2- HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} [7] "spectroscopy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 9 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-805 89> [8] ULSF id 2571 [9] "Robert Wilhelm Von Bunsen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Robert_W ilhelm_Von_Bunsen [10] G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen, "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 186, Issue 6, (1860), pp 161-189. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/journal/112489676/issue and http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k 151955 {Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf} [11] (English translation of 1860 paper) Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen, "Chemical Analysis by Observation of Spectra", Annalen der Physik und der Chemie (Poggendorff), Vol. 110 (1860), pp161-189. http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/ webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-18 60.html {Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html} [12] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient ists/bunsen.html (1859) [13] "Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 8091>. (1859) [14] Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law"', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 0562?seq=2 {Kirchhoff_Siegal_Isis_1976_230562.pdf } [15] William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p109-112 [16] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/kirchh off.htm [17] James, Frank A. J. L. (1983) "The establishment of spectro-chemical analysis as a practical method of qualitative analysis, 1854-1861", Ambix, v30, pp30-53, p51. {Ambix_1983.pdf} [18] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp374-375 [19] "Gustav Kirchhoff." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gustav-kirc hhoff [20] "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-buns en [21] Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, [Kirchhoff's] Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. {stokes_foucault_kirchhoff. pdf} [22] Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 0562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBa sicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2 6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArti cleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} {12/11/1859} [23] Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber den Zusammenhang zwischen Emission und Absorption von Licht und Warme," Monatsber. Kon. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859, pp. 783-787 (presented Dec. 11, 1859). Reprinted in Abhandlungen, pp. 566-571, as well as in Kangro, [Kirchhoff'sl Untersuchungen, pp. 7-13. http://books.google.com/books?id= AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA783,M1 E nglish translation: Pierre Prevost, Balfour Stewart, Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, De Witt Bristol Brace, "The Laws of Radiation and Absorption: Memoirs", American Book Company, 1901, p73- http://books.google.com/books?id=A fGOZ4Icu6wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=brace +laws+of+radiation#PPA73,M1 {12/11/1859} [24] G. R. Kirchhoff, "Ueber das Verhältnis zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem. Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme und Licht,” Annalen der Physik, 109, 1860, pp275-301. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/jou rnal/112489606/issue {Kirchhoff_black_b ody_1860_01.pdf} Translated into English as "On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat", Phil. Mag. 20 (1860), 1-21. {01/1860} [25] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co, 1887, p74. http://books.google.com/books?id=t r8KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=chemi stry+of+the+sun#PPA74,M1 | (University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany3 |
[1] [t First page of solar spectrum] PD/Corel source: Kirchhoff_Researches_on_the_sola r_spectrum_1861.pdf [2] The great spectroscope of kirchhoff for the study of the solar spectrum (Abh. Berliner Akad. 1861, p. 63) PD/Corel source: http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/00 38-5670/2/6/R08/PHU_2_6_R08.pdf?request- id=8f1884a6-fd47-447b-a653-fe3cb7086b72 |
139 YBN [10/26/1861 AD] 16 17 | 3997) The first microphone, speaker, and telephone is invented. Sound is converted to electricity and back to sound again.11 12 A microphone converts variations in sound (air pressure) into variations in electric current, which can be carried over long distances in metal wire, and then converted back into the air vibrations of sound using a speaker.13 Sound can be sent farther as electric current in a wire than mechanically in air and travels silently.14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...", 1883. http://books.google.com/books?id= YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onep age&q=&f=false {Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telepho ne.pdf} 2. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p147. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq= %22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE -YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl =en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=bo ok_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q =%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false 3. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...", 1883. http://books.google.com/books?id= YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onep age&q=&f=false {Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telepho ne.pdf} 4. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p147. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq= %22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE -YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl =en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=bo ok_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q =%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false 5. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...", 1883. http://books.google.com/books?id= YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onep age&q=&f=false {Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telepho ne.pdf} 6. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p147. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq= %22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE -YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl =en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=bo ok_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q =%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...", 1883. http://books.google.com/books?id= YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onep age&q=&f=false {Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telepho ne.pdf} 9. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p147. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq= %22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE -YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl =en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=bo ok_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q =%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false 10. ^ Ted Huntington. 11. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...", 1883. http://books.google.com/books?id= YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onep age&q=&f=false {Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telepho ne.pdf} 12. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p147. http://books.google.com/book s?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq= %22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE -YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl =en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=bo ok_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q =%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false 13. ^ Ted Huntington. 14. ^ Ted Huntington. 15. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books? id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=fal se 16. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books? id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=fal se {10/26/1861} 17. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books? id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=fal se {1861} MORE INFO [1] Herbert Newton Casson, "The history of the telephone", 1910. http://books.google.com/books?id= 4iU1AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+ History+of+the+Telephone&as_brr=1#v=onep age&q=&f=false [2] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the phonograph", 1879. http://books.google.com/books?id= Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=fal se and http://books.google.com/books?id=se QOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone& as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphon e&f=false [3] W. F. Barrett, "The Telephone, Its History and Its Recent Improvements", Nature, vol19, 11/07/1878, p12-14. http://books.google.com/books?i d=oC0CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=history+microp hone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20micr ophone&f=false [4] The Talking Machine Industry http://www.archive.org/stream/ talkingmachinein00mitcuoft/talkingmachin ein00mitcuoft_djvu.txt | (built in workshop behind Reis's house and cabinet in Garnier's Institute, Friedrichsdorf, demonstrated before Physical Society) Frankfort, Germany15 |
[1] Drawing of Philip Reiss telephone used for 10/26/1861 demonstration before Physical Society in Frankfort, Germany. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=%22g alvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX 1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl=en& ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_r esult&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q=%22 galvanic%20music%22&f=false [2] portrait of Philip Reiss From Silvanus Thompson: ''Reis is here represented as holding in his hand the telephone with which he had a few days preceding (May 11, 1862) achieved such success at his lecture before the Freies Deutsches Hochstift (Free German Institute) in Frankfort. '' PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phi lip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=one page&q=&f=false |
139 YBN [11/07/1861 AD] 3 | 3493) That the spectrum of an element may change with change in temperature is proven by showing that at high temperatures a blue line appears for lithium.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Edward Frankland, (obituary) Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), p343-349. http://books.google.com/books ?id=4Q8AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA343&dq=Edward+Fran kland+obituary&as_brr=1 2. ^ Edward Frankland, (obituary) Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), p343-349. http://books.google.com/books ?id=4Q8AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA343&dq=Edward+Fran kland+obituary&as_brr=1 3. ^ Dictionary of National Biography (1901) entry for Edward Frankland http://books.google.com/books ?id=TCYJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA237&dq=edward+fran kland&as_brr=1#PPA238,M1 {11/07/1861} MORE INFO [1] "Frankland, Edward", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p327 [2] "Sir Edward Frankland." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Aug. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/217311/Sir-Edward-Frankland> [3] "Edward Frankland." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-fran kland [4] "Edward Frankland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fran kland [5] http://members.cox.net/ggtext/edwardfran kland1825_obit.html [6] "Edward Frankland." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-fran kland [7] "Sir Edward Frankland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edwa rd_Frankland | (St. Bartholomew's Hospital) London, England2 |
[1] Scanned from the frontispiece of Sketches from the life of Edward Frankland, published in 1902 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/0/09/Frankland_Edward_26.jpg [2] Sir Edward Frankland (1825–1899), English chemist. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e9/Edward_Frankland.jpg |
139 YBN [1861 AD] 3 | 2651) The first transcontinental telegraph line, connecting San Francisco to the East Coast of the USA.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 04/telegraph 2. ^ "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 04/telegraph 3. ^ "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 04/telegraph (1861) MORE INFO [1] "Western Union Corporation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 6670/Western-Union-Corporation | USA2 |
[1] Description The overland pony express — Photographed by Savage, Salt Lake City; from a painting by George M. Ottinger. Date 2 November 1867 Source Illustration in Harper's weekly, v. 11, no. 566 (1867 Nov. 2), p. 693. Scan provided by The Library of Congress: Wood engraving after George M. Ottinger (d. 1919) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_Overland_Po ny_Express.jpg/1280px-The_Overland_Pony_ Express.jpg [2] Logo of The Western Union Company COPYRIGHTED source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Western_Union_money_transfer.png |
139 YBN [1861 AD] 3 | 3015) The process of dialysis to separate different substances is invented.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp359-360. 2. ^ "Thomas Graham". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Thomas_G raham 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp359-360. (1861) MORE INFO [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Grah am_%28chemist%29 [2] http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistr y/institutes/1992/Graham.html (1833) [3] http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistr y/institutes/1992/Graham.html [4] "Graham, Thomas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 7612>. (1829) [5] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp359-360. (1833) | (Mint) London, England2 |
[1] Scientist: Graham, Thomas (1805 - 1869) Discipline(s): Chemistry ; Physics Print Artist: Attributed to C. Cook Medium: Photograph Original Artist: Cloudet Original Dimensions: Graphic: 15.7 x 12.1 cm / Sheet: 24.7 x 17 cm PD/Corel source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsiz e/SIL14-G003-03a.jpg [2] Thomas Graham PD/Corel source: http://www.frca.co.uk/images/gra ham.jpg |
139 YBN [1861 AD] 4 | 3417) That some microorganisms are anaerobic (do not need oxygen) and others are aerobic (need oxygen) is established.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ René Vallery-Radot, R. L. Devonshire, "The Life of Pasteur", Doubleday, Page & Co., 1916, p 99. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZO wIAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis+ Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA99,M1 2. ^ Pasteur, L. "Animalcules infusoires vivant sans gaz oxygene libre et determinant des fermentations." Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 52:344-347, 1861 3. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/445964/Louis-Pasteur>. 4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p334. {1863} {1861} MORE INFO [1] "Louis Pasteur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Paste ur [2] "Louis Pasteur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Louis_Pa steur [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "Louis Pasteur." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-paste ur [5] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p421-425. {1856} [6] "Pasteur, Louis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p681-684 [7] Pasteur, Louis. "Influence de l'oxyg�ne sur le d�veloppement de la levure et la fermentation alcoolique." (1861). http://books.google.com/books?i d=o4M5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA79 | (École Normale Supérieure) Paris, France3 |
[1] Aerobically different bacteria behave differently when grown in liquid culture: 1: Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen. 2: Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen. 3: Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is the most beneficial one; but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube. 4: Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen but at a low concentration. 5: Aerotolerant bacteria are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/90/Anaerobic.png [2] * Félix Nadar (1820-1910), French biologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), 1878 (detail). Source: http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/ misc/evprev Creator/Artist Name Gaspar-Félix Tournachon Alternative names Félix Nadar Date of birth/death 1820-04-05 1910-03-21 Location of birth/death Paris Paris Work period 1854 - 1910 Work location Paris PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/Louis_Pasteur.jpg |
139 YBN [1861 AD] 3 | 3582) Organic chemistry is defined as merely the chemistry of carbon compounds with no mention of living organisms.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p446-448. 2. ^ "August Kekule von Stradonitz." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/314308/August-Kekule-von-Stradonitz>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p446-448. {1861} MORE INFO [1] "Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/friedrich-a ugust-kekul-von-stradonitz [2] "Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 16 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/friedrich-a ugust-kekul-von-stradonitz [3] "Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 16 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/friedrich-a ugust-kekul-von-stradonitz [4] "Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/friedrich-a ugust-kekul-von-stradonitz-german-chemis t [5] "Kekule Von Stradonitz (Kekulé), (Friedrich) August", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p480-481 [6] Ernst von Meyer, translated by George McGowan, "A History of Chemistry from Earliest Times to the Present Day", Macmillan and co., 1898, p328-329. http://books.google.com/books ?id=0mJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA328&dq=Ueber+die+C onstitution+und+die+Metamorphosen+der+ch emischen+Verbindungen+und+%C3%BCber+die+ chemische+Natur+des+Kohlenstoffs&lr=&as_ brr=1&ei=VTTQSOOYDoPWsgO7w90z#PPA328,M1 [7] Aug. Kekulé (1857). "Ueber die s. g. gepaarten Verbindungen und die Theorie der mehratomigen Radicale". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 104 (2): 129–150. doi:10.1002/jlac.18571040202. http://dx .doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18571040202 [8] Aug. Kekulé (1858). "Ueber die Constitution und die Metamorphosen der chemischen Verbindungen und über die chemische Natur des Kohlenstoffs". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 106 (2): 129–159. doi:10.1002/jlac.18581060202. http://dx .doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18581060202 [9] "Kekulé Memorial Lecture", Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Society (Great Britain), Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain), v.73, 1898, p97-138. http://books.google.com/books? id=Tus4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA97&dq=Friedrich+Aug ust+Kekule+obituary&ei=oj3QSNmcGoH-sQPwl OHbAw#PPA97,M1 | (University of Ghent) Ghent, Belgium2 |
[1] Friedrich August von Stradonitz Kekulé Library of Congress PD source: http://content.answers.com/main/ content/img/scitech/HSfrieda.jpg [2] English: Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, german chemist PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fa/Frkekul%C3%A9.jpg |
139 YBN [1861 AD] 4 | 3645) The first color image is projected.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ C. E. Kenneth Mees, "The Codachrome Process of Color Photography", Bulletin of Photography: The Weekly Magazine for the Professional Photographer, F.V. Chambers, (18, 439-464), 1916, p101. http://books.google.com/books?id= YB0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA101&dq=maxwell+color+p rojection+glass+plate&as_brr=1&ei=GIzuSM aoJ4PytQO1zpD2Bg 2. ^ C. E. Kenneth Mees, "The Codachrome Process of Color Photography", Bulletin of Photography: The Weekly Magazine for the Professional Photographer, F.V. Chambers, (18, 439-464), 1916, p101. http://books.google.com/books?id= YB0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA101&dq=maxwell+color+p rojection+glass+plate&as_brr=1&ei=GIzuSM aoJ4PytQO1zpD2Bg 3. ^ "James Clerk Maxwell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 03 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/370621/James-Clerk-Maxwell>. 4. ^ "Maxwell, James Clerk", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p586-588. {1861} MORE INFO [1] "James Clerk Maxwell." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk -maxwell [2] "James Clerk Maxwell." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 03 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk -maxwell [3] "James Clerk Maxwell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk _Maxwell [4] "James Clerk Maxwell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/James_Cl erk_Maxwell [5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p331 [6] Lewis Campbell, William Garnett, "The Life of James Clerk Maxwell: With Selections from His Correspondence and Occasional Writings", Macmillan and co., 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= B7gEAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Life+of+James+Clerk+ Maxwell&pg=PP1&ots=K2dcaxBEwW&sig=A5FFti 3pAlN9BLehmaOFNBQtrAc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book _result&resnum=4&ct=result [7] Richard Glazebrook, "James Clerk Maxwell and Modern Physics", Macmillan, 1896. http://books.google.com/books?id= hbcEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage [8] http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/in dex.html [9] James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890. http://books.google.com/books?id= d_6fGwAACAAJ&dq=The+Scientific+intitle:P apers+of+James+Clerk+intitle:Maxwell&as_ brr=0&ei=b3XqSJumMpK6tQOy_MXRBg [10] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Biographies/Maxwell.html [11] "Daniel Bernoulli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8863/Daniel-Bernoulli [12] J. Clerk Maxwell, "On Faraday's Lines of Force.", Teansactions of the Cambridge philosophical Society, p27-83. http://books.google.com/books?i d=HTY8AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ed itions:0Dde3miu3aQ74y2y#PPA27,M1 [13] http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~hist ory/Projects/Johnson/Chapters/Ch4_2.html [14] J.C. Maxwell, On the theory of three primary colours, Proc R Inst G B 3 (1861), pp. 370–374. From James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, p445-450 [15] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p454-456 | (King's College, exhibit at the Royal Institution) London, England3 |
[1] [t Note: This cannot be a photograph from 1861 - Maxwell apparently never created a color photograph in the sense of a single plate or paper with a multi-color image, but made 3 glass plates. So this is a digitized color photo of the projection of those three plates. The first color [photograph being created, at least publicly by: introduced in 1907 by A. Lumiere (eb1911 photography)] wikipedia: English: Tartan Ribbon, photograph taken by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861. Considered the first colour photograph. Maxwell had the photographer Thomas Sutton photograph a tartan ribbon three times, each time with a different colour filter over the lens. The three images were developed and then projected onto a screen with three different projectors, each equipped with the same colour filter used to take its image. When brought into focus, the three images formed a full colour image. The three photographic plates now reside in a small museum at 14 India Street, Edinburgh, the house where Maxwell was born. Source Scanned from The Illustrated History of Colour Photography, Jack H. Coote, 1993. ISBN 0-86343-380-4. Date 1861 Author James Clerk Maxwell (original picture) ; scan by User:Janke. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7f/Tartan_Ribbon.jpg [2] James Clerk Maxwell. The Library of Congress. PD/GOV source: "Henri Victor Regnault", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p586. |
138 YBN [02/??/1862 AD] 6 7 | 3743) The spectra of metallic compounds are found to be different than the spectra of the metals themselves.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Lockyer, N. Studies in Spectrum Analysis. D. Appleton and Co., 1878, p181-185. http://books.google.com/books ?id=aDsn9AKUQ5YC&pg=PA181 2. ^ Alexander Mitscherlich, "Beiträge zur Spectral-Analyse", Annalen Der Physik, Volume 192, Issue 7, p 499-507. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/journal/112489887/issue In his PT article Lockyer cites which I cannot find: Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. 1862, p. 175. 3. ^ J. Norman Lockyer, "Researches in Spectrum-Analysis in Connexion with the Spectrum of the Sun. No. II", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 163, 1873, p639-658. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/3705445864711085/?p=7ebcdcbd 06ee478f9a5a3c9bdb0a7b90π=18 {Lockyer_ Norman_2_1873.pdf} 4. ^ Mitscherlich, A. "ber die Spektren der Verbindungen und der einfachen Krper. Pogg." Ann 121 (1864): 1864, p459. http://books.google.com/books?id= iik4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA459 AND http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1002/andp.18641970308/abstract {Mits cherlich_186402xx.pdf} English: Mitsch erlich, Alexander. "XX. On the spectra of compounds and of simple substances." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 28.188 (1864): 169-189. http://books.google.com/books? id=eZEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA169 AND http://booksnow2.scholarsportal.inf o/ebooks/oca3/42/s4philosophicalm28lond/ s4philosophicalm28lond.pdf 5. ^ Alexander Mitcherlich, (Poggendorf's) Annalen Der Physik, No. 3, 1864, translated by Dr. E. Atkinson: "On the Spectra of Compounds and of Simple Substances.", Philosophical Magazine, September 1864, p169-189 http://books.google.com/books? id=eZEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA57&dq=intitle:philo sophical+intitle:magazine+date:1864-1864 &lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=iDFYScnO F4_2lATkntjSCA#PRA2-PA169,M1 6. ^ J. Norman Lockyer, "Researches in Spectrum-Analysis in Connexion with the Spectrum of the Sun. No. II", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 163, 1873, p639-658. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/3705445864711085/?p=7ebcdcbd 06ee478f9a5a3c9bdb0a7b90π=18 {Lockyer_ Norman_2_1873.pdf} {1862} 7. ^ Alexander Mitscherlich, "Beiträge zur Spectral-Analyse", Annalen Der Physik, Volume 192, Issue 7, p 499-507. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/journal/112489887/issue In his PT article Lockyer cites which I cannot find: Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. 1862, p. 175. MORE INFO [1] Norman Lockyer, "The Chemistry of the Sun", Macmillan and co., 1887. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&dq=The+Chemistry+of+t he+Sun&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ot s=-3OHN4Z9fm&sig=YGqMa1zIo4q2SDXDzlnbs_i Vyds | (University of Berlin?) Berlin, Germany5 |
[1] {ULSF: Note these spectra are from 1864 not 1862} Mitscherlich, A. ''Über die Spektren der Verbindungen und der einfachen Körper. Pogg.'' Ann 121 (1864): 1864, p459. http://books.google.com/books?id= iik4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA459 AND http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1002/andp.18641970308/abstract {Mits cherlich_186402xx.pdf} English: Mitsch erlich, Alexander. ''XX. On the spectra of compounds and of simple substances.'' The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 28.188 (1864): 169-189. http://books.google.com/books? id=eZEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA169 AND http://booksnow2.scholarsportal.inf o/ebooks/oca3/42/s4philosophicalm28lond/ s4philosophicalm28lond.pdf UNKNOWN AND Description Deutsch: Alexander Mitscherlich als Student in Göttingen, Aufnahme von 1858. Quelle: Archiv der Burschenschaft Hannovera Date 4 March 2012 Source Own work Author RRichter CC source: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1002/andp.18641970308/abstracthttp ://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common s/0/08/Mitscherlich_Alexander_Chemiker.j pg [2] {ULSF: Note these spectra are from 1864 not 1862} Mitscherlich, A. ''Über die Spektren der Verbindungen und der einfachen Körper. Pogg.'' Ann 121 (1864): 1864, p459. http://books.google.com/books?id= iik4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA459 AND http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1002/andp.18641970308/abstract {Mits cherlich_186402xx.pdf} English: Mitsch erlich, Alexander. ''XX. On the spectra of compounds and of simple substances.'' The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 28.188 (1864): 169-189. http://books.google.com/books? id=eZEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA169 AND http://booksnow2.scholarsportal.inf o/ebooks/oca3/42/s4philosophicalm28lond/ s4philosophicalm28lond.pdf PD AND Des cription Deutsch: Alexander Mitscherlich als Student in Göttingen, Aufnahme von 1858. Quelle: Archiv der Burschenschaft Hannovera Date 4 March 2012 Source Own work Author RRichter CC source: http://books.google.com/books?id =eZEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA169AND http://up load.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0 8/Mitscherlich_Alexander_Chemiker.jpg |
138 YBN [11/04/1862 AD] 5 6 7 | 3219) The machine gun (or Gatling gun) is invented2 and can fire 200 bullets per minute (around 3 bullets a second).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p396. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p396. 3. ^ Paul F. Wahl and Donald R. Toppel, "The Gatling Gun",Arco Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1965. {According to http://tri.army.mil/lc/CS/csa/aagatlin.h tm "The Gatling Gun" is the best and possibly only definitive work that has ever been written on the Gatling gun.} 4. ^ "Richard Jordan Gatling". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jor dan_Gatling 5. ^ "Richard Jordan Gatling". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jor dan_Gatling (11/04/1862) 6. ^ http://tri.army.mil/lc/CS/csa/aagatlin.h tm (11/04/1862) 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p396. (11/1862) MORE INFO [1] "Gatling, Richard Jordan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 1 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 6194> [2] "Richard Jordan Gatling." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/richard-jor dan-gatling [3] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7J2rbUFy J8 {modern Gatling guns on helicopters} [4] "Machine-Gun". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Machine- Gun | Indianapolis, Indiana4 (presumably) |
[1] Patent for first Gatlin gun PD/Corel AND Dr. Gatling with Model 1893 Bulldog [t Is 1893 year of photo? This is kind of a funny picture, like a civilized ''g'day'' chap, then casually holding a machine gun] PD/Corel source: http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Do cid=00036836&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft. uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1 %3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL% 2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252F PTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3D G%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0036,836.PN.%2526O S%3DPN%2F0036,836%2526RS%3DPN%2F0036,836 &PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE& Input=View+first+pagePaul F. Wahl and Donald R. Toppel, "The Gatling Gun",Arco Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1965. UNKNOWN [2] Patent for first Gatlin gun PD/Corel source: http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Do cid=00036836&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft. uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1 %3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL% 2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252F PTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3D G%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0036,836.PN.%2526O S%3DPN%2F0036,836%2526RS%3DPN%2F0036,836 &PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE& Input=View+first+page |
138 YBN [1862 AD] 3 | 3306) A periodic table of elements.1 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm 2. ^ "Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre-E mile_B%C3%A9guyer_de_Chancourtois 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p406. {1862} MORE INFO [1] "periodic law." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-911 0603> [2] "Element". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Element [3] "History of the periodic table". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ the_periodic_table [4] "Béguyer de Chancourtois, Alexandre-Émile", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p74 | (École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris) Paris, France2 |
[1] Vis tellurique method of organizing the Periodic table in 1862. PD AND [2] Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/0/05/Vis_tellurique_de_Chancour tois.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e8/Alexandre-Emile_B%C3% A9guyer_de_Chancourtois.jpg [2] Vis tellurique method of organizing the Periodic table in 1862. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/0/05/Vis_tellurique_de_Chancour tois.gif |
138 YBN [1862 AD] 7 8 | 3375) The first direct-acting internal combustion gas engine car.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p415-416. 2. ^ "Étienne Lenoir." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/336021/Etienne-Lenoir>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p415-416. 4. ^ "Étienne Lenoir." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/336021/Etienne-Lenoir>. 5. ^ William Robinson, "Gas and Petroleum Engines: A Practical Treatise on the Internal Combustion ...", http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+ street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=z XhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct= result#PPA102,M1 6. ^ http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/pr ojects/cecil/history.html 7. ^ "Étienne Lenoir." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/336021/Etienne-Lenoir>. {1862} 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p415-416. {1860} MORE INFO [1] "history of technology." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1350805/history-of-technology> [2] "Étienne Lenoir". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienn e_Lenoir [3] "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi ne [4] http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/pr ojects/cecil/engine.html | Paris5 , France6 (presumably) |
[1] Description English: The hippomobile, a car invented by Étienne Lenoir in 1863 Date Dont know Source http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesand fuels/pdfs/deer_2004/session1/2004_deer_ fairbanks.pdf Author EERE PD source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehi clesandfuels/pdfs/deer_2004/session1/200 4_deer_fairbanks.pdf [2] Voiture de JEAN JOSEPH ETIENNE LENOIR - 1860: PD/Corel source: http://www.forum-auto.com/upload s/200510/gv_creations_1129490448_voiture _jean_joseph_etienne_lenoir___1860.jpg |
138 YBN [1862 AD] 4 | 3521) The absorption spectrum of a protein is described.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fielding Hudson Garrison, "An introduction to the history of medicine", Saunders, 1921, p610. http://books.google.com/books?id= LOwAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT485&dq=lecithin+discov ered&as_brr=1 2. ^ Rosenfeld, L. Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry. Gordon & Breach Science, 1999. http://books.google.com/books?id= KPX6Yvax9jkC&pg=PA190 3. ^ "Hoppe-Seyler, (Ernst) Felix (Immanuel)", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p437. 4. ^ Fielding Hudson Garrison, "An introduction to the history of medicine", Saunders, 1921, p610. http://books.google.com/books?id= LOwAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT485&dq=lecithin+discov ered&as_brr=1 {1862} MORE INFO [1] "Ernst Felix Hoppe-Seyler." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 02 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/271586/Ernst-Felix-Immanuel-Hoppe-Seyl er> [2] "Hoppe-Seyler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoppe-Seyle r [3] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p332 | (University of Tübingen) Tübingen, Germany3 |
[1] Hoppe-Seyler, Felix PD/Corel source: http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/pc /hoppe-seyler.jpg |
137 YBN [02/19/1863 AD] 6 7 | 3427) Spectral lines from elements are matched to spectral lines from other stars.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "William Huggins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins 2. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 12 - 1862/1863, p444-445. http://books.google.com/books ?id=TzQyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA444 {Huggins_Will iam_1863.pdf} see also {Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf} 3. ^ "William Huggins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins 4. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 12 - 1862/1863, p444-445. http://books.google.com/books ?id=TzQyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA444 {Huggins_Will iam_1863.pdf} see also {Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf} 5. ^ "Sir William Huggins." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/274848/Sir-William-Huggins>. 6. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 12 - 1862/1863, p444-445. http://books.google.com/books ?id=TzQyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA444 {Huggins_Will iam_1863.pdf} see also {Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf} {02/18/1863} 7. ^ "Sir William Huggins." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/274848/Sir-William-Huggins>. {1863} MORE INFO [1] "William Huggins." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins [2] "William Huggins." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins [3] "William Huggins". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hug gins [4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [5] "Huggins, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p441 [6] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/Exp loringtheCosmos/lecture15.html [7] William Huggins, edited by Sir William Huggins and Lady Huggins, "The scientific papers of Sir William Huggins", W. Wesley and Son, 1909 | (Tulse Hill) London, England5 |
[1] ''The accompanying drawing shows with considerable accuracy the principal lines which the authors have seen in Sirius, Betelgeux, and Aldebaran, and their position relatively to the chief solar lines.'' ''The position in the stellar spectra corresponding to that of Fraunhofer's line D, from which the others are measured, has been obtained by coincidence with a sodium line, the position of which in the apparatus was compared directly with the line D in the solar spectrum. The lines in the drawings against which a mark is placed have been measured.'' PD/Corel source: http://journals.royalsociety.org /content/025553r323116j26/fulltext.pdf [2] William Huggins PD/Corel source: https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbe cker/ExploringtheCosmos/hugginsport.jpg |
137 YBN [1863 AD] 3 | 3414) The process of pasteurization: heating to kill microscopic organisms is shown to stop fermented substances like wine and beer from going sour1 . FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p421-425. 2. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/445964/Louis-Pasteur>. 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p334. {1863} MORE INFO [1] "Louis Pasteur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Paste ur [2] "Louis Pasteur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Louis_Pa steur [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "Louis Pasteur." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-paste ur [5] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p421-425. {1856} [6] "Pasteur, Louis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p681-684 | (École Normale Supérieure) Paris, France2 |
[1] * Félix Nadar (1820-1910), French biologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), 1878 (detail). Source: http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/ misc/evprev Creator/Artist Name Gaspar-Félix Tournachon Alternative names Félix Nadar Date of birth/death 1820-04-05 1910-03-21 Location of birth/death Paris Paris Work period 1854 - 1910 Work location Paris PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/Louis_Pasteur.jpg [2] Scientist: Pasteur, Louis (1822 - 1895) Discipline(s): Chemistry Original Dimensions: Graphic: 21 x 15.2 cm / Sheet: 33 x 23.3 cm PD/Corel source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsiz e/SIL14-P002-04a.jpg |
136 YBN [02/23/1864 AD] 4 | 3466) Some substances are found to emit different spectra, depending on how they are excited; by flame or electricity.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Henry Crew, The Rise of Modern Physics, William and Wilkins Company, 1935, p350. 2. ^ Plucker and Hittorf, "On the Spectra of Ignited Gases and Vapours, with Especial Regard to the Different Spectra of the Same Elementary Gaseous Substance", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 155, 1865, pp1-29. {Plucker_Hittorf_1865.pdf} 3. ^ Plucker and Hittorf, "On the Spectra of Ignited Gases and Vapours, with Especial Regard to the Different Spectra of the Same Elementary Gaseous Substance", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 155, 1865, pp1-29. {Plucker_Hittorf_1865.pdf} 4. ^ Plucker and Hittorf, "On the Spectra of Ignited Gases and Vapours, with Especial Regard to the Different Spectra of the Same Elementary Gaseous Substance", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 155, 1865, pp1-29. {Plucker_Hittorf_1865.pdf} {02/23/1864} MORE INFO [1] "Julius Plücker". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Pl%C 3%BCcker [2] http://www.answers.com/Julius%20Pl%C3%BC cker%20 [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15 188w pp88-106 Annalen der Physik (Leipzig). 1799. 1858 (Bd. 179 = F. 2 / Bd. 103) [5] http://www.google.com/translate_t?langpa ir=deen [6] The Discovery of X-Rays W. C. Rontgen; George Sarton Isis, Vol. 26, No. 2. (Mar., 1937), pp. 349-369. http://www.jstor.org/view/00211753/ap0 10040/01a00110/0 XRays_Rontgen_Sarton.p df [7] "John Peter Gassiot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peter_ Gassiot [8] http://journals.royalsociety.org/content /u247483p64245816/?p=5586690922f1445d80f 82675725be8d2π=5 Abstract of a Series of Papers and Notes Concerning the Electric Discharge through Rarefied Gases and Vapours. Journal Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905) Issue Volume 10 - 1859/1860 Pages 256-269 DOI 10.1098/rs pl.1859.0051 Plucker_1859_PT_abstract.p df [9] "On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in Rarefied Gases.", Philosophical Magazine, Volume 16, plucker_1858_english.pdf [10] "Julius Plucker". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-906 0443/Julius-Plucker (1862) | (University of Bonn) Bonn (and Münster), Germany3 |
[1] Nitrogen first order spectrum PD source: Plucker_Hittorf_1865.pdf [2] Nitrogen second order spectrum PD source: Plucker_Hittorf_1865.pdf |
136 YBN [08/05/1864 AD] 6 | 3178) The spectrum of a comet is first described.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Donati, Giovanni Battista." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 0903>. 2. ^ Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, V25, 1865, p114 books.google.com/books?id=KcsRAAAA YAAJ&pg=PA114 3. ^ Huggins, "On the Spectrum of Comet 1, 1866", Proceedings of the Royal Society, V15, 1867, p5. http://books.google.com/books?id=w1 BJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5 4. ^ G. B. Donati, Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze per il 1865, Firenze (I think this is the comet spectra paper) 5. ^ Royal Astronomical Society, "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society", Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1863, pp100-107. (translated to English from Giovan Battista Donati, "Memorie Astronomiche", Annals of the Museum at Florence, 1860) http://books.google.com/books?id=1AsAA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=Donati+Flo rence+1860+spectra&source=web&ots=P-e2Qh Lbo9&sig=bK8ckOIpAkXlBWVp2j-mcNFocn0&hl= en#PPA103,M1 6. ^ "Donati, Giovanni Battista." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903 0903>. (08/05/1864) MORE INFO [1] "Donati, Giovan Battista", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p209 [2] "Giovanni Battista Donati". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Ba ttista_Donati [3] "Giovanni Battista Donati". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Giovanni _Battista_Donati [4] http://sait.oat.ts.astro.it/MSAIt740303/ PDF/2003MmSAI..74..556R.pdf | Florence, Italy5 |
[1] [t Donati's stellar spectra. These are difficult to read because Donati give accompanying references for alpha, beta, etc for example Sirius alpha is the Sun's F line - 15'' of arc, where Vega's alpha is the Sun's F line + 40'' of arc.] PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?id =1AsAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=Dona ti+Florence+1860+spectra&source=web&ots= P-e2QhLbo9&sig=bK8ckOIpAkXlBWVp2j-mcNFoc n0&hl=en#PPA103,M1 [2] Giovan Battista Donati PD/Corel source: http://www.astropa.unipa.it/Libr ary/Astronomi/cover/donati.jpg |
136 YBN [09/08/1864 AD] 7 8 | 3428) The spectra of nebulae and galaxies are seen. Unlike stars, nebulae are shown to have no spectrum except for a few emission lines, and therefore to be composed of gas by using spectral comparison.3 4 The spectrum of the Andromeda galaxy and a globular cluster are both found to have a continuous spectrum with absorption lines, similar to that of a star.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Nebulae. By William Huggins, F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D., LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p437-444 (and plate 10). http://books.google.com/books?id=Y VNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA437 AND http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/154/437.full.pdf+html {Hugg ins_Williams_Nebulae_1864.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p426-427. 3. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Nebulae. By William Huggins, F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D., LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p437-444 (and plate 10). http://books.google.com/books?id=Y VNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA437 AND http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/154/437.full.pdf+html {Hugg ins_Williams_Nebulae_1864.pdf} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p426-427. 5. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Nebulae. By William Huggins, F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D., LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p437-444. http://rstl.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/154/437.full.pdf+html {Huggins_Williams_Nebulae_1864.pdf} 6. ^ "Sir William Huggins." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/274848/Sir-William-Huggins>. 7. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Nebulae. By William Huggins, F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D., LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p437-444. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/4474550153k52t21/?p=a944c063 26554c88a8b57d5550e80b7dπ=0 {Huggins_W illiams_Nebulae_1864.pdf} {09/08/1864} 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p426-427. {1864} MORE INFO [1] "William Huggins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins [2] "William Huggins." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins [3] "William Huggins." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins [4] "William Huggins". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hug gins [5] "Sir William Huggins". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Will iam_Huggins [6] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [7] "Huggins, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p441 [8] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/Exp loringtheCosmos/lecture15.html [9] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/Exp loringtheCosmos/lecture16.html [10] William Huggins, edited by Sir William Huggins and Lady Huggins, "The scientific papers of Sir William Huggins", W. Wesley and Son, 1909 [11] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 12 - 1862/1863, p444-445. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/025553r323116j26/?p=0fd9a491 65954b07bbb2f540f21f4853π=38 {Huggins_ William_1863.pdf} see also {Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf} [12] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p413-435. {Huggins_William_1864.pdf} h ttp://journals.royalsociety.org/content/ c60873v443483764/?p=e7dddbba8ca6456481b5 de51469415a3π=54 | (Tulse Hill) London, England6 |
[1] The Cat's Eye Nebula from Hubble Credit: NASA, ESA, HEIC, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) PD/Corel source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0705/catseye2_hst.jpg [2] Draco's spectrum ...The riddle of the nebulae was solved. The answer, which had come to us in the light itself, read: Not an aggregation of stars, but a luminous gas. --Huggins (1897) PD/Corel source: https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbe cker/ExploringtheCosmos/neblinesdraco.jp g |
136 YBN [10/27/1864 AD] 4 | 3657) The theory that light is an electromagnetic transverse wave in a surrounding aether medium is created.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ James Clerk Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field", Royal Society Transactions, Vol. 155, 1865, p. 459-512. http://books.google.com/books? id=xVNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA459 AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/co ntent/yw7lx230g0h64637/?p=0677f1423d9744 10b4e2e6e25d052266π=8 {Maxwell_James_C lerk_dynamical_theory_of_em_field_1864.p df} also in James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, vol1, p526-597. and with selectable text: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_D ynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_F ield/Part_I 2. ^ James Clerk Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field", Royal Society Transactions, Vol. 155, 1865, p. 459-512. http://books.google.com/books? id=xVNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA459 AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/co ntent/yw7lx230g0h64637/?p=0677f1423d9744 10b4e2e6e25d052266π=8 {Maxwell_James_C lerk_dynamical_theory_of_em_field_1864.p df} also in James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, vol1, p526-597. and with selectable text: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_D ynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_F ield/Part_I 3. ^ "James Clerk Maxwell." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 03 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk -maxwell 4. ^ James Clerk Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field", Royal Society Transactions, Vol. 155, 1865, p. 459-512. http://books.google.com/books? id=xVNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA459 AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/co ntent/yw7lx230g0h64637/?p=0677f1423d9744 10b4e2e6e25d052266π=8 {Maxwell_James_C lerk_dynamical_theory_of_em_field_1864.p df} also in James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, vol1, p526-597. and with selectable text: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_D ynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_F ield/Part_I {10/27/1864} MORE INFO [1] "James Clerk Maxwell." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk -maxwell [2] "James Clerk Maxwell." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 03 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk -maxwell [3] "James Clerk Maxwell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk _Maxwell [4] "James Clerk Maxwell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/James_Cl erk_Maxwell [5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p331 [6] Lewis Campbell, William Garnett, "The Life of James Clerk Maxwell: With Selections from His Correspondence and Occasional Writings", Macmillan and co., 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= B7gEAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Life+of+James+Clerk+ Maxwell&pg=PP1&ots=K2dcaxBEwW&sig=A5FFti 3pAlN9BLehmaOFNBQtrAc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book _result&resnum=4&ct=result [7] Richard Glazebrook, "James Clerk Maxwell and Modern Physics", Macmillan, 1896. http://books.google.com/books?id= hbcEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage [8] http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/in dex.html [9] James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890. http://books.google.com/books?id= d_6fGwAACAAJ&dq=The+Scientific+intitle:P apers+of+James+Clerk+intitle:Maxwell&as_ brr=0&ei=b3XqSJumMpK6tQOy_MXRBg [10] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Biographies/Maxwell.html [11] "Daniel Bernoulli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 8863/Daniel-Bernoulli [12] J. Clerk Maxwell, "On Faraday's Lines of Force.", Teansactions of the Cambridge philosophical Society, p27-83. http://books.google.com/books?i d=HTY8AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ed itions:0Dde3miu3aQ74y2y#PPA27,M1 [13] "James Clerk Maxwell." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University Press, 2005. Answers.com 09 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk -maxwell [14] C. E. Kenneth Mees, "The Codachrome Process of Color Photography", Bulletin of Photography: The Weekly Magazine for the Professional Photographer, F.V. Chambers, (18, 439-464), 1916, p101. http://books.google.com/books?id= YB0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA101&dq=maxwell+color+p rojection+glass+plate&as_brr=1&ei=GIzuSM aoJ4PytQO1zpD2Bg [15] "photography, history of." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/457919/photography> [16] "Louis Ducos du Hauron." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/172961/Louis-Ducos-du-Hauron> [17] J. C. Maxwell, "On the Theory of Colours in relation to Colour-Blindness", A Letter to Dr. G. Wilson., From the "Transactions of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts", Vol IV, Part III. From James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, p119-125. http://books.google.com/books ?id=d_6fGwAACAAJ&dq=The+Scientific+intit le:Papers+of+James+Clerk+intitle:Maxwell &as_brr=0&ei=b3XqSJumMpK6tQOy_MXRBg [18] J.C. Maxwell, Experiments on colour as perceived by the eye, with remarks on colour-blindness, Trans R Soc Edinburgh 21 (1857) (2), pp. 275–298. From James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, p126-155. http://books.google.com/books ?id=d_6fGwAACAAJ&dq=The+Scientific+intit le:Papers+of+James+Clerk+intitle:Maxwell &as_brr=0&ei=b3XqSJumMpK6tQOy_MXRBg [19] Richard C. Dougal, Clive A. Greated, Alan E. Marson, Then and now: James Clerk Maxwell and colour, Optics & Laser TechnologyVolume 38, Issues 4-6, , Colour and Design in the natural and man-made worlds, June-September 2006, Pages 210-218. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/B6V4H-4GTVWX8-2/2/81ffa7 348827c54afe28f6131e8cd2c3) [20] J.C. Maxwell, "On the theory of compound colours and the relations of the colours of the spectrum", Philos Trans R Soc London 150 (1860), pp. 57–84. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_part nerName=3&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi .org%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1860.0005&_acct=C0 00059600&_version=1&_userid=4422&md5=9b7 0a06143558daa16d2734319ed2f85 From James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, p410-447. http://books.google.com/books ?id=d_6fGwAACAAJ&dq=The+Scientific+intit le:Papers+of+James+Clerk+intitle:Maxwell &as_brr=0&ei=b3XqSJumMpK6tQOy_MXRBg [21] H. Helmholtz, "Ueber die Theorie der zusammengesetzten Farben", Ann Phys 87 (1852), pp. 45–66. Full Text via CrossRef: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob =RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partne rName=3&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.o rg%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18521630904&_acct=C0 00059600&_version=1&_userid=4422&md5=2d0 a056b4714d1dc1edfe6f70b4039cd H. Helmholtz, Translation (On the theory of compound colours), Philos Mag 4 (1852) (4), pp. 519–534. http://books.google.com/book s?id=gVQEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15&dq=intitle:Phi losophical+intitle:Magazine+date:1852-18 52&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=Cu_vSO24CJqktAOL99Fy# PPA519,M1 [22] "color." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 13 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/color [23] "Tetrachromacy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachroma cy [24] Robinson, J., Schmitt, E.A., Harosi, F.I., Reece, R.J., Dowling, J.E. 1993. Zebrafish ultraviolet visual pigment: absorption spectrum, sequence, and localization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 6009–6012 [25] J. Challis, "On Theories of Magnetism and other Forces, in reply to Remakrs by Professor Maxwell.", Philosophical Magazine, vol 21, 1861, p250-254. http://books.google.com/books ?id=IFQwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq= editions:0kf07AScqJgldbXXuiSHICi&lr=&as_ brr=1#PPA250,M1 [26] "dielectric." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 16 Oct. 2008. ielectric> [27] "elasticity." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 16 Oct. 2008. lasticity> [28] Andre Assis, "Weber's electrodynamics", Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994, p54 [29] J. C. Maxwell, "On Physical Lines of Force", Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 21 (Part 1 and 2 ),1861 http://books.google.com/books?id=IFQwA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0kf07AScqJgldbXXuiSHICi&lr=&as_brr=1#PPA 161-IA4,M1 http://books.google.com/book s?id=IFQwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:0kf07AScqJgldbXXuiSHICi&lr=&as _brr=1#PPA281,M1 and Vol. 22 (Part 3 and 4 ) Vol 23 http://books.google.com/books?id=XZQ OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=%22On+Physical+Line s+of+Force%22&as_brr=1&ei=6Q31SPv2BZjMMP zvnd4I#PPA12,M1 http://books.google.com /books?id=XZQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=%22On+ Physical+Lines+of+Force%22&as_brr=1&ei=6 Q31SPv2BZjMMPzvnd4I#PPA85,M1 Also in: James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, p451-513 [30] "James Clerk Maxwell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 03 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/370621/James-Clerk-Maxwell> [31] Edmund Taylor Whittaker, "A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century: from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century", Longmans, Green and co., 1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=CGJDA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=a+history +of+the+theories+of+aether+and+electrici ty&ei=drw5SajbLoKGkASt0fDJBw [32] Edmund Taylor Whittaker, "A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century: from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century", Longmans, Green and co., 1910, p284-285. http://books.google.com/books ?id=CGJDAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA2 74,M1 [33] Electrodynamische Maassbestimmungen. Leipzic Trans. vol. i. 1849, and Taylor's Scientific Memoirs, vol. v. art. xiv [34] "Explicare tentatur quomodo fiat ut lucis planum polarizationis per vires electricas vel magneticas declinatur" — Halis Saxonum, 1858 [35] "On the Possible Density of the Luminiferous Medium, and on the Mechanical Value of a Cubic Mile of Sunlight", Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1854), p.57 [36] Experimental Researches, Series 19 [37] Comptes Rendus (1856, second half year, p. 529, and 1857, first half year, p.1209) [38] Faraday, Exp. Res. Series XI.; Mossotti, Mem. della Soc. Italiana (Modena), vol. XXIV. part II. p. 49 [39] As, for instance, the composition of glue, treacle, etc., of which small plastic figures are made, which after being distorted gradually recover their shape [40] James Clerk Maxwell, "A treatise on electricity and magnetism.", 2 vol., 1st ed, Oxford, 1881, p27. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=92QSAAA AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w 8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1 Vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=gmQSAAA AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w 8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1 2nd edition, 1881: vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=FjwXAAA AYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w 8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&as_brr=1 vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=e_UEAAA AYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w 8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1 [41] "Maxwell's equations". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s _equations [42] (original footnote:) Leipzig Transactions, Vol. v. (1857), p. 260, or Poggendorff's Annalen, Aug. 1856, p. 10 [43] (original footnote:) Comptes Rendus, Vol. XXIX. (1849), p. 90 [44] (original footnote:) Ibid. Vol. LV. (1862), pp. 501, 792 [45] (original footnote:) Philosophical Magazine, 1852 [46] (original footnote:) Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1854 ("Mechanical Energies of the Solar System") [47] (original footnote:) The horizontal magnetic force at Kew is about 1.76 in metrical units [48] Maxwell, article "Ether" for the Encyclopedia Britannica (9th ed., Vol. 8, 1878); Scientific Papers, Vol. 2, p. 772 [49] "light." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 04 Nov. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/340440/light> [50] Cyril Domb, "Book Review: The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", Journal of Statistical Physics, Vol. 67, Nos. 3/4, 1992, p.837. http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/m2735011t646864x/fulltext.pdf [51] James C. Maxwell, "On a method of making a direct comparison of electrostatic with electromagnetic force; with a note on the electromagnetic theory of light.", Phil. Trans 158, 1868, pp643-658; Royal Soc. Proc. 16, 1868, pp449-450; Phil. Mag 36, 1868, pp. 316-317; Brit. Assoc. Rep. 39, 1869, pp436-438. Scientific Papers Vol. 2. pp 125-143 [52] James Clerk Maxwell, "A treatise on electricity and magnetism.", 2 vol., 1st ed, Oxford, 1881. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=92QSAAA AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w 8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1 Vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=gmQSAAA AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w 8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1 2nd edition, 1881: vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=FjwXAAA AYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w 8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&as_brr=1 vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=e_UEAAA AYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w 8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1 [53] P. M. Heimann, "Maxwell, Hertz, and the Nature of Electricity", Isis, v62, 1971, p149-157 [54] Duhem, Les theories electriques, p. 223 [55] "The Mechanical Universe" (Video), Episode 39 "Maxwell's Equations", California Institute of Technology and Intelecom, 1985, 10:00. http://www.learner.org/resources /series42.html also: http://video.goog le.com/videoplay?docid=16912224714497340 99&ei=TZw4SYTMAoTyqAPn8fDKCA&q=james+cle rk+maxwell&hl=en [56] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, Second Edition, 1935, p279-281 [57] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, Second Edition, 1935, p271 [58] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, First Edition, 1928, p147-148 [59] Herbert Dingle, "Science At The Crossroads", 1972, p130-133 [60] Augusto Righi, tr: Augustus Trowbridge, "Modern Theory of Physical Phenomena", 1909, p12 | (King's College) London, England3 |
[1] Fig. 66 from Maxwell's ''A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism'' which shows the view that light is made of two sine waves in an aether, one wihch is an electric displacement and another which is a magnetic force, both which are 90 degrees to each other. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =gmQSAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:0w8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1#PP A390,M1 [2] James Clerk Maxwell, ''A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field'', Royal Society Transactions, Vol. 155, 1865, p. 459-512; p497. http://books.google.com/books?id= xVNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA497 AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/co ntent/yw7lx230g0h64637/?p=0677f1423d9744 10b4e2e6e25d052266π=8 {Maxwell_James_C lerk_dynamical_theory_of_em_field_1864.p df} also in James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., ''The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell'', C.J. Clay, 1890, vol1, p526-597. and with selectable text: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_D ynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_F ield/Part_I PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =xVNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA497 PD |
135 YBN [04/24/1865 AD] 4 | 3370) The theory of "entropy": the quantity of a body's energy that is unavailable for work.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Clausius, R. (1865), "Ueber verschiedene für die Anwendung bequeme Formen der Hauptgleichungen der mechanischen Wärmetheorie", Annalen der Physik 125: 353-400. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/121 48/bpt6k152107/f369.table English: Rud olf Clausius, Thomas Archer Hirst, John Tyndall, "The Mechanical Theory of Heat: With Its Applications to the Steam-engine and...", J. Van Voorst, 1867. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8LIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA327&lpg=PA327&dq=On+Se veral+Convenient+Forms+of+the+Fundamenta l+Equations+of+the+Mechanical+Theory+of+ Heat&source=web&ots=3bCIaMfz8P&sig=kWc0A -YS1UWhLHRKN7na4fA5zN8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=boo k_result&resnum=1&ct=result 2. ^ "entropy." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclop�dia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 08 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/entropy 3. ^ "Clausius, Rudolf", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p195-196. 4. ^ "Rudolf Clausius." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/rudolf-clau sius {04/24/1865} MORE INFO [1] "Rudolf Clausius." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 Jun. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/120559/Rudolf-Julius-Emanuel-Clausius> [2] "Rudolf Clausius." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/rudolf-clau sius [3] "Rudolf Clausius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clau sius [4] "Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rudolf_J ulius_Emmanuel_Clausius [5] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [6] Clausius, R. (1850), “Über die bewegende Kraft der Wärme, Part I, Part II”, Annalen der Physik 79: 368–397, 500–524 . See English Translation: On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom. Phil. Mag. (1851), 2, 1–21, 102–119. German: Part 1: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15 164w/f384.table Part 2: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15 164w/f518.table English: http://www.ar chive.org/details/londonedinburghd02lond [7] "entropy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 Jun. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/189035/entropy> | (New Polytechnicum) Zurich, Germany3 |
[1] Rudolf Clausius Source http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac. uk/history/Posters2/Clausius.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/40/Clausius.jpg [2] Rudolf J. E. Clausius Library of Congress PD source: http://content.answers.com/main/ content/img/scitech/HSrudolj.jpg |
135 YBN [1865 AD] 8 9 | 3403) The Mendelian {meN-DElE-eN2 } law of genetic inheritance (the 1:2:1 ratio of inheritance of a trait) is described.3 The first time specific characteristics are followed through generations,4 and that characteristics are inherited in an all or none fashion is shown.5 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "Gregor Mendel." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gregor-mend el 2. ^ "Mendelian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 22 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/mendelian 3. ^ "Gregor Mendel." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gregor-mend el 4. ^ "Gregor Mendel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/374739/Gregor-Mendel>. 5. ^ "Mendel, Johann Gregor", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p594-596. 6. ^ "Gregor Mendel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/374739/Gregor-Mendel>. 7. ^ "Gregor Mendel." Who2? Biographies. Who2?, 2008. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gregor-mend el 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p418-419. {1865} 9. ^ "Gregor Mendel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/374739/Gregor-Mendel>. {1865} MORE INFO [1] "Gregor Mendel." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gregor-mend el | (Natural Science Society) Brünn6 , Austria7 (now: Brno, the Czech Republic) |
[1] Gregor Mendel Source http://www.malaspina.com/jpg/mendel.j pg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/87/Gregor_Mendel_portrai t.jpg [2] [t Gregor Mendel] PD/Corel source: http://joefelso.files.wordpress. com/2007/04/mendel2.jpg |
134 YBN [05/17/1866 AD] 4 5 | 3430) A nova (an exploded star1 ) is found to be surrounded by hydrogen gas; from its spectrum.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p426-427. 3. ^ "Sir William Huggins." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/274848/Sir-William-Huggins>. 4. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectrum of a New Star in Corona Borealis", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 15,1866/1867, p146-149 {Huggins_nova_1866.pdf} {05/17/1866} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p426-427. {1866} MORE INFO [1] "William Huggins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins [2] "William Huggins." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins [3] "William Huggins." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins [4] "William Huggins". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hug gins [5] "Sir William Huggins". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Will iam_Huggins [6] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [7] "Huggins, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p441 [8] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/Exp loringtheCosmos/lecture15.html [9] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/Exp loringtheCosmos/lecture16.html [10] William Huggins, edited by Sir William Huggins and Lady Huggins, "The scientific papers of Sir William Huggins", W. Wesley and Son, 1909 [11] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 12 - 1862/1863, p444-445. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/025553r323116j26/?p=0fd9a491 65954b07bbb2f540f21f4853π=38 {Huggins_ William_1863.pdf} see also {Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf} [12] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p413-435. {Huggins_William_1864.pdf} h ttp://journals.royalsociety.org/content/ c60873v443483764/?p=e7dddbba8ca6456481b5 de51469415a3π=54 [13] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Nebulae. By William Huggins, F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D., LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p437-444. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/4474550153k52t21/?p=a944c063 26554c88a8b57d5550e80b7dπ=0 {Huggins_W illiams_Nebulae_1864.pdf} [14] Richard F. Hirsh, "The Riddle of the Gaseous Nebulae", Isis, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Jun., 1979), pp. 197-212. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 0787?seq=3 {Huggins_Isis_1979_230787.pd f} [15] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectrum of the Great Nebula in the Sword-Handle of Orion", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 14, 1865,p39-42. http://journals.royalsocie ty.org/content/41x0375851104382/?p=1e2a4 7ba864a490082ae3d43a06b356eπ=28 {Huggi ns_William_1865_Orion.pdf} | (Tulse Hill) London, England3 |
[1] Spectrum of absorption and spectrum of bright lines forming the Compound Spectrum of a New Star near epsilon Coronae Borealis. PD/Corel source: http://journals.royalsociety.org /content/j722186535000l64/fulltext.pdf [2] Hubble Captures the Orion Nebula PD source: https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbe cker/ExploringtheCosmos/hugginsport.jpg |
134 YBN [1866 AD] 3 | 3267) A meteor swarm is shown to have a comet-like orbit.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp400-401. 2. ^ "Adams, John Couch." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9003668> . 3. ^ "Adams, John Couch." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9003668> . (1866) MORE INFO [1] "John Couch Adams." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 13 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-couch- adams [2] "John Couch Adams." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 13 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-couch- adams [3] "John Couch Adams." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 13 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-couch- adams [4] "John Couch Adams". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Couch_ Adams [5] "John Couch Adams". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Cou ch_Adams | (Cambridge Observatory) Cambridge, England2 |
[1] John Couch Adams PD source: http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/I mages/StarChild/scientists/adams_l1.jpg [2] John Couch Adams. Hulton Archive/Getty Images PD/Corel source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id= 68871&rendTypeId=4 |
134 YBN [1866 AD] 6 7 | 3679) Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) is prepared and recognized as a phosphor (a substance that exhibits phosphorescence1 , a luminescence that persists after removal of the exciting source2 ).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "phosphor." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Apr. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphor 2. ^ "phosphorescence." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Apr. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphoresc ence 3. ^ Raymond Kane, Raymond Kane and Heinz Sell, "Revolution in Lamps: A Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress", The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2001, p96. http://books.google.com/books?id=k lE5qGAltjAC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=theodore +sidot&source=web&ots=yaXfXcsJ0T&sig=ktj D5WA5O73ht6WpAg0rZajYv4I 4. ^ http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0000302/abrams _b.pdf 5. ^ William M. Yen, Shigeo Shionoya, Hajime Yamamoto, "Fundamentals of Phosphors", CRC Press, 2006, p238. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZgJS52jG04YC&pg=PA238&dq=theodore+sidot& as_brr=0&ei=jbpBSYCcJ4askAS5_63LDg#PPA23 8,M1 6. ^ Raymond Kane, Raymond Kane and Heinz Sell, "Revolution in Lamps: A Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress", The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2001, p96. http://books.google.com/books?id=k lE5qGAltjAC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=theodore +sidot&source=web&ots=yaXfXcsJ0T&sig=ktj D5WA5O73ht6WpAg0rZajYv4I {1866} 7. ^ William M. Yen, Shigeo Shionoya, Hajime Yamamoto, "Fundamentals of Phosphors", CRC Press, 2006, p238. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZgJS52jG04YC&pg=PA238&dq=theodore+sidot& as_brr=0&ei=jbpBSYCcJ4askAS5_63LDg#PPA23 8,M1 {1866} MORE INFO [1] "Phosphorescence". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phosphor escence [2] "luminescence." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-6894 2> [3] "Phosphorus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus [4] "luminescence." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/luminescenc e [5] "phosphor." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphor [6] "Barium sulfide". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulf ide [7] F. Licetus, Litheosphorus, sive de lapide Bononiensi lucem in se conceptam ab ambiente claro mox in tenebris mire conservante, Utini, ex typ. N. Schiratti, 1640. See http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/tex ts/Demonstration_21.htm [8] "Zinc sulfide". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_sulfid e | (Sorbonne laboratory4 ) Paris, France5 |
[1] The white material collected in the bottom of these test tubes is zinc sulfide that has settled out of pore water from push cores taken during this cruise. Photo courtesy of A. Eisen. PD source: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/ex plorations/03windows/logs/jul30/media/zi ncsulfideprecipitate_600.jpg |
134 YBN [1866 AD] 4 5 6 7 | 3695) Dynamite is invented.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p462-463. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p462-463. 3. ^ http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/alfred- nobel/ 4. ^ "Nobel, Alfred Bernhard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9056 007>. {1867} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p462-463. {1866} 6. ^ "Nobel, Alfred Bernhard", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p650. {patent)1867} 7. ^ Henry De Mosenthal, "The Life-Work of Alfred Nobel", Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, v. 18 (Jan.-June 1899), p443-451. http://books.google.com/books ?id=WyEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA443&dq=alfred+nobe l&as_brr=1&ei=px1TSbHgOpLOlQSCzM3bCQ {1866} MORE INFO [1] "Alfred Nobel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/alfred-nobe l [2] "Alfred Nobel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/alfred-nobe l [3] "Alfred Nobel." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/alfred-nobe l [4] "Alfred Bernhard Nobel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bern hard_Nobel [5] "Alfred Bernhard Nobel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alfred_B ernhard_Nobel [6] http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/indus trial/articles/lundstrom/index.html [7] Nobel's US patent with description of dynamite, US#78,317 (1868-05-26) Alfred Nobel, Improved explosive compound. http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pd f/foo.pl?number=78317 | Paris, France3 (guess) |
[1] [t get better image of dynamite] English: Diagram of dynamite. A. Sawdust (or any other type of absorbent material) soaked in nitroglycerin. B. Protective coating surrounding the explosive material. C. Blasting cap. D. Wire connected to the blasting cap. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/65/Dynamite-5.svg [2] Alfred Bernhard Nobel. © Bettmann/Corbis PD/Corel source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id= 20999&rendTypeId=4 |
132 YBN [04/23/1868 AD] 5 | 3435) The Doppler effect is used to estimate the relative radial (or line of sight) velocity of celestial objects by comparing the position of spectral lines from the celestial object to those of a terrestrial light source.2 Sirius is estimated to be moving away from the Earth.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Huggins, William. "Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the Sun and of Comet II., 1868." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 158 (1868): 529-564. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 .2307/108925 2. ^ Huggins, William. "Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the Sun and of Comet II., 1868." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 158 (1868): 529-564. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 .2307/108925 3. ^ William Huggins, "On the Spectrum of the Great Nebula in Orion, and on the Motions of Some Stars towards or from the Earth", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 20, 1871/1872,p379-394. http://books.google .com/books?id=ffhKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA379 {Hu ggins_Doppler_1868.pdf} {04/23/1868} 4. ^ "Sir William Huggins." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/274848/Sir-William-Huggins>. 5. ^ Huggins, William. "Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the Sun and of Comet II., 1868." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 158 (1868): 529-564. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 .2307/108925 MORE INFO [1] "William Huggins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins [2] "William Huggins." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins [3] "William Huggins." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hug gins [4] "William Huggins". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hug gins [5] "Sir William Huggins". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Will iam_Huggins [6] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [7] "Huggins, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p441 [8] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/Exp loringtheCosmos/lecture15.html [9] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/Exp loringtheCosmos/lecture16.html [10] William Huggins, edited by Sir William Huggins and Lady Huggins, "The scientific papers of Sir William Huggins", W. Wesley and Son, 1909 [11] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 12 - 1862/1863, p444-445. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/025553r323116j26/?p=0fd9a491 65954b07bbb2f540f21f4853π=38 {Huggins_ William_1863.pdf} see also {Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf} [12] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p413-435. {Huggins_William_1864.pdf} h ttp://journals.royalsociety.org/content/ c60873v443483764/?p=e7dddbba8ca6456481b5 de51469415a3π=54 [13] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Nebulae. By William Huggins, F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D., LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p437-444. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/4474550153k52t21/?p=a944c063 26554c88a8b57d5550e80b7dπ=0 {Huggins_W illiams_Nebulae_1864.pdf} [14] Richard F. Hirsh, "The Riddle of the Gaseous Nebulae", Isis, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Jun., 1979), pp. 197-212. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 0787?seq=3 {Huggins_Isis_1979_230787.pd f} [15] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectrum of the Great Nebula in the Sword-Handle of Orion", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 14, 1865,p39-42. http://journals.royalsocie ty.org/content/41x0375851104382/?p=1e2a4 7ba864a490082ae3d43a06b356eπ=28 {Huggi ns_William_1865_Orion.pdf} [16] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectrum of a New Star in Corona Borealis", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 15,1866/1867, p146-149 {Huggins_nova_1866.pdf} [17] William Huggins, "On the Spectrum of Comet 1, 1866", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 15, 1866/1867,p5-7. {Huggins_comet_1866.pdf } [18] William Huggins, "On the Spectrum of Comet II., 1868.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 16, 1867/1868, p481-482. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/2h060vq702k86930/?p=2cd9532a 7227424881f3bc89e302b09cπ=53 {Huggins_ comet2_1868.pdf} [19] William Huggins,"Note on the Spectrum of Uranus and the Spectrum of Comet I., 1871", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 19, 1870/1871, p488-491. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/0w632525127q705p/?p=2cd9532a 7227424881f3bc89e302b09cπ=54 {Huggins_ Uranus_1871.pdf} | (Tulse Hill) London, England4 |
[1] [t Note that the lines are absorption lines.] Figure 4 from: Huggins, William. ''Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the Sun and of Comet II., 1868.'' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 158 (1868): 529-564. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10 .2307/108925 PD [1] William Huggins PD/Corel source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2 307/108925 [2] William Huggins' star-spectroscope PD/Corel source: https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbe cker/ExploringtheCosmos/hugginsport.jpg |
132 YBN [06/23/1868 AD] 3 4 | 6252) The first practical typewriter.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p57. 2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p57. 3. ^ Sholes, Glidden & Soule, "Type Writing Machine", Patent 79265 http://www.google.com/patents?id= t7YAAAAAEBAJ {06/23/1868} 4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p57. {1867} | Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA2 |
[1] Description Drawing for a Typewriter, 06/23/1868. This is the printed patent drawing for a typewriter invented by Christopher L. Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and J. W. Soule. From the National Archives Date 23 June 1868 Source Patented Case Files, 1836 - 1956; Records of the Patent and Trademark Office; Record Group 241; National Archives. (ARC Identifier: 595503) Originally uploaded by Brian0918 Author Illustrator: Unknown Patent assignees: Christopher L. Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and J. W. Soule Permission (Reusing this file) Public domain - published in USA before 1923 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/39/TypewriterPatent1868. jpg [2] Image from: Sholes, Glidden & Soule, ''Type Writing Machine'', Patent 79265 http://www.google.com/patents?id= t7YAAAAAEBAJ PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =t7YAAAAAEBAJ |
132 YBN [11/23/1868 AD] 5 | 3648) The first permanent color photograph is created by superimposing (and fastening together2 ) three different colored transparent images.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Louis Ducos du Hauron." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/172961/Louis-Ducos-du-Hauron>. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ "Louis Ducos du Hauron." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/172961/Louis-Ducos-du-Hauron>. 4. ^ "Louis Ducos du Hauron." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/172961/Louis-Ducos-du-Hauron>. 5. ^ "Louis Ducos du Hauron." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/172961/Louis-Ducos-du-Hauron>. {11/23/1868} | ?, France4 |
[1] English: Early color photo of Agen, France, by Louis Ducos du Hauron, 1877. The cathedral in the scene is the Cathédrale Saint-Caprais d'Agen. [1] Source ? Date 1877 Author Louis Ducos du Hauron (1837 – 1920) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/08/Duhauron1877.jpg [2] Louis Ducos du Hauron paved way for modern three-color photography. ''Cinémathèque Française'' PD/Corel source: http://www.marillier.nom.fr/coll odions/PGH/pics/photowasborn06.jpg |
132 YBN [1868 AD] 3 | 3418) Bacteria are isolated from distinct diseases.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/445964/Louis-Pasteur>. 2. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/445964/Louis-Pasteur>. 3. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/445964/Louis-Pasteur>. {1868} MORE INFO [1] "Louis Pasteur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Paste ur [2] "Louis Pasteur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Louis_Pa steur [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "Louis Pasteur." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-paste ur [5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p334 [6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p421-425. {1856} [7] René Vallery-Radot, Elizabeth Emma Proby Hamilton, "Louis Pasteur His Life and Labours", Longmans, Green, & co., 1885, p44. http://books.google.com/books?id=h dQ9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis +Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA44,M1 [8] René Vallery-Radot, R. L. Devonshire, "The Life of Pasteur", Doubleday, Page & Co., 1916, p 99. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZO wIAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis+ Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA99,M1 | (École Normale Supérieure) Paris, France2 |
[1] * Félix Nadar (1820-1910), French biologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), 1878 (detail). Source: http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/ misc/evprev Creator/Artist Name Gaspar-Félix Tournachon Alternative names Félix Nadar Date of birth/death 1820-04-05 1910-03-21 Location of birth/death Paris Paris Work period 1854 - 1910 Work location Paris PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/Louis_Pasteur.jpg [2] Scientist: Pasteur, Louis (1822 - 1895) Discipline(s): Chemistry Original Dimensions: Graphic: 21 x 15.2 cm / Sheet: 33 x 23.3 cm PD/Corel source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsiz e/SIL14-P002-04a.jpg |
132 YBN [1868 AD] 3 4 | 3447) The new element helium is named from an unrecognized yellow spectral line in the light of the Sun's atmosphere.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman" (Obituary Notice), Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 81, p.261 (MNRAS Homepage), 02/1921 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 921MNRAS..81R.261. 2. ^ "Pierre Jules César Janssen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-jule s-c-sar-janssen 3. ^ "Pierre Jules César Janssen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-jule s-c-sar-janssen {1868} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p427-428. {1868} MORE INFO [1] "Pierre Janssen." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/300476/Pierre-Jules-Cesar [2] "Pierre Jules César Janssen." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 29 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-jule s-c-sar-janssen [3] "Pierre Jules Cesar Janssen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Pierre_J ules_Cesar_Janssen [4] "Janssen, Pierre Jules César", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p459 [5] "Pierre Janssen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Jans sen [6] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norm an-lockyer [7] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norm an-lockyer [8] "Joseph Norman Lockyer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Norm an_Lockyer [9] "Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Jose ph_Norman_Lockyer [10] "Lockyer, Joseph Norman", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p551 [11] Cortie, A. L., "Sir Norman Lockyer, 1836-1920", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 53, p.233 (ApJ Homepage), 05/1921. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/ 1921ApJ....53..233C and http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi -bin/nph-iarticle_query?1921ApJ....53..2 33C&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&t ype=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf [12] http://library.exeter.ac.uk/special/guid es/archives/101-110/110_01.html | (?), India2 |
[1] Description Pierre Jules Janssen (1824-1907) Source Bulletin de la société astronomique de France, 1913 Date Prior to 1907 PD AND Joseph Lockyer BBC Hulton Picture Library PD/Corel source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6e/Pierre_Janssen.jpghtt p://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=10214&rendT ypeId=4 [2] Description Pierre Jules Janssen (1824-1907) Source Bulletin de la société astronomique de France, 1913 Date Prior to 1907 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6e/Pierre_Janssen.jpg |
131 YBN [01/30/1869 AD] 6 | 4839) The theory that waves radiating from the electricity in the brain might allow images of thought to be captured on a photograph.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "The Twentieth century", Volume 11, p900, 06/1832. http://books.google.com/books? id=noQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA900&dq=brain+waves& hl=en&ei=hNvDTMfEDoygsQPa88CPDA&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEwQ 6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=brain%20waves&f=false 2. ^ J.T.K., "Brain Waves: A theory", The Spectator, 01/30/1869. http://books.google.com/books?id=Yr0-A QAAIAAJ&pg=135 {Knowles_James_18690130. pdf} 3. ^ James Knowles, "The Twentieth Century", Volume 45, 1899, p858. http://books.google.com/books?id= VAADAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA858&lpg=PA858&dq=%22A+ collection+of+authenticated+ghost+storie s+relating%22&source=bl&ots=vckDukC9Jc&s ig=utc3VF95O58EuOt0gOa7rm7ItUU&hl=en&ei= Lk3kTKXYGpLUtQPT7-xm&sa=X&oi=book_result &ct=result&resnum=4&sqi=2&ved=0CCMQ6AEwA w#v=onepage&q=%22A%20collection%20of%20a uthenticated%20ghost%20stories%20relatin g%22&f=false 4. ^ "Sir James Knowles". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Jame s_Knowles 5. ^ "The Twentieth century", Volume 11, p900, 06/1832. http://books.google.com/books? id=noQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA900&dq=brain+waves& hl=en&ei=hNvDTMfEDoygsQPa88CPDA&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEwQ 6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=brain%20waves&f=false 6. ^ J.T.K., "Brain Waves: A theory", The Spectator, 01/30/1869. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=Yr0-AQAAIAAJ&pg=135 {Brain-Waves_ The_Spectator_18690130.pdf} and {Knowles_James_18690130.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "James Knowles (architect)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knowl es_(architect) | London, England5 (presumably) |
[1] Text from: J.T.K., ''Brain Waves: A theory'', The Spectator, 01/30/1869. http://books.google.com/books?id=Yr0-A QAAIAAJ&pg=135 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Yr0-AQAAIAAJ&pg=135 |
131 YBN [03/17/1869 AD] 4 5 6 | 3495) That a spectral emission line becomes thicker because of increased pressure is observed.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. N. Lockyer. "Spectroscopic Observations of the Sun - No. III." Royal Society of London Proceedings Series I 17 (1868): 350-356; p.355. books.google.com/books?id=glFJAA AAcAAJ&pg=PA350 2. ^ "Sir Edward Frankland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edwa rd_Frankland 3. ^ Edward Frankland, (obituary) Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), p343-349. http://books.google.com/books ?id=4Q8AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA343&dq=Edward+Fran kland+obituary&as_brr=1 4. ^ J. N. Lockyer. "Spectroscopic Observations of the Sun - No. III." Royal Society of London Proceedings Series I 17 (1868): 350-356; p.355. books.google.com/books?id=glFJAA AAcAAJ&pg=PA350 5. ^ Frankland, Lockyer, "Preliminary Note of Researches on Gaseous Spectra in Relation to the Physical Constitution of the Sun", Journal Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 17, 1868/1869, p288-291. books.google.com/books?id=glF JAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA288 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307 /112396 AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/co ntent/714t46272233x081/?p=4b4f4d0d6db641 6cb6955c3f69062267π=63 {Frankland_Lock yer_Helium_1868.pdf} {02/11/1869} 6. ^ "Sir Edward Frankland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edwa rd_Frankland {1868} MORE INFO [1] "Frankland, Edward", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p327 [2] "Sir Edward Frankland." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Aug. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/217311/Sir-Edward-Frankland> [3] "Edward Frankland." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-fran kland [4] "Edward Frankland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fran kland [5] http://members.cox.net/ggtext/edwardfran kland1825_obit.html [6] "Edward Frankland." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-fran kland [7] Dictionary of National Biography (1901) entry for Edward Frankland http://books.google.com/books ?id=TCYJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA237&dq=edward+fran kland&as_brr=1#PPA238,M1 [8] Frankland, E., and J. N. Lockyer. "Researches on Gaseous Spectra in Relation to the Physical Constitution of the Sun, Stars, and Nebulae.--Second Note." Royal Society of London Proceedings Series I 17 (1868): 453-454. books.google.com/books?id=glFJ AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA453 | (Royal College) London, England3 |
[1] Scanned from the frontispiece of Sketches from the life of Edward Frankland, published in 1902 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/0/09/Frankland_Edward_26.jpg [2] Sir Edward Frankland (1825–1899), English chemist. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e9/Edward_Frankland.jpg |
131 YBN [05/??/1869 AD] 6 7 | 3147) The spectrum of the Aurora Borealis is examined and found to have mainly one bright line not belonging to any known simple or compound gases.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. A. Angstrom, "Spectrum of the Aurora Borealis", Philosophical Magazine, 1869, 246-247. books.google.com/books?id=n18E AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA246 2. ^ Poggendorf's Annalen, May 1869 3. ^ A. S. Davis, "On a possible Cause of the Bright Line observed by M. Angstrom in the Spectrum of Aurora Borealis", Philosophical Magazine, July 1870, 33. http://books.google.com/books?id=aZuzm 3GnhnIC&pg=RA1-PA33 4. ^ "Anders Jonas Angstrom". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Anders_J onas_Angstrom 5. ^ "Ångström, Anders Jonas." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900 7607>. 6. ^ J. A. Angstrom, "Spectrum of the Aurora Borealis", Philosophical Magazine, 1869, 246-247. books.google.com/books?id=n18E AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA246 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp385-386. (1867) MORE INFO [1] "Anders Jonas Ångstrom." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/anders-jona s-ngstrom [2] "Anders Jonas Angström". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Jona s_Angstr%C3%B6m [3] "Ångström, Anders Jonas", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp22-23 | (University of Uppsala) Uppsala, Sweden5 |
[1] Anders Jonas Ångström (1814-1874) is remembered as one of the fathers of modern spectroscopy. His unit of wavelength is still used worldwide; the Ångström (1 Å = 0.1 nm). PD/Corel source: http://www.angstrom.uu.se/bilder /anders.jpg [2] Anders Jonas Ångström, c. 1865 Courtesy of the Kungl. Biblioteket, Stockholm PD/Corel source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id= 13450&rendTypeId=4 |
131 YBN [1869 AD] 6 7 8 | 3761) The first practical artificial plastic, Celluloid:1 a transparent plastic2 created by heating a mixture of nitrocellulose, camphor, and alcohol under pressure until the mold3 .4 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "John Wesley Hyatt." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 08 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/277989/John-Wesley-Hyatt>. 2. ^ "John Wesley Hyatt." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hyatt-john- wesley 3. ^ "Hyatt, John Wesley." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9041 686>. 4. ^ JOHN W. HYATT, IMPROVEMENT IN TREATING AND MOLDING PYROXYLINE, Patent number: 105338, Issue date: Jul 12, 1870. http://www.google.com/patents/US1 05338 5. ^ http://www.plastiquarian.com/hyatt.htm 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p477. {1869} 7. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p343. {1869} 8. ^ JOHN W. HYATT, IMPROVEMENT IN TREATING AND MOLDING PYROXYLINE, Patent number: 105338, Issue date: Jul 12, 1870. http://www.google.com/patents/US1 05338 MORE INFO [1] "John Wesley Hyatt". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley _Hyatt [2] "Celluloid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid | Albany, NY, USA5 |
[1] Description English: celluloid pen Date 5 April 2008 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia (Original text : self-made) Author Helian (talk). Original uploader was Helian at en.wikipedia CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arco_pen.jpg/88 2px-Arco_pen.jpg [2] John Wesley Hyatt Celluloid Corporation Records PD source: http://americanhistory.si.edu/ar chives/images/d8009-1.jpg |
130 YBN [04/21/1870 AD] 5 6 | 3571) Multiple bonds between two atoms are described.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Aleksandr Butlerov." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Sep. 2008 2. ^ http://chemistry.about.com/od/famouschem ists/p/alexandr-butlerov-bio.htm 3. ^ Butlerov, A.M. Sur La Structure Chimique De Quelques Hydrocarbures Non-saturés. Eggers, 1870. Mémoires De l’Académie Impériale Des Sciences De St.-Pétersbourg / 7. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en& lr=&id=iZZFAAAAcAAJ 4. ^ Leicester, Henry M. (1940). "Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov". Journal of Chemical Education 17 (May): 203 – 209. http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journ al/Issues/1940/May/index.html {Butlerov _Aleksandr_JCE1940.pdf} 5. ^ Butlerov, A.M. Sur La Structure Chimique De Quelques Hydrocarbures Non-saturés. Eggers, 1870. Mémoires De l’Académie Impériale Des Sciences De St.-Pétersbourg / 7. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en& lr=&id=iZZFAAAAcAAJ 6. ^ "Aleksandr Butlerov." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Sep. 2008 MORE INFO [1] "Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 12 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/aleksandr-m ikhailovich-butlerov [2] "Butlerov". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butlerov [3] "Butlerov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p158 [4] Arbuzov, B. A. (1978). "150th Anniversary of the birth of A. M. Butlerov". Russian Chemical Bulletin 27 (9): 1791–1794. doi:10.1007/BF00929226. http://www.springerlink.com/content/l0 48253337nx80h0/ [5] Rocke, Alan J. "Kekulé, Butlerov, and the historiography of the theory of chemical structure." The British Journal for the History of Science 14.01 (1981): 27-57. http://journals.cambridge.org/ab stract_S0007087400018276 | (Kazan University) Kazan, Russia4 |
[1] Butlerov, A.M. Sur La Structure Chimique De Quelques Hydrocarbures Non-saturés. Eggers, 1870. Mémoires De l’Académie Impériale Des Sciences De St.-Pétersbourg / 7. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en& lr=&id=iZZFAAAAcAAJ PD source: http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&lr=&id=iZZFAAAAcAAJ [2] Butlerov, Alexander Michailovich 19th Century Born: Tschistopol near Kazan (Russia), 1828 Died: Biarritz (France), 1886 PD source: http://www.euchems.org/binaries/ Butlerov_tcm23-29647.gif |
130 YBN [04/28/1870 AD] 6 7 | 3766) That specific parts of the cerebrum can contract certain muscles is shown by direct electrical stimulation of the cerebrum of dogs,1 2 3 and the first map of the brain that connects brain location to function.4 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Pietro Corsi, "The Enchanted Loom: Chapters in the History of Neuroscience", Oxford University Press, 1990, p211. http://books.google.com/books?id= A9RqAAAAMAAJ&q=Julius+Eduard+Hitzig+frit sch&dq=Julius+Eduard+Hitzig+fritsch&lr=& ei=Ni1bSc6WF4r8lQTb9d3sCA&pgis=1 2. ^ Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns", Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1870, p300-332. http://books.google.com/books?id=_qkEA AAAQAAJ&pg=PR5&dq=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Anatom ie+Physiologie+und+wissenschaftliche&as_ brr=1&ei=05ZnSYqzC4TMlQSk9PjLCg#PPA300,M 1 English translation: Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "On the Electrical Excitability of the Cerebrum", 1870. in: G. von Bonin, "Some Papers on the Cerebral Cortex", Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1960. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p478-479. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns", Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1870, p300-332. http://books.google.com/books?id=_qkEA AAAQAAJ&pg=PR5&dq=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Anatom ie+Physiologie+und+wissenschaftliche&as_ brr=1&ei=05ZnSYqzC4TMlQSk9PjLCg#PPA300,M 1 English translation: Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "On the Electrical Excitability of the Cerebrum", 1870. in: G. von Bonin, "Some Papers on the Cerebral Cortex", Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1960. 6. ^ Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns", Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1870, p300-332. http://books.google.com/books?id=_qkEA AAAQAAJ&pg=PR5&dq=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Anatom ie+Physiologie+und+wissenschaftliche&as_ brr=1&ei=05ZnSYqzC4TMlQSk9PjLCg#PPA300,M 1 English translation: Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "On the Electrical Excitability of the Cerebrum", 1870. in: G. von Bonin, "Some Papers on the Cerebral Cortex", Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1960. {04/28/1870} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p478-479. {1870} | (University of Berlin?) Berlin, Germany5 |
[1] Figure from English translation of Fritsch and Hitzig 1870 paper [t Appears to be different, with symbols in somewhat different locations] PD source: Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns", Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1870, p300-332. http://books.google.com/books?id=_qkEA AAAQAAJ&pg=PR5&dq=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Anatom ie+Physiologie+und+wissenschaftliche&as_ brr=1&ei=05ZnSYqzC4TMlQSk9PjLCg#PPA300,M 1 English translation: Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "On the Electrical Excitability of the Cerebrum", 1870. in: G. von Bonin, "Some Papers on the Cerebral Cortex", Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1960. [2] Figure from original Fritsch and Hitzig 1870 paper PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =_qkEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR5&dq=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+ Anatomie+Physiologie+und+wissenschaftlic he&as_brr=1&ei=05ZnSYqzC4TMlQSk9PjLCg#PP A313,M1 |
130 YBN [1870 AD] 3 | 2687) A communication cable connects Asia and Australia.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p119. 2. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p119. 3. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p119. (1870) | 2 |
[1] Description English: Map Showing the Telegraph Lines In Operation, Under Contract, and Contemplated to Complete the Circuit of the Globe, 1869 Date 1869 Source https://qed.princeton.edu/getfile.php?f =Map_Showing_the_Telegraph_Lines_In_Oper ation,_Under_Contract,_and_Contemplated_ to_Complete_the_Circuit_of_the_Globe,_18 69.jpg Author HH Lloyd & Co Publishers PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/4e/Map_Showing_the_Teleg raph_Lines_In_Operation%2C_Under_Contrac t%2C_and_Contemplated_to_Complete_the_Ci rcuit_of_the_Globe%2C_1869.jpg [2] Description Deutsch: Errichtung des ersten Mastes der Telgraphenleitung nach Carpentaria (Holzstich) English: Planting the first pole on the Overland Telegraph line to Carpentaria, Calvert, Samuel, 1828-1913 Wood Engraving ~1870, Held in the collection of the National Library of Australia Date 12 December 2005 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Bidgee using CommonsHelper. Original source is National Libraray of Australia Author Samuel Calvert (1828-1913) Original uploader was PDH at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) PD-AUSTRALIA. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8c/Overland_Telegraph.jp g |
130 YBN [1870 AD] 3 | 3778) The first synthetic perfume.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "Perkin, Sir William Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 31 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059 280>. 2. ^ "Sir William Henry Perkin." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-per kin 3. ^ "Perkin, Sir William Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 31 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059 280>. {1870} MORE INFO [1] "Sir William Henry Perkin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-per kin [2] "Sir William Henry Perkin." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-per kin [3] "William Henry Perkin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hen ry_Perkin [4] "William Henry Perkin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_ Henry_Perkin [5] "Perkin, William Henry", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p694-695 [6] "unsaturated." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/unsaturated [7] "Coumarin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumarin | (Perkin factory) Greenford Green, England2 (presumably) |
[1] Coumarin GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cou marinv [2] William Henry Perkin (1838-1907), in 1860. (Credit: Edelstein Collection.) PD/Corel source: http://64.202.120.86/upload/imag e/personal-column/tony-travis/19th-centu ary-high-tech/william-henry-perkin.jpg |
129 YBN [01/07/1871 AD] 5 | 3704) A periodic table with spaces that represent elements not found yet.1 2 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p464-466. 2. ^ Журнал Русского физико-химического общества при Ленинградеском, Volume 3, 1871, p25-56. Mendeleev, Journal of the Russian Chemical Society, 3: 25-56 (1871) also: "Collected Works", vol. 2, pp140-163. A German version of this paper appeared in : Mendelejeff, "Die periodische Gesetzmassigkeit der chemischen Elemente.", Annalen der Chemie Und Pharmazie, VIII. Supplementband, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1872, pp. 133–229 English translation: http://www.rod.beavon.clar a.net/neweleme.htm 3. ^ "Mendeleev, Dmitry Ivanovich", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p596-597. 4. ^ "Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9051 977>. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p464-466. {01/07/1871} MORE INFO [1] "Dmitri Mendeleev." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/dmitri-mend eleev [2] "Dmitri Mendeleev." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/dmitri-mend eleev [3] "Dmitri Mendeleev". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mend eleev [4] http://starina.library.tver.ru/us-35-1.h tm [5] Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, George Kamensky, Thomas Atkinson Lawson, Translated by George Kamensky, Contributor Thomas Atkinson Lawson, "The Principles of Chemistry", Longmans, Green and co., 1897. http://books.google.com/books?id= OqKMCLnvcdEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+ Principles+of+Chemistry&as_brr=1&ei=_W9U SfWmO4PAlQTOw7SEBA#PPP7,M1 1901 edition: http://www.archive.org/details /principlesofchem00menduoft [6] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p342 [7] D. I. Mendeleev, "Sootnoshenie svoistv s atomnym vesom elementov" (The Relation of the Properties to the Atomic Weights of the Elements), Zhurnal Russkoe Fiziko-Khimicheskoe Obshchestvo 1, 60-77 (1869) (Journal of the Russian Chemical Society); abstracted as "Uber die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente," in Zeitschrift für Chemie 12, 405-406 (1869); Note: I know of no translation to English of the original Mendeleev paper. abstract translated and annotated here: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/ea /MENDELEEVann.HTML [8] Stephen G. Brush, "The Reception of Mendeleev's Periodic Law in America and Britain", Isis, Vol. 87, No. 4 (Dec., 1996), pp. 595-628. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23 5195?&Search=yes&term=mendeleev&list=hid e&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3F Query%3Dmendeleev%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3D on%26Search.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Searc h%3DSearch&item=5&ttl=136&returnArticleS ervice=showArticle [9] Heinz Cassebaum, George B. Kauffman, "The Periodic System of the Chemical Elements: The Search for Its Discoverer", Isis, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Autumn, 1971), pp. 314-327. http://www.jstor.org/stable/22 9945?&Search=yes&term=mendeleev&list=hid e&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3F Query%3Dmendeleev%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3D on%26Search.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Searc h%3DSearch&item=7&ttl=136&returnArticleS ervice=showArticle [10] W. Odling, "On the Natural Groupings of Elements," Phil. Mag., 1857, 13:423-439, 480-497 [11] W. Odling, "On the Proportional Numbers of the Elements," Quarterly Journal of Science, 1864,1: 642-648 | (University of St. Petersburg) St. Petersburg, Russia3 4 |
[1] {ULSF: Appears to be a larger copy of:} The 1871 Table COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.meta-synthesis.com/we bbook/35_pt/Mendeleev_1871b.png [2] Fig 2 The 1871 Table UNKNOWN source: http://www.rsc.org/images/featur es%20laing%20fig2_mar07_tcm18-79039.jpg |
129 YBN [09/11/1871 AD] 4 | 6607) The spectrum of lightning is found to include spectral emission lines found in air.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H. Vogel, "Ueber die Spectra der Blitze", Annalen der Physik, vol. 219, Issue 8, 1871, pp.653-654. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=6QU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA653 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112494935/PDFSTART English translation H. Vogel, "On the Spectra of Lightning" 2. ^ "Vogel, Hermann Karl." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9075 639>. 3. ^ H. Vogel, "Ueber die Spectra der Blitze", Annalen der Physik, vol. 219, Issue 8, 1871, pp.653-654. http://onlinelibrary.wile y.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18712190810/abstr act AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112494935/PDFSTART English translation H. Vogel, "On the Spectra of Lightning" 4. ^ H. Vogel, "Ueber die Spectra der Blitze", Annalen der Physik, vol. 219, Issue 8, 1871, pp.653-654. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=6QU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA653 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112494935/PDFSTART English translation H. Vogel, "On the Spectra of Lightning" MORE INFO [1] "Hermann Carl Vogel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Car l_Vogel [2] "Vogel, Hermann Carl", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p910 [3] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p358 [4] "Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der Planeten", Gekronte Preisschrift von der K. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. in Kopenhagen, Leipzig, 1874. Later 1876 paper?: Vogel, H.C. "Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der Planeten", Pogg. Ann., 158, 1876, p461-472. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112504372/PDFSTAR T English translation: H. C. Vogel, "Recent Research on the Spectra of Planets", The Astrophysical Journal, 1895. http://books.google.com/books?id= CWUsAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA196&dq=Recent+Rese arches+on+the+Spectra+of+the+Planets+vog el&as_brr=1&ei=P7ZjSd7uM5byMu_91f8I [5] Review in 1895 "Science": http://books.google.com/book s?id=73oCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA474&dq=Spectra+of +the+planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K 4zKM7HN-KwG [6] "Vogel on the Spectra of the Planets", Harper's Magazine, 1872. http://books.google.com/books?id= OnkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA783&dq=Spectra+of+the+ planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K4zKM7 HN-KwG#PPA783,M1 [7] Edwin Frost, "Hermann Carl Vogel" (obituary), The Astrophysical Journal, v.27, Jan. 1908, p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=6J csAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=The+Astrophysical+J ournal+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=-rpjSdW8I4rONcK PzZQI [8] http://www.math.uni-hamburg.de/spag/ign/ events/pdf/wf-doppl.pdf [9] http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMe dalists/Vogel/VogelBio.pdf [10] http://phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedali sts/vogel/ [11] Resultate%20spectralanalytischer%20Beoba chtungen%2C%20angestellt%20auf%20der%20S ternwarte%20zu%20Bothkamp [12] Hector Macpherson, "A century's progress in astronomy", Blackwood and sons, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id= 4ftCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=cent ury%27s+progress&ei=as5jScbVK4WcMuarpf8I #PPA175,M1 [13] http://translate.google.com/translate_t# de [14] "Hermann Karl Vogel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-kar l-vogel [15] http://books.google.com/books?id=OZ4RAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA56&dq=vogel+doppler&lr=&as_br r=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=rshjSdvxC5icMpizoY gM | (private observatory) Bothkamp, Germany2 3 |
[1] H. Vogel, ''Ueber die Spectra der Blitze'', Annalen der Physik, vol. 219, Issue 8, 1871, pp.653-654. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=6QU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA653 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112494935/PDFSTART English translation H. Vogel, ''On the Spectra of Lightning'' PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =6QU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA653 [2] Hermann C. Vogel, ''Resultate spectralanalytischer Beobachtungen, angestellt auf der Sternwarte zu Bothkamp.'', Astronomische Nachrichten, 78, 16, 1872, p241–252;p249-250; http://books.googl e.com/books?id=jgZTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1871-IA 49 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112526975/PDFSTART AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/112579623/issue {Vogel_Hermann_ Doppler_Sun_Rotation_1871.pdf} PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =jgZTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1871-IA49 |
129 YBN [1871 AD] 5 6 | 2661) The start of binary digital communication: communication using only a series of on or off values; the Baudot {BxDO1 } code.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Baudot code." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 09 Apr. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/baudot-code 2. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 3803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot 3. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 3803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot 4. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 3803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot 5. ^ "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 04/telegraph 6. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 3803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot (1874) MORE INFO [1] "Julius Wilhelm Gintl". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wilh elm_Gintl [2] "Émile Baudot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_ Baudot | France4 |
[1] Crotch, A. The Hughes and Baudot Telegraphs. Rentell, 1908, p49. http://books.google.com/books?id=n 9pAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =n9pAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA49 [2] Émile Baudot PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Ita2.png |
128 YBN [06/07/1872 AD] 6 | 6624) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is produced;1 2 a synthetic resin, second only to polyethylene in production, made from the polymerization {Pu-liMR-u-ZA-suN3 } of vinyl chloride.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Baumann, Eugen, "Ueber einige Vinylverbindungen"Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1872, V163, p308-322. books.google.com/books?id=HNX yAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA308 English: "On some vinyl compounds" 2. ^ Gottesman, Roy T., and Donald Goodman. "Poly (vinyl chloride)." TESS, RW.; POEHLEIN, GW Applied polymer science 2 (1985): 383-440. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10 .1021/bk-1985-0285.ch018 {Gottesman_198 50925.pdf} 3. ^ "polymerization." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun. 2013. olymerization>. 4. ^ "polyvinyl chloride (PVC)." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/469242/polyvinyl-chloride>. 5. ^ Professor Eugen Baumann (obituary), Science, Volume 5, p51-53. http://books.google.com/books?i d=mXwCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA51&dq=Eugen+Baumann& as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Eugen%20Baumann&f=f alse 6. ^ Baumann, Eugen, "Ueber einige Vinylverbindungen"Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1872, V163, p308-322. books.google.com/books?id=HNX yAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA308 English: "On some vinyl compounds" | (for doctorate at University of Tübingen) Tübingen, Germany5 |
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_c hloride GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol yvinyl_chloride [2] Beschreibung Eugen Baumann (1846 - 1896), deutscher Chemiker Quelle Bioanalytical.com Urheber bzw. Nutzungsrechtinhaber Unbekannter Fotograf Datum vor 1896 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/de/e/e5/Eugen_Baumann.jpg |
128 YBN [1872 AD] 3 4 | 1249) The first "binder", a machine that automatically binds grain with wire, into bundles.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Charles B. Withington", Industrial World. National Iron and Steel Publishing Company, 1909, p1480. http://books.google.com/books?id =stkcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1480 2. ^ Iles, G. Leading American Inventors. H. Holt and company, 1912. Biographies of Leading Americans, p309. http://books.google.com/books?id= Hn0_AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA309 3. ^ "Charles B. Withington", Industrial World. National Iron and Steel Publishing Company, 1909, p1480. http://books.google.com/books?id =stkcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1480 4. ^ Iles, G. Leading American Inventors. H. Holt and company, 1912. Biographies of Leading Americans, p309. http://books.google.com/books?id= Hn0_AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA309 MORE INFO [1] Hounshell, D. From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985. Studies in Industry and Society, p176. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9H3tHKUFcfsC&pg=PA176 | Janesville, Wisconsin, USA2 |
[1] The Withington Binder Built by the McCormicks in 1876 This machine binds the grain with wire.. Read more: http://chestofbooks.com/reference/Wonder -Book-Of-Knowledge/Development-Of-The-Re aper-Continued.html#.UWShTncrzg8#ixzz2Q0 kr3zQv UNKNOWN source: http://chestofbooks.com/referenc e/Wonder-Book-Of-Knowledge/images/The-Wi thington-Binder-Built-by-the-McCormicks- in-1876-This-m.jpg [2] McCormick Harvester and Binder of 1876 at work in the field -the first practical self-binder ever built Source McCormick Reaper Centennial Source Material (International Harvester Company: Chicago) 1931 PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:McCormick_Harvester_and_Binder.gif |
128 YBN [1872 AD] 3 | 3317) Dust in the air is shown to contain microorganisms.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp408-409. 2. ^ "Tyndall, John", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp891-892. 3. ^ http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27 948?_fromAuth=1 {1872} MORE INFO [1] "Tyndall, John." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907 3992> [2] "Tyndall, John." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-tyndal l [3] "Tyndall, John." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-tyndal l [4] "Tyndall, John." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-tyndal l [5] "John Tyndall". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndal l [6] "John Tyndall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Tyn dall [7] John Tyndale, "Faraday as a Discoverer", D. Appleton, 1868. http://books.google.com/books?id= wskKAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=John +Tyndall&as_brr=1 [8] John Tyndall, "Heat a Mode of Motion", D. Appleton and Company, 1915. http://books.google.com/books?id= 3DUJAAAAIAAJ&dq=John+Tyndall&as_brr=1 | (Royal Institution) London, England2 |
[1] Scientist: Tyndall, John (1820 - 1893) Discipline(s): Physics Print Artist: Rudolf Hoffmann, fl. ca. 1840 Medium: Engraving Original Dimensions: Graphic: 17 x 12 cm / Sheet: 33 x 22.9 cm PD/Corel source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsiz e/SIL14-T003-11a.jpg [2] Scientist: Tyndall, John (1820 - 1893) Discipline(s): Physics Original Dimensions: Graphic: 11.5 x 9 cm / Sheet: 27 x 21.3 cm PD/Corel source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsiz e/SIL14-T003-08a.jpg |
128 YBN [1872 AD] 6 7 | 3909) Bacteria are grown (or cultured) outside of the body.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.asm.org/membership/index.asp? bid=16731 2. ^ Schroeter, Julius. "Ueber einige durch Bacterien gebildete Pigmente." Beitrge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Ern's Verlag, Breslau (1872): 109-126. http://www.biodiversitylibrary .org/item/27353#page/269/mode/1up {beitrgezurbiolog01berl.pdf} 3. ^ Kango, N. Textbook Of Microbiology. I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Limited, 2010, p15. http://books.google.com/books?id=e 1t6CF1OhhIC&pg=PA15 4. ^ Easter, M.C. Rapid Microbiological Methods in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Taylor & Francis, 2003. p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=Us 7VfXfea80C&pg=PA7 5. ^ "Joseph Schröter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schr %C3%B6ter 6. ^ Schroeter, Julius. "Ueber einige durch Bacterien gebildete Pigmente." Beigrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Ern's Verlag, Breslau (1872): 109-126. http://www.biodiversitylibrary .org/item/27353#page/269/mode/1up {beit rgezurbiolog01berl.pdf} 7. ^ Schroeter, Julius. "Ueber einige durch Bacterien gebildete Pigmente." Beitrge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Ern's Verlag, Breslau (1872): 109-126. http://www.biodiversitylibrary .org/item/27353#page/269/mode/1up {beitrgezurbiolog01berl.pdf} MORE INFO [1] Schroeter, J. "Ueber einige durch Bacterien gebildete Pigmente."Beitr. Z. Biol. D. Pflanzen1:2, 1872, 109-126 http://www.biodiversitylibrary. org/item/27353#page/269/mode/1up | (University of Breslau) Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wroclaw, Poland)5 |
[1] Schroeter, Julius. ''Ueber einige durch Bacterien gebildete Pigmente.'' Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Ern's Verlag, Breslau (1872): 109-126. http://www.biodiversitylibrary .org/item/27353#page/269/mode/1up {beitrgezurbiolog01berl.pdf} PD source: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.o rg/item/27353#page/269/mode/1up |
127 YBN [02/12/1873 AD] 4 | 3336) Selenium is found to convert light into electricity.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Willoughby Smith, "Effect of Light on Selenium During the Passage of An Electric Current", Nature, Volume 7, Number 173, p303. (Communicated to the Society of Telegraph Engineers, February 12, by Mr. Latimer Clark, from Mr. Willoughby Smith, Electrician to the Telegraph Construction Company.) {Smith_Willoughby_1873_seleni um_007303e0.pdf} 2. ^ http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/se. html 3. ^ http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/SMITH_BIO.htm l 4. ^ Willoughby Smith, "Effect of Light on Selenium During the Passage of An Electric Current", Nature, Volume 7, Number 173, p303. (Communicated to the Society of Telegraph Engineers, February 12, by Mr. Latimer Clark, from Mr. Willoughby Smith, Electrician to the Telegraph Construction Company.) {Smith_Willoughby_1873_seleni um_007303e0.pdf} {02/12/1873} MORE INFO [1] "Willoughby Smith". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_ Smith [2] "Telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Telegrap h | Valentia, Ireland3 |
[1] Willoughby Smith was an electrical engineer working for telegraph companies, but his the most important contribution to science was discovery of photo-conductivity of selenium in 1873. PD/Corel source: http://www.geocities.com/neveyaa kov/electro_science/smith1.jpg [2] Closed lid - high resistance, open lid - low resistance PD/Corel source: http://www.geocities.com/neveyaa kov/electro_science/smith_experiment.jpg |
126 YBN [11/23/1874 AD] 6 7 8 9 | 4087) The crystal diode (or rectifier) is invented. Metal sulfide crystals are found to transmit electricity more easily in one direction than in the other, and this will later be used to convert an alternating current into a direct current.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Braun, F. "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle", Ann. Phys. Chem 153 (1874): 556. http://books.google.com/books?id=L g04AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA556 English: "On the conduction of current through metal sulfides." 2. ^ P. Russer, "Ferdinand Braun – A Pioneer in Wireless Technology and Electronics", Proceedings of the 39th European Microwave Conference, Rome , Italy, October 2009, pp. 547-554. http://www.researchgate.net/pu blication/230874467_Ferdinand_Braun_-_A_ Pioneer_in_Wireless_Technology_and_Elect ronics/file/d912f50b8696d3e42d.pdf {rus ser_braun_2012.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524. 4. ^ "Karl Ferdinand Braun." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdin and-braun 5. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1909/braun-bio.html 6. ^ Braun, F. "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle", Ann. Phys. Chem 153 (1874): 556. http://books.google.com/books?id=L g04AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA556 English: "On the conduction of current through metal sulfides." 7. ^ P. Russer, "Ferdinand Braun – A Pioneer in Wireless Technology and Electronics", Proceedings of the 39th European Microwave Conference, Rome , Italy, October 2009, pp. 547-554. http://www.researchgate.net/pu blication/230874467_Ferdinand_Braun_-_A_ Pioneer_in_Wireless_Technology_and_Elect ronics/file/d912f50b8696d3e42d.pdf {rus ser_braun_2012.pdf} 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524. {1874} 9. ^ "Karl Ferdinand Braun." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdin and-braun {1874} MORE INFO [1] "Braun, Ferdinand." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016 270> [2] "Karl Ferdinand Braun." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdin and-braun [3] "Karl Ferdinand Braun". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdin and_Braun [4] "Braun, Ferdinand", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp135 [5] Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber die galvanische Leitungsfähigkeit geschmolzener Salze.", Berlin, Chem. Ges. Ber., 7,1874, pp. 958-962; Annal. Phys. Chem., Volume 230 Issue 2, Pages 161 - 196. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1875 AnP...230..161B and http://books.google.com/books?id=4w 04AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=Ueber+d ie+galvanische+Leitungsf%C3%A4higkeit+ge schmolzener+Salze&source=bl&ots=BVk7avlu 2b&sig=zfGwwqpObGC92VZqX_DEfd2ExDQ&hl=en &ei=TYPKStaNNYv-tQPe2oSiBQ&sa=X&oi=book_ result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=Ue ber%20die%20galvanische%20Leitungsf%C3%A 4higkeit%20geschmolzener%20Salze&f=false | (Würzburg University) Würzburg, Germany5 |
[1] Ferdinand Braun (1850-1918), Nobel laureate 1909. (in Physics) http://www.cathodique.net/FB raun.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/55/Ferdinand_Braun.jpg [2] Karl Ferdinand Braun when older PD source: http://phys.bspu.unibel.by/hist/ physport/gif/phys/braun.jpg |
126 YBN [12/12/1874 AD] 4 5 | 3872) The basis of color photography: putting dye in a photographic emulsion allows specific colors of light (including infrared) to be photographed, because the dyes allow only those specific colors to reach the light sensitive silver compound.1 2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Captain J. Waterhouse, "On Reversed Photographs of the Solar Spectrum beyond the Red, obtained on a Collodion Plate", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 24, 1875/1876, p186-189. http://books.google.com/books ?id=MRVa8_iNs_sC&pg=PA186&dq=%22On+Rever sed+Photographs+of+the+Solar+Spectrum%22 &as_brr=1&ei=zNaMSYu2LZbskgTy76zIBQ htt p://journals.royalsociety.org/content/a2 n6133392374462/?p=6969f2b4703f403bbbaa6a 92fdf2f324π=23 2. ^ Richter, J. Inventing the Camera. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2006. Breakthrough Inventions Series. http://books.google.com/books?i d=jRC1nQ2mKW8C&pg=PT16 3. ^ "Vogel, Hermann Karl." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9075 639>. 4. ^ Photographic News, Jan. 1, 1875. http://books.google.com/books?id=2hVnl 5U6scEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0c7yAhzKPFNeGUL-ML#PPA6,M1 {12/1874} 5. ^ "On the Photographic Method of Mapping the Least Refrangible End of the Solar Spectrum", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 171, 1880, p653-667. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/148420u840671470/?p=12743c5b 25164e94b61dc12adaa314eeπ=45 {12/12/1874} MORE INFO [1] "Hermann Karl Vogel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-kar l-vogel [2] "Hermann Carl Vogel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Car l_Vogel [3] "Vogel, Hermann Carl", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p910 [4] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p358 [5] "Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der Planeten", Gekronte Preisschrift von der K. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. in Kopenhagen, Leipzig, 1874. Later 1876 paper?: Vogel, H.C. "Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der Planeten", Pogg. Ann., 158, 1876, p461-472. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112504372/PDFSTAR T English translation: H. C. Vogel, "Recent Research on the Spectra of Planets", The Astrophysical Journal, 1895. http://books.google.com/books?id= CWUsAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA196&dq=Recent+Rese arches+on+the+Spectra+of+the+Planets+vog el&as_brr=1&ei=P7ZjSd7uM5byMu_91f8I [6] Review in 1895 "Science": http://books.google.com/book s?id=73oCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA474&dq=Spectra+of +the+planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K 4zKM7HN-KwG [7] Edwin Frost, "Hermann Carl Vogel" (obituary), The Astrophysical Journal, v.27, Jan. 1908, p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=6J csAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=The+Astrophysical+J ournal+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=-rpjSdW8I4rONcK PzZQI [8] "Vogel on the Spectra of the Planets", Harper's Magazine, 1872. http://books.google.com/books?id= OnkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA783&dq=Spectra+of+the+ planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K4zKM7 HN-KwG#PPA783,M1 [9] Hector Macpherson, "A century's progress in astronomy", Blackwood and sons, 1906, p173-175. http://books.google.com/books ?id=4ftCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq= century%27s+progress&ei=as5jScbVK4WcMuar pf8I#PPA175,M1 [10] "Color photography". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_photo graphy | (Astrophysical observatory) Potsdam, Germany3 |
[1] Description Photograph of Hermann Carl Vogel, the astronomer Source Opposite page 129 of Astronomers of Today Date 1905 Author Hector Macpherson PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/Vogel_Hermann_Carl.jp g [2] Hermann Carl Vogel 1906 Bruce Medalist PD source: http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /brucemedalists/Vogel/vogel.jpg |
125 YBN [04/27/1875 AD] 5 | 3851) Electrical stimulation and physical destruction of various portions of the brain of living monkeys1 is shown to cause blindness, deafness, the loss of sense of touch, smell, and taste, and the need to scratch.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David Ferrier, "Experiments on the Brains of Monkeys", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1875, p409-432. 2. ^ David Ferrier, "Experiments on the Brains of Monkeys", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1875, p409-432. 3. ^ David Ferrier, "Experiments on the Brains of Monkeys", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1875, p409-432. 4. ^ "Ferrier, David", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p312. 5. ^ David Ferrier, "Experiments on the Brains of Monkeys", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1875, p409-432. {04/27/1875} MORE INFO [1] http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n18/histo ry/ferrier_i.htm [2] David Ferrier, "The Functions of the Brain", G. P. Putnum's Sons, 1876. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&id=4FLdeC-35MgC&dq=%22The+Functions+o f+the+Brain%22&printsec=frontcover&sourc e=web&ots=KMqCRFDN0G&sig=Jctw2lT7onr2yNa -ZM5zHybSWLQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum= 2&ct=result#PPR3,M1 [3] David Ferrier, "Experimental Researches in Cerebral Physiology and Pathology", West Riding Lunatic Asylum Medical Reports, Vol. III. 1873. London, Smith, Elder and Co. 15, Waterloo Place. Reprinted in J Anat Physiol. 1873 November; 8(Pt 1): 152–155. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/artic lerender.fcgi?artid=1319018 http://www. pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?art id=1319018&blobtype=pdf [4] David Ferrier, "The Localization of Function in the Brain", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1874, p229-232. http://books.google.com/books ?id=b5YsMcImObAC&pg=PA229&dq=david+ferri er+date:1874-1874&lr=&ei=AwCBSdegMYbokAS yqPXUBg#PPA229,M1 | (King's College Hospital and Medical School) London, England3 4 |
[1] Figures from Ferrier's 1875 work PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =TasOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA409&dq=david+ferrier& lr=&ei=qP-ASdq9CKWQkAT8l8XHCg#PPA410,M1 [2] David Ferrier PD source: http://www.lecturelist.org/asset s/images/199.jpg |
125 YBN [08/28/1875 AD] 8 | 5575) The first direct neuron reading:5 changes in electric currents on the brains of rabbits and monkeys are measured during chewing, and in response to light shown in the eyes.6 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/ 257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} 2. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/ 257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} 3. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/ 257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} 4. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/ 257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} 5. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/ 257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} 6. ^ Emmanuel Donchin, "Average Evoked Potentials Methods, Results and Evaluations", NASA, 1969. {evoked001.pdf} 7. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/ 257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} 8. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/ 257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} {08/28/1875} | Liverpool, England7 |
[1] Text of: Richard Caton, ''The Electric Currents of the Brain'', British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/ 257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} PD source: http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765 /257.full.pdf+html [2] http://books.google.com/books?id=_GMeW9E 1IB4C&pg=PA41 COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =_GMeW9E1IB4C&pg=PA41 |
124 YBN [02/15/1876 AD] 4 | 4065) Rapidly rotating static electricity is shown to act like an electric current; producing a magnetic field.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p518-519. 2. ^ "Rowland, Henry Augustus." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9064 251>. 3. ^ Henry Rowland, "On the Magnetic Effect of Electric Convection", American Journal of Science, 15, 1878, p30-38. http://books.google.com/books?i d=P0adAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA30&dq=%22On+the+Magn etic+Effect+of+Electric+Convection%22,#v =onepage&q=%22On%20the%20Magnetic%20Effe ct%20of%20Electric%20Convection%22%2C&f= false http://books.google.com/books?id= 180EAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=fa lse 4. ^ "Rowland, Henry Augustus." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9064 251>. {1876} MORE INFO [1] "Henry Augustus Rowland." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 25 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-augus tus-rowland [2] "Henry Augustus Rowland." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 25 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-augus tus-rowland [3] "Henry Augustus Rowland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Augus tus_Rowland [4] "Henry Augustus Rowland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Henry_Au gustus_Rowland [5] "Rowland, Henry Augustus", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p756 [6] Henry Augustus Rowland, "The physical papers of Henry Augustus Rowland, Johns Hopkins university ...", 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id= 180EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=henry+rowland+pap ers&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false | (working for Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore) (University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany3 |
[1] Description Rowland Henry.jpg English: Photograph of Henry Rowland, the American physicist, published in 1902 Date 1902(1902) Source Frontispiece of The Physical Papers of Henry Augustus Rowland Author Henry Rowland PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c2/Rowland_Henry.jpg |
124 YBN [05/01/1876 AD] 4 | 3656) The theory that electric current conduction in water is not due to conduction by the water, but by dissolved particles, such as sodium ions, and that the high conductivity of acids is because hydrogen is one of their migrating components.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Friedrich Kohlrausch, "Ueber das Leitungsvermögen der in Wasser gelösten Elektrolyte im Zusammenhang mit der Wanderung ihrer Bestandtheile.", Nachrichten von der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg-Augusts-Universität zu Göttingenaus dem Jahre. http://www.digizeitschriften.de/ index.php?id=loader&tx_jkDigiTools_pi1ID DOC. ^=467615 English translation: From Harry Manley Goodwin, Michael Faraday, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch, "The Fundamental Laws of Electrolytic Conduction: Memoirs by Faraday, Hittorf and F. Kohlrausch", Harper & brothers, 1899, p85-92. "On the conductivity of Electrolytes dissolved in Water in relation to the Migration of their Components." http://books.google.com/books?id=7AYNA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=On+the+condu ctivity+of+electrolytes+dissolved+in+wat er+kohlrausch&source=web&ots=AA37IwYcNR& sig=4QmWXY2nO_cBcb9CMhY-YCPCIQU&hl=en&sa =X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result 2. ^ Friedrich Kohlrausch, "Ueber das Leitungsvermögen der in Wasser gelösten Elektrolyte im Zusammenhang mit der Wanderung ihrer Bestandtheile.", Nachrichten von der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg-Augusts-Universität zu Göttingenaus dem Jahre. http://www.digizeitschriften.de/ index.php?id=loader&tx_jkDigiTools_pi1ID DOC. ^=467615 English translation: From Harry Manley Goodwin, Michael Faraday, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch, "The Fundamental Laws of Electrolytic Conduction: Memoirs by Faraday, Hittorf and F. Kohlrausch", Harper & brothers, 1899, p85-92. "On the conductivity of Electrolytes dissolved in Water in relation to the Migration of their Components." http://books.google.com/books?id=7AYNA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=On+the+condu ctivity+of+electrolytes+dissolved+in+wat er+kohlrausch&source=web&ots=AA37IwYcNR& sig=4QmWXY2nO_cBcb9CMhY-YCPCIQU&hl=en&sa =X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result 3. ^ "Kohlrausch, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p496. 4. ^ Friedrich Kohlrausch, "Ueber das Leitungsvermögen der in Wasser gelösten Elektrolyte im Zusammenhang mit der Wanderung ihrer Bestandtheile.", Nachrichten von der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg-Augusts-Universität zu Göttingenaus dem Jahre. http://www.digizeitschriften.de/ index.php?id=loader&tx_jkDigiTools_pi1ID DOC. ^=467615 English translation: From Harry Manley Goodwin, Michael Faraday, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch, "The Fundamental Laws of Electrolytic Conduction: Memoirs by Faraday, Hittorf and F. Kohlrausch", Harper & brothers, 1899, p85-92. "On the conductivity of Electrolytes dissolved in Water in relation to the Migration of their Components." http://books.google.com/books?id=7AYNA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=On+the+condu ctivity+of+electrolytes+dissolved+in+wat er+kohlrausch&source=web&ots=AA37IwYcNR& sig=4QmWXY2nO_cBcb9CMhY-YCPCIQU&hl=en&sa =X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result {05/01/1876} MORE INFO [1] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/kohlra usch.htm | (University of Würzburg) Würzburg, Germany2 3 |
[1] Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch PD/Corel source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/histor y/kohlrausch2.JPG [2] Friedrich Kohlrausch PD/Corel source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/histor y/kohlrausch1.JPG |
124 YBN [1876 AD] 5 6 | 3819) The first practical refrigerator is built using liquid ammonia as a coolant.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493. 3. ^ "Linde, Carl von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048 354>. 4. ^ "Linde, Carl von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048 354>. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493. {1876} 6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p351. {1876} MORE INFO [1] "Karl Paul Gottfried von Linde". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Paul_G ottfried_von_Linde [2] "Refrigerating". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Refriger ating [3] "Linde, Carl Von", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p545 [4] "Karl Paul Von Linde", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Pergamon Press, 1914, v.178, (1914), p113-114. http://books.google.com/books ?id=y-QGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113&dq=Carl+Paul+G ottfried+von+Linde&as_brr=1&ei=Du9kSfCMG JOIkAT1v7TWDQ#PPA113,M1 | (Technische Hochschule) Munich, Germany4 |
[1] The first Linde refrigeration machine ever sold, an improvement on the original model from 1871 started up in 1877 at the Creher Brewery in Trieste (now Italy) PD/Corel (presumably) source: http://www.linde.com/internation al/web/linde/like35lindecom.nsf/reposito rybyalias/pdf_ch_chronicle/$file/chronic le_e%5B1%5D.pdf [2] * by Frederick Muller * Reference: 3278404 circa 1890: German scientist Karl Paul Gottfried Linde. (Photo by Frederick Muller/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) PD/Corel source: http://www.jamd.com/image/g/3278 404 |
124 YBN [1876 AD] 6 7 8 | 4094) The luminescence produced at the cathode in an evacuated tube (under high electric potential1 ) is named "Cathode-rays"2 , shown to be emitted perpendicularly to the cathode surface, and to cast sharp shadows.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p525. 3. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 4. ^ Monatsberichte der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1876), 284. 5. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p525. {1876} 7. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9037 282>. {1876} 8. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. {1876} MORE INFO [1] "Eugen Goldstein." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/eugen-golds tein [2] "Eugen Goldstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Golds tein | (University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany5 |
[1] Eugen Goldstein PD source: http://www.pkc.ac.th/kobori/Asse ts/ChemistryMahidol1/www.il.mahidol.ac.t h/course/ap_chemistry/atomic_structure/p icture/bild_goldstein.jpg [2] Eugen Goldstein 1850 - 1931 PD source: http://members.chello.nl/~h.dijk stra19/image/goldstein.jpg |
123 YBN [03/05/1877 AD] 3 4 5 6 | 3756) The purple pigment (rhodopsin) in the retina is shown to turn a yellowish color when exposed to light. Using this effect, a rabbit retina is removed, the changed dyes fixed with chemicals, and a permanent picture (an "optogram") is made showing the last image the rabbit saw (in this case, a barred window).1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "Wilhelm Kühne." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-k-h ne 2. ^ "Willy Kuhne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Willy_Ku hne 3. ^ Kuehne W , "Ueber den Sehpurpur" (pp.193-195), Zentralblatt fuer die medizinischen wissenschaften, 15/11. - Berlin, August Hirschwald, 1877, 8°, pp.193-208 books.google.com/books?id=nqgvAAAAIAAJ &pg=pa193 4. ^ "Wilhelm Kühne." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-k-h ne {1877} 5. ^ Kuehne W , "Ueber den Sehpurpur" (pp.193-195), Zbl. med. Wiss., 15/11. - Berlin, August Hirschwald, 1877, 8°, pp.193-208 books.google.com/books?id=nqgvAAAAIAAJ &pg=pa193 6. ^ http://www.medicusbooks.com/shop/USER_AR TIKEL_HANDLING_AUFRUF.php?darstellen=1&K ategorie_ID=23709〈=de&update_user_lang =true&Ziel_ID=7806&javascript_enabled=tr ue&PEPPERSESS=eb2b859175ce4ee19d9633f9c3 1fb318 {1877} MORE INFO [1] "Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Fri edrich_K%C3%BChne [2] "Kühne, Wilhelm Friedrich", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p504 [3] http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/da ta?id=per103 [4] Kuehne W (1859) Untersuchungen über Bewegungen und Veränderungen der contractilen Substanzen. Archiv für Anatomie. Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin Jahrgang 1859:748–835 http://books.google.com/books?id=dwUBA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA748&dq=Untersuchungen+%C3%B Cber+Bewegungen+und+Ver%C3%A4nderungen+d er+contractilen+Substanzen+date:1859-185 9&lr=&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=NMlYSb6 1FoyEkQT39_E0 [5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p351 [6] "Franz Christian Boll". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Chris tian_Boll | (University of Heidelberg) Heidelberg, Germany2 |
[1] One of Kühne's rabbit optograms from 1878 UNKNOWN AND Kühne, Wilhelm Friedrich PD source: http://www.college-optometrists. org/filemanager/root/site_assets/museum/ eyes/Untitled789.jpghttp://vlp.mpiwg-ber lin.mpg.de/vlpimages/images/img3930.jpg [2] One of Kühne's rabbit optograms from 1878 UNKNOWN source: http://www.college-optometrists. org/filemanager/root/site_assets/museum/ eyes/Untitled789.jpg |
123 YBN [12/24/1877 AD] 8 9 | 4002) A sound recording is played back out loud.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international encyclopaedia, Volume 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VD JXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%20185 5%20phonautograph&f=false 2. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent #200521 http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ 3. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international encyclopaedia, Volume 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VD JXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%20185 5%20phonautograph&f=false 4. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent #200521 http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ 5. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international encyclopaedia, Volume 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VD JXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%20185 5%20phonautograph&f=false 6. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent #200521 http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ 7. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent #200521 http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ 8. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent #200521 http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ {12/24/1877} 9. ^ Francis Arthur Jones, "Thomas Alva Edison: sixty years of an inventor's life", 1907, p138. http://books.google.com/books?id= 29HAPQBd-JsC&pg=PA5&dq=thomas+alva+ediso n&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false {12/24/1877} MORE INFO [1] "Thomas Edison." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 01 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-edis on [2] "Thomas Alva Edison". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva _Edison [3] "Thomas Alva Edison". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Thomas_A lva_Edison [4] "Edison, Thomas Alva", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p274 [5] Video of Thomas Edison on youtube.com: http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=H7RQ5sKHR5E [6] Video: A day with Thomas A. Edison / General Electric Co. ; producer, Bray Studios. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ query/r?ammem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER +@band(edmp+4057s6))+@field(COLLID+ediso n)) [7] http://www.atheists.org/Thomas_Alva_Edis on:_1911_Columbian_Interview [8] http://www.atheistempire.com/greatminds/ quotes.php?author=11 [9] Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=f alse [10] Edith C. Kenyon, "Thomas Alva Edison: the telegraph-boy who became a great inventor", 1896. http://books.google.com/books?id= 24UVAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=f alse [11] http://users.belgacom.net/gc391665/micro phone_history.htm [12] Frank Lewis Dyer, Thomas Commerford Martin, "Edison: his life and inventions", 1910. http://books.google.com/books?id= qN83AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA200&dq=%22carbon+relay %22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22 &f=false [13] George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books? id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=fal se [14] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the phonograph", 1879. http://books.google.com/books?id= Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=fal se and http://books.google.com/books?id=se QOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone& as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphon e&f=false [15] Theodore Du Moncel (comte), "Exposé des applications de l'électricité", http://books.google.com/books?q=editio ns:0WEbvzifraAvqv&lr=&id=jdYnAAAAYAAJ&sa =N&start=0 Volume 5 (1862): http://books.google.com/books?i d=jdYnAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ed itions:0WEbvzifraAvqv&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f =false [16] Chemical news and journal of industrial science, Volume 38, 1878, p241. http://books.google.com/books?id= ugYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA241&dq=%22carbon+r elay%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20rela y%22&f=false [17] Silvanus P. Thompson, "On the Electric Resistance of Carbon under Pressure.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, Vol 13, Num 81, April 1882, p262-265. http://books.google.com/books ?id=B1IwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265&dq=%22carbon+r elay%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20rela y%22&f=false [18] "Under Pressure", The Electrician, Volume 82, 03/11/1882, p264. http://books.google.com/books?id= IOYTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA264&dq=%22carbon+relay %22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22 &f=false [19] "plumbago>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "plumbago." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 02 Sep. 2009. lumbago> [20] Edison, 12/13/1887 patent http://www.google.com/patents?id =Gr9BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v =onepage&q=&f=false [21] "rheostat>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "rheostat." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 02 Sep. 2009. heostat> [22] "rheostat>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "rheostat." Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. 02 Sep. 2009. heostat> [23] http://atheism.about.com/library/quotes/ bl_q_TAEdison.htm [24] Edison patent 203,014, April 30, 1878, filed 07/20/1877 http://www.google.com/patent s?id=Fr9BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom =4#v=onepage&q=&f=false [25] "Edison, Thomas Alva." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 1 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9106 218> [26] Edison's Patent on the pressure relay, 203015. http://www.google.com/patents?i d=F79BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=drawing&zoom=4#v =onepage&q=&f=false [27] The Iron age, Volume 94, Issues 14-27 http://books.google.com/books?id= Na0vAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT22&dq=edison+phonograp h+uses+recording+phone+calls&as_brr=1#v= onepage&q=&f=false [28] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edtim e.html | (private lab) Menlo Park, New Jersey, USA7 |
[1] Original Edison Tin Foil Phonograph. Photo courtesy of U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Edison National Historic Site. source: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyl dr.html PD source: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edht ml/tinfoil.jpg [2] Edison's 12/24/1877 patent for improvements to the phonograph. PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =SWg_AAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v =onepage&q=&f=false |
123 YBN [1877 AD] 3 | 3928) That certain diseases are transmitted by insects is proven (a mosquito is shown to transmit a parasite that causes elephantiasis).1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "Patrick Manson." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/manson-patr ick 2. ^ "Manson, Sir Patrick." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9050 623>. 3. ^ "Patrick Manson." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/manson-patr ick {1877} MORE INFO [1] "Patrick Manson." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/manson-patr ick [2] "Manson, Patrick", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p573 | Hong Kong2 (presumably) |
[1] Subject : Sir Patrick Manson (1844-1922) British physician, specialist about parasitology PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/54/Mason_Patrick_1844-19 22.jpg |
123 YBN [1877 AD] 3 | 4039) Telephone wires are connected to individual homes.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Alexander Graham Bell." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-g raham-bell 2. ^ "Alexander Graham Bell." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-g raham-bell 3. ^ "Alexander Graham Bell." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-g raham-bell {1877} MORE INFO [1] "Alexander Graham Bell." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-g raham-bell [2] "Alexander Graham Bell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alexande r_Graham_Bell [3] "Bell, Alexander Graham", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp76-77 [4] "Bell, Alexander Graham." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9015 220> [5] Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...", 1883. http://books.google.com/books?id= YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onep age&q=&f=false [6] "Alexander Graham Bell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_G raham_Bell [7] U.S. Patent 174,465 Improvement in Telegraphy, filed 14 February 1876, issued March 7, 1876 (Bell's first telephone patent) http://www.google.com/patents?v id=174465 | Boston and New York, USA2 |
[1] Alexander Graham Bell speaking into a prototype telephone PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/85/1876_Bell_Speaking_in to_Telephone.jpg [2] Figures 6 and 7 from Bell's 02/14/1876 patent PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =crhRAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA2&source=gbs_selected _pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false |
122 YBN [10/10/1878 AD] 3 | 3878) The ultra-violet spectra of various substances are photographed.1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ W. N. Hartley, A. K. Huntington, "Researches on the Action of Organic Substances on the Ultra-Violet Rays of the Spectrum", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 170, 1879, p257-274. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/m5x231r091n48288/?p=17c6ba33 3abb4267ac77d5f672a6e695π=3 {Hartley_H untington_1879.pdf} 2. ^ W. N. Hartley, A. K. Huntington, "Researches on the Action of Organic Substances on the Ultra-Violet Rays of the Spectrum", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 170, 1879, p257-274. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/m5x231r091n48288/?p=17c6ba33 3abb4267ac77d5f672a6e695π=3 {Hartley_H untington_1879.pdf} 3. ^ W. N. Hartley, A. K. Huntington, "Researches on the Action of Organic Substances on the Ultra-Violet Rays of the Spectrum", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 170, 1879, p257-274. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/m5x231r091n48288/?p=17c6ba33 3abb4267ac77d5f672a6e695π=3 {Hartley_H untington_1879.pdf} {10/10/1878} | (King's College and Institute of Chemistry) London, England2 |
[1] Plate 21 from Hartley Huntington 1879 paper PD source: W. N. Hartley, A. K. Huntington, "Researches on the Action of Organic Substances on the Ultra-Violet Rays of the Spectrum", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 170, 1879, p257-274. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/m5x231r091n48288/?p=17c6ba33 3abb4267ac77d5f672a6e695π=3 [2] Plate 25 from Hartley Huntington 1879 paper PD source: same |
122 YBN [1878 AD] 4 | 3576) A practical electric light bulb.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "incandescent lamp." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Sep. 2008 2. ^ "incandescent lamp." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Sep. 2008 3. ^ "Sir Joseph Wilson Swan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Jose ph_Wilson_Swan 4. ^ "incandescent lamp." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Sep. 2008 {1878} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph Wilson Swan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Sep. 2008 [2] "Joseph Swan." A Dictionary of British History. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2004. Answers.com 15 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-swan [3] "Joseph Swan." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-swan [4] "Joseph Wilson Swan". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wils on_Swan | Newcastle, England3 (presumably) |
[1] {ULSF: Note that this is not the 1860 lamp but is a later 1878-1879 lamp} The lamp on the left is an early carbon and rod filament incandescent electric lamp made by the English chemist, Joseph Swan (1827-1914) in 1878-1879. UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/ images/object_images/535x535/10276216.jp g [2] Joseph Wilson Swan 1828 - 1914 PD/Corel source: http://www.hevac-heritage.org/ha ll_of_fame/lighting_&_electrical/joseph_ wilson_swan_s1.jpg |
122 YBN [1878 AD] 9 10 | 3790) Synthetic fabric. The first synthetic silk (rayon).5 6 Fibers are produced by forcing (extruding) solutions of cellulose nitrate through very tiny holes in glass, and allowing the solvent to evaporate.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487. 2. ^ "Chardonnet, Louis-Marie-Hilaire Bernigaud, Comte De", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p183-184. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487. 4. ^ "Chardonnet, Louis-Marie-Hilaire Bernigaud, Comte De", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p183-184. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487. 6. ^ "Chardonnet, Louis-Marie-Hilaire Bernigaud, Comte De", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p183-184. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487. 8. ^ "Hilaire Bernigaud, count de Chardonnet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/106367/Hilaire-Bernigaud-count-d e-Chardonnet>. 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487. {1878} 10. ^ "Hilaire Bernigaud, count de Chardonnet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/106367/Hilaire-Bernigaud-count-d e-Chardonnet>. MORE INFO [1] "rayon." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/rayon [2] "Hilaire de Chardonnet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_de_ Chardonnet [3] http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/blfabric.htm [4] http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ce-Co/ Chardonnet-Hilaire.html | Paris, France (presumably)8 |
[1] n particolare ingrandito di una gonna in rayon. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/00/Rayon_closeup_1.jpg [2] Hilaire Bernigaud PD/Corel source: http://www.scienceandsociety.co. uk/Pix/PER/07/10284307_T.JPG |
121 YBN [04/05/1879 AD] 8 9 10 11 | 4059) Molecules of bromine and iodine are shown to be diatomic; breaking into single atoms on heating as shown by the density of their vapors being reduced by two-thirds of their normal values.1 2 3 4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Victor Meyer und Carl Meyer, "Bestimmung der dampfdichte einiger unorganischer k�rper", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, Volume 12 Issue 1, p609 English: "Determination of the vapor-pressures of some inorganic bodies" books.google.com/books?id=CBjzA AAAMAAJ&pg=pa609 , 1195, 1282. 2. ^ Victor Meyer und Carl Meyer, "Bestimmung der Dampfdichte einiger Chlormetalle", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, Volume 12 Issue 1, p1195 English: "Determination of the vapour-pressures of some Chlorides" books.google.com/books?id=CB jzAAAAMAAJ&pg=pa1195 3. ^ Victor Meyer und Carl Meyer, "Bestimmung der Dampfdichte einiger unorganischer Verbindungen", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, Volume 12 Issue 1, p1282 English: "Determination of the vapour-pressures of some Inorganic Compounds" http://books.google.com/book s?id=CBjzAAAAMAAJ&pg=pa1282 4. ^ "Vapour density", Watts, H. A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences. Longmans, Green, and co., 1881. A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences, p2096. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p517. 6. ^ "Meyer, Viktor." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 400>. 7. ^ OBITUARY., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1897, 19 (11), pp 918–921 DOI: 10.1021/ja02085a010 http://pubs.acs.org /doi/abs/10.1021/ja02085a010 8. ^ Victor Meyer und Carl Meyer, "Bestimmung der dampfdichte einiger unorganischer k�rper", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, Volume 12 Issue 1, p609 English: "Determination of the vapor-pressures of some inorganic bodies" books.google.com/books?id=CBjzA AAAMAAJ&pg=pa609 , 1195, 1282. 9. ^ "Vapour density", Watts, H. A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences. Longmans, Green, and co., 1881. A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences, p2096. 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p517. {1871} 11. ^ "Meyer, Viktor." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 400>. {1871} MORE INFO [1] "Viktor Meyer." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 24 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/viktor-meye r-1 [2] "Viktor Meyer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Meye r [3] "Victor Meyer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Victor_M eyer [4] "Victor Meyer", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p603 [5] American chemical journal, Volume 19, p812. http://books.google.com/books?id= caEwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA812&dq=Victor+Mayer+da te:1897-1897&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Victor %20Mayer%20date%3A1897-1897&f=false [6] Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Volume 16, p786. http://books.google.com/books?id= pOnNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA786&dq=Victor+Maye r+date:1897-1897&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f =false | (University of Stuttgart), Stuttgart, Germany7 (presumably) |
[1] Description Viktor Meyer.jpg Deutsch: Portrait Date 1901(1901) Source ''History of Chemistry'' by F. Moore PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/75/Viktor_Meyer.jpg [2] Viktor Meyer Historia-Photo ''Meyer, Viktor.'' Online Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Sept. 2009 source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id= 36829&rendTypeId=4 |
121 YBN [05/15/1879 AD] 5 6 | 3847) That ultraviolet light is absorbed inside the atmosphere of Earth is understood.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ A. Cornu, "Sur la limite ultra-violette du spectre solaire", Comptes Rendus, Paris, 88, 1879: 1101-8. http://www.jstor.org/stable/113734?ori gin=ads and http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k30457.image.r=cornu.langEN.f1095.tab leDesMatieres 2. ^ Götz Hoeppe, John Stewart, "Why the Sky is Blue" ("Blau: Die Farbe des Himmels",1999), Princeton University Press, 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id= -7inyeQbBjQC&pg=RA1-PA250&dq=chappuis+oz one&ei=P6t_SZ3xLo3qkQTx9KXRBg#PRA1-PA250 ,M1 {1878} 3. ^ W. N. Hartley, "On the Limit of the Solar Spectrum, the Blue of the Sky, and the Fluorescence of Ozone.", Nature, v39, 1889, p474-477. http://books.google.com/books?id=wzYCA AAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:n ature+date:1889-1889&as_brr=1&ei=B1d-Sdy FOJOmkQTouqTUBg#PPA476,M1 4. ^ A. Cornu, "Sur la limite ultra-violette du spectre solaire", Comptes Rendus, Paris, 88, 1879: 1101-8. http://www.jstor.org/stable/113734?ori gin=ads and http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k30457.image.r=cornu.langEN.f1095.tab leDesMatieres 5. ^ A. Cornu, "Sur la limite ultra-violette du spectre solaire", Comptes Rendus, Paris, 88, 1879: 1101-8. http://www.jstor.org/stable/113734?ori gin=ads and http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k30457.image.r=cornu.langEN.f1095.tab leDesMatieres {05/15/1879} 6. ^ Götz Hoeppe, John Stewart, "Why the Sky is Blue" ("Blau: Die Farbe des Himmels",1999), Princeton University Press, 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id= -7inyeQbBjQC&pg=RA1-PA250&dq=chappuis+oz one&ei=P6t_SZ3xLo3qkQTx9KXRBg#PRA1-PA250 ,M1 {1878} MORE INFO [1] "Marie Alfred Cornu". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Alfre d_Cornu [2] A. Cornu, "Sur l'absorption par l'atmosphere des radiations ultra-violettes", Comptes Rendus, Paris, 91, 1879: 1285-90 [3] "Marie Alfred Cornu". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Marie_Al fred_Cornu | Paris, France4 |
[1] Title: Marie Alfred Cornu Artist: Nadar Type: Giclee Print Size: 18 x 24 in PD source: https://www.allposters.co.uk/-sp /Marie-Alfred-Cornu-Posters_i1590814_.ht m [2] French physicist Alfred Cornu (1849-1902) Source http://www.nndb.com/people/962/00010066 2/ Date 19th century PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/ba/Alfred_Cornu.jpg |
121 YBN [1879 AD] 3 | 3853) Chromosomes are identified in the nucleus of cells using dyes.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Flemming, Walther." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034 551>. 2. ^ "Flemming, Walther", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p319.5. ^ 3. ^ "Flemming, Walther." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034 551>. {1879} MORE INFO [1] "Walther Flemming". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Fle mming | (University of Kiel) Kiel, Germany2 |
[1] Image provided by the Science Photo Library PD/Corel source: http://www.nature.com/nrm/journa l/v2/n1/images/nrm0101_072a_f1.gif [2] Image provided by the Science Photo Library PD/Corel source: http://www.nature.com/nrm/journa l/v2/n1/images/nrm0101_072a_f1.gif |
121 YBN [1879 AD] 3 4 5 | 3958) Saccharin, the first commercially available artificial sweetener.1 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "saccharin." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 Aug. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9064 643>. 2. ^ http://www.jhu.edu/gazette/1994/aug2294/ remsen.html 3. ^ "saccharin." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 Aug. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9064 643>. {1879} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p507. {1879} 5. ^ Ira Remsen, C. Fahlberg, "On the Oxidation of substitution products of aromatic hydrocarbons, On the oxidation of orthotoluenesulphamide " American chemical journal, 1880, p426-438. {01/1880} MORE INFO [1] "Remsen, Ira." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 Aug. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9063 160> [2] "Constantin Fahlberg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_ Fahlberg [3] "Remsen, Ira", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p740 [4] http://hubpages.com/hub/Artificial-Sweet eners-A-History [5] http://www.jhu.edu/gazette/2000/sep1100/ 11remsen.html | Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA2 |
[1] Ira Remsen PD source: http://hopkins.typepad.com/.a/6a 00d83451db8d69e2011278fa024c28a4-pi [2] statues of Remsen and Fahlberg from Smithsonian may be PD COPYRIGHTED/FAIR USE source: http://pus.sagepub.com/cgi/repri nt/4/3/305.pdf?ck=nck |
121 YBN [1879 AD] 4 | 4183) Nucleic acids are identified.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Albrecht Kossel." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c//>. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p546. 3. ^ "Albrecht Kossel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Dec. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/albrecht-ko ssel 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p546. {1879} MORE INFO [1] "Kossel, Albrecht." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Web. 2 Dec. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9046 115> [2] "Albrecht Kossel." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 03 Dec. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/albrecht-ko ssel [3] "Albrecht Kossel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Ko ssel [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1910/kossel-bio.html | (University of Strasbourg) Strasbourg , Germany3 |
[1] Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927) George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0f/Kossel%2C_Albrecht_%2 81853-1927%29.jpg |
120 YBN [02/09/1880 AD] 3 | 3420) A successful vaccine is created by growing the agent of disease on an artificial media to create a milder form1 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Henry Smith Williams, Edward Huntington Williams, "A History of Science", Harper, 1904, p232. http://books.google.com/books?id= jms3-iWQDeYC&pg=RA2-PA218&dq=Louis+Paste ur&as_brr=1#PRA2-PA232,M1 2. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/445964/Louis-Pasteur>. 3. ^ Henry Smith Williams, Edward Huntington Williams, "A History of Science", Harper, 1904, p232. http://books.google.com/books?id= jms3-iWQDeYC&pg=RA2-PA218&dq=Louis+Paste ur&as_brr=1#PRA2-PA232,M1 {02/09/1880} MORE INFO [1] "Louis Pasteur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Paste ur [2] "Louis Pasteur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Louis_Pa steur [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "Louis Pasteur." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-paste ur [5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p334 [6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p421-425. {1856} [7] René Vallery-Radot, Elizabeth Emma Proby Hamilton, "Louis Pasteur His Life and Labours", Longmans, Green, & co., 1885, p44. http://books.google.com/books?id=h dQ9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis +Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA44,M1 [8] René Vallery-Radot, R. L. Devonshire, "The Life of Pasteur", Doubleday, Page & Co., 1916, p 99. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZO wIAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis+ Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA99,M1 [9] http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/ articles/pasteur.htm#paperII [10] "Pasteur, Louis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p532-535 | (École Normale Supérieure) Paris, France2 |
[1] * Félix Nadar (1820-1910), French biologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), 1878 (detail). Source: http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/ misc/evprev Creator/Artist Name Gaspar-Félix Tournachon Alternative names Félix Nadar Date of birth/death 1820-04-05 1910-03-21 Location of birth/death Paris Paris Work period 1854 - 1910 Work location Paris PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/Louis_Pasteur.jpg [2] Scientist: Pasteur, Louis (1822 - 1895) Discipline(s): Chemistry Original Dimensions: Graphic: 21 x 15.2 cm / Sheet: 33 x 23.3 cm PD/Corel source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsiz e/SIL14-P002-04a.jpg |
120 YBN [06/03/1880 AD] 7 | 4038) Sound is sent and received using light particles:3 4 a mirror vibrating from sound sends reflected sunlight to a receiver to be transformed back into sound.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Graham Bell, "On the Production and Reproduction of Sound by Light", The American Journal of Science, series 3, vol 20, Num 118, October, 1880, p305-324. http://books.google.com/books ?id=br0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA305&lpg=PA305&dq=% 22On+the+Production+and+Reproduction+of+ Sound+by+Light%22,&source=bl&ots=Nd7hl7O dtE&sig=FPHn3JeAfBWEntvH5ROq0yv2gRc&hl=e n&ei=LBm5Sum2N4j-tAPH-ZQf&sa=X&oi=book_r esult&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=%22 On%20the%20Production%20and%20Reproducti on%20of%20Sound%20by%20Light%22%2C&f=fal se 2. ^ U.S. Patent 235,199 Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called Photophone, filed August 1880, issued December 1880 http://www.google.com/patents?vid= 235199 3. ^ Alexander Graham Bell, "On the Production and Reproduction of Sound by Light", The American Journal of Science, series 3, vol 20, Num 118, October, 1880, p305-324. http://books.google.com/books ?id=br0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA305&lpg=PA305&dq=% 22On+the+Production+and+Reproduction+of+ Sound+by+Light%22,&source=bl&ots=Nd7hl7O dtE&sig=FPHn3JeAfBWEntvH5ROq0yv2gRc&hl=e n&ei=LBm5Sum2N4j-tAPH-ZQf&sa=X&oi=book_r esult&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=%22 On%20the%20Production%20and%20Reproducti on%20of%20Sound%20by%20Light%22%2C&f=fal se 4. ^ U.S. Patent 235,199 Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called Photophone, filed August 1880, issued December 1880 http://www.google.com/patents?vid= 235199 5. ^ http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun03. html 6. ^ http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun03. html 7. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinve ntions/a/photophone.htm {06/03/1880} MORE INFO [1] "Alexander Graham Bell." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-g raham-bell [2] "Alexander Graham Bell." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-g raham-bell [3] "Alexander Graham Bell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_G raham_Bell [4] "Alexander Graham Bell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alexande r_Graham_Bell [5] "Bell, Alexander Graham", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp76-77 [6] Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...", 1883. http://books.google.com/books?id= YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onep age&q=&f=false [7] U.S. Patent 174,465 Improvement in Telegraphy, filed 14 February 1876, issued March 7, 1876 (Bell's first telephone patent) http://www.google.com/patents?v id=174465 [8] "Photophone". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone [9] "Charles Sumner Tainter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sum ner_Tainter | (top of Franklin School) Washington, D. C., USA6 |
[1] Alexander Bell's Photophone Patent of 08/28/1880 figures 1 and 2 PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =VpdyAAAAEBAJ&printsec=drawing&zoom=4#v= onepage&q=&f=false [2] Alexander Bell's Photophone Patent of 08/28/1880 figures 1 and 2 PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =VpdyAAAAEBAJ&printsec=drawing&zoom=4#v= onepage&q=&f=false |
120 YBN [11/23/1880 AD] 3 4 | 3948) The cause of malaria is found to be a protist, which shows that disease can be caused by a protist and not only by a bacterium.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p505. 2. ^ "Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran." Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 06 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-lou is-alphonse-laveran 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p505. {11/23/1880} 4. ^ "Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran." Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 06 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-lou is-alphonse-laveran {11/23/1880} MORE INFO [1] "Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 06 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-lou is-alphonse-laveran [2] "Metchnikoff, Elie", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p524 | (Académie de Médecine) Paris, France2 |
[1] Charles-Louis-Alphonse Laveran. Library of Congress PD source: "Metchnikoff, Elie", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p524. [2] BBC Hulton Picture Library,''Laveran, Alphonse.'' Online Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Aug. 2009 source: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art- 12547/Laveran?&articleTypeId=50 |
120 YBN [1880 AD] 4 | 4095) That cathode rays can be bent by magnetic fields is shown.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 2. ^ Wiedemann’s Annalen der Physik, 11 (1880), 850. 3. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 4. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. {1880} MORE INFO [1] "Goldstein, Eugen." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9037 282> [2] "Eugen Goldstein." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/eugen-golds tein [3] "Eugen Goldstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Golds tein [4] Monatsberichte der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1876), 284 | (University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany3 |
[1] Eugen Goldstein PD source: http://www.pkc.ac.th/kobori/Asse ts/ChemistryMahidol1/www.il.mahidol.ac.t h/course/ap_chemistry/atomic_structure/p icture/bild_goldstein.jpg [2] Eugen Goldstein 1850 - 1931 PD source: http://members.chello.nl/~h.dijk stra19/image/goldstein.jpg |
120 YBN [1880 AD] 10 11 | 4348) Piezoelectricity {PIEZOeleKTriSiTE or PEZO- or PEAZO-5 6 7 } is discovered: when pressure is applied to certain crystals, an electric potential is created.8 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Piezoelectricity." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 21 Jan. 2013. iezoelectricity>. 2. ^ "piezoelectricity." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/piezoelectr icity 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=piezoe lectricity&submit=Submit 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p580-581. 5. ^ "Piezoelectricity." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 21 Jan. 2013. iezoelectricity>. 6. ^ "piezoelectricity." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/piezoelectr icity 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=piezoe lectricity&submit=Submit 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p580-581. 9. ^ "Pierre Curie." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-curi e-scientist 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p580-581. {1880} 11. ^ Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Développement, par pression, de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 91 (1880), 294. http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFe netre?O=NUMM-3048&M=tdm Need English translation: First paragraph quoted in: http://www.springerlink.com/content/g9 88721517372297/ {Curie_Jacques_and_Pier re_N0003048_PDF_296_395_1880.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "Pierre Curie". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curi e [2] "pyroelectricity." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 20 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062 057> [3] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Sur l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 383 [4] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Lois du dégagement de l’électricité par pression dans la tourmaline", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 92 (1881), 186 [5] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Sur les phénomènes électriques de la tourmaline et des cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 350 [6] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Les cristaux héemièdres à faces inclinées, comme sources constantes d’électricitè", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 93 (1881), 204 [7] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Contractions et dilatations produites par des tensions électriques dan les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 1137 [8] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Déformations électriques du quartz", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 95 (1882), 914 | (Sorbonne) Paris, France9 |
[1] Beschreibung Jacques Curie (1856-1941, links) mit seinem Bruder Pierre Curie (1859-1906) und seinen Eltern Eugène Curie (1827-1910) und Sophie-Claire Depouilly (1832-1897) Quelle Françoise Giroud: Marie Curie. A Life. Holmes & Meier, New York London 1986, ISBN 0-8419-0977-6, nach Seite 138 Urheber bzw. Nutzungsrechtinhaber unbekannt Datum 1878 Genehmigung Bild-PD-alt-100 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/de/3/3a/Curie%2C_Jacques_und_Pierr e_mit_Eltern.jpg [2] Pierre Curie UNKNOWN source: http://www.espci.fr/esp/MUSE/ima ge002.gif |
120 YBN [1880 AD] 9 | 5839) An artificial muscle: the physical contraction of rubber under electric potential is measured.6 Practical artificial muscles will not be used in consumer products for over 130 years.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 4. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786, 1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and volume of dielectrics caused by electricity" 5. ^ http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-p 02-elact-pol.htm 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786, 1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and volume of dielectrics caused by electricity" 9. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786, 1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and volume of dielectrics caused by electricity" {09/1880} MORE INFO [1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con rad-r-ntgen [2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con rad-r-ntgen [3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con rad-r-ntgen [4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kon rad_R%C3%B6ntgen [5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_ rays [6] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen Felde befindlichen Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann. Phys. Chem. 35, 264-270 (1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART [7] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages: 93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART [8] "Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083 885> [9] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p751-752 | (University of Giessen) Giessen, Germany8 |
[1] Figures 1 and 2 from: W. C. Röntgen, ''Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen Körpern'', Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786, 1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: ''About the changes in shape and volume of dielectrics caused by electricity'' PD source: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract [2] English: Photo of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Cleaned up version of http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?i mgurl=6b3da250c6b5560f Source unknown source Date 1900 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg |
120 YBN [1880 AD] | 6577) Slavery is outlawed in most major nations.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "slavery". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/548305/slavery/24160/Ways-of-end ing-slavery>. 2. ^ "slavery". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/548305/slavery/24160/Ways-of-end ing-slavery>. 3. ^ "slavery". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/548305/slavery/24160/Ways-of-end ing-slavery>. |
[1] Two Full pages from the Illustrated London News dated 1861, an illustrated weekly newspaper weeks date as shown on top of page, the size of each page is approx ( including margins as shown )imately 11 x 16 inches (280x410). All are genuine antique prints and not modern copies, the Illustrated London News is an illustrated magazine which was first printed in 1842 and is the finest pictorial example of a historic social record of British and world events up to the present day PD source: http://www.old-print.com/mas_ass ets/full2/P1380861/P1380861139.jpg [2] {ULSF: Slave auction} PD source: http://striking-women.org/sites/ striking-women.org/files/slave%20market% 20in%20virginia.jpg | |
119 YBN [01/05/1881 AD] 5 6 | 3608) The electronic camera and electronic image. An image is captured and sent electronically.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Shelford Bidwell, "Tele-Photography", Nature, Volume 23, Number 589, 10 February 1881, pp333-356. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v23/n589/index.html {Bidwell_S helford_1881_023344a0.pdf} 2. ^ Shelford Bidwell, "Tele-Photography", Nature, Volume 23, Number 589, 10 February 1881, pp333-356. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v23/n589/index.html {Bidwell_S helford_1881_023344a0.pdf} 3. ^ Shelford Bidwell, "Tele-Photography", Nature, Volume 23, Number 589, 10 February 1881, pp333-356. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v23/n589/index.html {Bidwell_S helford_1881_023344a0.pdf} 4. ^ http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/?target= SeeMedium&ObjectID={362EAEAA-D808-2BE4-8 8E7-CAB0D5B92C95}&s=S1&SearchString=bidw ell&source=Search&viewby=images& 5. ^ Shelford Bidwell, "Tele-Photography", Nature, Volume 23, Number 589, 10 February 1881, pp333-356. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v23/n589/index.html {Bidwell_S helford_1881_023344a0.pdf} {01/05/1881} 6. ^ http://www.hffax.de/html/hauptteil_faxhi story.htm {1881} MORE INFO [1] http://books.google.com/books?id=wNURAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA546&dq=Shelford+Bidwell+photo telegraphy&as_brr=1&ei=aHrZSMyOLpGgswOOu uTeDg#PPA546,M1 [2] Marcus J. Martin, "The Electrical Transmission of Photographs", Sir I. Pitman & sons, ltd., 1921. http://books.google.com/books?id= Aw9IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=Shelford+Bidwell +phototelegraphy&as_brr=1&ei=aHrZSMyOLpG gswOOuuTeDg#PPA12,M1 [3] "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electric ity [4] "Telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Telegrap h [5] "Shelford Bidwell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelford_Bi dwell [6] Shelford Bidwell, "Telegraphic Photography and Electric Vision", Nature, Volume 78 Number 2014 pp97-120, (04 June 1908), p105. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v78/n2014/index.html http://www.nat ure.com/nature/journal/v78/n2014/pdf/078 105a0.pdf | London, England4 (presumably) |
[1] Image of gas flame focused on transmitter figure 3 PD/Corel source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v23/n589/pdf/023344a0.pdf [2] Image as reproduced by receiver figure 4 PD/Corel source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v23/n589/pdf/023344a0.pdf |
119 YBN [02/??/1881 AD] 3 4 | 3421) A successful vaccine for anthrax is created by gently heating the anthrax causing bacteria.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/445964/Louis-Pasteur>. 2. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/445964/Louis-Pasteur>. 3. ^ Henry Smith Williams, Edward Huntington Williams, "A History of Science", Harper, 1904, p232. http://books.google.com/books?id= jms3-iWQDeYC&pg=RA2-PA218&dq=Louis+Paste ur&as_brr=1#PRA2-PA232,M1 {02/1881} 4. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/445964/Louis-Pasteur>. {1881} MORE INFO [1] "Louis Pasteur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Paste ur [2] "Louis Pasteur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Louis_Pa steur [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "Louis Pasteur." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-paste ur [5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p334 [6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p421-425. {1856} [7] "Pasteur, Louis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p681-684 [8] René Vallery-Radot, Elizabeth Emma Proby Hamilton, "Louis Pasteur His Life and Labours", Longmans, Green, & co., 1885, p44. http://books.google.com/books?id=h dQ9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis +Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA44,M1 [9] René Vallery-Radot, R. L. Devonshire, "The Life of Pasteur", Doubleday, Page & Co., 1916, p 99. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZO wIAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis+ Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA99,M1 [10] http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/ articles/pasteur.htm#paperII | (École Normale Supérieure) Paris, France2 |
[1] * Félix Nadar (1820-1910), French biologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), 1878 (detail). Source: http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/ misc/evprev Creator/Artist Name Gaspar-Félix Tournachon Alternative names Félix Nadar Date of birth/death 1820-04-05 1910-03-21 Location of birth/death Paris Paris Work period 1854 - 1910 Work location Paris PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/Louis_Pasteur.jpg [2] Scientist: Pasteur, Louis (1822 - 1895) Discipline(s): Chemistry Original Dimensions: Graphic: 21 x 15.2 cm / Sheet: 33 x 23.3 cm PD/Corel source: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcol lections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsiz e/SIL14-P002-04a.jpg |
119 YBN [12/15/1881 AD] 3 4 | 3738) Certain spectrum lines are found to become broader when an element is heated.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p472-473. 2. ^ Cortie, A. L., "Sir Norman Lockyer, 1836-1920", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 53, p.233 (ApJ Homepage), 05/1921. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/ 1921ApJ....53..233C and http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi -bin/nph-iarticle_query?1921ApJ....53..2 33C&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&t ype=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf 3. ^ Norman Lockyer, "On the Most Widened Lines in Sun-Spot Spectra. First and Second Series, from November 12, 1879, to October 15, 1881.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1883 vol:36 iss:1 pg:443. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_loc al?sid=google&auinit=JN&aulast=Lockyer&a title=On+the+Most+Widened+Lines+in+Sun-S pot+Spectra.+First+and+Second+Series,+fr om+November+12,+1879,+to+October+15,+188 1.&id=doi:10.1098/rspl.1883.0128 {Locky er_Norman_1881_11.pdf} {12/15/1881} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p472-473. {1881} MORE INFO [1] "Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048 704> [2] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norm an-lockyer [3] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norm an-lockyer [4] "Joseph Norman Lockyer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Norm an_Lockyer [5] "Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Jose ph_Norman_Lockyer [6] "Lockyer, Joseph Norman", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p551 [7] "Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman" (Obituary Notice), Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 81, p.261 (MNRAS Homepage), 02/1921 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 921MNRAS..81R.261 [8] http://library.exeter.ac.uk/special/guid es/archives/101-110/110_01.html | (Solar Physics Observatory) South Kensington, England2 |
[1] Joseph Lockyer BBC Hulton Picture Library PD/Corel source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id= 10214&rendTypeId=4 [2] Norman Lockyer - photo published in the US in 1909 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/8/8b/Lockyer-Norman.jpg |
119 YBN [1881 AD] 3 | 4040) A metal detector.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp513-514. 2. ^ "Alexander Graham Bell." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-g raham-bell 3. ^ Alexander Graham Bell, "On the Production and Reproduction of Sound by Light", The American Journal of Science, series 3, vol 20, Num 118, October, 1880, p305-324. http://books.google.com/books ?id=br0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA305&lpg=PA305&dq=% 22On+the+Production+and+Reproduction+of+ Sound+by+Light%22,&source=bl&ots=Nd7hl7O dtE&sig=FPHn3JeAfBWEntvH5ROq0yv2gRc&hl=e n&ei=LBm5Sum2N4j-tAPH-ZQf&sa=X&oi=book_r esult&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=%22 On%20the%20Production%20and%20Reproducti on%20of%20Sound%20by%20Light%22%2C&f=fal se {1881} MORE INFO [1] "Alexander Graham Bell." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-g raham-bell [2] "Alexander Graham Bell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_G raham_Bell [3] "Alexander Graham Bell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alexande r_Graham_Bell [4] "Bell, Alexander Graham", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp76-77 [5] Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...", 1883. http://books.google.com/books?id= YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onep age&q=&f=false [6] U.S. Patent 174,465 Improvement in Telegraphy, filed 14 February 1876, issued March 7, 1876 (Bell's first telephone patent) http://www.google.com/patents?v id=174465 [7] U.S. Patent 235,199 Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called Photophone, filed August 1880, issued December 1880 http://www.google.com/patents?vid= 235199 [8] "Bell, Alexander Graham." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9015 220> [9] http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinve ntions/a/photophone.htm [10] "Photophone". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone [11] "Charles Sumner Tainter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sum ner_Tainter [12] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun03. html [13] http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinve ntions/a/Metal_Detector.htm | (Volta Lab) Washington, District of Columbia, USA2 |
[1] The drawing for Alexander Graham Bell's metal detector CREDIT: Bell, Alexander Graham. ''Drawing.'' June 25, 1881. Alexander Graham Bell Papers, 1862-1939, Library of Congress. PD source: http://www.americaslibrary.gov/a ssets/jb/gilded/jb_gilded_garshot_2_e.jp g [2] Alexander Graham Bell speaking into a prototype telephone PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/85/1876_Bell_Speaking_in to_Telephone.jpg |
119 YBN [1881 AD] 14 15 16 | 4157) The Michelson experiment: Light is found to have the same speed in any direction horizontal to the Earth; this causes doubt about the existence of an aether medium and about the wave theory for light.6 7 8 9 10 An interferometer splits a beam of monochromatic light with a glass plate into two directions at a right angle to each other, and reflects them back together to detect interference. If the Earth moves through an aether, one ray will take more time and cause interference, but no interference is observed.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p540-542. 2. ^ "Michelson, A.A.." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 478>. 3. ^ "Michelson, Albert Abraham." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 371-374. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 6 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p543-544. 5. ^ Albert A. Michelson, "The relative motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous ether", The American Journal of Science, Volume 122, 1881, p120. http://books.google.com/books?id= S_kQAAAAIAAJ&pg=120 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p540-542. 7. ^ "Michelson, A.A.." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 478>. 8. ^ "Michelson, Albert Abraham." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 371-374. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 6 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p543-544. 10. ^ Albert A. Michelson, "The relative motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous ether", The American Journal of Science, Volume 122, 1881, p120. http://books.google.com/books?id= S_kQAAAAIAAJ&pg=120 11. ^ Albert A. Michelson, "The relative motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous ether", The American Journal of Science, Volume 122, 1881, p120. http://books.google.com/books?id= S_kQAAAAIAAJ&pg=120 12. ^ "Michelson, A.A.." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 478>. 13. ^ "Michelson, Albert Abraham." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 371-374. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 6 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 14. ^ Albert A. Michelson, "The relative motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous ether", The American Journal of Science, Volume 122, 1881, p120. http://books.google.com/books?id= S_kQAAAAIAAJ&pg=120 15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p540-542. {1881} 16. ^ "Michelson, A.A.." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 478>. {1881} MORE INFO [1] "Albert Abraham Michelson." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-abra ham-michelson [2] "Albert Abraham Michelson." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 07 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-abra ham-michelson [3] "Albert Abraham Michelson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Abra ham_Michelson [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1907/michelson-bio.html [5] Albert Michelson, "Interference phenomena in a new form of refractometer", Philosophical magazine. 1882, volume: 13 issue: 81 page: 236 http://books.google.com/books?id=4J AOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236&dq=intitle:philosoph ical+intitle:Magazine+date:1882-1882+int erference#v=onepage&q=intitle%3Aphilosop hical%20intitle%3AMagazine%20date%3A1882 -1882%20interference&f=false and http://books.google.com/books?id=HP cQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editio ns:0ocaawEfuqDVXP3-kAaE4N&lr=#v=onepage& q=michelson&f=false [6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p478 [7] Albert Michelson, "Interference Phenomena in a new Form of Refractometer", Philosophical Magazine, 1882, p236. http://books.google.com/books?id= 4JAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236&dq=intitle:philoso phical+intitle:Magazine+date:1882-1882+i nterference#v=onepage&q=intitle%3Aphilos ophical%20intitle%3AMagazine%20date%3A18 82-1882%20interference&f=false | (University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany12 13 |
[1] Figure from Michelson's 1881 paper PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =S_kQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:0ocaawEfuqDVXP3-kAaE4N&lr=#v=onepa ge&q=michelson&f=false [2] Description Albert Abraham Michelson2.jpg Photograph of Nobel Laureate Albert Abraham Michelson. Date 2006-09-27 (original upload date) Source Photograph is a higher quality version of the public domain image available from AstroLab http://astro-canada.ca/_en/pho to690.php?a4313_michelson1 PD source: Michelson_Albert_Abraham_Michels on2.jpg |
119 YBN [1881 AD] 6 | 4349) Inverse piezoelectricity is proven: when an electric potential is applied to certain crystals, the crystal vibrates at a regular rate.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Curie, Pierre." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 503-508. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 20 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901043&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Contractions et dilatations produites par des tensions électriques dan les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 1137. 3. ^ Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Déformations électriques du quartz", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 95 (1882), 914. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p580-581. 5. ^ "Pierre Curie." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-curi e-scientist 6. ^ "Pierre Curie." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-curi e-scientist {1881} MORE INFO [1] "Curie, Pierre." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 20 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028 253> [2] "Pierre Curie". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curi e [3] "pyroelectricity." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 20 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062 057> | (Sorbonne) Paris, France5 |
[1] Beschreibung Jacques Curie (1856-1941, links) mit seinem Bruder Pierre Curie (1859-1906) und seinen Eltern Eugène Curie (1827-1910) und Sophie-Claire Depouilly (1832-1897) Quelle Françoise Giroud: Marie Curie. A Life. Holmes & Meier, New York London 1986, ISBN 0-8419-0977-6, nach Seite 138 Urheber bzw. Nutzungsrechtinhaber unbekannt Datum 1878 Genehmigung Bild-PD-alt-100 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/de/3/3a/Curie%2C_Jacques_und_Pierr e_mit_Eltern.jpg [2] Pierre Curie UNKNOWN source: http://www.espci.fr/esp/MUSE/ima ge002.gif |
119 YBN [1881 AD] 3 | 6646) The electric car.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ American Technical Society. Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering: Electric Automobiles. American Technical Society, 1915. Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering: A General Reference Work, p11. http://books.google.com/books?id=m zIuAAAAYAAJ%pg=PA11 2. ^ American Technical Society. Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering: Electric Automobiles. American Technical Society, 1915. Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering: A General Reference Work, p11. http://books.google.com/books?id=m zIuAAAAYAAJ%pg=PA11 3. ^ American Technical Society. Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering: Electric Automobiles. American Technical Society, 1915. Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering: A General Reference Work, p11. http://books.google.com/books?id=m zIuAAAAYAAJ%pg=PA11 MORE INFO [1] http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinve ntions/a/History-Of-Electric-Vehicles.ht m [2] Post, R.C. Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 2007. Greenwood Technographies Series, p36. http://books.google.com/books?id=l Z6Kke0MZWwC&pg=PA36 [3] "electric automobile." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/electric-au tomobile-transp-in-encyclopedia | France2 |
[1] {ULSF: Note that this is a later electric car than Raffard's for which I can't find any image for} Aus diesen Motoren gehen 1882 das erste nennenswerte5elektrisch betriebene Straßenfahrzeug von William Ayrton und John Perry, das Ayrton/Perry tricycle (vgl. Abbildung 1), sowie 1895 das erste Fahrzeug mit Verbrennungsmotor von Carl Benz, der Benz Patent-Motorwagen 1 (vgl. Abbildung 2) hervor. Beide sind bezüglich ihrer Leistung etwa vergleichbar: Benz schafft mit 0,9 PS 16 km/h, Ayrton/Perry bringen es mit 0,5 PS auf 14 km/h. UNKNOWN source: http://cdn.grin.com/images/previ ew-object/document.90396/307ed9bf6ef810b 9cbd6d6c074f94be7_LARGE.png [2] Lavergne, G. The Automobile: Its Construction and Management. Cassell and Company, limited, 1902, p601. http://books.google.com/books?id= rDAaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA601 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =rDAaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA601 |
118 YBN [01/12/1882 AD] 3 | 4011) The first central electricity station and distribution of electricity to houses (for electric lighting); in London.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, "Edisonia," a brief history of the early Edison electric lighting system", 1904, p157. http://books.google.com/books?id= uxdHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=edison%27s+elect rical++station+london+1880&as_brr=1#v=on epage&q=&f=false 2. ^ Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, "Edisonia," a brief history of the early Edison electric lighting system", 1904, p157. http://books.google.com/books?id= uxdHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=edison%27s+elect rical++station+london+1880&as_brr=1#v=on epage&q=&f=false 3. ^ Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, "Edisonia," a brief history of the early Edison electric lighting system", 1904, p157. http://books.google.com/books?id= uxdHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=edison%27s+elect rical++station+london+1880&as_brr=1#v=on epage&q=&f=false {01/12/1882} MORE INFO [1] "Thomas Edison." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 01 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-edis on [2] "Thomas Alva Edison". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva _Edison [3] "Thomas Alva Edison". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Thomas_A lva_Edison [4] "Edison, Thomas Alva", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p274 [5] Video of Thomas Edison on youtube.com: http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=H7RQ5sKHR5E [6] Video: A day with Thomas A. Edison / General Electric Co. ; producer, Bray Studios. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ query/r?ammem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER +@band(edmp+4057s6))+@field(COLLID+ediso n)) [7] http://www.atheists.org/Thomas_Alva_Edis on:_1911_Columbian_Interview [8] http://www.atheistempire.com/greatminds/ quotes.php?author=11 [9] Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=f alse [10] Francis Arthur Jones, "Thomas Alva Edison: sixty years of an inventor's life", 1907. http://books.google.com/books?id= 29HAPQBd-JsC&pg=PA5&dq=thomas+alva+ediso n&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false [11] Edith C. Kenyon, "Thomas Alva Edison: the telegraph-boy who became a great inventor", 1896. http://books.google.com/books?id= 24UVAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=f alse [12] http://users.belgacom.net/gc391665/micro phone_history.htm [13] Frank Lewis Dyer, Thomas Commerford Martin, "Edison: his life and inventions", 1910. http://books.google.com/books?id= qN83AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA200&dq=%22carbon+relay %22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22 &f=false [14] George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books? id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=fal se [15] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the phonograph", 1879. http://books.google.com/books?id= Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=fal se and http://books.google.com/books?id=se QOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone& as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphon e&f=false [16] Theodore Du Moncel (comte), "Exposé des applications de l'électricité", http://books.google.com/books?q=editio ns:0WEbvzifraAvqv&lr=&id=jdYnAAAAYAAJ&sa =N&start=0 Volume 5 (1862): http://books.google.com/books?i d=jdYnAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ed itions:0WEbvzifraAvqv&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f =false [17] Chemical news and journal of industrial science, Volume 38, 1878, p241. http://books.google.com/books?id= ugYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA241&dq=%22carbon+r elay%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20rela y%22&f=false [18] Silvanus P. Thompson, "On the Electric Resistance of Carbon under Pressure.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, Vol 13, Num 81, April 1882, p262-265. http://books.google.com/books ?id=B1IwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265&dq=%22carbon+r elay%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20rela y%22&f=false [19] "Under Pressure", The Electrician, Volume 82, 03/11/1882, p264. http://books.google.com/books?id= IOYTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA264&dq=%22carbon+relay %22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22 &f=false [20] "plumbago>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "plumbago." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 02 Sep. 2009. lumbago> [21] Edison, 12/13/1887 patent http://www.google.com/patents?id =Gr9BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v =onepage&q=&f=false [22] "rheostat>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "rheostat." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 02 Sep. 2009. heostat> [23] "rheostat>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "rheostat." Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. 02 Sep. 2009. heostat> [24] http://atheism.about.com/library/quotes/ bl_q_TAEdison.htm [25] Edison patent 203,014, April 30, 1878, filed 07/20/1877 http://www.google.com/patent s?id=Fr9BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom =4#v=onepage&q=&f=false [26] Edison's Patent on the pressure relay, 203015. http://www.google.com/patents?i d=F79BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=drawing&zoom=4#v =onepage&q=&f=false [27] Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international encyclopaedia, Volume 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VD JXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%20185 5%20phonautograph&f=false [28] "Incandescent light bulb". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescen t_light_bulb [29] Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent #200521 http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ [30] "Edison, Thomas Alva." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 1 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9106 218> | (57 Holborn Viaduct) London, England2 |
[1] first Central Station for Incandescent lighting on earth. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =uxdHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=edison%27s+elec trical++station+london+1880&as_brr=1#v=o nepage&q=holborn&f=false [2] Edison's 1881 steam electric generator PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =uxdHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=edison%27s+elec trical++station+london+1880&as_brr=1#v=o nepage&q=&f=false |
118 YBN [03/24/1882 AD] 18 19 | 3620) The first invisible frequency light particle communication. The first radio communication. The sending and receiving of a message using light particles by electrical induction (also known as "electric waves", "electric radiation", and simply "radio", but which may just be the photoelectric effect13 ).14 15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books ?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&s ource=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&res num=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 2. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id= Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 3. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires", Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886, p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id =_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119 4. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books ?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&s ource=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&res num=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 5. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id= Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 6. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires", Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886, p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id =_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119 7. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books ?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&s ource=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&res num=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 8. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id= Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 9. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires", Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886, p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id =_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119 10. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books ?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&s ource=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&res num=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 11. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id= Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 12. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires", Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886, p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id =_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119 13. ^ Ted Huntington. 14. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books ?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&s ource=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&res num=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 15. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id= Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 16. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires", Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886, p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id =_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119 17. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id= Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 18. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id= Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 19. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books ?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&s ource=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&res num=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 {1882} MORE INFO [1] Dolbear, A.E. �On the Development of a New Telephonic System.� Telegraph Engineers and of Electricians, Journal of the Society of 11.41 (1882): 130�144. books.google.com/books?id=nB E4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA130 | (employed at Tuft's College) Sommerville, Massachusetts, USA17 |
[1] A. E. Dolbear, ''Mode of Electric Communication'', Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id= Pc9cAAAAEBAJ PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =Pc9cAAAAEBAJ [2] From Scientific American Supplement, December 11, 1886 PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+Wire less+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&sour ce=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmKfhh sRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum =2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 |
118 YBN [1882 AD] 6 7 | 3947) White blood cells are identified and their role of destroying foreign objects in the immune system of animals is recognized.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp504-505. 2. ^ "Metchnikoff, Élie." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Aug. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 307>. 3. ^ "Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1901-1921", Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967. first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prize s/medicine/laureates/1908/mechnikov-bio. html 4. ^ "Metchnikoff, Elie", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p601. 5. ^ "Metchnikoff, Élie." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Aug. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 307>. 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp504-505. {1882} 7. ^ "Metchnikoff, Elie", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p601. {1882} MORE INFO [1] Tauber, Alfred I., Metchnikoff and the origins of immunology: from metaphor to theory, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991 [2] Schmalstieg FC Jr, Goldman AS., "Ilya Ilich Metchnikoff (1845-1915) and Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915): the centennial of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.", J Med Biogr. 2008 May;16(2):96-103. http://jmb.rsmjournal s.com/cgi/content/full/16/2/96 [3] Karnovsky ML., "Metchnikoff in Messina: a century of studies on phagocytosis.", N Engl J Med. 1981 May 7;304(19):1178-80. (subscription) [4] Breathnach CS., "Biographical sketches--No. 44. Metchnikoff.", Ir Med J. 1984 Sep;77(9):303. http://www.imj.ie//Archi ve/Metchnikoff.pdf [5] Metchnikoff O. "Life of Elie Metchnikoff".Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1921. (translation from French). http://books.google.com/books? id=Y-MHAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=L ife+of+Elie+Metchnikoff#v=onepage&q=&f=f alse http://www.archive.org/stream/life ofeliemetchn00metciala/lifeofeliemetchn0 0metciala_djvu.txt [6] Metchnikolf E. Ueber eine Sporosspiizkrankheit der Daphnien. Virchows Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin 1884; 96: 177-95. http://books.google.com/books?id=AQ8BA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA54&dq=Archiv+OR+f%C3%BCr+OR +pathologische+OR+Anatomie+inauthor:Virc how&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_min y_is=1884&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1884&a s_brr=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false [7] Elie Metchnikoff, "Lectures on the comparative pathology of inflammation", 1893. (translated from French) http://books.google.com/books?i d=5ojk1BDdCqwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Un tersuchungen+%C3%BCber+die+intracellul%C 3%A4re+Verdauung+bei+Wirbellosen+Tieren. &source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=7# v=onepage&q=&f=false | (In his own private laboratory)3 Messina, Italy4 5 |
[1] Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, by Nadar. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/4f/Ilja_Iljitsch_Metschn ikow_Nadar.jpg [2] This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, 1908. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/10/Ilya_Mechnikov_%28Nob el_1908%29.png |
117 YBN [03/05/1883 AD] 3 | 3880) That infrared light is absorbed by the atmosphere of Earth, and that some of this absorption is due to water is recognized.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Captain Abney and Lieut.-Colonel Festing, "Atmospheric Absorption in the Infra-Red of the Solar Spectrum.", Phil. Trans., 1883, p80-83. http://journals.royalsociety.or g/content/767j2732gwtj7864/?p=6dd90979e2 ab457f9f3af40cbfb58d9dπ=6 {Abney_Festi ng_1883.pdf} 2. ^ "Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character (1905-1934), Volume 99, Number 701 / September 01, 1921. http://journals.royalsociety.org/ content/d7l4r2h4722p4t7h/fulltext.pdf 3. ^ Captain Abney and Lieut.-Colonel Festing, "Atmospheric Absorption in the Infra-Red of the Solar Spectrum.", Phil. Trans., 1883, p80-83. http://journals.royalsociety.or g/content/767j2732gwtj7864/?p=6dd90979e2 ab457f9f3af40cbfb58d9dπ=6 {Abney_Festi ng_1883.pdf} {03/05/1883} MORE INFO [1] "Abney, Sir William de Wiveleslie." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Feb. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9003 370> [2] "William de Wiveleslie Abney." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University Press, 2005. Answers.com 06 Feb. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-de- wiveleslie-abney [3] "William de Wiveleslie Abney". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_ Wiveleslie_Abney [4] "Sir William De Wiveleslie Abney". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Will iam_De_Wiveleslie_Abney [5] "Abney, William De Wiveleslie", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p3 [6] "emulsion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Feb. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/emulsion [7] obituary, Nature, 12/09/1920, p476. http://books.google.com/books?id= bVLqQH3wHO0C&pg=PA476&dq=William+de+Wive leslie+Abney+date:1920-1921&lr=&as_brr=1 &ei=dbSMScjDKYfEkASz_O3IBQ [8] Captain W. De W. Abney, "On the Photographic Method of Mapping the Least Refrangible End of the Solar Spectrum", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 171, 1880, p653-667. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/148420u840671470/?p=12743c5b 25164e94b61dc12adaa314eeπ=45 [9] John F. W. Herschel, "On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and Other Substances, Both Metallic and Non-Metallic, and on Some Photographic Processes", Philosophical Transactions, v130, 1840, p1-59. http://journals.royalsociety.org /content/j3401r3x2g4r02h8/?p=684dc9788b8 f4fdba45c07657d6560dfπ=11 [10] Captain Abney, Lieut.-Colonel Festing , "On the Influence of the Atomic Grouping in the Molecules of Organic Bodies on Their Absorption in the Infra-Red Region of the Spectrum", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 172, 1881, p887-918. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/l1265167un20754x/?p=6dd90979 e2ab457f9f3af40cbfb58d9dπ=4 [11] W. N. Hartley, A. K. Huntington, "Researches on the Action of Organic Substances on the Ultra-Violet Rays of the Spectrum", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 170, 1879, p257-274. http://journals.royalsociety. org/content/m5x231r091n48288/?p=17c6ba33 3abb4267ac77d5f672a6e695π=3 | (Science and Art Department) South Kensington, England2 |
[1] Diagram from Abney Festing 1883 paper. In this image wavelengths increase to the right, the infrared being on the right beyond A. Absorption is black while light is white.[t] PD source: Captain Abney and Lieut.-Colonel Festing, "Atmospheric Absorption in the Infra-Red of the Solar Spectrum.", Phil. Trans., 1883, p80-83. http://journals.royalsociety.or g/content/767j2732gwtj7864/?p=6dd90979e2 ab457f9f3af40cbfb58d9dπ=6 [2] ''Abney, Sir William de Wiveleslie.'' Online Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Feb. 2009 is:] PD/Corel source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id= 13667&rendTypeId=4 |
117 YBN [06/06/1883 AD] 3 | 4339) The theory of ionic dissociation, how molecules that are electrolytes separate in a liquid to form two or more charged "ions".1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p577-579. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p577-579. 3. ^ Svante Arrhenius, "Recherches sur la conductibilité galvanique des électrolytes", 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id= oao6AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Rech erches+sur+la+conductibilit%C3%A9+galvan ique+des+electrolytes&hl=en&ei=qU30S_DiL MK88gaXrOyrDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=res ult&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q &f=false {06/06/1883} MORE INFO [1] "Arrhenius, Svante August." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 19 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9009 618> [2] "Svante Arrhenius." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/svante-arrh enius [3] "Svante Arrhenius." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 19 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/svante-arrh enius [4] "Svante August Arrhenius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Augu st_Arrhenius | (Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences) Stockholm, Sweden2 |
[1] table from: Recherches sur la conductibilité galvanique des électrolytes By Svante Arrhenius 06/06/1883 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =oao6AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Rec herches+sur+la+conductibilit%C3%A9+galva nique+des+electrolytes&hl=en&ei=qU30S_Di LMK88gaXrOyrDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re sult&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q&f=false [2] Svante August Arrhenius 1859-1927 Portrait: 3 Location - Floor: First - Zone: Room 138 - Wall: South - Sequence: 6 Source: Chemical Heritage Foundation Sponsor: Kris A. Berglund UNKNOWN source: http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Po rtraits/images/arrhenc.jpg |
116 YBN [04/23/1884 AD] 5 6 7 8 | 4206) The first practical steam turbine {TR-BiN or TR-BIN1 }, a steam engine that uses steam to turn a wheel with blades around the rim directly.2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "turbine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/turbine 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p551-552. 3. ^ http://www.birrcastle.com/inventionsAndE xperiments.asp 4. ^ "Charles Algernon Parsons." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-alg ernon-parsons 5. ^ US Patent #328710 http://www.google.com/patents?i d=d_5sAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4& source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q= &f=false {04/23/1884} 6. ^ http://www.birrcastle.com/inventionsAndE xperiments.asp {04/1884} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p551-552. {1884} 8. ^ "Parsons, Sir Charles Algernon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9058 570>. {1884} MORE INFO [1] "Charles Algernon Parsons." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-alg ernon-parsons [2] "Charles Algernon Parsons". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alg ernon_Parsons [3] http://www.houseofdavid.ca/parsons.htm | (Clarke, Chapman and Company3 ) Gateshead, England4 |
[1] Drawing from 1884 patent - from US patent PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =d_5sAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=& f=false [2] Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931), British engineer, inventor of the steam turbine. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/ec/Charles_Algernon_Pars ons.jpg |
116 YBN [1884 AD] 4 | 3398) High pitch whistles measure the threshold of human hearing to be 18 khz (or 18 thousand cycles per second).1 A system of fingerprinting is established.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p416-417. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p416-417. 3. ^ "Francis Galton." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 09 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-gal ton 4. ^ "Francis Galton." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 09 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-gal ton {1884} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Francis Galton." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 07 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/224628/Sir-Francis-Galton> [2] "Francis Galton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-gal ton [3] "Francis Galton." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 09 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-gal ton [4] "Francis Galton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gal ton [5] "Sir Francis Galton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Fran cis_Galton [6] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1866.htm [7] "Galton, Francis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p273 [8] "anticyclone." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2008. nticyclone> | London, England3 |
[1] Galton published two major works about fingerprints. The cover of the first, Finger Prints, contained a full set of his own prints He also published an important booklet on decipherment of blurred fingerprints: Facsimile 1892 Finger Prints. Macmillan , London Facsimile 1893 Decipherment of Blurred Finger Prints. Macmillan , London 1894 Physical Index to 100 Persons Based on their Measures and Finger Prints Privately printed Facsimile 1895 Finger Print Directories. Macmillan , London Galton also published a great number of scholarly papers, popular articles, letters and interviews on the subject of fingerprints. This was important groundwork, and prepared the way for the positive findings of the Parliamentary committee of 1894, which soon led to the acceptance of fingerprint testimony in the courts, to identify recidivists, and later to their forensic use. Facsimile 1888 'Personal identification and description.' Nature 38 : 173-7, 201-2 UNKNOWN AND Galton Whistle COPYRIGHTED AND {ULSF: Photo of Galton probably in his 50s} PD source: http://www.sonochemistry.info/Fi g%203-1.JPGhttp://galton.org/images/fing er-prints.jpghttp://i63.photobucket.com/ albums/h149/demotivator/FrancisGalton.jp g [2] Description English: Portrait of Francis Galton (1822-1911), Victorian polymath Date c1860 Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fran cis_Galton-by_Octavius_Oakley.jpg Autho r Octavius Oakley (1800-1867) Permission (Reusing this file) Public domain PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d9/Francis_Galton00.jpg |
116 YBN [1884 AD] 4 5 | 4315) The first use of a local anesthetic: (a drug that stops the conduction of impulses in sensory nerves in the region where it is applied1 ); cocaine.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Oxford A-Z of Medicinal Drugs Market University Press. © 2000, 2003, 2010 An A-Z of Medicinal Drugs. http://www.answers.com/topic/loc al-anesthetic 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p568-569. 3. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=OT-gAAA AMAAJ&pg=PA292&dq=Carl+Koller+1884&hl=en &ei=smLbS5nALo-KsgPo_pBt&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAg# v=onepage&q&f=false 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p568-569. {1884} 5. ^ "Koller, Carl." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 Apr. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9045 941>. {1884} MORE INFO [1] "Carl Koller". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Koller | (General Hospital in Vienna) Vienna, Austria3 |
[1] Carl Coller.jpg Deutsch: Carl Koller (1857-1944) Date “Foto, um 1910.” Source http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.e ncyclop.k/k561735.htm Author unknown PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7e/Carl_Coller.jpg |
115 YBN [01/30/1885 AD] 5 6 7 | 3500) The Balmer series is discovered, a simple mathematical formula that gives the wavelengths of the spectral lines of hydrogen.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Johann Jakob Balmer." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/johann-jako b-balmer 2. ^ J.J. Balmer. "Notiz über die Spectrallinien des Wasserstoffs.", Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 7 (1885) 548; 7 (1885) 750. http://books.google.com/books?id=1 LUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA750 and Annalen der Physik und Chemie N.F. 25: 80–87, 1885. http://www3.interscience.wiley.co m/journal/112487600/abstract {Balmer_Jo hann_1885.pdf} translated to English: (as translated and published by Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom, Vol. 1 (New York: Basic Books, 1966) with omissions filled in by Carmen Giunta) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/ balmer.html 3. ^ Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom, Vol. 1 (New York: Basic Books, 1966), p363-365. {Balmer.pdf} 4. ^ "Johann Jakob Balmer." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/50792/Johann-Jakob-Balmer>. 5. ^ J.J. Balmer. "Notiz über die Spectrallinien des Wasserstoffs.", Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 7 (1885) 548; 7 (1885) 750. and Annalen der Physik und Chemie N.F. 25: 80–87, 1885. http://www3.interscience.wiley.co m/journal/112487600/abstract {Balmer_Jo hann_1885.pdf} translated to English: (as translated and published by Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom, Vol. 1 (New York: Basic Books, 1966) with omissions filled in by Carmen Giunta) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/ balmer.html {01/30/1885} 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p435. {1885} 7. ^ "Theory Of Radiation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Theory_O f_Radiation {1885} MORE INFO [1] "Johann Jakob Balmer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jako b_Balmer | (Secondary School3 ) Basel, Switzerland4 |
[1] [t one of Balmer's tables] PD/Corel source: Balmer_Johann_1885.pdf [2] [t English translation of Blamer table from 1885 work.] COPYRIGHTED source: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/b almer.html |
115 YBN [1885 AD] 4 | 3711) The first practical gasoline engine1 and motor boat2 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Daimler, Gottlieb." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028 558>. 2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p359. 3. ^ "Gottlieb Daimler." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-da imler 4. ^ "Motor Vehicles". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Motor_Ve hicles {1885} MORE INFO [1] "Gottlieb Daimler." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-da imler [2] James Edward Homans, James Edward Homans, 1865-, "Self-propelled Vehicles: A Practical Treatise on the Theory, Construction, Operation, Care and Management of All Forms of Automobiles", T. Audel & Company, 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= PsoNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=daimler&as_brr= 1&ei=9HRVSeuvIJSokATWrLnzBA#PPA297,M1 [3] "Oil Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oil_Engi ne | (factory) Stuttgart, Germany3 |
[1] Diagram of the earliest Daimler gasoline motor PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =PsoNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=daimler&as_brr =1&ei=9HRVSeuvIJSokATWrLnzBA#PPA298,M1 [2] Gottlieb Daimler PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/ee/Gottliebdaimler1.jpg |
115 YBN [1885 AD] 3 | 3712) The first motorbike.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p359. 2. ^ "Gottlieb Daimler." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-da imler 3. ^ "Oil Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oil_Engi ne {1885} MORE INFO [1] "Daimler, Gottlieb." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028 558> [2] "Gottlieb Daimler." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-da imler [3] "Motor Vehicles". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Motor_Ve hicles [4] James Edward Homans, James Edward Homans, 1865-, "Self-propelled Vehicles: A Practical Treatise on the Theory, Construction, Operation, Care and Management of All Forms of Automobiles", T. Audel & Company, 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= PsoNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=daimler&as_brr= 1&ei=9HRVSeuvIJSokATWrLnzBA#PPA297,M1 | (factory) Stuttgart, Germany2 |
[1] First motorcycle by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach (1885) (see de:Deutsches Zweirad- und NSU-Museum), 2006, by J. Köhler Description First motorcycle called ''Reitwagen'' by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach (1885) (264 cm³, Einzylinder-Viertakt-Motor, 0,5 PS, Glührohrzündung, Luftkühlung) Source Photo taken by myself Date 28. December 2006 Author Joachim Köhler Permission (Reusing this image) By courtesy of ''Deutsches Zweirad- und NSU-Museum'' (e-Mail 17.08.2006 13:14) - With many thanks to Ms. Dumas & Ms. Grams GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b3/ZweiRadMuseumNSU_Reit wagen.JPG [2] Diagram of the earliest Daimler gasoline motor PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =PsoNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=daimler&as_brr =1&ei=9HRVSeuvIJSokATWrLnzBA#PPA298,M1 |
115 YBN [1885 AD] 6 | 4461) Spectral emission lines are observed to widen when subjected to an electromagnetic field.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Zeeman, P., "On the Influence of Magnetism on the Nature of the Light Emitted by a Substance.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V43, N262, March 1897, p226. http://books.google.com/books?id= fXpDler746QC&pg=PA226&lpg=PA226&dq=On+th e+Influence+of+Magnetism+on+the+Nature+o f+the+Light+Emitted+by+a+Substance&sourc e=bl&ots=xOeqyMN8gk&sig=ndY_rFeKVmwu6MKC gk21TS72urI&hl=en&ei=q-ooTP-9O4iJnAfusNi oAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum =3&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=On%20the% 20Influence%20of%20Magnetism%20on%20the% 20Nature%20of%20the%20Light%20Emitted%20 by%20a%20Substance&f=false and: Astr ophysical Journal, vol. 5, p.332. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1897ApJ.....5..332Z/0000345.000 .html and http://books.google.com/books?id=Uo MOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA345&lpg=PA345&dq=De+l%27 Influence+du+Magn%C3%A9tisme+sur+les+Car act%C3%A8res&source=bl&ots=ofy7CS6A0v&si g=DOFLYtcyw1Ay9Itl6NRe_jnUm5k&hl=en&ei=e TslTKbxMYH98Aa09KSACA&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAw#v=o nepage&q&f=false 2. ^ Thomas Preston, "Radiation Phenomena in the Magnetic Field.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V45, N275, April 1898, p325. http://books.google.com/books?id= kpQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA325&lpg=PA325&dq=Thoma s+Preston+zeeman&source=bl&ots=34SE5113u y&sig=A-JeUa9Iwa6iuCWj9K6e4KGSwf8&hl=en& ei=gcMjTKGmDYOinQfW_Ogm&sa=X&oi=book_res ult&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAg#v =onepage&q=Thomas%20Preston%20zeeman&f=f alse 3. ^ M. Fievez, "De l'Influence du Magnétisme sur les Caractères des Raies spectrales", Bulletin de l' Academie des Sciences de Belgique, S3, Tome 9, 381, 1885 {Fievez_Charles_1885.pdf} 4. ^ M. Fievez, "Essai sur l'Origine des Raies de Fraunhofer, en rapport avec la Constitution du Soleil", Bulletin de l' Academie des Sciences de Belgique, S3, Tome 12, 30, 1886. 5. ^ Sauval, A. J., "Charles FIEVEZ; 13 Years of Spectroscopy at the Observatoire Royal de Bruxelles (1877-1890)", Workshop on Laboratory and astronomical high resolution spectra. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series; Proceedings of ASP Conference no. 81 held in Brussels; Belgium 29 August - 2 September 1994 in honour of the 150th birthday of Charles Vievez (1844-1890) the pioneer of astronomical spectroscopy in Belgium; San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP); c1995; edited by A.J. Sauval, R. Blomme, and N. Grevesse, p.3 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1995 ASPC...81....3S 6. ^ M. Fievez, "De l'Influence du Magnétisme sur les Caractères des Raies spectrales", Bulletin de l' Academie des Sciences de Belgique, S3, Tome 9, 381, 1885 MORE INFO [1] "Zeeman, Pieter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078 299> [2] "Pieter Zeeman". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeem an [3] "Pieter Zeeman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/pieter-zeem an [4] Albert Michelson, "Light Waves and their uses", 1902, p 107. http://books.google.com/books?id=p rTvAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=light +waves+and+their+uses&hl=en&ei=8DIlTOHxL MGB8gbousS2Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=res ult&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q &f=false [5] "Zeeman,Pieter." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 597-599. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904772&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w | (Royal Observatory of Brusells) Bruselles, Belgium5 |
[1] Image from: Thomas Preston, ''Radiation Phenomena in the Magnetic Field.'', Philosophical Magazine, S5, V45, N275, April 1898, p325. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =kpQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA325&lpg=PA325&dq=Thom as+Preston+zeeman&source=bl&ots=34SE5113 uy&sig=A-JeUa9Iwa6iuCWj9K6e4KGSwf8&hl=en &ei=gcMjTKGmDYOinQfW_Ogm&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAg# v=onepage&q=Thomas%20Preston%20zeeman&f= false [2] Description Pieter Zeeman.jpg Pieter Zeeman Date ca. 1920(1920) Source http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image: Zeeman.jpg Author This file is lacking author information. Permission (Reusing this file) PD by age Other versions Digital Library, Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) Emilio Segrè Visual Archives http://www.knaw.nl/cfdata/digi tal_library/output/proceedings/biography .cfm?RecordId=39 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a2/Pieter_Zeeman.jpg |
115 YBN [1885 AD] 4 | 6604) The first steel-framed building and skyscraper.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Oxlade, C. Skyscrapers. HEINEMANN - USA, 2006. Building Amazing Structures Series, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=d2 lW2gtQ3bUC&pg=PA7 2. ^ Oxlade, C. Skyscrapers. HEINEMANN - USA, 2006. Building Amazing Structures Series, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=d2 lW2gtQ3bUC&pg=PA7 3. ^ Oxlade, C. Skyscrapers. HEINEMANN - USA, 2006. Building Amazing Structures Series, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=d2 lW2gtQ3bUC&pg=PA7 4. ^ Oxlade, C. Skyscrapers. HEINEMANN - USA, 2006. Building Amazing Structures Series, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=d2 lW2gtQ3bUC&pg=PA7 | Chicago, Illinois, USA3 |
[1] The first skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building. UNKNOWN source: http://chicagopubliclibrary.tumb lr.com/image/197902876 [2] Description English: Exterior of the Home Insurance Building by architect William Le Baron Jenney in Chicago, Illinois. Date 1884 Source US-LibraryOfCongress-BookLogo.svg This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's National Digital Library Program under the digital ID mhsalad.250058. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. العربية source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/38/Home_Insurance_Buildi ng.JPG |
114 YBN [02/23/1886 AD] 3 | 4431) A low cost method of producing pure aluminum metal from aluminum oxide is discovered.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p597-598. 2. ^ "Hall, Charles Martin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 10 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9038 909>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p597-598. {02/23/1886} MORE INFO [1] "Charles Martin Hall". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mar tin_Hall [2] US patent 400664, Charles Martin Hall, "Process of Reducing Aluminium from its Fluoride Salts by Electrolysis", issued 1889-04-02 http://worldwide.espacenet.c om/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=US&NR=40 0664&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP and http://www.google.com/patents?id=LE1OAAA AEBAJ&pg=PA2&dq=PROCESS+OF+REDUCING+ALUM INIUM+FROM+ITS+FLUORIDE+SALTS+BY+ELECTRO LYSIS&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yQtLT7TzK4qpiAKm9YHb DQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=PROCESS%2 0OF%20REDUCING%20ALUMINIUM%20FROM%20ITS% 20FLUORIDE%20SALTS%20BY%20ELECTROLYSIS&f =false [3] US patent 400766, Charles Martin Hall, "Process of Reducing Aluminium from its Fluoride Salts by Electrolysis", filing date: Jul 9, 1886 Issue date: Apr 2, 1889 Filing date: Jul 9, 1886 Issue date: Apr 2, 1889 http://www.google.com/patents?id=k X9OAAAAEBAJ | (Oberlin (Ohio) College Hall) Oberlin, Ohio, USA2 |
[1] Image from US patent 400766, Charles Martin Hall, ''Process of Reducing Aluminium from its Fluoride Salts by Electrolysis'', filing date: Jul 9, 1886 Issue date: Apr 2, 1889 Filing date: Jul 9, 1886 Issue date: Apr 2, 1889 http://www.google.com/patents?id=k X9OAAAAEBAJ PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =LE1OAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA2&dq=PROCESS+OF+REDUC ING+ALUMINIUM+FROM+ITS+FLUORIDE+SALTS+BY +ELECTROLYSIS&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yQtLT7TzK4qp iAKm9YHbDQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f =false [2] Description CharlesMartinHall.jpg English: Charles Martin Hall Български: Чарли Мартин Хол - портрет Date Source Originally uploded on en:File:CharlesMartinHall.jpg Author Originally uploaded by en:User:Sillybilly PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c8/CharlesMartinHall.jpg |
114 YBN [07/27/1886 AD] 13 14 15 | 4096) Positively charged ion beams are discovered (and called "Kanalstrahlen" or "channel rays").5 6 7 8 Using a perforated cathode, rays going through the holes in the direction opposite to that of the cathode rays are found.9 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Goldstein, "Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der Kathode inducirter Entladungeń", in Sitzungsberichie der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,39 (1886), 691. http://books.google.com/books?id=v UsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine+n och+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+an+ der+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%84# v=onepage&q=&f=false 2. ^ E. Goldstein, "On the Canal Ray Group", Phil Mag,S6, V15, N87,March 1908, p372. http://books.google.com/books?id= f_dbTfAUVZEC&pg=PA372&dq=intitle:Philoso phical+Goldstein&lr=&as_brr=1#v=onepage& q=intitle%3APhilosophical%20Goldstein&f= false 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p525. 4. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk tZhsC&pg=PA561 5. ^ Goldstein, "Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der Kathode inducirter Entladungeń", in Sitzungsberichie der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,39 (1886), 691. http://books.google.com/books?id=v UsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine+n och+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+an+ der+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%84# v=onepage&q=&f=false 6. ^ E. Goldstein, "On the Canal Ray Group", Phil Mag,S6, V15, N87,March 1908, p372. http://books.google.com/books?id= f_dbTfAUVZEC&pg=PA372&dq=intitle:Philoso phical+Goldstein&lr=&as_brr=1#v=onepage& q=intitle%3APhilosophical%20Goldstein&f= false 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p525. 8. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk tZhsC&pg=PA561 9. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk tZhsC&pg=PA561 10. ^ Califano, S. Pathways to Modern Chemical Physics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. SpringerLink?: B�cher, p112. http://books.google.com/books?id= s-sCt4RT0bMC&pg=PA112 11. ^ Dick, W.R., and K. Fritze. 300 Jahre Astronomie in Berlin Und Potsdam: Eine Sammlung Von Aufs�tzen Aus Anlass Des Gr�ndungsjubil�ums Der Berliner Sternwarte. Deutsch Harri GmbH, 2000. Acta Historica Astronomiae, p186. http://books.google.com/books?id= F-PyBbBVLzkC&pg=PA247 12. ^ Goldstein, "Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der Kathode inducirter Entladungeń", in Sitzungsberichie der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,39 (1886), 691. http://books.google.com/books?id=v UsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine+n och+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+an+ der+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%84# v=onepage&q=&f=false 13. ^ Goldstein, "Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der Kathode inducirter Entladungeń", in Sitzungsberichie der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,39 (1886), 691. http://books.google.com/books?id=v UsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine+n och+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+an+ der+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%84# v=onepage&q=&f=false {07/27/1886} 14. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. {1886} 15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p525. {1886} MORE INFO [1] "Goldstein, Eugen." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9037 282> [2] "Eugen Goldstein." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/eugen-golds tein [3] "Eugen Goldstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Golds tein [4] Monatsberichte der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1876), 284 [5] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Rays of positive electricity and their application to chemical analyses, 1921. http://books.google.com/books?id= tcxAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine+no ch+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+an+d er+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%84#v =onepage&q=&f=false [6] Thomason, "Rays of Positive Electricity", Nature, Vol 79, Num 2037, 11/12/1908, p52. http://books.google.com/books?id=O tYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA52&dq=intitle:Nature+Ka nalstrahlen#v=onepage&q=intitle%3ANature %20Kanalstrahlen&f=false | (Potsdam Observatory) Berlin, Germany10 11 12 |
[1] Goldstein, ''Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der Kathode inducirter Entladungeń'', in Sitzungsberichie der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,39 (1886), 691. http://books.google.com/books?id=v UsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =vUsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457 [2] Figure 2 from Goldstein's 1886 paper PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =vUsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine +noch+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+a n+der+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%8 4#v=onepage&q=&f=false |
113 YBN [03/04/1887 AD] 6 7 | 3713) The gasoline internal combustion engine car.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Oil Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oil_Engi ne 2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p359. 3. ^ "Oil Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oil_Engi ne 4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p359. 5. ^ "Gottlieb Daimler." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-da imler 6. ^ "Oil Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oil_Engi ne {03/04/1887} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p467-468. {1887} MORE INFO [1] "Daimler, Gottlieb." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028 558> [2] "Gottlieb Daimler." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-da imler [3] "Motor Vehicles". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Motor_Ve hicles [4] James Edward Homans, James Edward Homans, 1865-, "Self-propelled Vehicles: A Practical Treatise on the Theory, Construction, Operation, Care and Management of All Forms of Automobiles", T. Audel & Company, 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= PsoNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=daimler&as_brr= 1&ei=9HRVSeuvIJSokATWrLnzBA#PPA297,M1 [5] Dugald Clerk, "The Gas Engine", Scientific American Supplement (Vol. 19, #484: April 11, 1885) http://onlinebooks.library.upenn. edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=13939 and also http://www.a1nethost.com/american/scie ntific-american/484/00.htm#3 [6] William Robinson, "Gas and Petroleum Engines: A Practical Treatise on the Internal Combustion ...", http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+ street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=z XhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct= result#PPA102,M1 | (factory) Stuttgart, Germany5 |
[1] Gottlieb Daimler’s First Automobile (March 8, 1886) © Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz COPYRIGHTED source: http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc. org/images/20007006-r.jpg [2] First motorcycle by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach (1885) (see de:Deutsches Zweirad- und NSU-Museum), 2006, by J. Köhler Description First motorcycle called ''Reitwagen'' by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach (1885) (264 cm³, Einzylinder-Viertakt-Motor, 0,5 PS, Glührohrzündung, Luftkühlung) Source Photo taken by myself Date 28. December 2006 Author Joachim Köhler Permission (Reusing this image) By courtesy of ''Deutsches Zweirad- und NSU-Museum'' (e-Mail 17.08.2006 13:14) - With many thanks to Ms. Dumas & Ms. Grams GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b3/ZweiRadMuseumNSU_Reit wagen.JPG |
113 YBN [03/??/1887 AD] 7 | 4285) The phenomenon of electrical resonance is discovered (this allows specific frequencies of light to be singled out which improves radio communication3 ).4 Electrical oscillations in one circuit can excite the same electrical oscillations to flow (causing a spark) in a second unconnected distant circuit.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 267 (V. 31) Issue 7, March 1887, Pages 421 - 448. http://books.google.com/books?id=W hY4AAAAMAAJ and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/jou rnal/112507534/abstract and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112507534/PDFSTART {He rtz_Heinrich_188703xx.pdf} English Translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Very Rapid Oscillations", Electric Waves, 1893, 1962, p29. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is =b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_ is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=one page&q&f=false 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 267 (V. 31) Issue 7, March 1887, Pages 421 - 448. http://books.google.com/books?id=W hY4AAAAMAAJ and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/jou rnal/112507534/abstract and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112507534/PDFSTART {He rtz_Heinrich_188703xx.pdf} English Translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Very Rapid Oscillations", Electric Waves, 1893, 1962, p29. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is =b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_ is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=one page&q&f=false 5. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 267 (V. 31) Issue 7, March 1887, Pages 421 - 448. http://books.google.com/books?id=W hY4AAAAMAAJ and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/112507534/abstract and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112507534/PDFSTART {He rtz_Heinrich_188703xx.pdf} English Translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Very Rapid Oscillations", Electric Waves, 1893, 1962, p29. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is =b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_ is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=one page&q&f=false 6. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 267 (V. 31) Issue 7, March 1887, Pages 421 - 448. http://books.google.com/books?id=W hY4AAAAMAAJ and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/jou rnal/112507534/abstract and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112507534/PDFSTART {He rtz_Heinrich_188703xx.pdf} English Translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Very Rapid Oscillations", Electric Waves, 1893, 1962, p29. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is =b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_ is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=one page&q&f=false 7. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 267 (V. 31) Issue 7, March 1887, Pages 421 - 448. http://books.google.com/books?id=W hY4AAAAMAAJ and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/112507534/abstract and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112507534/PDFSTART {He rtz_Heinrich_188703xx.pdf} English Translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Very Rapid Oscillations", Electric Waves, 1893, 1962, p29. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is =b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_ is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=one page&q&f=false {03/1887} MORE INFO [1] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [2] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [3] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [4] http://www.ur5eaw.com/Hertz.html [5] Hertz, Heinrich, 1857-1894; Jones, Daniel Evan, b. 1863; Schott, George Adolphus, 1868- tr, "Miscellaneous papers", 1896. http://www.archive.org/details/cu 31924012500306 and http://books.google.com/books?id=5W 0OAAAAIAAJ&q=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz& dq=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&hl=en&ei=W ujES-uALYn-tQPTxpj0DQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA [6] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Heinrich _Rudolf_Hertz [7] Heinrich Hertz, Daniel Evan Jones, "Electric waves: being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space.", 1893. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Elec tric+Waves+hertz&source=bl&ots=Av7VeelDo 1&sig=CmRSHstHdB9ihOKQYMZ50T69-q0&hl=en& ei=u-vES_n0J4aysgPloeDwDA&sa=X&oi=book_r esult&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBg #v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Wiedemann, Ebert, "On the Effect of Light on the Electric Discharge", The Electrical world, Volumes 11-12 http://books.google.com/books?id= zYVMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA123&dq=hertz++An+effec t+of+ultraviolet+light+on+electrical+dis charge&hl=en&ei=2vLES9fqKJOmswPOwfSCDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ve d=0CEgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false [9] H. Hertz. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung", ("An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8, Date: 1887, Pages: 983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/journal/112487894/abstract and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi -bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Englis h translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is =b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_ is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=one page&q&f=false Summary in English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric Discharge", Journal of the Chemical Society: Transactions, Volume 54, Part 1, p13. http://books.google.com/books?id=l dY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&as_drrb _is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887&as_ma xm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&cd=1#v= onepage&q=hertz&f=false [10] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p. 564-565 | (University of Karlsruhe) Karlsruhe, Germany6 |
[1] Figure 6 from Hertz's March 1893 paper ''On Very Rapid Oscillations'' PD source: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962. [2] Figure 7 from Hertz's March 1893 paper ''On Very Rapid Oscillations'' PD source: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962. |
113 YBN [05/02/1887 AD] 4 | 3762) Plastic photographic film.1 2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "history of the motion picture." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/394161/history-of-the-motion-picture>. 2. ^ Goodwin's Patent #610,861 http://www.google.com/patents? id=bbZkAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false 3. ^ "history of the motion picture." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/394161/history-of-the-motion-picture>. 4. ^ "history of the motion picture." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/394161/history-of-the-motion-picture>. {1887} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p449-450 [2] "Étienne-Jules Marey." The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002. Answers.com 18 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/tienne-jule s-marey [3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1880.htm [4] "Marey, Étienne-Jules", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p575 [5] "Étienne-Jules Marey." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/364535/Etienne-Jules-Marey> [6] "Étienne-Jules Marey." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University Press, 2005. Answers.com 18 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/tienne-jule s-marey [7] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p449-450 [8] "Photographic film#History of film". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographi c_film#History_of_film | Newark, New Jersey3 |
[1] Goodwin's Patent #610,861 PHOTOGRAPHIC PELLICLE AND PROCESS OF PRODUCING SAME HANNIBAL GOODWIN PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =bbZkAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=& f=false [2] Reverend Hannibal Goodwin PD source: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eas tman/timeline/images/1887.jpg |
113 YBN [05/??/1887 AD] 5 6 | 4286) That ultraviolet light causes more current to flow on a metal electrode than lower frequencies of light is found.1 2 In addition, electrical induction is shown to be like light in being propagated in straight lines (casting a shadow), reflected, refracted (with a refrangibility much greater than that of violet rays of light), and to be non-electrical.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p. 564-565. 2. ^ H. Hertz. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung", ("An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8, Date: 1887, Pages: 983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/journal/112487894/abstract and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi -bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Englis h translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 Summary in English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric Discharge" http://books.google.com/book s?id=ldY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&a s_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887 &as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&c d=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false 3. ^ H. Hertz. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung", ("An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8, Date: 1887, Pages: 983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/journal/112487894/abstract and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi -bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Englis h translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is =b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_ is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=one page&q&f=false Summary in English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric Discharge" http://books.google.com/book s?id=ldY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&a s_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887 &as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&c d=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false 4. ^ "Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 340-350. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Apr. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830901978&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w 5. ^ H. Hertz. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung", ("An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8, Date: 1887, Pages: 983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/journal/112487894/abstract and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi -bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Englis h translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is =b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_ is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=one page&q&f=false Summary in English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric Discharge", Journal of the Chemical Society: Transactions, Volume 54, Part 1, p13. http://books.google.com/books?id=l dY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&as_drrb _is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887&as_ma xm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&cd=1#v= onepage&q=hertz&f=false {05/1887} 6. ^ "Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 340-350. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Apr. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830901978&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1887} MORE INFO [1] "Hertz, Heinrich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 7 Apr. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9040 253> [2] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [3] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [4] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [5] http://www.ur5eaw.com/Hertz.html [6] Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp. 411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/22 8514?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuer y%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSear ch&item=10&ttl=263&returnArticleService= showArticle [7] Charles Susskind, "Observations of Electromagnetic-Wave Radiation before Hertz", Isis, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 32-42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2277 53?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&sear chUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery% 3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Searc h.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch &item=3&ttl=263&returnArticleService=sho wArticle [8] Charles Susskind, "Hertz and the Technological Significance of Electromagnetic Waves", Isis, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Autumn, 1965), pp. 342-345. http://www.jstor.org/stable/22 8108?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuer y%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSear ch&item=4&ttl=263&returnArticleService=s howArticle [9] Hertz, Heinrich, 1857-1894; Jones, Daniel Evan, b. 1863; Schott, George Adolphus, 1868- tr, "Miscellaneous papers", 1896. http://www.archive.org/details/cu 31924012500306 and http://books.google.com/books?id=5W 0OAAAAIAAJ&q=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz& dq=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&hl=en&ei=W ujES-uALYn-tQPTxpj0DQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA [10] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Heinrich _Rudolf_Hertz [11] Heinrich Hertz, Daniel Evan Jones, "Electric waves: being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space.", 1893. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Elec tric+Waves+hertz&source=bl&ots=Av7VeelDo 1&sig=CmRSHstHdB9ihOKQYMZ50T69-q0&hl=en& ei=u-vES_n0J4aysgPloeDwDA&sa=X&oi=book_r esult&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBg #v=onepage&q&f=false [12] Wiedemann, Ebert, "On the Effect of Light on the Electric Discharge", The Electrical world, Volumes 11-12 http://books.google.com/books?id= zYVMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA123&dq=hertz++An+effec t+of+ultraviolet+light+on+electrical+dis charge&hl=en&ei=2vLES9fqKJOmswPOwfSCDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ve d=0CEgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false | (University of Karlsruhe) Karlsruhe, Germany4 |
[1] Figure 18 from Hertz's Feb 1888 paper H. Hertz. ''Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung'', (''An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical discharge''), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8, Date: 1887, Pages: 983-1000. source: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962. [2] Figure 18 from Hertz's Feb 1888 paper H. Hertz. ''Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung'', (''An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical discharge''), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8, Date: 1887, Pages: 983-1000. source: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962. |
113 YBN [10/12/1887 AD] 11 12 13 | 4245) The alternating current electric motor.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071 814>. 3. ^ Tesla patent 391,968 10/12/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id= z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false 4. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w 5. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071 814>. 6. ^ Tesla patent 391,968 10/12/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id= z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false 7. ^ Tesla Patent 381968 10/12/1887 http://www.google.com/patent s?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom =4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage &q=&f=false {10/12/1887 (verify this is the correct patent} 8. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w 9. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071 814>. 10. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w 11. ^ Tesla Patent 381968 10/12/1887 http://www.google.com/patent s?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom =4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage &q=&f=false {10/12/1887 (verify this is the correct patent} 12. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071 814>. {1883} 13. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1883} MORE INFO [1] "Nikola Tesla." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesl a [2] "Nikola Tesla." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesl a [3] list of Tesla's patents: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/m ore/317ntcp.htm [4] Tesla Patent 334,823 Commutator For Dynamo-Electric machines http://www.google.com/patents? id=Tm1BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [5] Tesla Patent 336,961 REGULATOR FOR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES http://www.google.com/patents? id=jk5EAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [6] http://www.teslauniverse.com/timeline-18 61?PHPSESSID=3ejd9q8tm4gpsn4np06imifoe5; #goto-1883 [7] Tesla patent 11/30/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id= 0JFhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false [8] http://www.pbs.org/tesla/index.html | (Tesla's private lab) New York City, NY, USA7 8 |(earlier claim of)Strasbourg, France9 10 |
[1] Image from Tesla patent 391,968 submitted: 10/12/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id= z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=& f=false [2] Description Tesla young.jpg English: The image of en:Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) at age 23. Date image dated: circa 1878 original upload date: 2005-12-02 transfer date: 17:03, 29 July 2008 (UTC) Source Original downloaded from http://www.tesla-symp06.org/nikola_tesla .htm Author Original uploader was Antidote at en.wikipedia Transferred from en.wikipedia by User:emerson7. Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/60/Tesla_young.jpg |
113 YBN [11/07/1887 AD] 3 | 4114) A flat disk sound recording device.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Emile Berliner's patent of 11/07/1887 - to my understanding - the first publicly known flat disk sound recorder http://www.google.com/patents? id=hOpjAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 #v=onepage&q=&f=false 2. ^ "Emile Berliner." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 20. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 39-41. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 12 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 3. ^ Emile Berliner's patent of 11/07/1887 - to my understanding - the first publicly known flat disk sound recorder http://www.google.com/patents? id=hOpjAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 #v=onepage&q=&f=false MORE INFO [1] "Berliner, Emil." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078 812> [2] "Emile Berliner." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/emile-berli ner [3] "Emile Berliner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berli ner [4] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/berlhtml/ber lemil.html [5] U.S. Patent 372,786 Gramophone (horizontal recording), original filed May 1887, refiled September 26, 1887, issued November 8, 1887 http://www.google.com/patents?id=f CRPAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f= false | (own lab) Washington, DC, USA2 |
[1] Figure 1 from Berliner's 11/07/1887 patent - presumably the first publicly known flat disk sound recorder PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =hOpjAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=& f=false [2] Figure 2 from Berliner's 11/07/1887 patent - presumably the first publicly known flat disk sound recorder PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =hOpjAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=& f=false |
113 YBN [1887 AD] 3 4 | 3739) The theory that subatomic particles produce spectra.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p472-473. 2. ^ Cortie, A. L., "Sir Norman Lockyer, 1836-1920", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 53, p.233 (ApJ Homepage), 05/1921. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/ 1921ApJ....53..233C and http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi -bin/nph-iarticle_query?1921ApJ....53..2 33C&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&t ype=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf 3. ^ Norman Lockyer, "The Chemistry of the Sun", Macmillan and co., 1887. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&dq=The+Chemistry+of+t he+Sun&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ot s=-3OHN4Z9fm&sig=YGqMa1zIo4q2SDXDzlnbs_i Vyds 4. ^ "Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman" (Obituary Notice), Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 81, p.261 (MNRAS Homepage), 02/1921 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 921MNRAS..81R.261. {1887} MORE INFO [1] "Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048 704> [2] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norm an-lockyer [3] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norm an-lockyer [4] "Joseph Norman Lockyer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Norm an_Lockyer [5] "Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Jose ph_Norman_Lockyer [6] "Lockyer, Joseph Norman", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p551 [7] http://library.exeter.ac.uk/special/guid es/archives/101-110/110_01.html [8] Norman Lockyer, "On the Most Widened Lines in Sun-Spot Spectra. First and Second Series, from November 12, 1879, to October 15, 1881.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1883 vol:36 iss:1 pg:443. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_loc al?sid=google&auinit=JN&aulast=Lockyer&a title=On+the+Most+Widened+Lines+in+Sun-S pot+Spectra.+First+and+Second+Series,+fr om+November+12,+1879,+to+October+15,+188 1.&id=doi:10.1098/rspl.1883.0128 [9] J. Norman Lockyer, "On the Iron Lines Widened in Solar Spots", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 31, 1880/1881. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/806858137u0r5888/?p=149f9b4 bf4ee41088f3c5a073eedec5eπ=85 | (Solar Physics Observatory) South Kensington, England2 (presumably) |
[1] Fluted spectra PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&dq=chemistry+of+the+ sun&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=- 3OHO-18fp&sig=kNsnqgBVPljadCXXtbFG1GaEPu M#PPA180,M1 [2] spectra of Stellar types PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?hl =en&id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&dq=chemistry+of+the+ sun&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=- 3OHO-18fp&sig=kNsnqgBVPljadCXXtbFG1GaEPu M#PPA189,M1 |
113 YBN [1887 AD] 6 7 | 3960) That the number of chromosomes in cells is constant, and that each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in their cells is recognized.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p508. 2. ^ "Beneden, Edouard van." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 Aug. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078 551>. 3. ^ "Prof. E. van Beneden" (obituary), Nature 83, 344-345 (19 May 1910) 4. ^ doi:10.1038/083344a0 http://books.googl e.com/books?id=nHkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA344&dq= intitle:nature+Beneden+date:1910-1910#v= onepage&q=intitle%3Anature%20Beneden%20d ate%3A1910-1910&f=false 5. ^ VAN BENEDEN. E. (1883). "Recherches sur la maturation de l'oeuf et la fecondation Ascaris megalocephala.", Arch. Biol, 4: 265-640. http://books.google.com/books? hl=en&lr=&id=aPYYAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA49 &dq=Van+Beneden+E&ots=PoCu8l1ocy&sig=sqi 0uQBs3vPZFhYrlImgh6HSdeE#v=onepage&q=Van %20Beneden%20E&f=false 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p508. {1887} 7. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p366. {1887} MORE INFO [1] "meiosis>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "meiosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 21 Aug. 2009. eiosis> [2] http://www.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_35330/famous- scholars-at-the-university-of-liege?hlTe xt=beneden&hlMode=any&hlText=beneden&hlM ode=any&hlText=beneden&hlMode=any&hlText =beneden&hlMode=any&hlText=beneden&hlMod e=any&hlText=beneden&hlMode=any [3] http://www.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_5000/home | (University of Liège) Liège, Belgium3 4 5 |
[1] Edouard Van Beneden PD source: http://webapps.fundp.ac.be/umdb/ wiki-bioscope/images/9/9b/Vanbeneden.jpg [2] Beneden and his daughter in 1891, outside his home in Liege. PD source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/site s/entrez |
113 YBN [1887 AD] 11 | 4369) The electricity of a heart beat is measured and recorded and found to coincide with each heart muscle contraction.5 6 7 The first electrocardiograph images.8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5): 229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller _Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf} 2. ^ Burch, G.E., and N.P. DePasquale. The History of Electrocardiography. Norman Pub., 1964. Norman Cardiology Series, No 1. http://books.google.com/books?id=_w9 v_ZkzTZoC&pg=PA28 3. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5): 229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller _Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf} 4. ^ Burch, G.E., and N.P. DePasquale. The History of Electrocardiography. Norman Pub., 1964. Norman Cardiology Series, No 1. http://books.google.com/books?id=_w9 v_ZkzTZoC&pg=PA28 5. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5): 229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller _Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf} 6. ^ Burch, G.E., and N.P. DePasquale. The History of Electrocardiography. Norman Pub., 1964. Norman Cardiology Series, No 1. http://books.google.com/books?id=_w9 v_ZkzTZoC&pg=PA28 7. ^ http://www.hrsonline.org/news/ep-history /notable-figures/augustuswaller.cfm 8. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5): 229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller _Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf} 9. ^ http://www.hrsonline.org/news/ep-history /notable-figures/augustuswaller.cfm 10. ^ http://www.hrsonline.org/news/ep-history /notable-figures/augustuswaller.cfm 11. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5): 229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller _Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "A. D. Waller Obituary", Nature, Vol 109, N2735, April 1, 1922, p 418. http://books.google.com/books?id=x vARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA418&lpg=PA418&dq=obitua ry+einthoven+intitle:nature&source=bl&ot s=ku9EmPPB1V&sig=WZRcbRFA9qoQo4ip0qYobAQ rYLk&hl=en&ei=1Wz9S6riB4XENr_F3d4H&sa=X& oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0C CMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=obituary%20einthov en%20intitle%3Anature&f=false [2] "Augustus Desiré Waller". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_De sir%C3%A9_Waller [3] http://caribbean.scielo.org/scielo.php?s cript=sci_arttext&pid=S0043-314420050003 00012&lng=en&nrm= | (St. Mary's Hospital) London, England10 |
[1] Figure 1 from Waller 1887 paper PD source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC1485094/pdf/jphysiol02445-00 01.pdf [2] Image of Augustus Waller part of same image at: http://www.hrsonline.org/news/ep-hi story/notable-figures/augustuswaller.cfm UNKNOWN source: http://www.nyteknik.se/multimedi a/archive/00033/Jimmie-och-Augustus-_330 47a.jpg |
112 YBN [02/02/1888 AD] 5 | 4288) Light interference between two radio sources is demonstrated and electrical induction is confirmed to have the speed of light.2 The wavelength (or particle interval) of a radio emitter is measured to be 2.8 meters; much larger than visible light.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electrodynamischen Wirkungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 Issue 7, p551-569. books.google.com/books?id=_D0 bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA551 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112488021/PDFSTART Eng lish translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On the Finite Velocity of Electromagnetic Actions", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p59. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&pg=59 2. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electrodynamischen Wirkungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 Issue 7, p551-569. books.google.com/books?id=_D0 bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA551 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112488021/PDFSTART Eng lish translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On the Finite Velocity of Electromagnetic Actions", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p59. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&pg=59 3. ^ H. Hertz, "On the Speed of Diffusion of Electrodynamic Actions", The Electrical review, Volume 23, p510, 536. part1: http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=fyEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA510&dq=hertz+sp eed+of+diffusion+of+electrodynamic+actio n&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_ is=1887&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1889&as_ brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false pa rt2: http://books.google.com/books?id=f yEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA510&dq=hertz+speed+of+d iffusion+of+electrodynamic+action&lr=&as _drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887& as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1889&as_brr=0&cd =1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false 4. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber die Einwirkung einer geradlinigen electrischen Schwingung auf eine benachbarte Strombahn", Annalen der Physik, Feb 1888, p155-170. books.google.com/books?id=_D0 bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA551 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112487948/PDFSTART {Hertz_188802xx.pdf} 5. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electrodynamischen Wirkungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 Issue 7, p551-569. books.google.com/books?id=_D0 bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA551 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgi-bin/fulltext/112488021/PDFSTART Eng lish translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On the Finite Velocity of Electromagnetic Actions", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_i s=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm _is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=on epage&q&f=false {02/02/1888} MORE INFO [1] "Hertz, Heinrich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 7 Apr. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9040 253> [2] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [3] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [4] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [5] http://www.ur5eaw.com/Hertz.html [6] Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp. 411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/22 8514?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuer y%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSear ch&item=10&ttl=263&returnArticleService= showArticle [7] Charles Susskind, "Observations of Electromagnetic-Wave Radiation before Hertz", Isis, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 32-42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2277 53?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&sear chUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery% 3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Searc h.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch &item=3&ttl=263&returnArticleService=sho wArticle [8] Charles Susskind, "Hertz and the Technological Significance of Electromagnetic Waves", Isis, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Autumn, 1965), pp. 342-345. http://www.jstor.org/stable/22 8108?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuer y%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSear ch&item=4&ttl=263&returnArticleService=s howArticle [9] "Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 340-350. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Apr. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830901978&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w [10] Hertz, Heinrich, 1857-1894; Jones, Daniel Evan, b. 1863; Schott, George Adolphus, 1868- tr, "Miscellaneous papers", 1896. http://www.archive.org/details/cu 31924012500306 and http://books.google.com/books?id=5W 0OAAAAIAAJ&q=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz& dq=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&hl=en&ei=W ujES-uALYn-tQPTxpj0DQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA [11] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Heinrich _Rudolf_Hertz [12] Heinrich Hertz, Daniel Evan Jones, "Electric waves: being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space.", 1893. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Elec tric+Waves+hertz&source=bl&ots=Av7VeelDo 1&sig=CmRSHstHdB9ihOKQYMZ50T69-q0&hl=en& ei=u-vES_n0J4aysgPloeDwDA&sa=X&oi=book_r esult&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBg #v=onepage&q&f=false [13] H. Hertz. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung", ("An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8, Date: 1887, Pages: 983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/journal/112487894/abstract and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi -bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Engl ish translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is =b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_ is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=one page&q&f=false Summary in English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric Discharge" http://books.google.com/book s?id=ldY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&a s_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887 &as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&c d=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false | (University of Karlsruhe) Karlsruhe, Germany4 |
[1] figure from: H. Hertz, ''Ueber die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electrodynamischen Wirkungen'', Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 Issue 7, p551-569. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488021/PDFSTAR T English translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, ''On the Finite Velocity of Electromagnetic Actions'', ''Electric Waves'', 1893, 1962, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_i s=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm _is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=on epage&q&f=false PD source: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On the Finite Velocity of Electromagnetic Actions", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962. [2] table from: H. Hertz, ''Ueber die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electrodynamischen Wirkungen'', Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 Issue 7, p551-569. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488021/PDFSTAR T English translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, ''On the Finite Velocity of Electromagnetic Actions'', ''Electric Waves'', 1893, 1962, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_i s=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm _is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=on epage&q&f=false PD source: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On the Finite Velocity of Electromagnetic Actions", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962. |
112 YBN [12/13/1888 AD] 3 | 4291) That radio can be focused and polarized is proven.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber Strahlen electrischer Kraft", Sitzungsber. d. Berlin Akad. d. Wiss., 12/13/1888 and Annalen der Physik Volume 272 (V36), Issue 4, Pages 769 - 783. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com /journal/112506747/abstract English translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Electric Radiation", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p172. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_i s=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm _is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=on epage&q&f=false 2. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber Strahlen electrischer Kraft", Sitzungsber. d. Berlin Akad. d. Wiss., 12/13/1888 and Annalen der Physik Volume 272 (V36), Issue 4, Pages 769 - 783. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com /journal/112506747/abstract English translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Electric Radiation", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p172. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_i s=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm _is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=on epage&q&f=false 3. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber Strahlen electrischer Kraft", Sitzungsber. d. Berlin Akad. d. Wiss., 12/13/1888 and Annalen der Physik Volume 272 (V36), Issue 4, Pages 769 - 783. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com /journal/112506747/abstract English translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Electric Radiation", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p172. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_i s=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm _is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=on epage&q&f=false MORE INFO [1] "Hertz, Heinrich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 7 Apr. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9040 253> [2] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [3] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [4] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-ru dolf-hertz [5] http://www.ur5eaw.com/Hertz.html [6] Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp. 411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/22 8514?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuer y%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSear ch&item=10&ttl=263&returnArticleService= showArticle [7] Charles Susskind, "Observations of Electromagnetic-Wave Radiation before Hertz", Isis, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 32-42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2277 53?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&sear chUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery% 3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Searc h.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch &item=3&ttl=263&returnArticleService=sho wArticle [8] Charles Susskind, "Hertz and the Technological Significance of Electromagnetic Waves", Isis, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Autumn, 1965), pp. 342-345. http://www.jstor.org/stable/22 8108?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuer y%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSear ch&item=4&ttl=263&returnArticleService=s howArticle [9] "Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 340-350. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Apr. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830901978&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w [10] Hertz, Heinrich, 1857-1894; Jones, Daniel Evan, b. 1863; Schott, George Adolphus, 1868- tr, "Miscellaneous papers", 1896. http://www.archive.org/details/cu 31924012500306 and http://books.google.com/books?id=5W 0OAAAAIAAJ&q=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz& dq=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&hl=en&ei=W ujES-uALYn-tQPTxpj0DQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA [11] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Heinrich _Rudolf_Hertz [12] Heinrich Hertz, Daniel Evan Jones, "Electric waves: being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space.", 1893. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Elec tric+Waves+hertz&source=bl&ots=Av7VeelDo 1&sig=CmRSHstHdB9ihOKQYMZ50T69-q0&hl=en& ei=u-vES_n0J4aysgPloeDwDA&sa=X&oi=book_r esult&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBg #v=onepage&q&f=false [13] H. Hertz. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung", ("An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8, Date: 1887, Pages: 983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/journal/112487894/abstract and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi -bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Engl ish translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=E JdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is =b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_ is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=one page&q&f=false Summary in English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric Discharge" http://books.google.com/book s?id=ldY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&a s_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887 &as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&c d=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false [14] H. Hertz, "Ueber die Einwirkung einer geradlinigen electrischen Schwingung auf eine benachbarte Strombahn", Annalen der Physik, Feb 1888, p155-170. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112487948/PDFSTAR T [15] H. Hertz, "On the Speed of Diffusion of Electrodynamic Actions", The Electrical review, Volume 23, p510, 536. part1: http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=fyEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA510&dq=hertz+sp eed+of+diffusion+of+electrodynamic+actio n&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_ is=1887&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1889&as_ brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false pa rt2: http://books.google.com/books?id=f yEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA510&dq=hertz+speed+of+d iffusion+of+electrodynamic+action&lr=&as _drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887& as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1889&as_brr=0&cd =1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false [16] H. Hertz, "Ueber die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electrodynamischen Wirkungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 Issue 7, p551-569. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488021/PDFSTAR T English translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On the Finite Velocity of Electromagnetic Actions", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_i s=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm _is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=on epage&q&f=false [17] H. Hertz, "Ueber electrodynamische Wellen im Luftraume und deren Reflexion", Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 (V. 34), Issue 8A, Pages 609 - 623. http://books.google.com/books?id=W XoEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA614#v=onepage&q&f=false and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/112488025/abstract Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Electromagnetic Waves in Air and There Relfection", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p124. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_i s=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm _is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=on epage&q&f=false [18] H. Hertz, "Die Kräfte electrischer Schwingungen, behandelt nach der Maxwell'schen Theorie", Annalen der Physik Volume 272 Issue 1, Pages 1 - 22. http://books.google.com/books?id=MD QbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=Die+Kr%C3%A4fte+ele ctrischer+Schwingungen,+behandelt+nach+d er+Maxwell%27schen+Theorie&cd=1#v=onepag e&q=Die%20Kr%C3%A4fte%20electrischer%20S chwingungen%2C%20behandelt%20nach%20der% 20Maxwell%27schen%20Theorie&f=false and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/112587570/abstract English translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "The Forces of Electric Oscillations, Treated According to Maxwell's Theory", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962, p137. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_i s=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm _is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=on epage&q&f=false [19] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p. 564-565 | (University of Karlsruhe) Karlsruhe, Germany2 |
[1] H. Hertz, ''Ueber Strahlen electrischer Kraft'', Sitzungsber. d. Berlin Akad. d. Wiss., 12/13/1888 and Annalen der Physik Volume 272 (V36), Issue 4, Pages 769 - 783. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com /journal/112506747/abstract English translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, ''On Electric Radiation'', ''Electric Waves'', 1893, 1962, p172. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_i s=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm _is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=on epage&q&f=false PD source: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Electric Radiation", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962. [2] H. Hertz, ''Ueber Strahlen electrischer Kraft'', Sitzungsber. d. Berlin Akad. d. Wiss., 12/13/1888 and Annalen der Physik Volume 272 (V36), Issue 4, Pages 769 - 783. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com /journal/112506747/abstract English translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, ''On Electric Radiation'', ''Electric Waves'', 1893, 1962, p172. http://books.google.com/books?id= EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_i s=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm _is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=on epage&q&f=false PD source: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Electric Radiation", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962. |
112 YBN [1888 AD] 5 | 3801) A pressure of 3,000 atmospheres is obtained.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p490. 2. ^ Emile Amagat, "Compressibilite des gaz: oxygene, hydrogene, azote et air jusqu'a 3000 atm", Comptes Rendus, cvii, 1888, p522. http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6 k30635.image.r=amagat+1888.f522.langFR 3. ^ Carl Barus, Robert Boyle, Émile Hilaire Amagat, "The Laws of Gases", Harper, 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= pwwWTqLaT48C&pg=PA107&dq=Emile+Hilaire+A magat&as_brr=1&ei=U7JeSfjXN4qakQSNxungDQ #PPP11,M1 4. ^ Carl Barus, Robert Boyle, Émile Hilaire Amagat, "The Laws of Gases", Harper, 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= pwwWTqLaT48C&pg=PA107&dq=Emile+Hilaire+A magat&as_brr=1&ei=U7JeSfjXN4qakQSNxungDQ #PPP11,M1 5. ^ Emile Amagat, "Compressibilite des gaz: oxygene, hydrogene, azote et air jusqu'a 3000 atm", Comptes Rendus, cvii, 1888, p522. http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6 k30635.image.r=amagat+1888.f522.langFR MORE INFO [1] "Emile Amagat." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/emile-amaga t [2] "Emile Hilaire Amagat". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Hilai re_Amagat [3] Emile H Amagat, "Verification of the van der Waals Law of Corresponding Conditions", Compt rend, 1896, 123, p30-35. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Society (Great Britain), Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain), v.72 pt.2 1897. http://books.google.com/books?id= tOY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA363&dq=Emile+Hilaire+A magat&as_brr=1&ei=U7JeSfjXN4qakQSNxungDQ #PPA363,M1 | (faculte Libre des Sciences of Lyons) Lyons, France4 |
[1] Disposition for apparatus for very high pressure PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =pwwWTqLaT48C&pg=PA107&dq=Emile+Hilaire+ Amagat&as_brr=1&ei=U7JeSfjXN4qakQSNxungD Q#PPA68,M1 [2] Figure 2: Pressure apparatus with electric contacts. fig 3: piezometer for Gases. fig 4: piezometer for Liquids. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =pwwWTqLaT48C&pg=PA107&dq=Emile+Hilaire+ Amagat&as_brr=1&ei=U7JeSfjXN4qakQSNxungD Q#PPA63,M1 |
112 YBN [1888 AD] 3 | 4025) Moving images are captured and stored onto rolls of sensitized paper.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ M. Marey, "Décomposition des phases d'un mouvement au moyen d'images photographiques successives, recueillies sur une bande de papier sensible qui se déroule;", Comptes Rendus, 1888, p677. English translation: http://www.precinemahistor y.net/1885.htm 2. ^ "Marey, Étienne-Jules", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p575 3. ^ M. Marey, "Décomposition des phases d'un mouvement au moyen d'images photographiques successives, recueillies sur une bande de papier sensible qui se déroule;", Comptes Rendus, 1888, p677. English translation: http://www.precinemahistor y.net/1885.htm MORE INFO [1] "Étienne-Jules Marey." The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002. Answers.com 18 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/tienne-jule s-marey [2] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1880.htm [3] "Étienne-Jules Marey." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/364535/Etienne-Jules-Marey> [4] "Étienne-Jules Marey." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University Press, 2005. Answers.com 18 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/tienne-jule s-marey | (College de France) Paris, France 2 (presumably) |
[1] Marey's photographic gun This item is on display at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris Copyright © 2006 David Monniaux GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7f/Fusil_de_Marey_p10403 53.jpg [2] The Illustration to the left is entitled ''Flight of the birds according to the instantaneous photographs of Mr. Marey'', From 1882 PD/Corel source: http://www.precinemahistory.net/ images/marey_fusil_card.jpg |
112 YBN [1888 AD] 4 5 | 4118) The theory that visible light can be produced from electrical oscillation.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp. 411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pd fplus/228514.pdf {Maxwell_direct_test_I SIS_1966.pdf} 2. ^ Oliver Lodge, "On the Measurement of the Length of Electro-magnetic Waves", Report of the British Association, 1888, 58:567. http://books.google.com/books?i d=N-s4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA567&dq=The+author+ha s+been+endeavouring+to+manufacture+light #v=onepage&q=The%20author%20has%20been%2 0endeavouring%20to%20manufacture%20light &f=false 3. ^ "Lodge, Oliver Joseph." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 443-444. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 13 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 4. ^ Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp. 411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pd fplus/228514.pdf {Maxwell_direct_test_I SIS_1966.pdf} {1888} 5. ^ Oliver Lodge, "On the Measurement of the Length of Electro-magnetic Waves", Report of the British Association, 1888, 58:567. http://books.google.com/books?i d=N-s4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA567&dq=The+author+ha s+been+endeavouring+to+manufacture+light #v=onepage&q=The%20author%20has%20been%2 0endeavouring%20to%20manufacture%20light &f=false MORE INFO [1] "Oliver Joseph Lodge." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 14 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/oliver-jose ph-lodge [2] "Oliver Joseph Lodge." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 14 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/oliver-jose ph-lodge [3] "Oliver Joseph Lodge." Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. The Gale Group, Inc, 2001. Answers.com 14 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/oliver-jose ph-lodge [4] "Oliver Joseph Lodge". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Jose ph_Lodge [5] "Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048 722> | (University College) Liverpool, England3 |
[1] English: Picture of Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge, the British scientist Date 1917(1917) Source Page 19 of British Universities and the War: A Record and Its Meaning Author Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher http://books.google.com/books?id =ZWcoNGuoaGQC&pg=PA20&dq=physics+oliver+ lodge&lr=&as_brr=1#PPA18-IA1,M2 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/cf/Lodge_Oliver_Joseph_b w.jpg [2] Caricature of physicist and writer Oliver Joseph Lodge, printed in ''Vanity Fair'' in 1904 Date 1904(1904) Source Cartoon by Via http://web4.si.edu/sil/scientific-iden tity/display_results.cfm?alpha_sort=N P D source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/58/Oliver_Joseph_Lodge.j pg |
112 YBN [1888 AD] 3 4 | 4210) The first consumer camera, which brings the ability to capture photos to average people.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p552-553. 2. ^ http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/hist oryOfKodak/eastmanTheMan.jhtml 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p552-553. {1888} 4. ^ http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/hist oryOfKodak/eastmanTheMan.jhtml {1888} MORE INFO [1] "George Eastman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-east man [2] "George Eastman." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-east man [3] "George Eastman." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-east man [4] "George Eastman." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University Press, 2005. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-east man [5] "George Eastman." The Reader's Companion to American History, Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors, published by. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-east man [6] "George Eastman." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 186. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 27 Jan. 2010 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20> [7] Eastman's gelatin film patent #306,594 http://www.google.com/patents? id=5KFEAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [8] "Eastman, George." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 27 Jan. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9031 830> [9] Eastman's October 5, 1884 patent. http://www.google.com/patents?i d=9edJAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4& source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q= &f=false | (Eastman Dry Plate Company) Rochester, NY, USA2 (presumably) |
[1] Eastman's patent #388,850 for a camera of 09/04/1888. PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =rAlvAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=& f=false [2] An early ad featuring a slogan coined by Eastman. PD source: http://www.kodak.com/US/images/e n/corp/kodakHistory/WeddingGiftAd.gif |
111 YBN [02/16/1889 AD] 4 | 211) Electricity is used to restart a heart beating.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ McWilliam JA (1899). "Electrical stimulation of the heart in man". Br Med J 1 (1468): 348�50. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1468.348. http://www. bmj.com/content/1/1468/348 {McWilliam_1 8890216.pdf} 2. ^ McWilliam JA (1899). "Electrical stimulation of the heart in man". Br Med J 1 (1468): 348�50. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1468.348. http://www. bmj.com/content/1/1468/348 {McWilliam_1 8890216.pdf} 3. ^ McWilliam JA (1899). "Electrical stimulation of the heart in man". Br Med J 1 (1468): 348�50. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1468.348. http://www. bmj.com/content/1/1468/348 {McWilliam_1 8890216.pdf} 4. ^ McWilliam JA (1899). "Electrical stimulation of the heart in man". Br Med J 1 (1468): 348�50. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1468.348. http://www. bmj.com/content/1/1468/348 {McWilliam_1 8890216.pdf} | (University of Aberdeen) Aberdeen, Scotland3 |
[1] Figure 2 from: McWilliam JA (1899). ''Electrical stimulation of the heart in man''. Br Med J 1 (1468): 348–50. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1468.348. http://www. bmj.com/content/1/1468/348 PD source: http://www.bmj.com/content/1/146 8/348 |
111 YBN [03/12/1889 AD] 4 | 6255) An automatic telephone exchange that allows people to connect their own phone calls is invented.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p60. 2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p60. 3. ^ U.S. Patent 447,918 Strowger switch "Automatic Telephone Exchange" March 10, 1891 http://www.google.com/patents?id=P ShCAAAAEBAJ 4. ^ U.S. Patent 447,918 Strowger switch "Automatic Telephone Exchange" March 10, 1891 http://www.google.com/patents?id=P ShCAAAAEBAJ {03/12/1889} | Kansas City, Missouri, USA3 |
[1] U.S. Patent 447,918 Strowger switch ''Automatic Telephone Exchange'' March 10, 1891 http://www.google.com/patents?id=P ShCAAAAEBAJ PD source: Figure from: http://www.google.com/patents?id=PShCA AAAEBAJ [2] U.S. Patent 447,918 Strowger switch ''Automatic Telephone Exchange'' March 10, 1891 http://www.google.com/patents?id=P ShCAAAAEBAJ PD source: Figure from: http://www.google.com/patents?id= PShCAAAAEBAJ |
111 YBN [05/02/1889 AD] 6 | 4117) The theory that matter contracts depending on its velocity relative to the speed of light2 is used to explain the Michelson experiment while preserving the theory of an aether medium for light.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p530-531. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p530-531. 3. ^ George FitzGerald, "The Ether and the Earth's Atmosphere.", Science, Vol 13, Num 328, 1889, p390. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8IQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=intitle:science +date:1889-1889#v=onepage&q=michelson&f= false 4. ^ "Fitzgerald, George Francis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 15-16. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 14 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 5. ^ George FitzGerald, "The Ether and the Earth's Atmosphere.", Science, Vol 13, Num 328, 1889, p390. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8IQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=intitle:science +date:1889-1889#v=onepage&q=michelson&f= false 6. ^ George FitzGerald, "The Ether and the Earth's Atmosphere.", Science, Vol 13, Num 328, 1889, p390. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8IQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=intitle:science +date:1889-1889#v=onepage&q=michelson&f= false {05/02/1889} MORE INFO [1] "FitzGerald, George Francis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034 429> [2] "George FitzGerald." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 14 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-fitz gerald [3] "George Francis Fitzgerald". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fran cis_Fitzgerald [4] translated in: H. A. lorentz, A. Einstein, H. Minkowski, and H. Weyl, "The Principle of Relativity", 1923 "Michelson's Interference Experiment,", pp3-7. http://books.google.com/books?id =yECokhzsJYIC&dq=The+Principle+of+Relati vity&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=t QNZxQlfjG&sig=BAnbHCYtDPVgWl4c2gYRscPMrt I&hl=en&ei=fQbZSrHrAoLusgOA-MyiDA&sa=X&o i=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB MQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=&f=false | Dublin, Ireland5 |
[1] George Francis FitzGerald (1851-1901). Date Unknown, but 1901 or earlier. Source Scanned from Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude (ISBN 0-87942-238-6), p. 48. It was scanned on an Epson Perfection 1250 at 400dpi, reduced to grayscale in Photoshop, and saved as JPG using the 'Save for Web' optimizer. Originally uploaded to en.wikipedia on 20:51, 27 July 2004 by Grendelkhan. Author Unknown. Permission (Reusing this image) The photograph is reprinted courtesy of the IEEE in London (as stated in the credits in the back of the book, p. 318), but its age implies that it's public domain. (It must have been taken in 1901 or earlier.) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fa/George_Francis_FitzGe rald.jpg |
111 YBN [06/03/1889 AD] 3 | 4834) The first commercial wireless telegraph message.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/letter s.html 2. ^ http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/letter s.html 3. ^ http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/letter s.html {06/03/1889} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p650-651 [2] "Guglielmo Marconi." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/364287/Guglielmo-Marconi> [3] "Guglielmo Marconi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/guglielmo-m arconi [4] "Marconi, Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 19 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [5] "Guglielmo Marconi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_M arconi [6] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html [7] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", proceedings of the institution of electrical engineers, v28, 1899, p273. http://books.google.com/books?id= UQAUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=proc eedings+of+the+institution+of+electrical +engineers&hl=en&ei=5yu-TOTnFIugsQOn9bzI DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum= 2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=marconi&f= false [8] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 16 (1899– 1901), 247–256 [9] G. Marconi, "Syntonic Wireless Telegraphy", Royal Society of Arts. Journal, 49 (1901), 505 [10] B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935) http://books.google.com/books?id=xiFDA AAAIAAJ&q=Marconi:+Master+of+Space&dq=Ma rconi:+Master+of+Space&hl=en&ei=GFG_TMyW PJSfnQf_yqSJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re sult&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA [11] Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., "Marconi: The Man and His Wireless" (1937) [12] W. P. Jolly, "Marconi", 1972, p78 [13] British patent No. 12,039, Date of Application 2 June 1896; Complete Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897 (later claimed by Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to patent) http://www.earlyradiohistory.us /1901fae.htm [14] U.S. Patent 0,586,193 "Transmitting electrical signals", (using Ruhmkorff coil and Morse code key) filed December 1896, patented July, 1897. http://www.google.com/patents?vid =586193 [15] U.S. Patent 0,763,772 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (Four tuned system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S. Stone) http://www.google.com/patents?id =L5tvAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [16] Marconi, U.S. Patent 0,668,315 "Receiver for electrical oscillations". http://www.google.com/pa tents?vid=668315 | (University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland2 |
[1] Scan of original plain paper manuscript from Marconi Calling, see link for more information. Also see a copy of the telegraph instructions. PD AND Marconi, Guglielmo, Marchese (1874-1937), Italian electrical engineer and Nobel laureate, known as the inventor of the first practical radio-signalling system. PD source: http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/paper s/radiotelegraphmessage.pnghttp://www.gr eatitalians.com/Images/Marconi.jpg [2] Scan of original plain paper manuscript from Marconi Calling, see link for more information. Also see a copy of the telegraph instructions. PD source: http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/paper s/radiotelegraphmessage.png |
111 YBN [06/21/1889 AD] 22 23 24 25 | 4021) The motion picture camera and projector. Moving images are captured, stored on plastic film, and projected onto a screen.17 18 19 20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id= CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fals e 2. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasi meter&f=false 3. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 4. ^ Josef Eder, "History of Photography", 1945, p515. 5. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id= CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fals e 6. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasi meter&f=false 7. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 8. ^ Josef Eder, "History of Photography", 1945, p515. 9. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id= CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fals e 10. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasi meter&f=false 11. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 12. ^ Josef Eder, "History of Photography", 1945, p515. 13. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id= CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fals e 14. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasi meter&f=false 15. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 16. ^ Josef Eder, "History of Photography", 1945, p515. 17. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id= CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fals e 18. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasi meter&f=false 19. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 20. ^ Josef Eder, "History of Photography", 1945, p515. 21. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 22. ^ "William Friese-Greene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fri ese-Greene {06/21/1889} 23. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} {06/21/1889} 24. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasi meter&f=false {1882} 25. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id= CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fals e {1889} MORE INFO [1] http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id /508948/index.html (note: seems somewhat biased against Frieses-Greene[t]) [2] Earl Theisen, "The Depicting of Motion Prior to the Advent of the Screen", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, Volumes 20-21, 1943, p249. http://www.archive.org/stream/jou rnalofsociety20socirich/journalofsociety 20socirich_djvu.txt http://books.google .com/books?id=Ct-BAAAAIAAJ&q=THE+DEPICTI NG+OF+MOTION+PRIOR+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++TH E+SCREEN&dq=THE+DEPICTING+OF+MOTION+PRIO R+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&as_brr=0 [3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm | (Piccadilly) London, England21 |
[1] The first (publicly known[t]) Films Made on Celluloid (1889-1890) PD source: Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948. [2] Description Williamfriesegreen.jpg English: William Friese-Greene photographed in c.1890 Date c1890 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2d/Williamfriesegreen.jp g |
111 YBN [06/21/1889 AD] 3 | 4024) The theory that a picture seen by the eye can be captured from phosphorescence.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Friese-Greene, "Photographs Made with the Eye", "The Photographic times", Volume 19, 1889, p108-109. http://books.google.com/books ?id=-bUaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA108 2. ^ Friese-Greene, "Photographs Made with the Eye", "The Photographic times", Volume 19, 1889, p108-109. http://books.google.com/books ?id=-bUaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA108 3. ^ "William Friese-Greene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fri ese-Greene {06/21/1889 (verify} MORE INFO [1] http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id /508948/index.html (note: seems somewhat biased against Frieses-Greene[t]) [2] Earl Theisen, "The Depicting of Motion Prior to the Advent of the Screen", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, Volumes 20-21, 1943, p249. http://www.archive.org/stream/jou rnalofsociety20socirich/journalofsociety 20socirich_djvu.txt http://books.google .com/books?id=Ct-BAAAAIAAJ&q=THE+DEPICTI NG+OF+MOTION+PRIOR+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++TH E+SCREEN&dq=THE+DEPICTING+OF+MOTION+PRIO R+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&as_brr=0 [3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm [4] "A Machine Camera Taking Ten Photographs a Second.", Scientific American supplement, vol 29, Num 746, 04/19/1890, p11921 [5] Edgar Sanderson, John Porter Lamberton, Charles Morris, "Six thousand years of history, Part 20, Volume 10 ", 1910. http://books.google.com/books?id= b6nWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fals e | (London and Provincial Photographic Association) London, England2 |
[1] Description Williamfriesegreen.jpg English: William Friese-Greene photographed in c.1890 Date c1890 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2d/Williamfriesegreen.jp g [2] William Friese-Green PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene& as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fal se |
111 YBN [11/12/1889 AD] 5 | 3966) The first "spectroscopic binary" star is identified; two stars that appear as one, but over time a spectral line appears to double because of a change in relative velocity of each star.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ E. C. Pickering, "On the spectrum of zeta Ursae Majoris", American Journal of Science, ser.3:v.39(1890). http://books.google.com/books?id=Q5MUAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA46&dq=pickering+on+the+spectr um+of+ursae+majoris+date:1890-1890&ei=eD NkSbOnAZOMkAS-yKgp 2. ^ Robert Grant Aitken, "The Binary Stars", D.C. McMurtrie, 1918, p27. {examine the diagram - both stars orbit around empty space - that is impossible, clearly the two orbit each other} http://books.google.com/books?id=0wZDA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA27&dq=pickering+1889+ ursa e+majoris&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=KC1kSfPtJI3WlQ SAyenyCw 3. ^ "A New Spectroscopic Binary",Nature, 10/01/1896, p527. http://books.google.com/books?id=AWgAB3t JTyIC&pg=PA527&dq=pickering+1889+ursae+m ajoris&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=KC1kSfPtJI3WlQSAy enyCw 4. ^ E.C. Pickering, "Statement of work done at the Harvard observatory during the years 1877-1882", 1882. http://books.google.com/books?id= T5AEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inau thor:pickering&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=f alse 5. ^ E. C. Pickering, "On the spectrum of zeta Ursae Majoris", American Journal of Science, ser.3:v.39(1890). http://books.google.com/books?id=Q5MUAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA46&dq=pickering+on+the+spectr um+of+ursae+majoris+date:1890-1890&ei=eD NkSbOnAZOMkAS-yKgp {11/12/1889} MORE INFO [1] "Pickering, Edward Charles." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Aug. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059 923> [2] "Edward Charles Pickering." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-char les-pickering [3] "Edward Charles Pickering." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 25 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-char les-pickering [4] "Edward Charles Pickering." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 25 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-char les-pickering [5] "Edward Charles Pickering." Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. The Gale Group, Inc, 2001. Answers.com 25 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-char les-pickering [6] "Edward Charles Pickering". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Char les_Pickering [7] "Edward Charles Pickering". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Edward_C harles_Pickering [8] "Edward Charles Pickering" (obituary), Science, Feb 14, 1919, p151-155. http://books.google.com/books ?id=jitZWhXV4cYC&pg=PA151-IA2&dq=at+the+ death+of+Edward+C.+Pickering&as_brr=1#v= onepage&q=at%20the%20death%20of%20Edward %20C.%20Pickering&f=false also in: Annual report - National Academy of Sciences http://books.google.com/books? id=i8IeAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA52&dq=Edward+Ch arles+Pickering&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Edw ard%20Charles%20Pickering&f=false [9] "Pickering, Edward Charles", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p704 [10] Edward Charles Pickering, "Compilation of the papers on physics", 1877. http://books.google.com/books?id= vrkAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inau thor:pickering+inauthor:edward&as_brr=1# v=onepage&q=&f=false [11] "meridian>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "meridian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 25 Aug. 2009. eridian> [12] "great circle." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 25 Aug. 2009. reat circle> [13] Pickering, Edward C., "Standard photographic magnitudes of bright stars." Cambridge, Mass. : The Observatory, 1917. http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/10 998010 [14] "Secchi, Pietro Angelo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/ article-9066512> [15] http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/alumni/ antonia-maury.html [16] "Antonia Maury". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Mau ry [17] Dorrit Hoffleit, "Remeniscences on Antonia Maury and the c-Characteristic", 1994. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.ed u/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1994ASPC... 60..215H&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper= YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf | Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA4 |
[1] Spectrum of Mizar, showing double lines above and single lines below (period 20.5) days from Frost, Yerkes Observatory. (presumably the two lines on the far left are the hydrogen lines - but why do the other lines align?[t]) PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =mg48AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA512&dq=vogel+pickerin g+spectroscopic+binary#v=onepage&q=vogel %20pickering%20spectroscopic%20binary&f= false [2] Mizar and Alcor stars The image was produced by WikiSky's image cutout tool out of DSS2 data. See Copyright notice. Source url: http://server1.wikisky.org/imgcut.jsp?su rvey=DSS2&img_id=all&angle=2&ra=13.39875 &de=54.92528&width=1800&height=1800&proj ection=tan&jpeg_quality=0.9&interpolatio n=bicubic CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/f/f4/Mizar_and_Alcor.jpg |
111 YBN [11/28/1889 AD] 9 10 11 | 3818) The first planet of another star is detected by the oscillation of a spectral line; the star Algol {aL-GoL5 }.6 Unlike spectroscopic binary stars, these spectra only show one oscillating spectral line, because the light from the companion is too dim to see.7 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, "Der Vorsitzende berichtete über die Resultate spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns Algol durch die", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1789, p1045-1046. books.google.com/books?id=_ k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1045 English translation: "The Chairman reported on the results of spectrographic observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr. Scheiner" (Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences) 2. ^ Anton Pannekoek, "A History of Astronomy", Courier Dover Publications, 1989, p434-435. http://books.google.com/books ?id=O7D9AyU-nLYC&pg=PA435&lpg=PA435&dq=a lgol+vogel&source=web&ots=8ZX6T6iHqP&sig =FBWWwbfCBLrO80GS1idBcEWVxIU#PPA434,M1 3. ^ Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, "Der Vorsitzende berichtete über die Resultate spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns Algol durch die", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1789, p1045-1046. books.google.com/books?id=_ k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1045 English translation: "The Chairman reported on the results of spectrographic observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr. Scheiner" (Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences) 4. ^ Anton Pannekoek, "A History of Astronomy", Courier Dover Publications, 1989, p434-435. http://books.google.com/books ?id=O7D9AyU-nLYC&pg=PA435&lpg=PA435&dq=a lgol+vogel&source=web&ots=8ZX6T6iHqP&sig =FBWWwbfCBLrO80GS1idBcEWVxIU#PPA434,M1 5. ^ "Algol." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 17 Jun. 2013. lgol>. 6. ^ Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, "Der Vorsitzende berichtete über die Resultate spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns Algol durch die", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1789, p1045-1046. books.google.com/books?id=_ k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1045 English translation: "The Chairman reported on the results of spectrographic observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr. Scheiner" (Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences) 7. ^ Anton Pannekoek, "A History of Astronomy", Courier Dover Publications, 1989, p434-435. http://books.google.com/books ?id=O7D9AyU-nLYC&pg=PA435&lpg=PA435&dq=a lgol+vogel&source=web&ots=8ZX6T6iHqP&sig =FBWWwbfCBLrO80GS1idBcEWVxIU#PPA434,M1 8. ^ "Vogel, Hermann Karl." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9075 639>. 9. ^ Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, "Der Vorsitzende berichtete über die Resultate spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns Algol durch die", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1789, p1045-1046. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=_k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1081&dq=intitle: Sitzungsberichte+intitle:preussischen+da te:1889-1889&lr=&ei=heBjSYaAN4H4lQTejf2E Cw#PPA1045,M1 English translation: "The Chairman reported on the results of spectrographic observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr. Scheiner" (Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences) {11/28/1889} 10. ^ Hector Macpherson, "A century's progress in astronomy", Blackwood and sons, 1906, p183. http://books.google.com/books?id= 4ftCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=cent ury%27s+progress&ei=as5jScbVK4WcMuarpf8I #PPA175,M1 {1889} 11. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p370. {1889} MORE INFO [1] "Hermann Karl Vogel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-kar l-vogel [2] "Hermann Carl Vogel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Car l_Vogel [3] "Vogel, Hermann Carl", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p910 [4] "Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der Planeten", Gekronte Preisschrift von der K. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. in Kopenhagen, Leipzig, 1874. Later 1876 paper?: Vogel, H.C. "Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der Planeten", Pogg. Ann., 158, 1876, p461-472. http://www3.interscience.wile y.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112504372/PDFSTAR T English translation: H. C. Vogel, "Recent Research on the Spectra of Planets", The Astrophysical Journal, 1895. http://books.google.com/books?id= CWUsAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA196&dq=Recent+Rese arches+on+the+Spectra+of+the+Planets+vog el&as_brr=1&ei=P7ZjSd7uM5byMu_91f8I [5] Review in 1895 "Science": http://books.google.com/book s?id=73oCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA474&dq=Spectra+of +the+planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K 4zKM7HN-KwG [6] "Vogel on the Spectra of the Planets", Harper's Magazine, 1872. http://books.google.com/books?id= OnkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA783&dq=Spectra+of+the+ planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K4zKM7 HN-KwG#PPA783,M1 [7] Edwin Frost, "Hermann Carl Vogel" (obituary), The Astrophysical Journal, v.27, Jan. 1908, p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=6J csAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=The+Astrophysical+J ournal+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=-rpjSdW8I4rONcK PzZQI [8] http://phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedali sts/vogel/ [9] "Antonia Maury." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/antonia-mau ry | (Astrophysical Observatory at Potsdam) Potsdam, Germany8 |
[1] Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, ''Der Vorsitzende berichtete über die Resultate spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns Algol durch die'', Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1789, p1045-1046. books.google.com/books?id=_ k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1045 English translation: ''The Chairman reported on the results of spectrographic observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr. Scheiner'' (Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences) PD source: books.google.com/books?id=_k8VAA AAYAAJ&pg=PA1045 [2] Description Photograph of Hermann Carl Vogel, the astronomer Source Opposite page 129 of Astronomers of Today Date 1905 Author Hector Macpherson PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/Vogel_Hermann_Carl.jp g |
111 YBN [1889 AD] 4 5 | 3549) The first practical smokeless explosive powder, cordite is invented.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sir Frederick Augustus Abel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1022/Sir-Frederick-Augustus-Abel>. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p442-443. 3. ^ "Abel, Sir Frederick Augustus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-a ugustus-abel 4. ^ "Sir Frederick Augustus Abel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1022/Sir-Frederick-Augustus-Abel>. {1889} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p442-443. {1889} MORE INFO [1] "Abel, Sir Frederick Augustus." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-a ugustus-abel [2] "Frederick Augustus Abel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_A ugustus_Abel [3] "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar [4] "James Dewar." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar [5] "James Dewar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar [6] "Sir James Dewar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Jame s_Dewar [7] George Downing Liveing, James Dewar, "Collected Papers on Spectroscopy", University Press, 1915. http://books.google.com/books?id= X75NAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jame s+Dewar&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=OipmSfW-FJD6lQTf 3aCZAQ [8] Armstrong, H. E. (1928). "Obituary of James Dewar". Journal of the Chemical Society: 1056 – 1076. doi:10.1039/JR9280001056. http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/a rticle.asp?doi=JR9280001056 [9] http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues /2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp [10] http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?c oll_id=2955&inst_id=17 | London, England3 (presumably) |
[1] Photograph of sectioned British 18 pounder field gun shrapnel round, World War I. Exhibit is on display at the Canadian War Museum, Ottowa. Catalogue information : Artifact Number 20020045-592 Museum CWM Place of Use Country - United Kingdom, Municipality - no entry Place of Origin Country - no entry, Municipality - no entry Inscription 18 PR II 48 Measurements Height 8.5 cm, Length 12.5 cm, Width 57.0 cm Events 1914-1919 First World War Service Component British Expeditionary Force Category 05: tools and equipment for science and technology Sub-category E140: armament, ammunition Caption Artillery Shell, 18-pounder Additional Information (corrected) : This cutaway of an 18-pounder shell reveals the shrapnel balls which were embedded in resin to hold them in a stable position. The fuze in the nose was time set to ignite the powder charge in the cavity in the base of the shell as it approached the target. At this point the shell was usually angling towards the ground. This small explosion propelled the balls forward out of the case and they spread apart in a cone at increased velocity forward and towards the ground. The effect was of a large shotgun blast fired from in front of and above the target. The usual target was barbed wire defences and troops. In the cartridge below the shell is a simulated bundle of cordite, the propellant charge which fired the shell. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c5/Brisanzgranate_1_db.j pg [2] Frederick Augustus Abel, engraving. Photos.com/Jupiterimages PD /Corel source: http://media-2.web.britannica.co m/eb-media/73/101973-004-F0247DE2.jpg |
110 YBN [09/04/1890 AD] 4 5 | 4301) The motion of nebulae such as those of Orion are measured and shown to be similar to those of the stars which implies that these nebulae are part of the Milky Way Galaxy.1 2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p567. 2. ^ J. E. Keeler, "On the Motions of the Planetary Nebulæ in the line of Sight.", Astronomical Society of the Pacific, V2, N2, 11/29/1890. http://articles.adsabs.harv ard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_ke y=AST&bibcode=1890PASP....2..265K&letter =.&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_pa per=YES&page=265&epage=265&send=Send+PDF &filetype=.pdf 3. ^ "Keeler, James Edward." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 270-271. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Apr. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830902267&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ J. E. Keeler, "On the Motions of the Planetary Nebulæ in the line of Sight.", Astronomical Society of the Pacific, V2, N2, 11/29/1890. http://articles.adsabs.harv ard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_ke y=AST&bibcode=1890PASP....2..265K&letter =.&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_pa per=YES&page=265&epage=265&send=Send+PDF &filetype=.pdf {09/04/1890} 5. ^ "Keeler, James Edward." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 270-271. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Apr. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830902267&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1890} MORE INFO [1] "Keeler, James." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 23 Apr. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9044 967> [2] "James Edward Keeler." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 23 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-edwar d-keeler-american-astronomer [3] "James Edward Keeler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edwar d_Keeler [4] James Keeler, “A Spectroscopic Proof of the Meteoritic Constitution of Saturn’s Rings,” in Astrophysical Journal, 1 (1895), 416–427 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs /1895ApJ.....1..416K and http://books.google.com/books?id=ExzOA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA416&dq=A+Spectroscopic+Proo f+of+the+Meteoric+Constitution+of+Saturn %27s+Rings&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0 &as_miny_is=1895&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is =1895&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=A%20Spec troscopic%20Proof%20of%20the%20Meteoric% 20Constitution%20of%20Saturn%27s%20Rings &f=false | (Lick Observatory) Mount Hamilton, CA, USA3 |
[1] This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons Description Keeler James.jpg American astronomer James Keeler Date 1903(1903) Source Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences Author Charles S. Hastings PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/18/Keeler_James.jpg |
109 YBN [03/26/1891 AD] 4 5 6 | 3522) The suggestion that the minimum electric charge should be called an "electron".1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p438. 2. ^ George Johnstone Stoney, "On the Cause of Double Lines and of Equidistant Satellites in the Spectra of Gases", Trans. Royal Dublin Society (1891), series 2, v4, p583. {Stoney_George_1891_cause_of_spectra.p df} 3. ^ "Stoney, George Johnstone", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p841. 4. ^ George Johnstone Stoney, "On the Cause of Double Lines and of Equidistant Satellites in the Spectra of Gases", Trans. Royal Dublin Society (1891), series 2, v4, p583. {Stoney_George_1891_cause_of_spectra.p df} {03/26/1891} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p438. {1891} 6. ^ "Stoney, George Johnstone", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p841. {1891} MORE INFO [1] "George Johnstone Stoney". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_John stone_Stoney [2] "Electron". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electron [3] G. Johnstone Stoney, "Of the 'Electron', or Atom of Electricity", PT, v38, 1894, p418-420. http://books.google.com/books ?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq= editions:0GyjU2FgHeVMhRr9iumi5pf&lr=&as_ brr=1#PPA418,M1 and http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Ch em-History/Stoney-1894.html | (Queen's University) Dublin, Ireland3 |
[1] George Johnstone Stoney PD/Corel source: http://understandingscience.ucc. ie/img/sc_George_Johnstone_Stoney.jpg [2] Photo courtesy the Royal Dublin Society George Johnston Stoney 1826-1911 PD/Corel source: http://www.iscan.ie/directory/sc ience/dundrum/images/previews/preview27. jpg |
109 YBN [12/10/1891 AD] 4 5 | 3822) Liquid oxygen and liquid ozone are shown to be attracted to both poles of a magnet.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. 2. ^ James Dewar, Letter to President, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 50, 1892, p247,261. http://books.google.com/books ?id=P6gOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA247 3. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 182>. 4. ^ James Dewar, Letter to President, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 50, 1892, p247,261. http://books.google.com/books ?id=P6gOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA247 {12/10/1891} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. {1891} MORE INFO [1] "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar [2] "James Dewar." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar [3] "James Dewar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar [4] George Downing Liveing, James Dewar, "Collected Papers on Spectroscopy", University Press, 1915. http://books.google.com/books?id= X75NAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jame s+Dewar&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=OipmSfW-FJD6lQTf 3aCZAQ [5] http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues /2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp [6] http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?c oll_id=2955&inst_id=17 [7] Armstrong, H. E. (1928). "Obituary of James Dewar". Journal of the Chemical Society: 1056 – 1076. doi:10.1039/JR9280001056. http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/a rticle.asp?doi=JR9280001056 [8] J. Norman Lockyer, "Note on a Recent Communication by Messrs. Liveing and Dewar", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 29, (1879), pp. 45-47. http://www.jstor.org/stable/113733?seq=1 [9] G. D. Liveing, J. Dewar, "Investigations on the Spectrum of Magnesium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 44, 1888, p.241-252. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ pdfplus/114722.pdf [10] J. Norman Lockyer, "Researches on the Spectra of Meteorites. A Report to the Solar Physics Committee", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 43, 1887, p.117. http://journals.royalsociety.org /content/0h52655555557735/ [11] http://journals.royalsociety.org/content /?k=dewar&Author=James+Dewar&sortorder=a sc&o=1 [12] http://journals.royalsociety.org/content /?k=dewar&Author=J.+Dewar&sortorder=asc& o=1 [13] "Sir James Dewar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Jame s_Dewar | (Royal Institution) London, England3 (presumably) |
[1] Picture taken from page 230 of T. O’Connor Sloane's Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases, second edition, published by Norman W. Henley and Co., New York, 1900. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/8/89/Dewar_James.jpg [2] English: Picture of Sir James Dewar, the scientist Source Page 98 of History of Chemistry (book) Date 1910 Author Thomas Thorpe PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2c/Dewar_James_flask.jpg |
109 YBN [1891 AD] 5 6 | 4417) A camera and motor driven telescope which compensates for the motion of the Earth relative to distant celestial objects is used for long exposure photographs.1 2 500 asteroids will be identified with this method, a third of all known to exist.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p594-595. 2. ^ "Wolf, Max." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 4 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9077 333>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p594-595. 4. ^ "Wolf, Max." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 4 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9077 333>. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p594-595. {1891} 6. ^ "Wolf, Max." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 4 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9077 333>. {1891} MORE INFO [1] "Wolf, Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 481-482. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 4 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904711&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] "Max Wolf". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wolf | (University of Heidelberg) Heidelberg, Germany4 |
[1] Description Max Wolf.jpg Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (June 21, 1863–October 3, 1932), German astronomer Date Source Archiv fur Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin http://www.britannica.com/eb/art icle-9077333/Max-Wolf PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e0/Max_Wolf.jpg |
108 YBN [1892 AD] 4 | 3700) The "germ plasm" theory of heredity; that all inherited traits come only from the chromosomes.1 2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p463-464. 2. ^ Weismann, A. Das Keimplasma: Eine Theorie Der Vererbung. Fischer, 1892. http://books.google.com/books?id= f5U-AAAAYAAJ 3. ^ "Weismann, August Friedrich Leopold", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p928. 4. ^ Weismann, A. Das Keimplasma: Eine Theorie Der Vererbung. Fischer, 1892. http://books.google.com/books?id= f5U-AAAAYAAJ MORE INFO [1] "Weismann, August (Friedrich Leopold)." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9076 462> [2] "August Weismann." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/august-weis mann [3] "August Friedrich Leopold Weismann". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Frie drich_Leopold_Weismann [4] Das%20Keimplasma.%20Eine%20Theorie%20der %20Vererbung [5] http://www.textbookleague.org/54marck.ht m | (University of Freiburg) Freiburg, Germany3 |
[1] Weismann, August Friedrich Leopold The Bettmann Archive PD/Corel source: http://media-2.web.britannica.co m/eb-media/23/39723-004-C1872D1B.jpg [2] Source: Edwin G. Conklin, ''August Weismann'' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 54, No. 220. (Oct. - Dec., 1915), pp. iii-xii. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/15/August_Weismann.jpg |
108 YBN [1892 AD] 3 4 5 6 7 8 | 3823) The double-wall vacuum container.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. 2. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 182>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. {1892} 4. ^ "Sir James Dewar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Jame s_Dewar {1892} 5. ^ "Dewar, James", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p248. {1892} 6. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 182>. {1892} 7. ^ "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar {1872} 8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p365. {1885} MORE INFO [1] "James Dewar." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar [2] "James Dewar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar [3] George Downing Liveing, James Dewar, "Collected Papers on Spectroscopy", University Press, 1915. http://books.google.com/books?id= X75NAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jame s+Dewar&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=OipmSfW-FJD6lQTf 3aCZAQ [4] Armstrong, H. E. (1928). "Obituary of James Dewar". Journal of the Chemical Society: 1056 – 1076. doi:10.1039/JR9280001056. http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/a rticle.asp?doi=JR9280001056 [5] http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues /2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp [6] http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?c oll_id=2955&inst_id=17 [7] Videos of magnetism of liquid oxygen: http://video.google.com/videose arch?hl=en&q=magnetism%20liquid%20oxygen &um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wv# | (Royal Institution) London, England2 (presumably) |
[1] Picture taken from page 230 of T. O’Connor Sloane's Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases, second edition, published by Norman W. Henley and Co., New York, 1900. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/8/89/Dewar_James.jpg [2] English: Picture of Sir James Dewar, the scientist Source Page 98 of History of Chemistry (book) Date 1910 Author Thomas Thorpe PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2c/Dewar_James_flask.jpg |
108 YBN [1892 AD] 5 6 | 4326) The diesel engine: instead of a spark, the heat from compressing the fuel-air mixture raises the temperature of the mixture to the point where ignition happens.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p571. 2. ^ U.S. Patent 0,542,846 http://www.google.com/patents /about?id=oV5wAAAAEBAJ&dq=542846 3. ^ U.S. Patent 0,608,845 http://www.google.com/patents /about?id=vQVgAAAAEBAJ&dq=608845 4. ^ "Diesel, Rudolf." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 12 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 393>. 5. ^ "Diesel, Rudolf." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 12 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 393>. {1892} 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p571. {1897} MORE INFO [1] "Rudolf Diesel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/rudolf-dies el [2] "Rudolf Diesel." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 7. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX3404701782&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Rudolf Diesel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dies el | (Carle von Linde firm) Berlin, Germany4 |
[1] figure from U.S. Patent 0,542,846 PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =oV5wAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [2] This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons Description Diesel 1883.jpg English: Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine Deutsch: Rudolf Diesel, Erfinder des Dieselmotors PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/90/Diesel_1883.jpg |
107 YBN [1893 AD] 4 | 6610) The death rate from cholera is reduced by 70 per cent among 45 thousand people inoculated by a highly virulent strain of heat-killed cholera.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Haffkine, Waldemar Mordecai Wolfe." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 11-13. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901810&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p582. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p582. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p582. MORE INFO [1] "Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Mo rdecai_Wolff_Haffkine | India3 |
[1] Waldemar Haffkine (1860-1930) UNKNOWN source: http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/ar chives/im/haf.jpg |
106 YBN [09/??/1894 AD] 5 | 6617) A Cepheid variable star (a variable star with a short and regular period of luminosity1 ) is found to have a period of radial velocity that matches its period of luminosity. This suggests that a dark companion causes the variation of Cepheid stars.2 3 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Pickering, Edward C. "Dimensions of the Fixed Stars, with Especial Reference to Binaries and Variables of the Algol Type." Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 16. American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1880, p1-37; p17-18. http://books.google.com/books?i d=Cf8KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17 2. ^ Albrecht, Sebastian. "A spectrographic study of the fourth-class variable stars Y Ophuichi and T Vulpeculae." The Astrophysical Journal 25 (1907): 330-348. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full /1907ApJ....25..330A 3. ^ Adams, Walter S., and Harlow Shapley. "The Spectrum of δ Cephei." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2.3 (1916): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ticles/PMC1090965/ 4. ^ Belopolsky, A. "The spectrum of delta Cephei." The Astrophysical Journal 1 (1895): 160-161. http://articles.adsabs.harvard .edu//full/1895ApJ.....1..160B/0000160.0 00.html 5. ^ Belopolsky, A. "The spectrum of delta Cephei." The Astrophysical Journal 1 (1895): 160-161. http://articles.adsabs.harvard .edu//full/1895ApJ.....1..160B/0000160.0 00.html MORE INFO [1] Campbell, W. W. "The motion of zeta Geminorum in the line of sight." The Astrophysical Journal 13 (1901): 90-97. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1901ApJ....13...90C/0000096.000 .html [2] "Cepheid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Apr. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cepheid | Pulkowa4 |
[1] Belopolsky, A. ''The spectrum of delta Cephei.'' The Astrophysical Journal 1 (1895): 160-161. http://articles.adsabs.harvard .edu//full/1895ApJ.....1..160B/0000160.0 00.html PD source: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1895ApJ.....1..160B/0000160.000 .html [2] Albrecht, Sebastian. ''A spectrographic study of the fourth-class variable stars Y Ophuichi and T Vulpeculae.'' The Astrophysical Journal 25 (1907): 330-348. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full /1907ApJ....25..330A PD source: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 907ApJ....25..330A |
106 YBN [10/??/1894 AD] 6 | 4258) The speed of cathode rays is shown to be about a thousand times slower than the speed of light.3 4 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays". Philosophical Magazine, S5, V38, N233, Oct 1894, 358. http://books.google.com/books?id=T VQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity+ of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onep age&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20c athode-rays&f=false 2. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id= TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=one page&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false 3. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays". Philosophical Magazine, S5, V38, N233, Oct 1894, 358. http://books.google.com/books?id=T VQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity+ of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onep age&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20c athode-rays&f=false 4. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id= TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=one page&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false 5. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false 6. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays". Philosophical Magazine, S5, V38, N233, Oct 1894, 358. http://books.google.com/books?id=T VQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity+ of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onep age&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20c athode-rays&f=false {10/1894} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_ John_Thomson [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html [3] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072 205> [4] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph- john-thomson-1 [5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p357 [6] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 | (Trinity College) Cambridge, England5 |
[1] Figure From On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas.'' By J. J. THOMSON, M.A., F.R.S., Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics, Cambridge. Received January 2, 1891. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA84&dq=%22the+velocity +of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge +through+gases+thomson&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=o nepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propag ation%22%20of%20electric%20discharge%20t hrough%20gases%20thomson&f=false [2] English: J. J. Thomson published in 1896. Deutsch: Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940). Ein ursprünglich 1896 veröffentlichter Stahlstich. [edit] Source From Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude (ISBN 0-87942-238-6), p. 120. This is a reproduction of a steel engraving originally published in The Electrician, 1896. It was scanned on an Epson Perfection 1250 at 400dpi, cleaned up (some text was showing through the back) in Photoshop, reduced to grayscale, and saved as JPG using the 'Save for Web' optimizer.. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5e/JJ_Thomson.jpg |
106 YBN [1894 AD] 4 | 2657) The start of multiplexing: using a single wire to transmit multiple messages by only sending one character at a time while alternating between a group of messages.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 3803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot 2. ^ Crotch, A. The Hughes and Baudot Telegraphs. Rentell, 1908, p78. http://books.google.com/books?id=n 9pAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 3. ^ "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 04/telegraph 4. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901 3803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot MORE INFO [1] http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/colle ction/tech.php?id=2345885&lid=1 [2] "Julius Wilhelm Gintl". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wilh elm_Gintl [3] "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764 04/telegraph (1871) | France3 |
[1] Crotch, A. The Hughes and Baudot Telegraphs. Rentell, 1908, p78. http://books.google.com/books?id=n 9pAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =n9pAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 [2] Crotch, A. The Hughes and Baudot Telegraphs. Rentell, 1908, p81. http://books.google.com/books?id=n 9pAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA81 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =n9pAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA81 |
105 YBN [01/31/1895 AD] 7 | 3842) The element Argon and the series of inert gases is identified.3 Argon is isolated from air and identified from its unique spectrum. Since Argon combines with no element, Argon is recognized to be part of an eighth group of elements that have a valence of zero.4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895, p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64 e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8 JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf} 2. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895, p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64 e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8 JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf} 3. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895, p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64 e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8 JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf} 4. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895, p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64 e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8 JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p201,537-538. 6. ^ "Strutt, John William, Third Baron Rayleigh", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p844. 7. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895, p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64 e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8 JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf} {01/31/1895} MORE INFO [1] "Baron Rayleigh." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/baron-rayle igh [2] "Baron Rayleigh." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/baron-rayle igh [3] "John Rayleigh". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Raylei gh [4] "Rayleigh scattering." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062 822> [5] "John William Strutt, 3rd baron Rayleigh". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Wil liam_Strutt,_3rd_baron_Rayleigh [6] John Tyndall, "On Chemical Rays, and the Light of the Sky.", Philosophical Magazine, 1869, p429-450. http://books.google.com/books ?id=PiHR6flNP-sC&pg=PA429 [7] J. W. Strutt, "On the Reflection of Light from Transparent Matter.", Phil. Mag., S. 4, Vol. 42, Num 278, Aug 1871, p.81-97 [8] J. W. Strutt, "On the Light from the Sky, its Polarization and Colour.", Phil. Mag., S. 4, Vol. 41, Feb 1871, p.107-120,274-279 [9] "Rayleigh scattering". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_sc attering [10] By John William Strutt, Baron Rayleigh, "Scientific papers (1869-1919)", University Press, 1899. vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=KWM SAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edition s:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8T8X_O vol 2: http://books.google.com/books?id=Y2M SAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edition s:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8T8X_O vol 3: http://books.google.com/books?id=gWM SAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edition s:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8T8X_O vol 4: http://books.google.com/books?id=S-s PAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=strutt+ +scientific+papers&ei=r3F2Sa_lIYrUkwSUjJ DKBg vol 5 & 6: http://books.google.com/books?id=Tht WAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8 T8X_O&lr=&pgis=1 [11] R. J. Strutt, "On the Tendency of the Atomic Weights to approximate to Whole Numbers.", Philosophical Magazine, S. 6, V. 1, March 1901, p311-314. http://books.google.com/books ?id=CJAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&dq=strutt+atom ic+weight&ei=Wl53ScT8JIGklQS0xMHmBA#PPA3 11,M1 [12] "Baron Rayleigh." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/baron-rayle igh [13] Lord Rayleigh, "On the Relative Densities of Hydrogen and Oxygen", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1888, p356-363. http://books.google.com/books ?id=gKQOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq= intitle:royal++date:1888-1888&as_brr=1&e i=PmR3Sd7HKYnikATOldjRBg#PPA356,M1 [14] (original footnote:) "The Relative Values of the Atomic Weights of Hydrogen and Oxygen," by J. P. Cooke and T. W. Richards, 'Amer. Acad. Proc.,' vol 23, 1887 [15] (original footnote:) Address to Section A, British Association 'Report,' 1882 [16] (original footnote:) "On the Composition of Water by Volume," by A. Scott, 'Roy. Soc. Proc.,' June 16, 1887 (vol. 42, p. 396) [17] Lord Rayleigh, "On an Anomaly encountered in Determination of the Density of Nitrogen Gas.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1894, p340-344. http://books.google.com/books ?id=t6gOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq= intitle:proceedings+date:1894-1894&as_br r=1&ei=n4B3SYiGFonikATOldjRBg#PPA340,M1 [18] Lord Rayleigh, "On the Densities of the Principle Gases.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1893, p134-151. http://books.google.com/books ?id=qwYWAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq= intitle:proceedings+intitle:london+date: 1893-1893&as_brr=1&ei=KYN3Se-sN5bskgTq7b XHBg#PPA134,M1 | (Own Laboratory) Terling, England6 |
[1] Figure 1 from Rayleigh 1893 PD source: self-made Author: Atanamir PD [2] William Ramsay (CE 1852-1916) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0b/Ar-TableImage.svg |
105 YBN [03/26/1895 AD] 10 11 12 | 4141) The element (and inert gas) helium is found on Earth,3 4 when liberated from Uraninite dissolved in sulfuric acid5 and identified by spectrum.6 7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ramsay, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062 617>. 2. ^ William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp. 65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id =EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Ca use+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A 6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false 3. ^ "Ramsay, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062 617>. 4. ^ William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp. 65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id =EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Ca use+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A 6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false 5. ^ http://www.mindat.org/min-29957.html Mindat 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p537-538. 8. ^ "Ramsay, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062 617>. 9. ^ William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp. 65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id =EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Ca use+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A 6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false 10. ^ William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp. 65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id =EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Ca use+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A 6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false {03/26/1895} 11. ^ "Ramsay, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062 617>. {1895} 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p537-538. {1895} MORE INFO [1] "William Ramsay." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [2] "William Ramsay." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [3] "William Ramsay." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [4] "Ramsay, William." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 277-284. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20> [5] "William Ramsay". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ram say [6] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1904/ramsay-bio.html | (University College) London, England8 9 |
[1] Figure 1 from Rayleigh 1893 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/William_Ramsay_workin g.jpg [2] William Ramsay PD source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay.jpg |
105 YBN [11/05/1895 AD] 17 18 | 3936) X-rays are discovered.9 10 Radiation from a cathode ray tube is found to pass through very thick paper and even thin layers of metal, to cause luminescence in a paper covered with barium platinocyanide. These rays cannot be bent by even a strong magnetic field like cathode rays, but yet apparently do not refract, polarize or interfere like visible light does.11 The rays are also found to be absorbed by air less than cathode rays are. These rays are called "X-rays"12 and the first X-ray photographs are captured; of the interiors of metal objects and of the bones in a human hand.13 X rays are extremely14 useful as a new tool in health sciences to see and penetrate into bodies.15 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895. also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3% 9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1, pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/journal/112488309/abstract English translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23, 1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id= nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274 OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal /v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf OR Science, 02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/book s?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx4 2ADg#PPA227,M1 OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roent gen.html 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 3. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895. also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3% 9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1, pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/journal/112488309/abstract English translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23, 1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id= nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274 OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal /v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf OR Science, 02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/book s?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx4 2ADg#PPA227,M1 OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roent gen.html 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 5. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895. also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3% 9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1, pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/journal/112488309/abstract English translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23, 1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id= nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274 OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal /v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf OR Science, 02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/book s?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx4 2ADg#PPA227,M1 OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roent gen.html 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 7. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895. also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3% 9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1, pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/journal/112488309/abstract English translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23, 1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id= nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274 OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal /v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf OR Science, 02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/book s?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx4 2ADg#PPA227,M1 OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roent gen.html 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 9. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895. also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3% 9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1, pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/journal/112488309/abstract English translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23, 1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id= nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274 OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal /v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf OR Science, 02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/book s?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx4 2ADg#PPA227,M1 OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roent gen.html 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 11. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895. also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3% 9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1, pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/journal/112488309/abstract English translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23, 1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id= nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274 OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal /v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf OR Science, 02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/book s?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx4 2ADg#PPA227,M1 OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roent gen.html 12. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895. also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3% 9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1, pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/journal/112488309/abstract English translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23, 1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id= nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274 OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal /v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf OR Science, 02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/book s?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx4 2ADg#PPA227,M1 OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roent gen.html 13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 14. ^ Ted Huntington. 15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 16. ^ "Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083 885>. 17. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. {11/05/1895} 18. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html {11/05/1895} MORE INFO [1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con rad-r-ntgen [2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con rad-r-ntgen [3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con rad-r-ntgen [4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kon rad_R%C3%B6ntgen [5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_ rays [6] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p751-752 [7] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen Felde befindlichen Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann. Phys. Chem. 35, 264-270 (1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART [8] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages: 93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART [9] Edmund Taylor Whittaker, "History of the theories of aether and electricity: from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century", Longmans, Green, 1910, p426. http://books.google.com/books?id= vTHJah8btZIC&pg=PA426&dq=R%C3%B6ntgen+18 88+maxwell+dielectric&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=1t PDSenwHKS6kgSD7-3-DQ#PPA426,M1 [10] http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/ 200708/history.cfm [11] R. W. Wood, "The n-Rays.", Nature, n1822, v70, 09/29/1904, p530-531. http://books.google.com/books ?id=Qn0CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq= intitle:nature+date:1904-1904&ei=wADJSd7 UN4TIlQScj-3_DQ#PPA530,M1 [12] Rene Blondlot, tr:Julien Francois William Garcin, "'N' rays", Longmans, Green, and co., 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id= Jpg3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=N+ra ys+a+collection+of+papers&ei=DsTISdm3N4T ckASbmYHLAw [13] www.rexresearch.com/blondlot/nrays.htm | (University of Würzburg) Würzburg, Germany16 |
[1] English: Photo of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Cleaned up version of http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?i mgurl=6b3da250c6b5560f Source unknown source Date 1900 PD AND Anna Berthe Roentgen.gif Print of Wilhelm Röntgen's (1845-1923) first x-ray, the hand of his wife Anna taken on 1895-12-22, presented to Professor Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik Institut, University of Freiburg, on 1 January 1896. Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:An na_Berthe_Roentgen.gif Date 22 December 1895 (1895-12-22) Author Wilhelm Röntgen PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/71/Roentgen2.jpghttp://u pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/ 6e/Anna_Berthe_Roentgen.gif [2] English: Photo of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Cleaned up version of http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?i mgurl=6b3da250c6b5560f Source unknown source Date 1900 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg |
105 YBN [1895 AD] 4 5 | 4717) Cathode rays aimed at an isolated metal cylinder give the cylinder a negative charge, and when the current is reversed positive rays give the cylinder a positive charge.1 2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ J. Perrin, "Nouvelles proprietes des rayons cathodiques.",Comptes Rendus, V121, 1895, p1130. books.google.com/books?id=NqwxAQ AAMAAJ&pg=PA1130 AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k3077p.image.f1130.langEN {Perrin_Jea n_1895.pdf} Summarized English translation: "New Properties of the kathode Rays.", Minutes of proceedings, Volume 124 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), p552. http://books.google.com/books?id= BS_yAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552&dq=comptes+Perrin& hl=en&ei=aO5ZTK-uJo6-sQPM-OGCCA&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ 6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=comptes%20Perrin&f=fa lse 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p631-632. 3. ^ "Perrin, Jean Baptiste." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 524-526. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 4 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903358&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p631-632. {1895} 5. ^ "Perrin, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 4 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059 322>. {1895} MORE INFO [1] "Jean Baptiste Perrin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-baptis te-perrin [2] "Jean Baptiste Perrin." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-baptis te-perrin [3] "Jean Baptiste Perrin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptis te_Perrin [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1926/perrin-bio.html [5] Herbert Newby McCoy, Ethel Mary Terry, "Introduction to general chemistry", 1920. http://books.google.com/books?id= qA1DAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage#v=onepag e&q=perrin&f=false | (École Normale) Paris, France3 |
[1] Figure from J. Perrin, ''Nouvelles proprietes des rayons cathodiques.'',Comptes Rendus, V121, 1895, p1130. PD source: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148 /bpt6k3077p.image.f1130.langEN [2] Jean Baptiste Perrin UNKNOWN source: http://www.scientific-web.com/en /Physics/Biographies/images/Jean_Baptist e_Perrin.jpg |
105 YBN [1895 AD] 4 | 4826) A radio signal is sent and received over 2 km (or 1 mile).1 2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "Marconi, Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 19 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ "Guglielmo Marconi." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/364287/Guglielmo-Marconi>. 3. ^ "Guglielmo Marconi." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/364287/Guglielmo-Marconi>. 4. ^ "Marconi, Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 19 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1895} MORE INFO [1] "Guglielmo Marconi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/guglielmo-m arconi [2] "Guglielmo Marconi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_M arconi [3] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html [4] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 16 (1899– 1901), 247–256 [5] G. Marconi, "Syntonic Wireless Telegraphy", Royal Society of Arts. Journal, 49 (1901), 505 [6] B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935) http://books.google.com/books?id=xiFDA AAAIAAJ&q=Marconi:+Master+of+Space&dq=Ma rconi:+Master+of+Space&hl=en&ei=GFG_TMyW PJSfnQf_yqSJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re sult&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA [7] Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., "Marconi: The Man and His Wireless" (1937) [8] W. P. Jolly, "Marconi", 1972 | (father’s estate) Bologna, Italy3 |
[1] Marconi, Guglielmo, Marchese (1874-1937), Italian electrical engineer and Nobel laureate, known as the inventor of the first practical radio-signalling system. PD source: http://www.greatitalians.com/Ima ges/Marconi.jpg [2] Guglielmo Marconi.jpg Guglielmo Marconi, portrait, head and shoulders, facing left. Date Copyright 1908 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg |
104 YBN [02/22/1896 AD] 3 | 3940) X-rays are detected in sunlight.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Charles Dolley, "Rontgen Rays Present in Sunlight", Science, p357-358. http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA357 2. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=ERoCAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA596&lpg=PA596&dq=seneca+Egber t+rontgen+rays+photographs&source=bl&ots =UHuJje1bBR&sig=AhsihHq3R-zWgnvBxHKLsWcv Wio&hl=en&ei=ptnESfXtL4H0sAPXxsDYBg&sa=X &oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result 3. ^ Charles Dolley, "Rontgen Rays Present in Sunlight", Science, p357-358. http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA357 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA2 (presumably) |
[1] Charles Dolley, ''Rontgen Rays Present in Sunlight'', Science, p357-358. http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA357 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA357 |
104 YBN [03/02/1896 AD] 7 | 4151) Radioactivity is discovered: invisible rays are detected from a uranium salt.2 The fluorescent chemical, potassium uranyl {YR-i-nL3 } sulfate, is found to emit x-rays (which appear on a photographic plate wrapped in black paper placed underneath it) even without being made fluorescent by sunlight.4 This emission of X-rays from potassium uranyl sulfate without any external source, implies that atoms are composed of smaller particles.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps phosphorescents", Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p. 501. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k30780.image.f503 translated: "On the invisible rays emitted by phosphorescent bodies" http://books.google.com/books?i d=TwoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&dq=On+the+invisi ble+rays+emitted+by+phosphorescent+bodie s.&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20invis ible%20rays%20emitted%20by%20phosphoresc ent%20bodies.&f=false (this appears to be not as accurate as the one below) and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giu nta/becquerel.html 2. ^ H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps phosphorescents", Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p. 501. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k30780.image.f503 translated: "On the invisible rays emitted by phosphorescent bodies" http://books.google.com/books?i d=TwoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&dq=On+the+invisi ble+rays+emitted+by+phosphorescent+bodie s.&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20invis ible%20rays%20emitted%20by%20phosphoresc ent%20bodies.&f=false (this appears to be not as accurate as the one below) and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giu nta/becquerel.html 3. ^ "uranyl." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/uranyl 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p539-540. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p539-540. 6. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 7. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. {02/24/1896} {03/02/1896} MORE INFO [1] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [2] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [3] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Hen ri_Becquerel [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html | (École Polytechnique) Paris, France6 |
[1] Photographic plate made by Henri Becquerel showing effects of exposure to radioactivity. Image of Becquerel's photographic plate which has been fogged by exposure to radiation from a uranium salt. The shadow of a metal Maltese Cross placed between the plate and the uranium salt is clearly visible. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Becqu erel_plate.jpg PD AND Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1e/Becquerel_plate.jpght tp://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/wwwqui/figuras/q uimicos/img/becquerel.jpg [2] Photographic plate made by Henri Becquerel showing effects of exposure to radioactivity. Image of Becquerel's photographic plate which has been fogged by exposure to radiation from a uranium salt. The shadow of a metal Maltese Cross placed between the plate and the uranium salt is clearly visible. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Becqu erel_plate.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1e/Becquerel_plate.jpg |
104 YBN [03/18/1896 AD] 4 | 4276) The theory that x-rays are made of material particles.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Nikola Tesla, "On Roentgen Rays - Latest Results", Electrical Review — March 18, 1896. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_ Roentgen_Rays_(2)_-_Latest_Results 2. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071 814>. 3. ^ Nikola Tesla, "On Roentgen Rays - Latest Results", Electrical Review — March 18, 1896. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_ Roentgen_Rays_(2)_-_Latest_Results 4. ^ Nikola Tesla, "On Roentgen Rays - Latest Results", Electrical Review — March 18, 1896. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_ Roentgen_Rays_(2)_-_Latest_Results {03/18/1896} MORE INFO [1] "Nikola Tesla." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesl a [2] "Nikola Tesla." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesl a [3] "Nikola Tesla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesl a [4] "commutator." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 23 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/commutator [5] list of Tesla's patents: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/m ore/317ntcp.htm [6] Tesla Patent 334,823 Commutator For Dynamo-Electric machines http://www.google.com/patents? id=Tm1BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [7] Tesla Patent 336,961 REGULATOR FOR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES http://www.google.com/patents? id=jk5EAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [8] Tesla patent 391,968 10/12/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id= z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false [9] Tesla patent 11/30/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id= 0JFhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false [10] http://www.teslauniverse.com/timeline-18 61?PHPSESSID=3ejd9q8tm4gpsn4np06imifoe5; #goto-1883 [11] "magnetic flux density." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-fi eld-density [12] "magnetic flux." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-fl ux [13] Tesla Patent 381968 10/12/1887 http://www.google.com/patent s?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom =4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage &q=&f=false [14] Tesla patent 382280 10/12/1887 Electrical Transmission of Power http://www.google.com/patents?id= 1ipiAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false [15] Tesla Patent 454622 files 04/25/1891 System of Electric Lighting http://www.google.com/patents? id=wmBOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [16] Tesla coil music http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s ne_uI2Yq4 [17] "Tesla coil". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil [18] "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934, p. 18, c. 1 http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Art icles/jul_11_1934a.htm [19] New York Times, 11 July 1935, p 23, c.8 http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/A rticles/jul_11_1935b.htm [20] http://www.pbs.org/tesla/index.html [21] "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w [22] Tesla patent #645576 http://www.google.com/patents?i d=8DFBAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4& source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q= &f=false | (Private Lab) New York City, NY, USA2 3 (presumably) |
[1] Image from Tesla's 1897 patent #65576 System of Transmission of Electric Energy PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =8DFBAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=& f=false [2] Description Tesla young.jpg English: The image of en:Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) at age 23. Date image dated: circa 1878 original upload date: 2005-12-02 transfer date: 17:03, 29 July 2008 (UTC) Source Original downloaded from http://www.tesla-symp06.org/nikola_tesla .htm Author Original uploader was Antidote at en.wikipedia Transferred from en.wikipedia by User:emerson7. Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/60/Tesla_young.jpg |
104 YBN [03/25/1896 AD] 3 | 4152) The radiation emitted from uranium salts is found to be deeply penetrating and to discharge a charged electroscope.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les sels d’uranium," ibid., Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p. 689-694. books.google.com/books?id=QQPj SZQQFQ4C&pg=PA689 AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k30780.image.f691 summarized: "On the invisible rays emitted by the salts of Uranium.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 125. http://books.google.com/books?id=D 3IMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=on+invisible+rad iations+emitted+by+uranium+salts+becquer el&lr=#v=onepage&q=on%20invisible%20radi ations%20emitted%20by%20uranium%20salts% 20becquerel&f=false 2. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 3. ^ H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les sels d’uranium," ibid., Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p. 689-694. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/121 48/bpt6k30780.image.f691 summarized: "On the invisible rays emitted by the salts of Uranium.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 125. http://books.google.com/books?id=D 3IMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=on+invisible+rad iations+emitted+by+uranium+salts+becquer el&lr=#v=onepage&q=on%20invisible%20radi ations%20emitted%20by%20uranium%20salts% 20becquerel&f=false {03/25/1896} MORE INFO [1] "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014 051> [2] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [3] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [4] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Hen ri_Becquerel [5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html [6] Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence". Comptes Rendus 122: 420–421. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30 780/f422.chemindefer. translated by Carmen Giunta: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/ becquerel.html and http://books.google.com/books?id=gJMZA QAAIAAJ&pg=PA339&dq=%22On+the+rays+emitt ed+by+phosphorescence%22& (this appears to be not as accurate as the one above) [7] H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps phosphorescents", Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p. 501. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k30780.image.f503 translated: "On the invisible rays emitted by phosphorescent bodies" http://books.google.com/books?i d=TwoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&dq=On+the+invisi ble+rays+emitted+by+phosphorescent+bodie s.&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20invis ible%20rays%20emitted%20by%20phosphoresc ent%20bodies.&f=false (this appears to be not as accurate as the one below) and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giu nta/becquerel.html | (École Polytechnique) Paris, France2 |
[1] Photographic plate made by Henri Becquerel showing effects of exposure to radioactivity. Image of Becquerel's photographic plate which has been fogged by exposure to radiation from a uranium salt. The shadow of a metal Maltese Cross placed between the plate and the uranium salt is clearly visible. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Becqu erel_plate.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1e/Becquerel_plate.jpg [2] Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) PD source: http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/wwwqui /figuras/quimicos/img/becquerel.jpg |
104 YBN [04/06/1896 AD] 3 | 4335) That all substances struck by X-rays emit secondary X-ray radiation is discovered.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Pupin, Michael Idvorsky." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 17 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061 932>. 2. ^ "Michael Idvorsky Pupin." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 17 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/mihajlo-pup in 3. ^ Michael Pupin, "From Immigrant To Inventor", 1922, p306-310. {04/06/1896} MORE INFO [1] "Michael Idvorsky Pupin." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 17 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/mihajlo-pup in [2] "Pupin, Michael Idvorsky." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 213. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903540&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] Dugald C. Jackson, "Michael Idvorsky Pupin (1858-1935)", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 72, No. 10 (May, 1938), pp. 379-385 | (Columbia University) New York City, NY, USA2 |
[1] Image of Pupin on Serbian dollar COPYRIGHTED - FAIR USE source: http://www.tedhuntington.com/pup in_money2.jpg [2] Michael Idvorsky Pupin.jpg Photo of Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin, a Serbian born American physicist PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/4d/Michael_Idvorsky_Pupi n.jpg |
104 YBN [05/12/1896 AD] 3 | 4340) The fluoroscope: a fluorescent screen that is illuminated in real-time by x-ray beams.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ New York Times, "FLUOROSCOPE A SUCCESS; MR. EDISON'S INVENTION SHOWN AT THE ELECTRICAL EXPOSITION. Visitors Ushered into a Darkened Room, Where They Placed Their Hands Behind the Screen and Saw Their Bones -- One Woman Touched the Wires and Received a Slight Shock -- A Talk with the Inventor -- Other Attractions of the Show.", May 12, 1896, Wednesday. http://query.nytimes.com/gst /abstract.html?res=9D04EFDF153BEE33A2575 1C1A9639C94679ED7CF http://query.nytime s.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D04 EFDF153BEE33A25751C1A9639C94679ED7CF {E dison_Fluoroscope_1896.pdf} 2. ^ New York Times, "FLUOROSCOPE A SUCCESS; MR. EDISON'S INVENTION SHOWN AT THE ELECTRICAL EXPOSITION. Visitors Ushered into a Darkened Room, Where They Placed Their Hands Behind the Screen and Saw Their Bones -- One Woman Touched the Wires and Received a Slight Shock -- A Talk with the Inventor -- Other Attractions of the Show.", May 12, 1896, Wednesday. http://query.nytimes.com/gst /abstract.html?res=9D04EFDF153BEE33A2575 1C1A9639C94679ED7CF http://query.nytime s.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D04 EFDF153BEE33A25751C1A9639C94679ED7CF {E dison_Fluoroscope_1896.pdf} 3. ^ New York Times, "FLUOROSCOPE A SUCCESS; MR. EDISON'S INVENTION SHOWN AT THE ELECTRICAL EXPOSITION. Visitors Ushered into a Darkened Room, Where They Placed Their Hands Behind the Screen and Saw Their Bones -- One Woman Touched the Wires and Received a Slight Shock -- A Talk with the Inventor -- Other Attractions of the Show.", May 12, 1896, Wednesday. http://query.nytimes.com/gst /abstract.html?res=9D04EFDF153BEE33A2575 1C1A9639C94679ED7CF http://query.nytime s.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D04 EFDF153BEE33A25751C1A9639C94679ED7CF {E dison_Fluoroscope_1896.pdf} {05/12/1896} MORE INFO [1] "Charles Cros." The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French. Oxford University Press, 1995, 2005. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-cro s [2] Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p137. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=stat ion&f=false [3] "Electrotype." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 08 Sep. 2009. lectrotype> [4] "Galvanoplasty." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 08 Sep. 2009. alvanoplasty> [5] Thomas A. Edison, "The Phonograph and Its Future", The North American review, Volume 126, 1878, p527. http://books.google.com/books?id= gTEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA527&dq=the+phonograph+ and+its+future&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=the% 20phonograph%20and%20its%20future&f=fals e [6] "The Telegraph and Its Future", Nature, 05/30/1878, p116. http://books.google.com/books?id= 5soKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117&dq=edison+phonogra ph+uses+recording+phone+calls&as_brr=1#v =onepage&q=&f=false [7] The Telegraphic Journal, 07/01/1878, p272. http://books.google.com/books?id= YBEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA272&dq=edison+phonogra ph+uses+recording+phone+calls&as_brr=1#v =onepage&q=&f=false [8] Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent #200521 http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ [9] Francis Arthur Jones, "Thomas Alva Edison: sixty years of an inventor's life", 1907, p138. http://books.google.com/books?id= 29HAPQBd-JsC&pg=PA5&dq=thomas+alva+ediso n&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false [10] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyl dr.html [11] "Phonograph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph [12] Video of constructing an Edison Battery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= K84PywMwjZg [13] "Nickel-iron battery". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-iron _battery [14] "nickel-iron accumulator." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 18 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/nickel-iron -accumulator-1 [15] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edtim e.html [16] "Storage Battery, Edison", "Compendium of the world's progress during the ...", 1902, p736. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9k1MAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA736&dq=thomas+edis on+nickel+iron+battery&as_brr=1#v=onepag e&q=thomas%20edison%20nickel%20iron%20ba ttery&f=false [17] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmrr g.html [18] http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bl_Edison_Motion_Pictures.htm [19] http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?am mem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(edm p+4034))+@field(COLLID+edison)) http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PPBkVTIxjo | New York City, NY, USA2 (presumably) |
[1] Normal (left) versus cancerous (right) mammography image. Courtesy of the National Cancer Institute. http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/genetics /sect2.htm PD AND Uso do fluoroscópio para diagnóstico na clínica Rome Wagner (1897) PD AND A fluoroscopia: O grande inventor e cientista americano Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) interessou-se pelos raios X logo após a sua descoberta, e aplicou seu extraordinário gênio inventivo ao seu aperfeiçoamento e popularização. Entre outras coisas, ele desenvolveu um fluoroscópio portátil em 1896, que consistia de uma tela fluorescente sensível aos raios X, que podia mostrar a imagem sem necessidade de radiografar fotograficamente. Edison pesquisou 8.000 compostos até determinar que o tungstato de cálcio era o melhor agente fluorescente, e passou a comercializar o Vitascope Fluoroscopy Unit, que se tornou grandemente popular, com demonstrações públicas. O fluoroscópio logo mostrou sua utilidade na medicina, ao permitir a observação de imagens internas do corpo em movimento, como o coração, o aparelho fonador, etc. No mesmo ano de 1895, Michael Pupin desenvolveu um método de obter radiografias usando filmes fotográficos impressionados diretamente pelo fluoroscópio de Edison, reduzindo assim dramaticamente o tempo de exposição necessários, para alguns segundos. O fotógrafo inglês Eadweard Muybridge também foi o primeiro a fazer filmes de uma perna de râ em movimento. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f6/Mammo_breast_cancer.j pghttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n20/his tory/xray-wagner2.jpghttp://www.cerebrom ente.org.br/n20/history/xray-fluoroscope .JPG [2] Description Normaler Schluckakt in der Barium-Breischluck-Untersuchung. Eine mit der Maus interaktiv blätterbare Version gibt es hier. Date 2011-05-28 20:03 (UTC) Source 34 files: Normaler_Schluck-00.jpg […] Normaler_Schluck-33.jpg Author Normaler_Schluck-00.jpg (and others): Hellerhoff derivative work: Anka Friedrich (talk) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/80/Normal_barium_swallow _animation.gif |
104 YBN [05/19/1896 AD] 3 | 4715) The electric fluorescent lamp.1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Edison US patent #865,367, "Fluorescent Electric Lamp". http://www.google.com/patents?id =rqFOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false 2. ^ Edison US patent #865,367, "Fluorescent Electric Lamp". http://www.google.com/patents?id =rqFOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false 3. ^ Edison US patent #865,367, "Fluorescent Electric Lamp". http://www.google.com/patents?id =rqFOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false {05/19/1896} MORE INFO [1] "Charles Cros." The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French. Oxford University Press, 1995, 2005. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-cro s [2] Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p137. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=stat ion&f=false [3] "Electrotype." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 08 Sep. 2009. lectrotype> [4] "Galvanoplasty." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 08 Sep. 2009. alvanoplasty> [5] Thomas A. Edison, "The Phonograph and Its Future", The North American review, Volume 126, 1878, p527. http://books.google.com/books?id= gTEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA527&dq=the+phonograph+ and+its+future&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=the% 20phonograph%20and%20its%20future&f=fals e [6] "The Telegraph and Its Future", Nature, 05/30/1878, p116. http://books.google.com/books?id= 5soKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117&dq=edison+phonogra ph+uses+recording+phone+calls&as_brr=1#v =onepage&q=&f=false [7] The Telegraphic Journal, 07/01/1878, p272. http://books.google.com/books?id= YBEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA272&dq=edison+phonogra ph+uses+recording+phone+calls&as_brr=1#v =onepage&q=&f=false [8] Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent #200521 http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ [9] Francis Arthur Jones, "Thomas Alva Edison: sixty years of an inventor's life", 1907, p138. http://books.google.com/books?id= 29HAPQBd-JsC&pg=PA5&dq=thomas+alva+ediso n&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false [10] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyl dr.html [11] "Phonograph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph [12] Video of constructing an Edison Battery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= K84PywMwjZg [13] "Nickel-iron battery". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-iron _battery [14] "nickel-iron accumulator." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 18 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/nickel-iron -accumulator-1 [15] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edtim e.html [16] "Storage Battery, Edison", "Compendium of the world's progress during the ...", 1902, p736. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9k1MAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA736&dq=thomas+edis on+nickel+iron+battery&as_brr=1#v=onepag e&q=thomas%20edison%20nickel%20iron%20ba ttery&f=false [17] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmrr g.html [18] http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bl_Edison_Motion_Pictures.htm [19] http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?am mem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(edm p+4034))+@field(COLLID+edison)) http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PPBkVTIxjo [20] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p576 [21] New York Times, "FLUOROSCOPE A SUCCESS; MR. EDISON'S INVENTION SHOWN AT THE ELECTRICAL EXPOSITION. Visitors Ushered into a Darkened Room, Where They Placed Their Hands Behind the Screen and Saw Their Bones -- One Woman Touched the Wires and Received a Slight Shock -- A Talk with the Inventor -- Other Attractions of the Show.", May 12, 1896, Wednesday. http://query.nytimes.com/gst /abstract.html?res=9D04EFDF153BEE33A2575 1C1A9639C94679ED7CF http://query.nytime s.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D04 EFDF153BEE33A25751C1A9639C94679ED7CF | Llewellyn Park, New Jersey, USA2 |
[1] Figure from US patent #865,367, ''Fluorescent Electric Lamp''. PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =rqFOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [2] Original Edison Tin Foil Phonograph. Photo courtesy of U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Edison National Historic Site. source: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyl dr.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/b/bb/Thomas_Edison%2C_1878.jpg |
104 YBN [11/??/1896 AD] 4 | 4259) That x-rays ionize gases (cause gases to become electrical conductors) is found, and is an easy method to produce gas ions.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. 2. ^ J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity through gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id= cbRw3OxLhUcC&pg=pa392 3. ^ J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity through gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id= cbRw3OxLhUcC&pg=pa392 4. ^ J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity through gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id= cbRw3OxLhUcC&pg=pa392 {11/1896} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_ John_Thomson [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html [3] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072 205> [4] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph- john-thomson-1 [5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p357 [6] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [7] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [8] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id= TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=one page&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false [9] J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, 1896, 126 [10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274 [11] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays". Philosophical Magazine, S5, V38, N233, Oct 1894, 358. http://books.google.com/books?id=T VQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity+ of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onep age&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20c athode-rays&f=false [12] "Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 10 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9109 507> [13] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [14] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3 |
[1] Figure From On the Passage of Electricity through Gases exposed to Rontgen Rays. By J. J. THOMSON, M.A., F.R.S., Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics, Cambridge. with Ernest Rutherford 11/1896 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q= thomson&f=false [2] English: J. J. Thomson published in 1896. Deutsch: Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940). Ein ursprünglich 1896 veröffentlichter Stahlstich. [edit] Source From Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude (ISBN 0-87942-238-6), p. 120. This is a reproduction of a steel engraving originally published in The Electrician, 1896. It was scanned on an Epson Perfection 1250 at 400dpi, cleaned up (some text was showing through the back) in Photoshop, reduced to grayscale, and saved as JPG using the 'Save for Web' optimizer.. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5e/JJ_Thomson.jpg |
104 YBN [12/29/1896 AD] 3 | 4759) X-rays are used to visualize gastrointestinal movements using a drink made with bismuth which is opaque to x-rays.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p638. 2. ^ "Cannon, Walter Bradford." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 15. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 71-77. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904846&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ "Cannon, Walter Bradford." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 15. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 71-77. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904846&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/29/1896} MORE INFO [1] "Cannon, Walter Bradford." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9020 018> [2] "Walter Bradford Cannon." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-cann on [3] "Walter Bradford Cannon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brad ford_Cannon | (Harvard Medical School) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA2 |
[1] Description Normaler Schluckakt in der Barium-Breischluck-Untersuchung. Eine mit der Maus interaktiv blätterbare Version gibt es hier. Date 2011-05-28 20:03 (UTC) Source 34 files: Normaler_Schluck-00.jpg […] Normaler_Schluck-33.jpg Author Normaler_Schluck-00.jpg (and others): Hellerhoff derivative work: Anka Friedrich (talk) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/80/Normal_barium_swallow _animation.gif [2] Walter Bradford Cannon, MA, MD (1871– 1945), circa 1908. Photo by J. E. Purdue & Co, Boston, Mass. Source. Prints and Photographs Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine. PD source: http://ajph.aphapublications.org /content/vol92/issue10/images/large/B418 3-02-0580-joe.jpeg |
104 YBN [1896 AD] 5 6 | 4328) The disease "beriberi" {BAR-E-BAR-E1 } is shown to be caused by poor diet.2 This leads to the discovery of vitamins and "beriberi" will be the first known "dietary-deficiency disease".3 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "beriberi." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 20 Jun. 2013. eriberi>. 2. ^ "Eijkman, Christiaan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 14 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9032 142>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p573-574. 4. ^ "Eijkman, Christiaan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 14 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9032 142>. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p573-574. {1896} 6. ^ "Eijkman, Christiaan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 14 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9032 142>. {1897} MORE INFO [1] "Christiaan Eijkman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 14 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/christiaan- eijkman [2] "Eijkman, Christiaan." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 310-312. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901294&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Christiaan Eijkman". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_ Eijkman [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1929/eijkman-bio.html | Javanese Medical School in Batavia (now Jakarta)4 (presumably) |
[1] English: Christiaan Eijkman (1858-1930) Date Unknown Source http://www.kb.nl/hkc/nobel/eijkman/ eijkman.html Author Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) Copyright is by Museum Boerhaave, http://www.museumboerhaave.nl/contact/pe rs2a.html, their website states '(vrij beschikbaar voor publicatie)' ='(freely available for publication)' PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/ac/Christiaan_Eijkman.jp g |
103 YBN [04/30/1897 AD] 14 15 | 4260) Cathode rays are shown to be made of particles (later called electrons).5 This is the first particle (besides light6 ) known to be smaller than an atom.7 8 By deflecting cathode-rays with an electromagnetic field, the ratio of mass to electric charge of cathode ray particles is measured to be 10-7 grams per coulomb, 1000 times smaller than an ion of hydrogen from electrolysis. In addition, the theory that cathode rays are made of small negatively charged particles which are a part of all atoms.9 10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935, edition 2, p188. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p391 4. ^ Thomson J J "Cathode Rays", Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in: Prof. J. J. Thomson, "Cathode Rays", The Electrician Volume 39, 21 May 1897, p104-9. books.google.com/books?id=LJFMAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA104 {Thomson_Joseph_John_18970521 .pdf} 5. ^ Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935, edition 2, p188. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p391 8. ^ Thomson J J "Cathode Rays", Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in: Prof. J. J. Thomson, "Cathode Rays", The Electrician Volume 39, 21 May 1897, p104-9. books.google.com/books?id=LJFMAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA104 {Thomson_Joseph_John_18970521 .pdf} 9. ^ Thomson J J "Cathode Rays", Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in: Prof. J. J. Thomson, "Cathode Rays", The Electrician Volume 39, 21 May 1897, p104-9. books.google.com/books?id=LJFMAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA104 {Thomson_Joseph_John_18970521 .pdf} 10. ^ Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-912 0/32/4/015) {Falconer_1997.pdf} 11. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 44, 08/07/1897, 269, p293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA293 12. ^ Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-912 0/32/4/015) {Falconer_1997.pdf} 13. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 44, 08/07/1897, 293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAAA IAAJ&pg=PA293 14. ^ Thomson J J "Cathode Rays", Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in: Prof. J. J. Thomson, "Cathode Rays", The Electrician Volume 39, 21 May 1897, p104-9. books.google.com/books?id=LJFMAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA104 {Thomson_Joseph_John_18970521 .pdf} 15. ^ Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-912 0/32/4/015) {Falconer_1997.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_ John_Thomson [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html [3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph- john-thomson-1 [4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id= TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=one page&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false [7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id= cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=t homson&f=false [8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312 [9] J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, 1896, 126 [10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274 [11] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry, 1888. http://books.google.com/books?id= zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepag e&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some %20respects%22&f=false http://books.goo gle.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some +respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=m YyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=o nepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2 0some%20respects%22&f=false | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England12 13 |
[1] Figure 1 From Thomson, J.J., ''Cathode-rays.'', Phil. Mag. 44, 08/07/1897, 269. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z l0wAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editi ons:UCALB3728216&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson &f=false PD AND J.J. Thomson was Cavendish Professor and head of the Cavendish Laboratory from 1894 to 1919. J.J. is best known for his work on the electron. Credit: Cambridge University, Cavendish Laboratory. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Zl0wAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:UCALB3728216&lr=#v=onepage&q=thoms on&f=falsehttp://www.aip.org/history/exh ibits/rutherford/images/sectionpics/slid e1_thomson_big.jpg [2] Figure 1 From Thomson, J.J., ''Cathode-rays.'', Phil. Mag. 44, 08/07/1897, 269. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z l0wAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editi ons:UCALB3728216&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson &f=false PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Zl0wAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:UCALB3728216&lr=#v=onepage&q=thoms on&f=false |
103 YBN [08/07/1897 AD] 4 | 6658) Cathode ray particles are deflected by an electrostatic field. In addition the velocity of cathode ray particles is found to increase with electric potential and with tube exhaustion.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. Volume 44, 08/07/1897, Issue 269, p293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA293 AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ item/122313#page/321/mode/1up 2. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. Volume 44, 08/07/1897, Issue 269, p293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA293 AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ item/122313#page/321/mode/1up 3. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. Volume 44, 08/07/1897, Issue 269, p293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA293 AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ item/122313#page/321/mode/1up 4. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. Volume 44, 08/07/1897, Issue 269, p293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA293 AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ item/122313#page/321/mode/1up MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_ John_Thomson [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html [3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph- john-thomson-1 [4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id= TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=one page&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false [7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id= cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=t homson&f=false [8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312 [9] J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, 1896, 126 [10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274 [11] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry, 1888. http://books.google.com/books?id= zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepag e&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some %20respects%22&f=false http://books.goo gle.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some +respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=m YyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=o nepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2 0some%20respects%22&f=false [12] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays". Philosophical Magazine, S5, V38, N233, Oct 1894, 358. http://books.google.com/books?id=T VQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity+ of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onep age&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20c athode-rays&f=false [13] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935, edition 2, p319-320 [14] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 [15] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072 205> [16] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509 [17] Thomson, J. J., Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899, p547. http://books.google.com/books?id= il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=on epage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by% 20incandescent%20platinum&f=false [18] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the members of the ..., Volume 16, 04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+th omson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atom s%20thomson&f=false [19] "Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 340-350. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Apr. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830901978&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w [20] George William Clarkson Kaye, "X rays", 1918, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=U FhDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA10&dq=lenard+showed+tha t+for+fast-moving+1895&hl=en&ei=uzi2S_fj BYOyswPx7MSBAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re sult&resnum=1&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=lenard%20showed%20that%20for%20fast-mo ving%201895&f=false [21] Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 44, 08/07/1897, 293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAAA IAAJ&pg=PA293 | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3 |
[1] obel Falconer, ''J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron'', 1997 Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-912 0/32/4/015) {Falconer_1997.pdf} COPYRIGHTED AND J.J. Thomson was Cavendish Professor and head of the Cavendish Laboratory from 1894 to 1919. J.J. is best known for his work on the electron. Credit: Cambridge University, Cavendish Laboratory. PD source: http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9 120/32/4/015http://www.aip.org/history/e xhibits/rutherford/images/sectionpics/sl ide1_thomson_big.jpg [2] Figure 1 From Thomson, J.J., ''Cathode-rays.'', Phil. Mag. 44, 08/07/1897, 269. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z l0wAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editi ons:UCALB3728216&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson &f=false PD AND J.J. Thomson was Cavendish Professor and head of the Cavendish Laboratory from 1894 to 1919. J.J. is best known for his work on the electron. Credit: Cambridge University, Cavendish Laboratory. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Zl0wAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:UCALB3728216&lr=#v=onepage&q=thoms on&f=falsehttp://www.aip.org/history/exh ibits/rutherford/images/sectionpics/slid e1_thomson_big.jpg |
103 YBN [1897 AD] 13 14 15 | 4088) The first electronic display (the oscilloscope).7 8 9 A cathode ray tube is made with a mica screen inside which is coated with fluorescent material. This allows an electron beam inside the tube to be deflected by varying currents in electromagnets, which moves a luminous spot of light on the screen. This leads to the television and computer display.10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524. 2. ^ "Braun, Ferdinand." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016 270>. 3. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXk AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552 AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897, p464. http://books.google.com/books?id= rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524. 5. ^ "Braun, Ferdinand." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016 270>. 6. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXk AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552 AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897, p464. http://books.google.com/books?id= rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524. 8. ^ "Braun, Ferdinand." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016 270>. 9. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXk AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552 AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897, p464. http://books.google.com/books?id= rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464 10. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXk AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552 AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897, p464. http://books.google.com/books?id= rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524. 12. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/121 48/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun _Ferdinand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} Engli sh translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897, p464. http://books.google.com/books?id= rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464&lpg=PA464&dq=A+Met hod+of+Demonstrating+and+Studying+the+Ti me-relations+of+Variable+Currents.+Ferdi nand+Braun.&source=bl&ots=CY1GqwE3Ku&sig =7-zDHHHs-PeoCHn_veDdZXebryM&hl=en&ei=O0 bOSoKvC5L0sgPulqm2Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result &ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=A%20Meth od%20of%20Demonstrating%20and%20Studying %20the%20Time-relations%20of%20Variable% 20Currents.%20Ferdinand%20Braun.&f=false 13. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXk AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552 AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897, p464. http://books.google.com/books?id= rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464 14. ^ "Braun, Ferdinand." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016 270>. {1897} 15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524. {1897} MORE INFO [1] "Karl Ferdinand Braun." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdin and-braun [2] "Karl Ferdinand Braun". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdin and_Braun [3] "Braun, Ferdinand", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp135 [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1909/braun-bio.html [5] catalog of papers http://books.google.com/books?id =E-ItAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA334&dq=Karl+Ferdinand +Braun+1874&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=fals e [6] http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_7615 83126/braun_karl_ferdinand.html [7] "Karl Ferdinand Braun." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdin and-braun | (Physikal Institute) Strassburg, France12 |
[1] Figure 1 from Braun's 1897 paper. PD AND Ferdinand Braun PD source: Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/121 48/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR Engl ish translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897, p464. http://books.google.com/books?id= rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464&lpg=PA464&dq=A+Met hod+of+Demonstrating+and+Studying+the+Ti me-relations+of+Variable+Currents.+Ferdi nand+Braun.&source=bl&ots=CY1GqwE3Ku&sig =7-zDHHHs-PeoCHn_veDdZXebryM&hl=en&ei=O0 bOSoKvC5L0sgPulqm2Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result &ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=A%20Meth od%20of%20Demonstrating%20and%20Studying %20the%20Time-relations%20of%20Variable% 20Currents.%20Ferdinand%20Braun.&f=false PDhttp://www.lecad.fs.uni-lj.si/tmce20 06/2012/pics/venue_html_68645264.jpg [2] Figure 1 from Braun's 1897 paper. PD source: Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/121 48/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR Engl ish translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897, p464. http://books.google.com/books?id= rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464&lpg=PA464&dq=A+Met hod+of+Demonstrating+and+Studying+the+Ti me-relations+of+Variable+Currents.+Ferdi nand+Braun.&source=bl&ots=CY1GqwE3Ku&sig =7-zDHHHs-PeoCHn_veDdZXebryM&hl=en&ei=O0 bOSoKvC5L0sgPulqm2Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result &ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=A%20Meth od%20of%20Demonstrating%20and%20Studying %20the%20Time-relations%20of%20Variable% 20Currents.%20Ferdinand%20Braun.&f=false PD |
103 YBN [1897 AD] 3 | 4793) The theory that x-rays might be used for telepathy.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William Crookes, "Address by the President", Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, V12, 1897, p338. http://books.google.com/books?id= hBErAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:oe0pHgGQavIC&hl=en&ei=102RTLyFL4u8s QOQnP39Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result& resnum=6&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=f alse 2. ^ "Crookes, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p215-217. 3. ^ William Crookes, "Address by the President", Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, V12, 1897, p338. http://books.google.com/books?id= hBErAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:oe0pHgGQavIC&hl=en&ei=102RTLyFL4u8s QOQnP39Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result& resnum=6&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=f alse MORE INFO [1] "Crookes, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9027 981> [2] "William Crookes." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-cro okes [3] "William Crookes." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-cro okes [4] "William Crookes." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-cro okes [5] "William Crookes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cro okes [6] "Sir William Crookes". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Will iam_Crookes [7] William Crookes, "On Repulsion Resulting From Radiation II", Phil. Trans. v165, 1875. http://journals.royalsociety.org/ content/h27121h181kw0683/?p=08857aca5970 4138b30b219bb3f34264π=74 [8] William Crookes, "Radio-Activity and the Electron Theory", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 69, 1901/1902. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/p776420j202m5870/?p=997105d 000c043068b518e34de34f8c4π=68 [9] William Crookes, "Radio-Activity of Uranium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 66, 1899/1900. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/xq86537371533504/?p=6252ebf 0708c43989b840947812e5afcπ=79 | (private lab) London, England2 (presumably) |
[1] Description: Scan of a picture of William Crookes Source: A History of Science (vol. 5, facing page 106) Date: 1904 Author: Henry Smith Williams PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1e/Crookes_William.jpg [2] Sir William Crookes Library of Congress PD source: http://content.answers.com/main/ content/img/scitech/HSsirwil.jpg |
102 YBN [01/21/1898 AD] 7 8 9 | 4436) Kanalstrahlen are shown to be made of positively charged particles with a mass to charge ratio similar to a hydrogen ion. These positive particles will later be called protons.3 4 The speed of these particles is determined to be around 1000 times slower than the speed of light.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Wilhelm Wien - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 25 Jan 2013 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes /physics/laureates/1911/wien-bio.html 2. ^ Wien, Wilhelm. Die electrostatische und magnetische Ablenkung der Canalstrahlen.... Physikal. Ges. zu Berlin, 1898. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZAU5AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10 3. ^ "Wilhelm Wien - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 25 Jan 2013 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes /physics/laureates/1911/wien-bio.html 4. ^ Wien, Wilhelm. Die electrostatische und magnetische Ablenkung der Canalstrahlen.... Physikal. Ges. zu Berlin, 1898. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZAU5AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10 5. ^ Wien, Wilhelm. Die electrostatische und magnetische Ablenkung der Canalstrahlen.... Physikal. Ges. zu Berlin, 1898. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZAU5AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10 6. ^ W. Wien, "Über die Berechnung der Impulsbreite der Röntgenstrahlen aus ihrer Energie", Annalen der Physik, Volume 327, Issue 4, Date: 1907, Pages: 793-797. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112493860/PDFSTART 7. ^ Wien, Wilhelm. Die electrostatische und magnetische Ablenkung der Canalstrahlen.... Physikal. Ges. zu Berlin, 1898. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZAU5AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10 8. ^ "Wilhelm Wien - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 25 Jan 2013 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes /physics/laureates/1911/wien-bio.html 9. ^ W. Wien, "Über die Berechnung der Impulsbreite der Röntgenstrahlen aus ihrer Energie", Annalen der Physik, Volume 327, Issue 4, Date: 1907, Pages: 793-797. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112493860/PDFSTART {11/27/1905} MORE INFO [1] "Wien, Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 10 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9076 933> [2] "Wilhelm Wien". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wie n [3] Wien, "Über die Energievertheilung im Emissionsspectrum eines schwarzen Körpers", Annalen der Physik, 294 (June 1896), 662–669, also in English trans: "On the Division of Energy in the Emissionspectrum of a Black Body", Philosophical Magazine, 5th ser., 43 (1897), 214–220 [4] W. Wien, "Untersuchungen über die elektrische Entladung in verdünnten Gasen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 310, Issue 6, Date: 1901, Pages: 421-435. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485884/PDFSTART [5] W. Wien, "Untersuchungen über die elektrische Entladung in verdünnten Gasen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 313, Issue 6, Date: 1902, Pages: 244-266. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485582/PDFSTART [6] W. Wien, "Ueber die Natur der positiven Elektronen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 314, Issue 11, Date: 1902, Pages: 660-664. http://www3.interscience.wiley .com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485776/PDFSTART | (Wurzburg University) Wurzburg, Germany6 |
[1] * Author: anonymous or pseudonymous, per EU Copyright Directive (1993), Article 1, §§1-4 * This image was published not later than 1911 in conjunction with the Nobel Prize in Physics. * Source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1911/wien-bio.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/1/10/WilhelmWien1911.jpg |
102 YBN [05/02/1898 AD] 5 6 7 | 4380) Thermite, the explosive mixture of a metal oxide and aluminum powder is discovered.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Goldschmidt, Hans; Ruhr, Essen a. d. (1898). "Über ein neues Verfahren zur Darstellung von Metallen und Legirungen mittelst Aluminiums ("On a new method for the preparation of metals and alloys by means of aluminum"). Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 301 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1002/jlac.18983010103. books.google.com/books?id=Df0tAAAAIAAJ &pg=PA19 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/112324980/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRET RY=0 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p586. 3. ^ Goldschmidt, Hans; Ruhr, Essen a. d. (1898). "Über ein neues Verfahren zur Darstellung von Metallen und Legirungen mittelst Aluminiums ("On a new method for the preparation of metals and alloys by means of aluminum"). Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 301 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1002/jlac.18983010103. http://books.google.com/books?id=Df0tA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:a nnalen+intitle:chemie+date:1898-1898&cd= 3#v=onepage&q&f=false http://www3.inter science.wiley.com/journal/112324980/abst ract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 4. ^ Patent number: 875345 http://www.google.com/patents?id =nw1lAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false 5. ^ Goldschmidt, Hans; Ruhr, Essen a. d. (1898). "Über ein neues Verfahren zur Darstellung von Metallen und Legirungen mittelst Aluminiums ("On a new method for the preparation of metals and alloys by means of aluminum"). Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 301 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1002/jlac.18983010103. http://books.google.com/books?id=Df0tA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:a nnalen+intitle:chemie+date:1898-1898&cd= 3#v=onepage&q&f=false http://www3.inter science.wiley.com/journal/112324980/abst ract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 {05/02/1898} 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p586. {1898} 7. ^ "Hans Goldschmidt". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Goldsc hmidt {1893} MORE INFO [1] "Thermite". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermite [2] Patent number: 733957 http://www.google.com/patents?id =JP5rAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false | (Business: TH. Goldschmidt) Essen-on-the-Ruhr, Germany3 4 |
[1] Goldschmidt, Hans; Ruhr, Essen a. d. (1898). ''Über ein neues Verfahren zur Darstellung von Metallen und Legirungen mittelst Aluminiums (''On a new method for the preparation of metals and alloys by means of aluminum''). Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 301 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1002/jlac.18983010103. books.google.com/books?id=Df0tAAAAIAAJ &pg=PA19 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/112324980/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRET RY=0 PD AND A thermite reaction using iron(III) oxide English: A thermite reaction using Ferric Oxide. Date 2007-05-12 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Choij using CommonsHelper. Author Original uploader was CaesiumFluoride at en.wikipedia GNU AND Hans Goldschmidt UNKNOWN source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6f/ThermiteFe2O3.JPGhttp ://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common s/0/0a/Thermite_mix.jpg [2] A thermite reaction using iron(III) oxide English: A thermite reaction using Ferric Oxide. Date 2007-05-12 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Choij using CommonsHelper. Author Original uploader was CaesiumFluoride at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6f/ThermiteFe2O3.JPG |
102 YBN [05/10/1898 AD] 11 12 13 14 | 3824) Hydrogen is liquefied.5 6 7 8 The boiling point of hydrogen is measured as -238° C.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. 2. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 182>. 3. ^ "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar 4. ^ James Dewar, "Preliminary Note on the Liquefaction of Hydrogen and Helium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 63, 1898, p.256-258. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/8225261k3nu62731/?p=1ddcc31 e84454208ace58c150d2b3b8dπ=34 {Dewar_J ames_Liquid_Hydrogen_1898.pdf} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. 6. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 182>. 7. ^ "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar 8. ^ James Dewar, "Preliminary Note on the Liquefaction of Hydrogen and Helium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 63, 1898, p.256-258. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/8225261k3nu62731/?p=1ddcc31 e84454208ace58c150d2b3b8dπ=34 {Dewar_J ames_Liquid_Hydrogen_1898.pdf} 9. ^ James Dewar, "The Boiling Point of Liquid Hydrogen, Determined by Hydrogen and Helium Gas Thermometers", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 68, 1901, p.44-54. http://journals.royalsociety.o rg/content/340096125j7x2310/?p=781b93c28 d204254b15249d65270245bπ=16 {Dewar_Jam es_bp_H_1901.pdf} 10. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 182>. 11. ^ James Dewar, "Preliminary Note on the Liquefaction of Hydrogen and Helium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 63, 1898, p.256-258. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/8225261k3nu62731/?p=1ddcc31 e84454208ace58c150d2b3b8dπ=34 {Dewar_J ames_Liquid_Hydrogen_1898.pdf} {05/10/1898} 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. {1898} 13. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 182>. {1898} 14. ^ "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar {1898} MORE INFO [1] "James Dewar." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar [2] "James Dewar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar [3] "Sir James Dewar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Jame s_Dewar [4] George Downing Liveing, James Dewar, "Collected Papers on Spectroscopy", University Press, 1915. http://books.google.com/books?id= X75NAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jame s+Dewar&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=OipmSfW-FJD6lQTf 3aCZAQ [5] Armstrong, H. E. (1928). "Obituary of James Dewar". Journal of the Chemical Society: 1056 – 1076. doi:10.1039/JR9280001056. http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/a rticle.asp?doi=JR9280001056 [6] http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues /2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp [7] http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?c oll_id=2955&inst_id=17 [8] Videos of magnetism of liquid oxygen: http://video.google.com/videose arch?hl=en&q=magnetism%20liquid%20oxygen &um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wv# [9] "Dewar, James", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p248 [10] James Dewar, Helen Rose Banks Dewar, James Douglas Hamilton Dickson, Hugh Munro Ross, Ernest Charles Scott Dickson, "Collected Papers of Sir James Dewar...", The University Press, 1927. http://books.google.com/books?id= pR9WAAAAMAAJ&q=Collected+Papers+of+Sir+J ames+Dewar&dq=Collected+Papers+of+Sir+Ja mes+Dewar&lr=&ei=8r5nSZWNFoGklQSW5s3yCw& pgis=1 [11] Willett Lepley Hardin, "The Rise and Development of the Liquefaction of Gases", The Macmillan company, 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= s5cAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR8&dq=dewar+solidificat ion+date:1899-1899&lr=&ei=g79nSZrvFozSlQ S2pvXrCA | (Royal Institution) London, England10 (presumably) |
[1] Picture taken from page 230 of T. O’Connor Sloane's Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases, second edition, published by Norman W. Henley and Co., New York, 1900. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/8/89/Dewar_James.jpg [2] English: Picture of Sir James Dewar, the scientist Source Page 98 of History of Chemistry (book) Date 1910 Author Thomas Thorpe PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2c/Dewar_James_flask.jpg |
102 YBN [07/01/1898 AD] 4 | 4255) The first radio controlled vehicle; a remotely controlled boat.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_robots.ht ml 2. ^ Tesla Patent 613809 Method of and apparatus for controlling mechanism of moving vessels or vehicles. http://www.google.com/patents ?id=T1VrAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom= 4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage& q=&f=false 3. ^ Tesla Patent 613809 Method of and apparatus for controlling mechanism of moving vessels or vehicles. http://www.google.com/patents ?id=T1VrAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom= 4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage& q=&f=false 4. ^ Tesla Patent 613809 Method of and apparatus for controlling mechanism of moving vessels or vehicles. http://www.google.com/patents ?id=T1VrAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom= 4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage& q=&f=false {07/01/1898} MORE INFO [1] "Nikola Tesla." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesl a [2] "Nikola Tesla." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesl a [3] "Nikola Tesla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesl a [4] "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w [5] "commutator." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 23 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/commutator [6] list of Tesla's patents: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/m ore/317ntcp.htm [7] Tesla Patent 334,823 Commutator For Dynamo-Electric machines http://www.google.com/patents? id=Tm1BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [8] Tesla Patent 336,961 REGULATOR FOR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES http://www.google.com/patents? id=jk5EAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [9] Tesla patent 391,968 10/12/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id= z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false [10] Tesla patent 11/30/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id= 0JFhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false [11] http://www.teslauniverse.com/timeline-18 61?PHPSESSID=3ejd9q8tm4gpsn4np06imifoe5; #goto-1883 [12] "magnetic flux density." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-fi eld-density [13] "magnetic flux." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-fl ux [14] Tesla Patent 381968 10/12/1887 http://www.google.com/patent s?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom =4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage &q=&f=false [15] New York Times, 11 July 1935, p 23, c.8 [16] New York Herald Tribune, 11 September 1932 [17] Tesla patent 382280 10/12/1887 Electrical Transmission of Power http://www.google.com/patents?id= 1ipiAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false [18] Tesla coil music http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s ne_uI2Yq4 [19] "Tesla coil". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil [20] http://www.pbs.org/tesla/index.html | (Tesla's private lab) New York City, NY, USA3 |
[1] Interior of Tesla's remote-controlled boat. PD source: http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ins/ima ges/rcimg02.jpg [2] Image from Tesla's 07/01/1898 patent PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =T1VrAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=& f=false |
102 YBN [09/01/1898 AD] 3 | 4731) Uranium is found to emit at least two kinds of radiation, one which is quickly absorbed that is named "alpha" radiation, and a second which has more penetrative power that is named "beta" radiation.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false 2. ^ Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false 3. ^ Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false {09/01/1898} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2 |
[1] Fig 1 from Rutherford, ''Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It'', Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiat ion+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produc ed+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw &sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3& ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It&f=false [2] Fig 2 from Rutherford, ''Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It'', Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiat ion+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produc ed+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw &sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3& ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It&f=false |
102 YBN [1898 AD] 4 5 | 4109) The causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease is recognized as a completely new type of infectious agent, smaller and different than bacteria,1 which is named a "virus".2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Beijerinck, Martinus Willem." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 15. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 13-15. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 12 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 2. ^ M W Beijerinck, "Ueber ein Contagium vivum fluidum als Ursache der Fleckenkrankheit der Tabaksblätter", Amsterdam : J. Müller, 1898, 21 pages. http://books.google.com/books?id =ly5XQAAACAAJ&dq=Ueber+ein+Contagium+viv um+fluidum+als+Ursache+der+Fleckenkrankh eit+der+Tabaksbla%CC%88tter English translation: M. W. Beijerinck, "Concerning a contagium vivum fluidum as the cause of the spot disease of tobacco leaves", Phytopathological Classics, No. 7., American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&sour ce=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CAcQFjAA&url=htt p%3A%2F%2Fwww.apsnet.org%2Fonline%2Ffeat ure%2FTobacco%2FBeijerinck1898.pdf&ei=pb PTSrS1I4j2sQPZ7anWCg&rct=j&q=Beijerinck+ 1898&usg=AFQjCNGDnguGRlFxH0cXq_iEhbVsYxI E8Q {Beijerinck_Martinus_1898.pdf} 3. ^ "Beijerinck, Martinus Willem." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 15. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 13-15. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 12 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p528-529. {1898} 5. ^ "virus." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9106 000>. {1898} MORE INFO [1] "Martinus Willem Beijerinck". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Wi llem_Beijerinck | (Dutch Yeast and Spirit Factory) Delft, Netherlands3 |
[1] Table 2 from Beijerinck's 1898 paper PD source: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&s ource=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CAcQFjAA&url= http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apsnet.org%2Fonline%2Ff eature%2FTobacco%2FBeijerinck1898.pdf&ei =pbPTSrS1I4j2sQPZ7anWCg&rct=j&q=Beijerin ck+1898&usg=AFQjCNGDnguGRlFxH0cXq_iEhbVs YxIE8Q [2] Martinus Beijerinck in his laboratory. Date 12 May 1921(1921-05-12) Source Delft School of Microbiology Archives PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/Mwb_in_lab.JPG |
102 YBN [1898 AD] 11 | 4698) Electromagnetic writing and reading of data. Sound is recorded by varying the magnetization of tiny parts of a single wound wire sequentially in direct proportion to the electric current produced by the sound. When each part is moved past an electromagnet the sound is played out loud again in a telephone receiver.7 8 This will lead to video tapes and hard disks.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Poulsen patent 661,619 Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds or Signals http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=e79kAAAAEBAJ&dq=661,619 2. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061 097>. 3. ^ Poulsen patent 661,619 Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds or Signals http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=e79kAAAAEBAJ&dq=661,619 4. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061 097>. 5. ^ Poulsen patent 661,619 Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds or Signals http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=e79kAAAAEBAJ&dq=661,619 6. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061 097>. 7. ^ Poulsen patent 661,619 Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds or Signals http://www.google.com/patents/a bout?id=e79kAAAAEBAJ&dq=661,619 8. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061 097>. 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061 097>. 11. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061 097>. {1898} MORE INFO [1] "Valdemar Poulsen." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/valdemar-po ulsen-danish-engineer [2] "Valdemar Poulsen." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 6: 1900 to 1949. Detroit: Gale, 2000. 612. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX3408503938&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Valdemar Poulsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Po ulsen [4] Compilation of Oberlin Smith biographical and technical information of his inventions | (Copenhagen Telephone Company) Copenhagen, Denmark10 |
[1] Description Telegrafon 8154.jpg Magyar: Valdemar Poulsen mágneses hangrögzítő készüléke 1898-ból. A Brede Værk ipari múzeumban látható a dániai Lingbyben. Saját felvétel. Dansk: Valdemar Poulsen opfandt i i 1898 af en magnetisk optageenhed der kaldes en Telegrafon English: Magnetic wire recorder, invented by Valdemar Poulsen, 1898. It is exhibited at Brede works Industrial Museum, Lingby, Danmark. Date 25 October 2009(2009-10-25) (original upload date) Source Transferred from hu.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Nico-dk using CommonsHelper. Author Original uploader was Bitman at hu.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) CC-BY-SA-2.5; Released under the GNU Free Documentation License. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f9/Telegrafon_8154.jpg [2] 1 Valdemar Poulsen (1869-1942), der Erfinder der magnetischen Schallaufzeichnung UNKNOWN source: http://www.theimann.com/Analog/H istory/100_Jahre/Bild1.jpg |
101 YBN [03/03/1899 AD] 4 | 4900) The first life is saved by wireless communication from a stranded steamship.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Space", 1935, p51. 2. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Space", 1935, p51. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Space", 1935, p51. {03/03/1899} MORE INFO [1] "Guglielmo Marconi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/guglielmo-m arconi [2] "Guglielmo Marconi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_M arconi [3] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html [4] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", proceedings of the institution of electrical engineers, v28, 1899, p273. http://books.google.com/books?id= UQAUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=proc eedings+of+the+institution+of+electrical +engineers&hl=en&ei=5yu-TOTnFIugsQOn9bzI DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum= 2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=marconi&f= false [5] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 16 (1899– 1901), 247–256 [6] G. Marconi, "Syntonic Wireless Telegraphy", Royal Society of Arts. Journal, 49 (1901), 505 [7] Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., "Marconi: The Man and His Wireless" (1937) [8] W. P. Jolly, "Marconi", 1972, p78 [9] British patent No. 12,039, Date of Application 2 June 1896; Complete Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897 (later claimed by Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to patent) http://www.earlyradiohistory.us /1901fae.htm [10] U.S. Patent 0,586,193 "Transmitting electrical signals", (using Ruhmkorff coil and Morse code key) filed December 1896, patented July, 1897. http://www.google.com/patents?vid =586193 [11] U.S. Patent 0,763,772 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (Four tuned system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S. Stone) http://www.google.com/patents?id =L5tvAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [12] B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935), p273. http://books.google.com/books?id=xiFDA AAAIAAJ&q=Marconi:+Master+of+Space&dq=Ma rconi:+Master+of+Space&hl=en&ei=GFG_TMyW PJSfnQf_yqSJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re sult&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA [13] http://www.answers.com/cellular%20phone [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p650-651 [15] "Marconi, Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 19 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w | (Marconi Company) London, England2 (verify3 ) |
[1] St. John's Newfoundland kite which received the famous signal 1901 PD source: B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935) [2] Marconi Station at Poldhu, Cornwall, from which first transatlantic signals were transmitted. Contrasted with top picture, the Bridgewater Beam transmitting station. PD source: B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935) |
101 YBN [03/17/1899 AD] 5 6 7 8 | 4319) The first moon with a retrograde motion is observed; Phoebe {FE-BE1 }, a moon of Saturn.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Phoebe." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/phoebe 2. ^ "William Henry Pickering." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hen ry-pickering 3. ^ Pickering, William H., "a Suggestion Regarding Gravitation, II", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 05/1922, p.272. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/19 22PA.....30..272P 4. ^ Pickering, William H., "Aberration and Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 06/1922, p.340 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 22PA.....30..340P 5. ^ Pickering, William H., "Aberration and Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 06/1922, p.340 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 22PA.....30..340P {03/17/1899} 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p570-571. {1899} 7. ^ "Pickering, William Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059 926>. {1899} 8. ^ "William Henry Pickering." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hen ry-pickering {1899} MORE INFO [1] "William Henry Pickering." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 11 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hen ry-pickering [2] "Pickering, William Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 601-602. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903408&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] Pickering, W. H., "Are Space and Time Really Infinite?", Popular Astronomy, vol. 18, 08/1910, pp.420-421. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/f ull/1910PA.....18..420P and pdf: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu /cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1910PA.....1 8..420P&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=Y ES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf [4] Pickering, William H., "The Theory of Relativity", Popular Astronomy, vol. 28, 06/1920, pp. 334-344. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/ 1920PA.....28..334P [5] Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 04/1922, p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=19 22PA.....30..199P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0& plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREE N_GIF&classic=YES [6] Pickering EC (1899-03-17). "A New Satellite of Saturn". 49. Harvard College Observatory Bulletin. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BHa rO/0049//0000001.000.html [7] "Phoebe (moon)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008 [8] "William Henry Pickering". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hen ry_Pickering | (Harvard College Observatory) Cambridge, Massachussetts, USA4 |
[1] English: Phoebe, as imaged by the Cassini probe. Français : Mosaïque de deux images de Phoebé prises par la sonde Cassini. Date 11 June 2004(2004-06-11) Source jpl.nasa.gov, image reference: PIA06064.jpg Author Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/32/Phoebe_cassini.jpg [2] Edited image of American Astronomer William Henry Pickering (1858-1938) TITLE: Prof. W.H. Pickering, portr. bust CALL NUMBER: LC-B2- 550-7[P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-ggbain-02598 (digital file from original neg.) No known restrictions on publication. MEDIUM: 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller. CREATED/PUBLISHED: 10/16/09. NOTES: Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress). Title from unverified data provided by the Bain News Service on the negatives or caption cards. Temp. note: Batch one loaded. FORMAT: Glass negatives. REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID: (digital file from original neg.) ggbain 02598 original found at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h? pp/PPALL:@field(NUMBER+@1(ggbain+02598)) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/4/46/William_Henry_Pickering_02 598r.jpg |
101 YBN [09/13/1899 AD] 4 | 4732) A gas is found to be emitted from Thorium which will later be shown to be Radon1 . All substances touched by the positive ions created by this gas are shown to exhibit radioactivity that lasts for several days.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395. 2. ^ Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html 3. ^ Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html 4. ^ Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html {09/13/1899} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [4] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [5] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [6] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [7] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm [9] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false | (McGill University) Montreal, Canada3 |
[1] Figure from Rutherford, ''A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound'', Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. PD source: Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. [2] Figure from Rutherford, ''A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound'', Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. PD source: Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. |
101 YBN [09/??/1899 AD] 5 | 4739) That rays from radium cause radioactivity in all objects placed near them is discovered.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ M. and Mme. Curie, "Sur la radioactivite provoquee par les rayons de Becquerel", Comptes Rendus, 129, 1899, p714-716. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12 148/bpt6k3085b.image.f714.langEN 2. ^ Marjorie Malley, "The Discovery of Atomic Transmutation: Scientific Styles and Philosophies in France and Britain", Isis, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Jun., 1979), pp. 213-223. Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/230 788 3. ^ "Curie, Marie (Maria Sklodowska)." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 497-503. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901042&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ Marie Curie, "Rayons émis par les composés de l'uranium et du thorium" ("Rays emitted by compounds of uranium and thorium"). Comptes Rendus 126: 1898, 1101–1103. http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ CadresFenetre?O=30000000030829&M=tdm {C urie_18980412_N0003082_PDF_1101_1110.pdf } 5. ^ Marjorie Malley, "The Discovery of Atomic Transmutation: Scientific Styles and Philosophies in France and Britain", Isis, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Jun., 1979), pp. 213-223. Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/230 788 {shortly before 9/13/1899 according to} MORE INFO [1] "Curie, Pierre." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 20 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028 253> [2] "Pierre Curie." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-curi e-scientist [3] "Curie, Pierre." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 503-508. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 20 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901043&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [4] "Pierre Curie". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curi e [5] "Marie Curie." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 21 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/marie-curie [6] "Marie Curie." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 21 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/marie-curie [7] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p391 [8] "Marie Curie". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie [9] "Marie Curie." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/marie-curie [10] "pitchblende." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 21 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/pitchblende [11] "polonium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/polonium [12] http://www.curie.fr/fondation/musee/mari e-pierre-curie.cfm/lang/_gb.htm [13] "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in Perspective (PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp 367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/ | (École de Physique et Chimie Sorbonne) Paris, France3 4 |
[1] Polonium foil [t verify] UNKNOWN source: http://periodictable.com/Samples /084.8/s12s.JPG [2] Description Mariecurie.jpg Portrait of Marie Skłodowska-Curie (November 7, 1867 – July 4, 1934), sometime prior to 1907. Curie and her husband Pierre shared a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. Working together, she and her husband isolated Polonium. Pierre died in 1907, but Marie continued her work, namely with Radium, and received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911. Her death is mainly attributed to excess exposure to radiation. Date ca. 1898 Source http://www.mlahanas.de/Physics/Bios /MarieCurie.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d9/Mariecurie.jpg |
101 YBN [12/11/1899 AD] 4 5 | 4374) Radium rays are deflected by a magnetic field. These rays will be identified as Beta rays and shown to be electrons.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in Perspective (PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp 367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/ 2. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Influence d’un champ magne´tique sur le rayonnement des corps radio-actifs", Comptes rendus 129 (1899), 996–1001. 3. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 4. ^ "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in Perspective (PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp 367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/ {12/11/1899} 5. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Influence d’un champ magne´tique sur le rayonnement des corps radio-actifs", Comptes rendus 129 (1899), 996–1001. {12/11/1899} MORE INFO [1] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [2] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [3] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Hen ri_Becquerel [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html [5] Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence". Comptes Rendus 122: 420–421. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30 780/f422.chemindefer. translated by Carmen Giunta: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/ becquerel.html and http://books.google.com/books?id=gJMZA QAAIAAJ&pg=PA339&dq=%22On+the+rays+emitt ed+by+phosphorescence%22& (this appears to be not as accurate as the one above) [6] ([SO4(UO)K+H2O) [7] "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014 051> | (École Polytechnique) Paris, France3 |
[1] Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) PD source: http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/wwwqui /figuras/quimicos/img/becquerel.jpg [2] Description Becquerel Henri photograph.jpg English: Picture of Henri Becquerel, the French physicist Date 1918(1918) Source Opposite page 229 of Moore's A History of Chemistry Author F. J. Moore Permission (Reusing this image) See below. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/70/Becquerel_Henri_photo graph.jpg |
101 YBN [12/??/1899 AD] 3 | 4265) The negative ion is found to have the same mass and charge for all gases.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Thomson, J.J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures.", Phil. Mag, S. 5, V. 48, N. 295, Dec 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= gEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA547&dq=thomson+date:18 99-1899+intitle:philosophical&lr=&cd=2#v =onepage&q=thomson%20date%3A1899-1899%20 intitle%3Aphilosophical&f=false 2. ^ Thomson, J.J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures.", Phil. Mag, S. 5, V. 48, N. 295, Dec 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= gEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA547&dq=thomson+date:18 99-1899+intitle:philosophical&lr=&cd=2#v =onepage&q=thomson%20date%3A1899-1899%20 intitle%3Aphilosophical&f=false 3. ^ Thomson, J.J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures.", Phil. Mag, S. 5, V. 48, N. 295, Dec 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= gEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA547&dq=thomson+date:18 99-1899+intitle:philosophical&lr=&cd=2#v =onepage&q=thomson%20date%3A1899-1899%20 intitle%3Aphilosophical&f=false {12/1899} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_ John_Thomson [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html [3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph- john-thomson-1 [4] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p357 [5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [6] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 [7] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [8] "Joseph John Thomson. 1856-1940", Rayleigh G. Strutt, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 3, No. 10 (Dec., 1941), pp. 587-609, The Royal Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/769 169 Thomson_Joseph_John_obituary_1941.pdf [9] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id= TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=one page&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false [10] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id= cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=t homson&f=false [11] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312 [12] J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, 1896, 126 [13] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274 [14] Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 44, 08/07/1897, 293. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z l0wAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editi ons:UCALB3728216&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson &f=false [15] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9 [16] Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-912 0/32/4/015) [17] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935, edition 2, p319-320 [18] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry, 1888. http://books.google.com/books?id= zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepag e&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some %20respects%22&f=false http://books.goo gle.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some +respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=m YyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=o nepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2 0some%20respects%22&f=false [19] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935, edition 2, p188 [20] Russell McCormmach, "J. J. Thomson and the Structure of Light", The British Journal for the History of Science, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Dec., 1967), pp. 362-387. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4024961 [21] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072 205> [22] Sir Joseph John Thomson, "Electricity and matter", 1903 http://books.google.com/books?id=q toEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=elect ricity+and+matter+date:1904-1904&cd=1#v= onepage&q=&f=false [23] http://books.google.com/books?id=AFIEAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA615&lpg=PA615&dq=silliman+tho mson+The+%22Present+Development%22+of+%2 2our+ideas+of+electricity%22&source=bl&o ts=MplL4FZwlB&sig=syqjUWBgONoPdTsWsjAKp0 v4aVM&hl=en&ei=KLyeS-qmHIHkswPOjMiNCw&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved =0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=silliman%20thom son%20The%20%22Present%20Development%22% 20of%20%22our%20ideas%20of%20electricity %22&f=false [24] Thomson, J. J., "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off by a metal exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 312, 1903. http://books.google.com/books?id= yZ81AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA312&dq=Experiments+to+ show+that+negative+electricity+is+given+ off+by+a+metal+exposed+to+Rontgen-rays&c d=1#v=onepage&q=Experiments%20to%20show% 20that%20negative%20electricity%20is%20g iven%20off%20by%20a%20metal%20exposed%20 to%20Rontgen-rays&f=false | (British Association Meeting) Dover, England2 |
[1] English: J. J. Thomson published in 1896. Deutsch: Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940). Ein ursprünglich 1896 veröffentlichter Stahlstich. [edit] Source From Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude (ISBN 0-87942-238-6), p. 120. This is a reproduction of a steel engraving originally published in The Electrician, 1896. It was scanned on an Epson Perfection 1250 at 400dpi, cleaned up (some text was showing through the back) in Photoshop, reduced to grayscale, and saved as JPG using the 'Save for Web' optimizer.. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5e/JJ_Thomson.jpg [2] J. J. Thomson in earlier days. PD source: http://www.chemheritage.org/clas sroom/chemach/images/lgfotos/05atomic/th omson1.jpg |
101 YBN [1899 AD] 6 7 8 | 3825) Hydrogen is solidified.1 2 3 4 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. 2. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 182>. 3. ^ "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar 4. ^ James Dewar, "Solid Hydrogen", Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, Chemical news office., 1899, v.80 (1900), p132-133. http://books.google.com/books ?id=958EAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PT49&dq=chemical +news+dewar+solidification+date:1899-189 9&ei=ZcdnSaXOJYrUkwSazf0m#PRA1-PT128,M1 5. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 182>. 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. {1899} 7. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030 182>. {1899} 8. ^ "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar {1899} MORE INFO [1] "James Dewar." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar [2] "James Dewar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar [3] "Sir James Dewar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Jame s_Dewar [4] George Downing Liveing, James Dewar, "Collected Papers on Spectroscopy", University Press, 1915. http://books.google.com/books?id= X75NAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jame s+Dewar&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=OipmSfW-FJD6lQTf 3aCZAQ [5] Armstrong, H. E. (1928). "Obituary of James Dewar". Journal of the Chemical Society: 1056 – 1076. doi:10.1039/JR9280001056. http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/a rticle.asp?doi=JR9280001056 [6] http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues /2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp [7] http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?c oll_id=2955&inst_id=17 [8] Videos of magnetism of liquid oxygen: http://video.google.com/videose arch?hl=en&q=magnetism%20liquid%20oxygen &um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wv# [9] "Dewar, James", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p248 [10] James Dewar, Helen Rose Banks Dewar, James Douglas Hamilton Dickson, Hugh Munro Ross, Ernest Charles Scott Dickson, "Collected Papers of Sir James Dewar...", The University Press, 1927. http://books.google.com/books?id= pR9WAAAAMAAJ&q=Collected+Papers+of+Sir+J ames+Dewar&dq=Collected+Papers+of+Sir+Ja mes+Dewar&lr=&ei=8r5nSZWNFoGklQSW5s3yCw& pgis=1 [11] Willett Lepley Hardin, "The Rise and Development of the Liquefaction of Gases", The Macmillan company, 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= s5cAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR8&dq=dewar+solidificat ion+date:1899-1899&lr=&ei=g79nSZrvFozSlQ S2pvXrCA | (Royal Institution) London, England5 (presumably) |
[1] Figures from Chemical News article by James Dewar ''Solid Hydrogen'' PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =958EAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PT49&dq=chemical+ne ws+dewar+solidification+date:1899-1899&e i=ZcdnSaXOJYrUkwSazf0m#PRA1-PT129,M1 [2] Picture taken from page 230 of T. O’Connor Sloane's Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases, second edition, published by Norman W. Henley and Co., New York, 1900. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/8/89/Dewar_James.jpg |
101 YBN [1899 AD] 5 | 4177) The theory that mass and time change for a body depending on its motion relative to the speed of light,2 and that no matter can travel faster than the speed of light.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H. A. Lorentz, "Electromagnetic Phenomena in a System Moving with any Velocity Less than that of Light", Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam, 1904, p6. http://www.historyofscience.nl/sear ch/detail.cfm?pubid=615&view=image&start row=1 http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ele ctromagnetic_phenomena 2. ^ H. A. Lorentz, "Electromagnetic Phenomena in a System Moving with any Velocity Less than that of Light", Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam, 1904, p6. http://www.historyofscience.nl/sear ch/detail.cfm?pubid=615&view=image&start row=1 http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ele ctromagnetic_phenomena 3. ^ H. A. Lorentz, "Electromagnetic Phenomena in a System Moving with any Velocity Less than that of Light", Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam, 1904, p6. http://www.historyofscience.nl/sear ch/detail.cfm?pubid=615&view=image&start row=1 http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ele ctromagnetic_phenomena 4. ^ "Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 487-500. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 25 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 5. ^ "Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 487-500. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 25 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. {1899} MORE INFO [1] "Hendrik Lorentz." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hendrik-lor entz [2] "Hendrik Lorentz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 25 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hendrik-lor entz [3] "Hendrik Lorentz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 25 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hendrik-lor entz [4] "Hendrik Lorentz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lor entz [5] H. A. Lorentz, "Versuch einer Theorie der elektrischen und optoschen Erscheinungen in bewegten Korpern", (Leiden, 1895). translated: Lorentz, Einstein, Minkowski, Weyl, tr: Perret, Jeffery, "The Principle of Relativity", 1923 [6] Alfred M. Bork, "The 'FitzGerald' Contraction",Isis, Vol. 57, No. 2 (Summer, 1966), pp. 199-207. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pd fplus/227959.pdf [7] H. A. Lorentz, "Michelson's Interference Experiment", translated from: "Versuch einer Theorie der elektrischen und optoschen Erscheinungen in bewegten Korpern", (Leiden, 1895). Lorentz, Einstein, Minkowski, Weyl, tr: Perret, Jeffery, "The Principle of Relativity", 1923. text at: http://www.lawebdefisica.com/arts/lorent z/ [8] Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, "The Einstein theory of relativity: a concise statement", 1920. http://books.google.com/books?id=DCUQA AAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor: lorentz#v=onepage&q=&f=false [9] "Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048 963> [10] Janssen, Michel and A. J. Kox. "Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 22. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 333-336. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 25 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20> [11] Albert Michelson, "Studies in Optics", Chicago Universityt Press, 1927, p156 [12] Frederick Seitz, "James Clerk maxwell (1831-1879)", Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, vol 145, num 1, 2001, p34. http://books.google.com/books?id=t kQJFNlSbzAC&pg=PA34&dq=lorentz+transform ations+1904&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=fals e [13] Florian Cajori, "A history of mathematics", Edition: 2, 919. http://books.google.com/books?id=bBoPA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA479&dq=lorentz+transformati ons+1904&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false | (University of Leiden) Leiden, Netherlands4 |
[1] UNKNOWN source: UNKNOWN [2] UNKNOWN source: UNKNOWN |
101 YBN [1899 AD] 3 4 | 4472) The pressure exerted by light is measured using very light mirrors in a vacuum.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p609. 2. ^ "Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolayevich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047 546>. 3. ^ "Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolayevich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047 546>. {1899} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p609. {1901} MORE INFO [1] "Pyotr Lebedev". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Lebed ev | (Moscow State University) Moscow, Russia2 |
[1] Description Lebedev petr nikolaevich.jpg English: Pyotr Lebedev (1866—1912) Русский: Лебедев, Пётр Николаевич (1866—1912) Date Before 1912 Source http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/a rticle/00041/42200.htm?text=%D0%9F%D0%B5 %D1%82%D1%80%20%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE% D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%20%D 0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2 &stpar1=1.1.3 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a0/Lebedev_petr_nikolaev ich.jpg |
101 YBN [1899 AD] 3 4 | 4473) The mechanical pressure light exerts on gas molecules is measured.1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolayevich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047 546>. 2. ^ "Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolayevich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047 546>. 3. ^ "Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolayevich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047 546>. {1899} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p609. {1901} MORE INFO [1] "Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyotr-nikol aevich-lebedev [2] "Lebedev, Petr Nikolaevich." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 106-108. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902516&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Pyotr Lebedev". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Lebed ev [4] P. Lebedev, “Opytnoe issledovanie svetovogo davlenia" ("An Experimental Investigation of the Pressure of Light"), Zhurnal Russkago fiziko-khimicheskago obshchestva, 1901, t33 vyp 7 otf and Annalen der Physik, 1901 bd 6 s 433-458 | (Moscow State University) Moscow, Russia2 |
[1] Description Lebedev petr nikolaevich.jpg English: Pyotr Lebedev (1866—1912) Русский: Лебедев, Пётр Николаевич (1866—1912) Date Before 1912 Source http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/a rticle/00041/42200.htm?text=%D0%9F%D0%B5 %D1%82%D1%80%20%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE% D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%20%D 0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2 &stpar1=1.1.3 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a0/Lebedev_petr_nikolaev ich.jpg |
100 YBN [01/29/1900 AD] 6 7 8 | 4155) Beta rays of radioactivity are identified as electrons by showing that their charge to mass ratio is the same as the electron.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014 051> 2. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Contribution à l’étude du rayonnement du radium", Comptes Rendus, 130 (1900), 206–211. http://books.google.com/book s?id=rsQvlEt0e7QC&pg=PA206 AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k3086n.image.f206.langFR find English translation: 3. ^ "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014 051> 4. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Contribution à l’étude du rayonnement du radium", Comptes Rendus, 130 (1900), 206–211. http://books.google.com/book s?id=rsQvlEt0e7QC&pg=PA206 AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k3086n.image.f206.langFR find English translation: 5. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 6. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Contribution à l’étude du rayonnement du radium", Comptes Rendus, 130 (1900), 206–211. http://books.google.com/book s?id=rsQvlEt0e7QC&pg=PA206 AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k3086n.image.f206.langFR find English translation: 7. ^ "Becquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. {03/26/1900} 8. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. {1899-1900} MORE INFO [1] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [2] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [3] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Hen ri_Becquerel [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html [5] Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence". Comptes Rendus 122: 420–421. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30 780/f422.chemindefer. translated by Carmen Giunta: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/ becquerel.html and http://books.google.com/books?id=gJMZA QAAIAAJ&pg=PA339&dq=%22On+the+rays+emitt ed+by+phosphorescence%22& (this appears to be not as accurate as the one above) [6] H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps phosphorescents", Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p. 501. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k30780.image.f503 translated: "On the invisible rays emitted by phosphorescent bodies" http://books.google.com/books?i d=TwoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&dq=On+the+invisi ble+rays+emitted+by+phosphorescent+bodie s.&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20invis ible%20rays%20emitted%20by%20phosphoresc ent%20bodies.&f=false (this appears to be not as accurate as the one below) and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giu nta/becquerel.html [7] H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les sels d’uranium," ibid., Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p. 689-694. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/121 48/bpt6k30780.image.f691 summarized: "On the invisible rays emitted by the salts of Uranium.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 125. http://books.google.com/books?id=D 3IMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=on+invisible+rad iations+emitted+by+uranium+salts+becquer el&lr=#v=onepage&q=on%20invisible%20radi ations%20emitted%20by%20uranium%20salts% 20becquerel&f=false [8] "Sur diverses propriété des rayons uraniques", 123 (1896), 855–858; http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k 30799.image.f855.langFR Summarized in English as: "On the Different Properties of Uranium Rays", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Volume 25, p740. http://books.google.com/books?id= kfk3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:LCCN08015098&lr=#v=onepage&q=Becque rel&f=false [9] Henri Becquerel, "Influence d’un champ magnétique sur le rayonnemen; des corps radio-actifs", Comptes Rendus, 129 (1899), 996–1001; http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/ 12148/bpt6k3085b.image.f996.langFR Summ ary in English: Journal of the Chemical Society, Volume 78, Part 2, p126. http://books.google.com/books?id= Vn6KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA126&dq=Effect+of+a+mag netic+field+on+the+radiation+from+radio- active+substances+becquerel&lr=#v=onepag e&q=Effect%20of%20a%20magnetic%20field%2 0on%20the%20radiation%20from%20radio-act ive%20substances%20becquerel&f=false [10] ON THE RADIO ACTIVITY OF MATTER." By HENRI BECQUEREL, , 1903. http://books.google.com/books?id= TinLdn_MceIC&pg=PA197&dq=%22the+radio-ac tivity+of+matter%22#v=onepage&q=%22the%2 0radio-activity%20of%20matter%22&f=false | (École Polytechnique) Paris, France5 |
[1] Photographic plate made by Henri Becquerel showing effects of exposure to radioactivity. Image of Becquerel's photographic plate which has been fogged by exposure to radiation from a uranium salt. The shadow of a metal Maltese Cross placed between the plate and the uranium salt is clearly visible. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Becqu erel_plate.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1e/Becquerel_plate.jpg [2] Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) PD source: http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/wwwqui /figuras/quimicos/img/becquerel.jpg |
100 YBN [03/26/1900 AD] 4 5 | 4375) The velocity of the electrons of beta rays is found to be more than half the speed of light, much higher than the electrons in cathode rays.1 2 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Henri Becquerel, "De´viation du rayonnement du radium dans un champ e´lectrique", Comptes rendus 130 (1900), 809–815. books.google.com/books?id=rs QvlEt0e7QC&pg=PA809 AND http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualise ur?O=30000000030860 {03/26/1900} 2. ^ "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in Perspective (PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp 367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/ 3. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 4. ^ "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in Perspective (PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp 367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/ {03/26/1900} 5. ^ Henri Becquerel, "De´viation du rayonnement du radium dans un champ e´lectrique", Comptes rendus 130 (1900), 809–815. books.google.com/books?id=rs QvlEt0e7QC&pg=PA809 AND http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualise ur?O=30000000030860 {03/26/1900} MORE INFO [1] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [2] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [3] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Hen ri_Becquerel [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html [5] Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence". Comptes Rendus 122: 420–421. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30 780/f422.chemindefer. translated by Carmen Giunta: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/ becquerel.html and http://books.google.com/books?id=gJMZA QAAIAAJ&pg=PA339&dq=%22On+the+rays+emitt ed+by+phosphorescence%22& (this appears to be not as accurate as the one above) [6] ([SO4(UO)K+H2O) [7] "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014 051> [8] Henri Becquerel, "Influence d’un champ magne´tique sur le rayonnement des corps radio-actifs", Comptes rendus 129 (1899), 996–1001 [9] Henri Becquerel, "Sur la dispersion du rayonnement du radium dans un champ magne´tique", Comptes rendus 130 (1900), 372–376; "Note sur la transmission du rayonnement du radium au travers des corps", ibid., 979–984; and "Contribution a` l’e´tude du rayonnement du radium", Se´ances de la Socie´te´ franc¸aise de physique, (1900), p. 16–17 | (École Polytechnique) Paris, France3 |
[1] Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) PD source: http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/wwwqui /figuras/quimicos/img/becquerel.jpg [2] Description Becquerel Henri photograph.jpg English: Picture of Henri Becquerel, the French physicist Date 1918(1918) Source Opposite page 229 of Moore's A History of Chemistry Author F. J. Moore Permission (Reusing this image) See below. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/70/Becquerel_Henri_photo graph.jpg |
100 YBN [05/18/1900 AD] 6 7 8 | 4371) A non-deflected radiation more penetrative than x-rays is identified from radium which will later be named "gamma" rays.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Villard, Paul. "rayonnement du radium" S�ances de la Soci�t� fran�aise de physique (1900): 45. http://books.google.com/books?id=xm cEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA45 2. ^ Leif Gerward, "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in Perspective (PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp 367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/ 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p584-585. 4. ^ Paul Villard, "Sur le rayonnement du radium", Comptes rendus 130 (1900), 1178–1179. books.google.com/books?id=rsQvlEt0e7QC &pg=PA1178 5. ^ "Villard, Paul." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 31-32. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904493&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 6. ^ Villard, Paul. "rayonnement du radium" Séances de la Société française de physique (1900): 45. http://books.google.com/books?id=xm cEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA45 7. ^ Leif Gerward, "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in Perspective (PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp 367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/ {04/09/1900} 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p584-585. {1900} MORE INFO [1] "atom." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 27 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-4835 6> [2] "Paul Villard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Villar d [3] Paul Villard, "Rayonnement du radium", Se´ances de la Socie´te´ franc¸aise de physique, (1900), p. 45–46 | (chemistry laboratory of the École Normale) Paris, France4 5 |
[1] Villard, Paul. ''rayonnement du radium'' Séances de la Société française de physique (1900): 45. http://books.google.com/books?id=xm cEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA45 PD AND Paul, Ulrich Villard, UNKNOWN source: http://books.google.com/books?id =xmcEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA45http://www.hill iontchernobyl.com/Images/Villard1.jpg [2] Paul, Ulrich Villard, UNKNOWN source: http://www.hilliontchernobyl.com /Images/Villard1.jpg |
100 YBN [07/02/1900 AD] 3 4 | 3784) The first flight of a motor-driven gas-filled airship, an aluminum blimp.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p483-484. 2. ^ "Zeppelin, Ferdinand, Graf (count) von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 1 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078 333>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p483-484. {07/02/1900} 4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p397. {07/02/1900} MORE INFO [1] http://aboutfacts.net/History13.htm | Lake Constance, Germany2 |
[1] Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin begins the construction of his 1st airship. He flies for the 1st time during the summer, above the lake Constance in Friedrichshafen, in 1900. He was getting ready to enter the contest for the Deutsch Prize Picture Source: U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission PD source: http://aboutfacts.net/History/Hi story13/Zeppelin1900.jpg [2] Ferdinand Adolf August Heinrich Graf von Zeppelin (1838-1917). PD/Corel source: http://www.centennialofflight.go v/essay/Dictionary/Zeppelin/DI48G1_hi.jp g |
100 YBN [10/19/1900 AD] 4 5 | 4327) "Quantum theory", the theory that all energy exists in discrete units, and the famous equation E=hv.2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "Max Planck." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 13 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/max-planck 2. ^ "Max Planck." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 13 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/max-planck 3. ^ "Planck, Max." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 13 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9108 525>. 4. ^ M. Planck, "Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung in Normalspektrum," Verhandlungen der Deutsches Physikalisches Gesellschaft 2 (1900), pp. 237-245. books.google.com/books?id=zYYM AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA237 and "Uber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum", Annalen Der Physik, 4 (1901), p553-563. books.google.com/books?id=j6A qAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA553 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/112485869/abstract and http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k15314w.image.f635.langEN {Planck_Max _Annalen_der_Physik_1900.pdf} English translation: Max Planck, Alexander Ogg, "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum", 1903. http://theochem.kuchem.kyoto-u.ac .jp/Ando/planck1901.pdf 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p571-573. {1900} MORE INFO [1] "Max Planck." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 13 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/max-planck [2] "Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Karl_Er nst_Ludwig_Planck [3] "quantum mechanics." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 14 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-7750 2> | (University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany3 |
[1] M. Planck, ''Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung in Normalspektrum,'' Verhandlungen der Deutsches Physikalisches Gesellschaft 2 (1900), pp. 237-245. books.google.com/books?id=zYYM AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA237 and ''Uber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum'', Annalen Der Physik, 4 (1901), p553-563. books.google.com/books?id=j6A qAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA553 AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/112485869/abstract and http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k15314w.image.f635.langEN {Planck_Max _Annalen_der_Physik_1900.pdf} English translation: Max Planck, Alexander Ogg, ''On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum'', 1903. http://theochem.kuchem.kyoto-u.ac .jp/Ando/planck1901.pdf PD AND [1] Max Planck PD (presumably source: books.google.com/books?id=zYYMAA AAYAAJ&pg=PA237From Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1928, edition 1, p372. [2] Max Planck PD (presumably source: From Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1928, edition 1, p372. |
100 YBN [1900 AD] 6 | 4303) Around 120,000 galaxies (at the time called nebulae) are identified and photographed.1 2 3 Spiral galaxies are found to out number all other celestial objects.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=B4UqAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA177&dq=keeler+spiral+nebulae& lr=&as_brr=0&cd=5#v=onepage&q=keeler%20s piral%20nebulae&f=false 2. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=5yEDAAA AMBAJ&pg=PA85&dq=keeler+spiral+nebulae&l r=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is= 1898&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1900&as_brr =0&cd=2#v=onepage&q=keeler%20spiral%20ne bulae&f=false 3. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn8CAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA208&dq=keeler+spiral+nebulae& lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is =1898&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1900&as_br r=0&cd=5#v=onepage&q=keeler%20spiral%20n ebulae&f=false 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ "Keeler, James Edward." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 270-271. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Apr. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830902267&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w 6. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn8CAAA AYAAJ&pg=PA208&dq=keeler+spiral+nebulae& lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is =1898&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1900&as_br r=0&cd=5#v=onepage&q=keeler%20spiral%20n ebulae&f=false {c1900} MORE INFO [1] "Keeler, James." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 23 Apr. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9044 967> [2] "James Edward Keeler." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 23 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-edwar d-keeler-american-astronomer [3] "James Edward Keeler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edwar d_Keeler [4] James Keeler, “A Spectroscopic Proof of the Meteoritic Constitution of Saturn’s Rings,” in Astrophysical Journal, 1 (1895), 416–427 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs /1895ApJ.....1..416K and http://books.google.com/books?id=ExzOA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA416&dq=A+Spectroscopic+Proo f+of+the+Meteoric+Constitution+of+Saturn %27s+Rings&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0 &as_miny_is=1895&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is =1895&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=A%20Spec troscopic%20Proof%20of%20the%20Meteoric% 20Constitution%20of%20Saturn%27s%20Rings &f=false [5] J. E. Keeler, "On the Motions of the Planetary Nebulæ in the line of Sight.", Astronomical Society of the Pacific, V2, N2, 11/29/1890. http://articles.adsabs.harv ard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_ke y=AST&bibcode=1890PASP....2..265K&letter =.&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_pa per=YES&page=265&epage=265&send=Send+PDF &filetype=.pdf [6] James Edward Keeler , "Photographs of nebulae and clusters made with the Crossley reflector", 1908. http://openlibrary.org/b/OL724344 3M/Photographs_of_nebulae_and_clusters_m ade_with_the_Crossley_reflector and http://books.google.com/books?id=gD3yQ AAACAAJ&dq=photographs+of+Nebulae+and+Cl usters,+Made+with+the+Crossley+Reflector &source=gbs_book_other_versions | (Lick Observatory) Mount Hamilton, CA, USA5 |
[1] Image of photograph of galaxy from James Edward Keeler , ''Photographs of nebulae and clusters made with the Crossley reflector'', 1908. http://openlibrary.org/b/OL724344 3M/Photographs_of_nebulae_and_clusters_m ade_with_the_Crossley_reflector PD source: http://www.archive.org/stream/ph otographsofneb00keelrich#page/n53/mode/2 up [2] This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons Description Keeler James.jpg American astronomer James Keeler Date 1903(1903) Source Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences Author Charles S. Hastings PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/18/Keeler_James.jpg |
99 YBN [02/14/1901 AD] 4 | 6342) X-rays are shown to kill Guinea pigs.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William Rollins, "X-Light Kills", Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, February 14, 1901, p173. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0sUEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173 2. ^ William Rollins, "X-Light Kills", Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, February 14, 1901, p173. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0sUEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173 3. ^ Ronald L. Kathren, "William H. Rollins (1852-1929) X-ray Protection Pioneer", J Hist Med Allied Sci. 1964 Jul;19:287-94. http://jhmas.oxfordjourn als.org/content/XIX/3/287.full.pdf {Ronald_William_Rollins_196407xx.pdf} 4. ^ William Rollins, "X-Light Kills", Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, February 14, 1901, p173. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0sUEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173 | Boston, Massachusetts, USA3 |
[1] William Rollins, ''X-Light Kills'', Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, February 14, 1901, p173. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0sUEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =0sUEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173 [2] William Herbert Rollins PD source: http://harvardmedicine.hms.harva rd.edu/bulletin/spring2008/images/rollin s.2.jpg |
99 YBN [10/10/1901 AD] 6 7 | 4148) The first synthetic protein is created when3 two amino acid molecules are condensed into dipeptides.4 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 2. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 5. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 6. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. {1901} 7. ^ "Emil Fischer - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 11 May 2013 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/c hemistry/laureates/1902/fischer-bio.html MORE INFO [1] "Hermann Emil Fischer." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-emi l-fischer [2] "Emil Hermann Fischer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Herman n_Fischer [3] Untersuchungen über Aminosäuren, Polypeptide und Proteine, 1899–1906 (Berlin, 1906); http://books.google.com/books?id =YwXiXA-UN0UC&dq=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCbe r+Aminos%C3%A4uren,+Polypeptide+und+Prot eine&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=o _b7eX-MYN&sig=NBTkQPTKqSIIuIrisZiCgoRR_Y k&hl=en&ei=iCDySqWpCIn4tAOJrMneAQ&sa=X&o i=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CA 8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false [4] Untersuchungen in der Puringruppe, 1882–1906 (Berlin, 1907); http://books.google.com/books?id=L5JPy TLCkA8C&pg=PA611&dq=Untersuchungen+in+de r+Puringruppe#v=onepage&q=&f=false [5] "Fischer, Emil." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034 371> [6] "Hermann Emil Fischer." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-emi l-fischer [7] Fischer, E. "Die Hydrolyse der Proteinstoffe." Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und-Forschung A 5.24 (1902): 1207-1208. http://link.springer.com/art icle/10.1007%2FBF02506767?LI=true [8] Fischer, Emil, and Ernest Fourneau. "Ueber einige Derivate des Glykocolls." Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 34.2 (1901): 2868-2877. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c om/doi/10.1002/cber.190103402249/abstrac t | (University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany5 |
[1] Fischer, Emil, and Ernest Fourneau. ''Ueber einige Derivate des Glykocolls.'' Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 34.2 (1901): 2868-2877. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c om/doi/10.1002/cber.190103402249/abstrac t {Fischer_19011010.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1002/cber.190103402249/abstract [2] Fischer, Emil, and Ernest Fourneau. ''Ueber einige Derivate des Glykocolls.'' Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 34.2 (1901): 2868-2877. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c om/doi/10.1002/cber.190103402249/abstrac t {Fischer_19011010.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1002/cber.190103402249/abstract |
99 YBN [12/12/1901 AD] 3 4 | 4832) The first radio message is sent over the Atlantic Ocean.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Guglielmo Marconi." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/364287/Guglielmo-Marconi>. 2. ^ "Guglielmo Marconi." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/364287/Guglielmo-Marconi>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p650-651. {12/12/1901} 4. ^ "Marconi, Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 19 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/12/1901} MORE INFO [1] "Guglielmo Marconi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/guglielmo-m arconi [2] "Guglielmo Marconi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_M arconi [3] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html [4] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", proceedings of the institution of electrical engineers, v28, 1899, p273. http://books.google.com/books?id= UQAUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=proc eedings+of+the+institution+of+electrical +engineers&hl=en&ei=5yu-TOTnFIugsQOn9bzI DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum= 2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=marconi&f= false [5] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 16 (1899– 1901), 247–256 [6] G. Marconi, "Syntonic Wireless Telegraphy", Royal Society of Arts. Journal, 49 (1901), 505 [7] Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., "Marconi: The Man and His Wireless" (1937) [8] W. P. Jolly, "Marconi", 1972, p78 [9] British patent No. 12,039, Date of Application 2 June 1896; Complete Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897 (later claimed by Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to patent) http://www.earlyradiohistory.us /1901fae.htm [10] U.S. Patent 0,586,193 "Transmitting electrical signals", (using Ruhmkorff coil and Morse code key) filed December 1896, patented July, 1897. http://www.google.com/patents?vid =586193 [11] U.S. Patent 0,763,772 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (Four tuned system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S. Stone) http://www.google.com/patents?id =L5tvAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false | Poldhu, Cornwall, England to St. John’s, Newfoundland2 |
[1] St. John's Newfoundland kite which received the famous signal 1901 PD source: B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935) [2] Marconi Station at Poldhu, Cornwall, from which first transatlantic signals were transmitted. Contrasted with top picture, the Bridgewater Beam transmitting station. PD source: B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935) |
99 YBN [12/31/1901 AD] 5 6 | 4120) Yellow fever is shown to be caused by a virus;1 2 the first disease found in humans to be attributed to a virus.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p531. 2. ^ A Compilation of Various Publications Results of the Work of Major Walter Reed, Medical Corps, United States Army, and the Yellow Fever Commission, Senate document no. 822 from the Third Session of the 61st Congress (Washington, D. C, 1911), p70. http://books.google.com/books?id=N JIaAAAAMAAJ&dq=A+Compilation+of+Various+ Publications+Results+of+the+Work+of+Majo r+Walter+Reed&printsec=frontcover&source =bl&ots=pXL0Ysd1Zx&sig=yClltkysOqVf3sQoY Mst7Gbnjro&hl=en&ei=DfncSo6AIoOIswPZ84Gc Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum= 1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p531. 4. ^ A Compilation of Various Publications Results of the Work of Major Walter Reed, Medical Corps, United States Army, and the Yellow Fever Commission, Senate document no. 822 from the Third Session of the 61st Congress (Washington, D. C, 1911), p70. http://books.google.com/books?id=N JIaAAAAMAAJ&dq=A+Compilation+of+Various+ Publications+Results+of+the+Work+of+Majo r+Walter+Reed&printsec=frontcover&source =bl&ots=pXL0Ysd1Zx&sig=yClltkysOqVf3sQoY Mst7Gbnjro&hl=en&ei=DfncSo6AIoOIswPZ84Gc Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum= 1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false 5. ^ A Compilation of Various Publications Results of the Work of Major Walter Reed, Medical Corps, United States Army, and the Yellow Fever Commission, Senate document no. 822 from the Third Session of the 61st Congress (Washington, D. C, 1911), p70. http://books.google.com/books?id=N JIaAAAAMAAJ&dq=A+Compilation+of+Various+ Publications+Results+of+the+Work+of+Majo r+Walter+Reed&printsec=frontcover&source =bl&ots=pXL0Ysd1Zx&sig=yClltkysOqVf3sQoY Mst7Gbnjro&hl=en&ei=DfncSo6AIoOIswPZ84Gc Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum= 1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false {12/31/1901 and 01/02/1902} 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p531. {1901} MORE INFO [1] "Reed, Walter." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9063 004> [2] "Reed, Walter." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 345-347. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 19 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20> | (Society of American Bacteriologists) Chicago, Illinois, USA4 |
[1] Walter Reed (1851-1902) American physician Source : en:Image:WalterReed.jpeg Walter Reed at rank of major (19th century photograph) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/4e/WalterReed.jpeg |
99 YBN [1901 AD] 3 4 | 4054) The theory that new species can arise as a result of mutation.1 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Hugo de Vries." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hugo-de-vri es 2. ^ "Vries, Hugo de." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9075 778>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p515-516. {1901} 4. ^ "Vries, Hugo De", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p914-915. {1901} MORE INFO [1] "Hugo de Vries." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hugo-de-vri es [2] "Hugo de Vries." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hugo-de-vri es [3] "Hugo Marie De Vries". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Marie_ De_Vries [4] The Midland naturalist: journal of the Midland Union of Natural ..., Volume 7, 1884, p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=Y gAXAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA65&dq=Vries+plasmol ysis+date:1884-1884&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q =Vries%20plasmolysis%20date%3A1884-1884& f=false [5] Hugo De Vries, "Untersuchungen über die mechanischen Ursachen der Zellstreckung, ausgehend", 1877. http://books.google.com/books?id= NOUfAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Vrie s+Zellstreckung+date:1877-1877&as_brr=1# v=onepage&q=&f=false [6] Albert Philson Brubaker, Augustus Adolph Eshner, "Text-book of human physiology", 1905, p37. http://books.google.com/books?id=J iKto86vysIC&pg=PA37&dq=Vries+plasmolysis &as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Vries%20plasmolysi s&f=false [7] "isotonic." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 23 Sep. 2009. sotonic> [8] Hugo de Vries, "Die mutationstheorie: Versuche und beobachtungen über die ..., Volume 2", p169. http://books.google.com/books?id= gEUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA168&dq=papaver+somnife rum+mephisto+de+vries&as_brr=1#v=snippet &q=papaver%20somniferum%20mephisto&f=fal se [9] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p638 [10] "Carl Correns." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/carl-corren s | (University of Amsterdam) Amsterdam, Netherlands2 |
[1] Image from English translation of 1991 work , p218 Die Mutationstheorie: bd. Die Entstehung der Arten durch Mutation PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =cdOhB5p3HkIC&printsec=frontcover&source =gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=larm arkiana&f=false [2] Image from English translation of 1991 work PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =cdOhB5p3HkIC&printsec=frontcover&source =gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=f alse |
99 YBN [1901 AD] 4 | 4156) The element uranium is identified as the radioactive portion of uranium compounds.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p539-540. 2. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Sur la radioactivité de l’uranium." 133 (1901), 977–980. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/1 2148/bpt6k3089k.image.f977.langFR abstr act in English at: Chemical Society, London, Volume 82, Part 2, p117. http://books.google.com/books?id= A8EwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=%22on +the+radioactivity+of+uranium%22+1901&so urce=bl&ots=WKmlqSWW5Y&sig=mAlddpkYQ1XWz Kl7UPuY17J47sM&hl=en&ei=UYX0SqP8FKagM4r4 9aIB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu m=2&ved=0CAsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22on%20 the%20radioactivity%20of%20uranium%22%20 1901&f=false 3. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20>. 4. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Sur la radioactivité de l’uranium." 133 (1901), 977–980. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/1 2148/bpt6k3089k.image.f977.langFR abstr act in English at: Chemical Society, London, Volume 82, Part 2, p117. http://books.google.com/books?id= A8EwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=%22on +the+radioactivity+of+uranium%22+1901&so urce=bl&ots=WKmlqSWW5Y&sig=mAlddpkYQ1XWz Kl7UPuY17J47sM&hl=en&ei=UYX0SqP8FKagM4r4 9aIB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu m=2&ved=0CAsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22on%20 the%20radioactivity%20of%20uranium%22%20 1901&f=false MORE INFO [1] "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014 051> [2] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [3] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel [4] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Hen ri_Becquerel [5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html [6] Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence". Comptes Rendus 122: 420–421. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30 780/f422.chemindefer. translated by Carmen Giunta: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/ becquerel.html and http://books.google.com/books?id=gJMZA QAAIAAJ&pg=PA339&dq=%22On+the+rays+emitt ed+by+phosphorescence%22& (this appears to be not as accurate as the one above) [7] H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps phosphorescents", Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p. 501. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b pt6k30780.image.f503 translated: "On the invisible rays emitted by phosphorescent bodies" http://books.google.com/books?i d=TwoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&dq=On+the+invisi ble+rays+emitted+by+phosphorescent+bodie s.&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20invis ible%20rays%20emitted%20by%20phosphoresc ent%20bodies.&f=false (this appears to be not as accurate as the one below) and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giu nta/becquerel.html [8] H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les sels d’uranium," ibid., Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p. 689-694. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/121 48/bpt6k30780.image.f691 summarized: "On the invisible rays emitted by the salts of Uranium.", Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 125. http://books.google.com/books?id=D 3IMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=on+invisible+rad iations+emitted+by+uranium+salts+becquer el&lr=#v=onepage&q=on%20invisible%20radi ations%20emitted%20by%20uranium%20salts% 20becquerel&f=false [9] "Sur diverses propriété des rayons uraniques", 123 (1896), 855–858; http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k 30799.image.f855.langFR Summarized in English as: "On the Different Properties of Uranium Rays", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Volume 25, p740. http://books.google.com/books?id= kfk3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:LCCN08015098&lr=#v=onepage&q=Becque rel&f=false [10] Henri Becquerel, "Influence d’un champ magnétique sur le rayonnemen; des corps radio-actifs", Comptes Rendus, 129 (1899), 996–1001; http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/ 12148/bpt6k3085b.image.f996.langFR Summ ary in English: Journal of the Chemical Society, Volume 78, Part 2, p126. http://books.google.com/books?id= Vn6KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA126&dq=Effect+of+a+mag netic+field+on+the+radiation+from+radio- active+substances+becquerel&lr=#v=onepag e&q=Effect%20of%20a%20magnetic%20field%2 0on%20the%20radiation%20from%20radio-act ive%20substances%20becquerel&f=false [11] ON THE RADIO ACTIVITY OF MATTER." By HENRI BECQUEREL, , 1903. http://books.google.com/books?id= TinLdn_MceIC&pg=PA197&dq=%22the+radio-ac tivity+of+matter%22#v=onepage&q=%22the%2 0radio-activity%20of%20matter%22&f=false [12] "abcoulomb." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/abcoulomb [13] "Becquerel, [Antoine-] Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20> [14] http://translate.google.com/translate_t# | (École Polytechnique) Paris, France3 |
[1] Photographic plate made by Henri Becquerel showing effects of exposure to radioactivity. Image of Becquerel's photographic plate which has been fogged by exposure to radiation from a uranium salt. The shadow of a metal Maltese Cross placed between the plate and the uranium salt is clearly visible. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Becqu erel_plate.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1e/Becquerel_plate.jpg [2] Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) PD source: http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/wwwqui /figuras/quimicos/img/becquerel.jpg |
99 YBN [1901 AD] 5 6 | 4515) That there are different blood types is recognized1 and the ABO blood group system is created2 .3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p621-622. 2. ^ "Landsteiner, Karl." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 12 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047 068>. 3. ^ Karl Landsteiner, "Über agglutinationsercheinungen normalen menschlichen blutes" ("On Agglutination Phenomena of Normal Human Blood"), Wien Klin Wschr, 14: 1132-4. 2, 1901. English translation: http://books.google.com/bo oks?hl=en&lr=&id=A1hChCwPefsC&oi=fnd&pg= PA112&dq=normalen+landsteiner&ots=_vv7jE jQs9&sig=4hP7HU9JIYw7QIZdahl1pFdbdQQ#v=o nepage&q=normalen%20landsteiner&f=false 4. ^ Karl Landsteiner, "Über agglutinationsercheinungen normalen menschlichen blutes" ("On Agglutination Phenomena of Normal Human Blood"), Wien Klin Wschr, 14: 1132-4. 2, 1901. English translation: http://books.google.com/bo oks?hl=en&lr=&id=A1hChCwPefsC&oi=fnd&pg= PA112&dq=normalen+landsteiner&ots=_vv7jE jQs9&sig=4hP7HU9JIYw7QIZdahl1pFdbdQQ#v=o nepage&q=normalen%20landsteiner&f=false 5. ^ "Landsteiner, Karl." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 12 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047 068>. {1901} 6. ^ "Landsteiner, Karl." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 622-625. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902453&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1901} MORE INFO [1] "Karl Landsteiner." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-landst einer [2] "Karl Landsteiner." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-landst einer [3] "Karl Landsteiner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landst einer | (Pathological-Anatomical Institute) Vienna4 |
[1] Image extracted from Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 40. Associated: Karl Landsteiner Date: 1920s Genre: illustrations ID: portrait-landsteiner UNKNOWN source: http://osulibrary.oregonstate.ed u/specialcollections/coll/nonspcoll/cata logue/portrait-landsteiner-600w.jpg |
99 YBN [1901 AD] 5 6 | 5510) The theory that the mass of an electron increases with velocity.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kaufmann, "Die magnetische und elektrische Ablenkbarkeit der Becquerelstrahlen und die scheinbare Masse der Elektronen" (Göttingen Nachrichten 8, S. 143—155. 1901). (Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse ) summary: http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=SplZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA302 English: T ranslated as "Magnetic and Electric Deflectiability of the Becquerel Rays and the Apparent Mass of the Electron" in: Boorse and Motz, "The World of the Atom", 1966, v1, p506. {Kaufmann_Walter_1901xxxx.pdf} 2. ^ "Kaufmann, Walter (or Walther)." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 263-265. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902262&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ W. Kaufmann, "Die elektromagnetische Masse des Elektrons ", Physikalische Zeitschrift, 1902, 4 (1b): 54-57. http://wikilivres.info/wiki/Die_ elektromagnetische_Masse_des_Elektrons and http://books.google.com/books?id=4V dMAAAAMAAJ&q=kaufmann#v=snippet&q=kaufma nn&f=false 4. ^ Kaufmann, "Die magnetische und elektrische Ablenkbarkeit der Becquerelstrahlen und die scheinbare Masse der Elektronen" (Göttingen Nachrichten 8, S. 143—155. 1901). (Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse ) summary: http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=SplZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA302 English: T ranslated as "Magnetic and Electric Deflectiability of the Becquerel Rays and the Apparent Mass of the Electron" in: Boorse and Motz, "The World of the Atom", 1966, v1, p506. {Kaufmann_Walther_1901xxxx.pdf} 5. ^ Kaufmann, "Die magnetische und elektrische Ablenkbarkeit der Becquerelstrahlen und die scheinbare Masse der Elektronen" (Göttingen Nachrichten 8, S. 143—155. 1901). (Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse ) summary: http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=SplZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA302 English: T ranslated as "Magnetic and Electric Deflectiability of the Becquerel Rays and the Apparent Mass of the Electron" in: Boorse and Motz, "The World of the Atom", 1966, v1, p506. {Kaufmann_Walther_1901xxxx.pdf} 6. ^ W. Kaufmann, "Die elektromagnetische Masse des Elektrons ", Physikalische Zeitschrift, 1902, 4 (1b): 54-57. http://wikilivres.info/wiki/Die_ elektromagnetische_Masse_des_Elektrons and http://books.google.com/books?id=4V dMAAAAMAAJ&q=kaufmann#v=snippet&q=kaufma nn&f=false {01/04/1902} MORE INFO [1] "Walter Kaufmann (physicist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kauf mann_(physicist) | (University of Göttingen) Göttingen, Germany4 |
[1] Figure 34-2 from: Kaufmann, ''Die magnetische und elektrische Ablenkbarkeit der Becquerelstrahlen und die scheinbare Masse der Elektronen'' (Göttingen Nachrichten 8, S. 143—155. 1901). (Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse ) English: Translated as ''Magnetic and Electric Deflectiability of the Becquerel Rays and the Apparent Mass of the Electron'' in: Boorse and Motz, ''The World of the Atom'', 1966, v1, p506. {Kaufmann_Walther_1901xxxx.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: [2] Description Walter kaufmann.png English: Walter Kaufmann (1871-1947) Date ca. 1905(1905) Source Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Göttingen Author Walter Kaufmann PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1d/Walter_kaufmann.png |
99 YBN [1901 AD] 2 | 6253) The electric motor vacuum cleaner.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p59. 2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p59. {1901} MORE INFO [1] "vacuum cleaner." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vacuum-clea ner |
[1] On August 30th 1901 Hubert Cecil Booth, a British engineer, received a British patent for a vacuum cleaner. It took the form of a large, horse-drawn, petrol-driven unit which was parked outside the building to be cleaned with long hoses being fed through the windows. Until then vacuum cleaners blew the dust away, but Booth came up with the idea of sucking away dust, instead of blowing. Furthermore Booth equipped his cleaner with a filter, which kept the dust in the machine. All modern vacuum cleaners are based on Booth's principle. UNKNOWN source: http://www.morclean.co.uk/catego ries/images/first-vacuum-cleaner.jpg [2] Description Hubert Cecil Booth Source http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/ results.asp?image=10300549 Article Hubert Cecil Booth COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/c/c9/Hubert_Cecil_Booth.jpg | |
98 YBN [03/17/1902 AD] 3 4 | 4398) The electron velocity (and electric potential) created by the photoelectric effect is shown to depend only on the frequency of light.1 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "Lenard, Philipp." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 180-183. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902551&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ "Lenard, Philipp." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 180-183. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902551&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ P. Lenard, "Ueber die lichtelektrische Wirkung", Annalen der Physik, Volume 313, Issue 5, Date: 1902, Pages: 149-198 http://www3.interscience.wiley. com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485664/PDFSTART {Lenard_Philipp_photoelectric_1902.pdf} {03/17/1902} 4. ^ "Lenard, Philipp." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 180-183. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902551&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1902} MORE INFO [1] Joseph F. Mulligan, "Heinrich Hertz and Philipp Lenard: Two Distinguished Physicists, Two Disparate Men", Physics in Perspective (PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999. http://www.springerlink.com/conte nt/ey675vh58f3p0965/ [2] "Lenard, Philipp." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 2 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047 736> [3] "Philipp Lenard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/philipp-len ard [4] "Philipp Lenard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Len ard | (University of Kiel) Kiel, Germany2 |
[1] Figure from March 1902 Lenard paper - presumably the important paper on the photoelectric effect PD source: http://www3.interscience.wiley.c om/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485664/PDFSTART [2] Description Phillipp Lenard in 1900.jpg German physicist Phillipp Lenard Date According this source, picture is taked in 1900 Source Encyclopaedia Britannica. Original source AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, American Institute of Physics. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1d/Phillipp_Lenard_in_19 00.jpg |
98 YBN [03/28/1902 AD] 4 | 4857) The theory of the "cubic atom", which explains the cycle of 8 elements on the periodic table, and the stability of inert gases when all 8 vertices are occupied.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ GN Lewis, "THE ATOM AND THE MOLECULE.", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1916 - ACS Publications http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja02261a002 http://books.goog le.com/books?id=RgDzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA767&lp g=PA767&dq=%22A+number+of+years+ago,+to+ account+for+the+striking+fact%22&source= bl&ots=poniqAOQyg&sig=WFu6ffeH4l_mrhTDnV SY3Jv0GgU&hl=en&ei=4pbQTNXlBoS4sQOal_XVC A&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 &sqi=2&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22A% 20number%20of%20years%20ago%2C%20to%20ac count%20for%20the%20striking%20fact%22&f =false {Lewis_Gilbert_19160126.pdf} 2. ^ "Lewis, Gilbert Newton." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 289-294. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902598&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ "Lewis, Gilbert Newton." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 289-294. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902598&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ GN Lewis, "THE ATOM AND THE MOLECULE.", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1916 - ACS Publications http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja02261a002 http://books.goog le.com/books?id=RgDzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA767&lp g=PA767&dq=%22A+number+of+years+ago,+to+ account+for+the+striking+fact%22&source= bl&ots=poniqAOQyg&sig=WFu6ffeH4l_mrhTDnV SY3Jv0GgU&hl=en&ei=4pbQTNXlBoS4sQOal_XVC A&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 &sqi=2&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22A% 20number%20of%20years%20ago%2C%20to%20ac count%20for%20the%20striking%20fact%22&f =false {Lewis_Gilbert_19160126.pdf} {03/28/1902} MORE INFO [1] "Gilbert N. Lewis." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 29 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-new ton-lewis [2] "Gilbert Newton Lewis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_New ton_Lewis [3] http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/ PortraitsHH_Detail.asp?HH_Lname=Lewis [4] Lewis, "Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules", 1923 http://books.google.com/books?id=3 6zQAAAAMAAJ&q=Valence+and+the+Structure+ of+Atoms+and+Molecules&dq=Valence+and+th e+Structure+of+Atoms+and+Molecules&hl=en &ei=jlvLTKjIF4mosQORwrmNDg&sa=X&oi=book_ result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwA A [5] "Gilbert N. Lewis." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-new ton-lewis [6] "Gilbert N. Lewis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/338142/Gilbert-N-Lewis> | (Harvard University) Cambridge, Massachussets, USA3 |
[1] Figure 2 from: GN Lewis, ''THE ATOM AND THE MOLECULE.'', Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1916 - ACS Publications http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja02261a002 {Lewis_Gilbert_19 160126.pdf} PD source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1 021/ja02261a002 [2] [t Notice the similarity to Rutherford] Gilbert Newton Lewis 1875-1946 UNKNOWN source: http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Po rtraits/images/lewisc.jpg |
98 YBN [03/??/1902 AD] 7 | 4734) Radioactivity is recognized as atomic decay in which one atom decays into another kind (also known as transmutation3 ).4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false 2. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 10 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p635-637. 4. ^ Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false 5. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 10 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 6. ^ Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false 7. ^ Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false {c03/1902} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=o EwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the +Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnw X4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20t he%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] "Frederick Soddy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/552022/Frederick-Soddy> [15] "Frederick Soddy." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-s oddy [16] "Frederick Soddy." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-s oddy [17] "Frederick Soddy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_S oddy [18] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1921/soddy.html [19] Frederick Soddy, "Science and life: Aberdeen adresses", 1920. http://books.google.com/books?id= nHVBAAAAIAAJ&dq=frederick+soddy&source=g bs_navlinks_s [20] Frederick Soddy, "Matter and Energy", 1911. http://books.google.com/books?id= iKQLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=fred erick+soddy&hl=en&ei=i2QUTfmqL5O6sAPIxoj tCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum =4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false [21] Alexander Fleck, "Frederick Soddy." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. November 1, 1957 3:203-216; doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014 http://www.j stor.org/stable/769361 | (McGill University) Montreal, Canada6 |
[1] Description Ernest Rutherford2.jpg English: Cropped Image:Ernest_Rutherford.jpg Date 2007-01-26 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Sadi Carnot at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/57/Ernest_Rutherford2.jp g [2] Ernest Rutherford (young) Image courtesy of www.odt.co.nz UNKNOWN source: https://thescienceclassroom.wiki spaces.com/file/view/ernest_rutherford_1 122022732.jpg/103032081 |
98 YBN [10/17/1902 AD] 5 | 4253) That paternal and maternal chromosomes are pairs, and are the physical basis of the Mendelian {meN-DElE-eN1 } laws of heredity is shown.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Mendelian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 22 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/mendelian 2. ^ "Sutton, Walter Stanborough." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 156-158. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830904215&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ Sutton, "Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachystola magna", Kansas University Quarterly, 4 (1902). http://www.esp.org/foundations/ genetics/classical/wss-02.pdf 4. ^ Sutton, "Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachystola magna", Kansas University Quarterly, 4 (1902). http://www.esp.org/foundations/ genetics/classical/wss-02.pdf 5. ^ Sutton, "Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachystola magna", Kansas University Quarterly, 4 (1902). http://www.esp.org/foundations/ genetics/classical/wss-02.pdf {10/17/1902} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p561 [2] "Wilson, Edmund Beecher." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 1 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9077 122> [3] "Edmund Beecher Wilson." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilson-edmu nd-beecher [4] "Edmund Beecher Wilson." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 02 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilson-edmu nd-beecher [5] "Edmund Beecher Wilson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beec her_Wilson [6] "Wilson, Edmund Beecher." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 423-436. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830904681&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w [7] E. B. Wilson, “The Chromosomes in Relation to the Determination of Sex in Insects” ; Publications. Carnegie Institution of Washington, no. 36 (1905). http://www.esp.org/foundations/ genetics/classical/ebw-05.pdf [8] N. M. Stevens, “Studies in Spermatogenesis With Especial Reference to the ‘Accessory Chromosome’” Publications. Carnegie Institution of Washington, no. 36 (1905). http://www.esp.org/foundations/ genetics/classical/holdings/s/nms-05-spe rmatogenesis-1.pdf [9] "Clarence Erwin McClung: 1870-1946", D. H. Wenrich, Science, New Series, Vol. 103, No. 2679 (May 3, 1946), pp. 551-552. http://www.jstor.org/stable/16 72760?&Search=yes&term=Clarence&term=McC lung&term=Erwin&list=hide&searchUri=%2Fa ction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DClarence %2BErwin%2BMcClung%26jc%3Dj100000%26wc%3 Don%26Search.x%3D11%26Search.y%3D6%26Sea rch%3DSearch&item=1&ttl=27&returnArticle Service=showArticle [10] "Nettie Stevens." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 02 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/stevens-net tie-marie [11] "Walter Sutton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sutt on [12] "Walter S. Sutton." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 02 Mar. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/575830/Walter-S-Sutton> [13] Sutton, "Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachystola magna", Kansas University Quarterly, 4 (1902). http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetic s/classical/wss-02.pdf [14] "McClung, Clarence Erwin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 586-590. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?& id=GALE%7CCX2830902724&v=2.1&u=univca20& it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w [15] “Notes on the Accessory Chromosome,” in Anatomischer Anzeiger, 20 (1901), 220–226; http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetic s/classical/cem-01.pdf [16] “The Accessory Chromosomes: Sex Determinant?” in Biological Bulletin, 3 (1902), 43–84 http://www.esp.org/foundations/ genetics/classical/cem-02.pdf | (Columbia University) New York City, NY, USA4 |
[1] From Sutton 1902 paper see captions PD source: http://www.esp.org/foundations/g enetics/classical/wss-02.pdf [2] Description Walter sutton.jpg English: A portrait of Walter S. Sutton taken prior to 1916. Date prior to 1916 Source http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/re sources/timeline/1902_Boveri_Sutton.jpg Author Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) See below. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/43/Walter_sutton.jpg |
98 YBN [10/27/1902 AD] | 3983) The speed of x-rays is shown to be the same as the speed of light.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ M. R. Blondlot, "Sur la vitesse de propagation des rayons X.", Comptes Rendus, p666-670. http://books.google.com/books ?id=iV0DAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq= intitle:COMPTES+intitle:RENDUS+date:1902 -1902#v=onepage&q=blondlot&f=false translated from French to English: R. Blondlot, "Velocity of Propagation of X-Rays", The Electrician, 11/21/1902, p189-190. {Blondlot_Rene_velocity_of_xr ay_19021121.pdf} 2. ^ "The Velocity of Propagation of X-Rays", Nature, 12/25/1902, p185. http://books.google.com/books?id= I8wKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159&dq=intitle:nature+ date:1902&lr=&ei=FJzHSZ_eAo_ElQSC6LyADg# PPA185,M1 3. ^ "The Velocity of Propagation of X-Rays", Nature, 12/25/1902, p185. http://books.google.com/books?id= I8wKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159&dq=intitle:nature+ date:1902&lr=&ei=FJzHSZ_eAo_ElQSC6LyADg# PPA185,M1 4. ^ "Blondlot, Rene-Prosper", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp106-107. MORE INFO [1] "Prosper-René Blondlot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper-Ren %C3%A9_Blondlot | University of Nancy, Nancy, France4 (presumably) |
[1] Figure 1, Blondlot's apparatus for comparing the speed of x-rays to those of visible light. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =iV0DAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=int itle:COMPTES+intitle:RENDUS+date:1902-19 02#v=onepage&q=blondlot&f=false [2] René Blondlot (1849-1930) source: http://nsa02.casimages.com/img/2 008/06/02/0806020221453517545.jpg |
98 YBN [11/10/1902 AD] 3 | 4736) Alpha rays are found to be deflectable by strong magnetic and electric fields in the opposite direction of cathode rays and so are positively charged bodies.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw &hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false 2. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw &hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false 3. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw &hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false {11/10/1902} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=o EwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the +Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnw X4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20t he%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665 [15] Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false [16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902 | (McGill University) Montreal, Canada2 |
[1] Figure 4 from Ernest Rutherford, ''The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium'', Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+ Magnetic+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+E asily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=b l&ots=hd6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoND mYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg &sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1& ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnet ic%20and%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20t he%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20R adium&f=false [2] Description Ernest Rutherford2.jpg English: Cropped Image:Ernest_Rutherford.jpg Date 2007-01-26 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Sadi Carnot at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/57/Ernest_Rutherford2.jp g |
98 YBN [1902 AD] 3 4 | 4784) A method of sewing together (suturing) the ends of blood vessels is developed.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Carrel, Alexis." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 8 Sept. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9020 489>. 2. ^ "Alexis Carrel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carr el 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p645-646. {1902} 4. ^ "Alexis Carrel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carr el {1902} MORE INFO [1] "Alexis Carrel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carr el [2] "Carrel, Alexis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 90-92. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 8 Sept. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900797&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Alexis Carrel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carr el | (University of Lyons) Lyons, France2 |
[1] Description Alexis Carrel 02.jpg French surgeon and biologist Alexis Carrel (1873-1944) Date Unknown Source US-LibraryOfCongress-BookLogo.svg This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID ggbain.34418. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. العربية source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9e/Alexis_Carrel_02.jpg |
97 YBN [03/23/1903 AD] 7 8 | 4493) The airplane. The first powered, sustained, and controlled airplane flight.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026 >. 2. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026 >. 3. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026 >. 4. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026 >. 5. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026 >. 6. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 7. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/17/1903} 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p613-614,634-635. {12/17/1903} MORE INFO [1] "The Wright Brothers." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/ [2] "Wright brothers". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brot hers [3] Patent 821393 FLYING-MACHINE ORVILLE WRIGHT http://www.google.com/patents?id =h5NWAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [4] "airfoil." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/airfoil [5] Wright, Wilbur and Orville. Video. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-127561> [6] aviation: flight of the first military airplane, 1909. Video. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-15290> | Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, USA6 |
[1] Description First flight2.jpg English: First successful flight of the Wright Flyer, by the Wright brothers. The machine traveled 120 ft (36.6 m) in 12 seconds at 10:35 a.m. at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Orville Wright was at the controls of the machine, lying prone on the lower wing with his hips in the cradle which operated the wing-warping mechanism. Wilbur Wright ran alongside to balance the machine, and just released his hold on the forward upright of the right wing in the photo. The starting rail, the wing-rest, a coil box, and other items needed for flight preparation are visible behind the machine. This was considered ''the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air, powered flight'' by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Français : L’un des premier vols habités de l’histoire dans un aéronef plus lourd que l’air (36.6 mètres en 12 secondes), par les frères Wright le 17 décembre 1903 à 10h35 sur la plage de Kitty Hawk en Caroline du Nord. Orville est aux commandes, allongé sur le ventre sur l’aile basse et les hanches dans la nacelle qui servait à contrôler le mouvement des ailes ; Wilbur court le long de l’appareil et vient de lacher l’aile droite. Le rail de lancement, des étais et d’autres équipements nécessaires pour la préparation du vol sont visibles. 日本語: 1903年12月17日、ライト兄弟が 類初の動力飛行機での有人飛 行に成功した時の写真。 Date 17 December 1903 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/86/First_flight2.jpg [2] * Description: Wilbur Wright Background notes: Wright brothers English: Early Wright brother’s airplanes explored basic principles of flight. The Wright brothers are widely credited with engineering the first aircraft capable of sustained powered flight. Commons-emblem-notice.svg Wright brothers Wikipedia: Asturianu Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch English Esperanto Español Euskara Suomi Français עברית Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 한국어 Latina Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk (Bokmål) Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / Srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Other links: US inventors *** Smithsonian Stories of the Wright flights *** National Park Service, Wright Brothers' Memorial *** PBS Nova: The Wright Brothers' Flying Machines * Source: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/wrihtml/wribac. html * Photographer: unknwon PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/77/Wilbur_Wright.jpg |
97 YBN [05/28/1903 AD] | 3677) The radiation from radium is shown to be less when colder.1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ William Crookes, James Dewar, "Note on the Effect of Extreme Cold on the Emanations of Radium.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 72, 1903/1904. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/qr2141ju61876835/?p=6170db3 0116342c2baad5cb1d8856256π=42 {Crookes _William_Cold_on_Radium_1903.pdf} 2. ^ "Crookes, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p215-217. MORE INFO [1] "Crookes, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9027 981> [2] "William Crookes." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-cro okes [3] "William Crookes." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-cro okes [4] "William Crookes." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-cro okes [5] "William Crookes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cro okes [6] "Sir William Crookes". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Will iam_Crookes [7] William Crookes, "On Repulsion Resulting From Radiation II", Phil. Trans. v165, 1875. http://journals.royalsociety.org/ content/h27121h181kw0683/?p=08857aca5970 4138b30b219bb3f34264π=74 [8] William Crookes, "Radio-Activity of Uranium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 66, 1899/1900. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/xq86537371533504/?p=6252ebf 0708c43989b840947812e5afcπ=79 [9] William Crookes, "Radio-Activity and the Electron Theory", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 69, 1901/1902. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/p776420j202m5870/?p=997105d 000c043068b518e34de34f8c4π=68 [10] William Crookes, "The Emanations of Radium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 71, 1902/1903. http://journals.royalsociety .org/content/p5726123522547p2/?p=5f8b4c2 c717e4aa79e1608ab6d0ecf81π=5 [11] Herbert Newby McCoy, Ethel Mary Terry, Contributor Ethel Mary Terry, "Introduction to General Chemistry", McGraw-Hill book company, inc., 1920, p574. http://books.google.com/books?id= qA1DAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA574,M 1 [12] "Spinthariscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spintharisc ope [13] http://www.orau.org/ptp/articlesstories/ spinstory.htm [14] Crookes, W., "Certain Properties of the Emanations of Radium.". Chemical News; Vol. 87:241; 1903 | (private lab) London, England2 (presumably) |
[1] source: [2] 1856 at the age of 24 PD source: http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/w c1850.jpg |
97 YBN [06/??/1903 AD] 4 | 4893) The scattering of x-rays by gases is shown to depend on the molecular weight of the gas.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Charles Glover Barkla." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-glo ver-barkla 2. ^ Charles G. Barkla, "Secondary radiation from gases subject to X-rays", Phil. Mag.,S6, V5, N30, June 1903, p685 – 698. http://books.google.com/books?id=o tXPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA685&dq=Secondary+radiat ion+from+gases+subject+to+X-Rays&hl=en&e i=urb-TLaEO4ausAOu6YywCw&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA# v=onepage&q=Secondary%20radiation%20from %20gases%20subject%20to%20X-Rays&f=false 3. ^ Charles G. Barkla, "Secondary radiation from gases subject to X-rays", Phil. Mag.,S6, V5, N30, June 1903, p685 – 698. http://books.google.com/books?id=o tXPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA685&dq=Secondary+radiat ion+from+gases+subject+to+X-Rays&hl=en&e i=urb-TLaEO4ausAOu6YywCw&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA# v=onepage&q=Secondary%20radiation%20from %20gases%20subject%20to%20X-Rays&f=false 4. ^ Charles G. Barkla, "Secondary radiation from gases subject to X-rays", Phil. Mag.,S6, V5, N30, June 1903, p685 – 698. http://books.google.com/books?id=o tXPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA685&dq=Secondary+radiat ion+from+gases+subject+to+X-Rays&hl=en&e i=urb-TLaEO4ausAOu6YywCw&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA# v=onepage&q=Secondary%20radiation%20from %20gases%20subject%20to%20X-Rays&f=false {06/1903} MORE INFO [1] "Charles Glover Barkla." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/53462/Charles-Glover-Barkla> [2] "Charles Glover Barkla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Glo ver_Barkla [3] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1917/barkla-bio.html [4] H. S. Allen, "Charles Glover Barkla. 1877-1944" (pp. 341-366) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/769087 | (University College) Liverpool, England3 |
[1] Figure 3 from Charles G. Barkla, ''Secondary radiation from gases subject to X-rays'', Phil. Mag.,S6, V5, N30, June 1903, p685 – 698. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =otXPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA685&dq=Secondary+radi ation+from+gases+subject+to+X-Rays&hl=en &ei=urb-TLaEO4ausAOu6YywCw&sa=X&oi=book_ result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwA A#v=onepage&q=Secondary%20radiation%20fr om%20gases%20subject%20to%20X-Rays&f=fal se [2] Description Charles Glover Barkla.jpg English: Charles Glover Barkla Date 1917(1917) Source http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ physics/laureates/1917/barkla-bio.html Author Nobel Foundation Permission (Reusing this file) Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse Public domain This Swedish photograph is free to use either of these cases: * For photographic works (fotografiska verk), the image is public domain: a) if the photographer died before January 1, 1944, or b) if the photographer is not known, and cannot be traced, and the image was created before January 1, 1944. * For photographic pictures (fotografiska bilder), such as images of the press, the image is public domain if created before January 1, 1969 (transitional regulations 1994). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/81/Charles_Glover_Barkla .jpg |
97 YBN [07/28/1903 AD] 3 | 4145) That helium is emitted from radium is shown spectroscopically.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ William Ramsay and Frederick Soddy, "Experiments in Radioactivity, and the Production of Helium from Radium, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (1903) volume: 72 page: 204 http://books.google.com/books?id=0a JU57E6ioEC&pg=PA204&dq=%22experiments+in +radioactivity%22#v=onepage&q=%22experim ents%20in%20radioactivity%22&f=false 2. ^ "Ramsay, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062 617>. 3. ^ William Ramsay and Frederick Soddy, "Experiments in Radioactivity, and the Production of Helium from Radium, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (1903) volume: 72 page: 204 http://books.google.com/books?id=0a JU57E6ioEC&pg=PA204&dq=%22experiments+in +radioactivity%22#v=onepage&q=%22experim ents%20in%20radioactivity%22&f=false {07/28/1903} MORE INFO [1] "William Ramsay." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [2] "William Ramsay." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [3] "William Ramsay." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [4] "William Ramsay". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ram say [5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1904/ramsay-bio.html [6] William Ramsay, "The gases of the atmosphere: the history of their discovery", 1896. 1896 edition: http://books.google.com/books? id=zRBDAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay&source =gbs_navlinks_s 1905 edition: http://books.google.com/books? id=bjQJAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay [7] William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp. 65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id =EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Ca use+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A 6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false [8] "helium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/helium [9] Ramsay, "On a new constituent of atmospheric air", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, volume: 63, 1898, p405. http://books.google.com/books?id= xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:189 8-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay% 20date%3A1898-1898&f=false [10] http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Arch ive/elements-116-118.html [11] William Crookes, "On the Position of Helium, Argon, and Krypton in the Scheme of Elements.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (1898) volume: 63 page: 408. http://books.google.com/books?id=x AAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+constit uent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898 -1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20constit uent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%2 0date%3A1898-1898&f=false [12] Ramsay, "On the Companions of Argon", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, volume: 63, 1898, p437. http://books.google.com/books?id= xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:189 8-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay% 20date%3A1898-1898&f=false [13] William Ramsay, Morris W. Travers, "On the Extraction from Air of the Companions of Argon and on Neon", Report of the 68th Meeting of the British Association, p828. http://books.google.com/books?id= _es4AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:01os3IjvDjZbiTyuxyZKf7&lr=#v=onepag e&q=&f=false [14] "xenon." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/xenon [15] "Frederick Soddy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/552022/Frederick-Soddy> [16] "Frederick Soddy." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-s oddy [17] "Frederick Soddy." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-s oddy [18] "Frederick Soddy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_S oddy [19] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1921/soddy.html [20] Frederick Soddy, "Science and life: Aberdeen adresses", 1920. http://books.google.com/books?id= nHVBAAAAIAAJ&dq=frederick+soddy&source=g bs_navlinks_s [21] Frederick Soddy, "Matter and Energy", 1911. http://books.google.com/books?id= iKQLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=fred erick+soddy&hl=en&ei=i2QUTfmqL5O6sAPIxoj tCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum =4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false [22] Alexander Fleck, "Frederick Soddy." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. November 1, 1957 3:203-216; doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014 http://www.j stor.org/stable/769361 | (University College) London, England2 |
[1] Xenon on the Periodic table GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen on [2] Figure 1 from Rayleigh 1893 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/William_Ramsay_workin g.jpg |
97 YBN [12/05/1903 AD] 11 12 13 14 15 | 4462) The Saturnian {Sa-TR-nE-iN5 } model of the atom (negatively charged electrons rotate around a large mass positively charged particle).6 7 8 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "Saturnian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/saturnian 2. ^ "Nagaoka, Hantaro." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 606-607. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903102&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ Proceedings of the Tokyo Mathematico-Physieal Society, 2nd ser., 2 (1904), 92–107; and H. Nagaoka, "Kinetics of a System of Particles illustrating the Line and the Band Spectrum and the Phenomena of Radioactivity.", Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 7 (1904), 445–455. http://books.google.com/books?id=mNbPA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA445#v=onepage&q&f=false 4. ^ H. Nagaoka, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904, p43. books.google.com/books?id=P80KAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA392 5. ^ "Saturnian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/saturnian 6. ^ "Nagaoka, Hantaro." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 606-607. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903102&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 7. ^ Proceedings of the Tokyo Mathematico-Physieal Society, 2nd ser., 2 (1904), 92–107; and H. Nagaoka, "Kinetics of a System of Particles illustrating the Line and the Band Spectrum and the Phenomena of Radioactivity.", Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 7 (1904), 445–455. http://books.google.com/books?id=mNbPA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA445#v=onepage&q&f=false 8. ^ H. Nagaoka, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904, p43. books.google.com/books?id=P80KAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA392 9. ^ "Nagaoka, Hantaro." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 606-607. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903102&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 10. ^ H. Nagaoka, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904, p43. books.google.com/books?id=P80KAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA392 11. ^ H. Nagaoka, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904, p43. books.google.com/books?id=P80KAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA392 {12/1903} 12. ^ Proceedings of the Tokyo Mathematico-Physieal Society, 2nd ser., 2 (1904), 92–107; and H. Nagaoka, "Kinetics of a System of Particles illustrating the Line and the Band Spectrum and the Phenomena of Radioactivity.", Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 7 (1904), 445–455. http://books.google.com/books?id=mNbPA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA445#v=onepage&q&f=false 13. ^ H. Nagaoka, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904, p43. books.google.com/books?id=P80KAAAAYAAJ &pg=PA392 {later nature article:) 01/18/1904} 14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p605-606. {1904} 15. ^ "atom." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 28 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-4835 7>. {1904} MORE INFO [1] "Hantaro Nagaoka." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/hantaro-nag aoka [2] "Hantaro Nagaoka". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantaro_Nag aoka [3] G. A. Schott, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904, p43. http://books.google.com/books?id=3 3YCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA437&dq=Nagaoka&hl=en&ei =OxEpTL-bFIHanAfIz_R1&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=o nepage&q=Nagaoka&f=false | (Tokyo University) Tokyo, Japan9 10 |
[1] Hantaro Nagaoka PD AND Proceedings of the Tokyo Mathematico-Physieal Society, 2nd ser., 2 (1904), 92–107; and H. Nagaoka, ''Kinetics of a System of Particles illustrating the Line and the Band Spectrum and the Phenomena of Radioactivity.'', Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 7 (1904), 445–455. http://books.google.com/books?id=mNbPA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA445#v=onepage&q&f=false PD source: http://www.riken.go.jp/r-world/i nfo/release/riken88/text/image/06/hantar o.jpghttp://books.google.com/books?id=mN bPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA445 [2] Hantaro Nagaoka PD source: http://www.riken.go.jp/r-world/i nfo/release/riken88/text/image/06/hantar o.jpg |
97 YBN [1903 AD] 3 | 4768) Chromatography: different substances in a liquid pigment mixture move through a column of absorptive material at different rates separating into colored bands.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Mikhail Tsvet." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/mikhail-tsv et 2. ^ "Tsvet, Mikhail Semyonovich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 27 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9073 644>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p641. {1903} MORE INFO [1] Swackhammer, Deborah L. "Chromatography." Environmental Encyclopedia. Ed. Marci Bortman, Peter Brimblecombe, and Mary Ann Cunningham. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2003. 248. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX3404800298&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] "Mikhail Semenovich Tsvett". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Sem enovich_Tsvett | (University of Warsaw) Warsaw, Poland2 |
[1] Description Tswett 01.jpg English: Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet in 1901 Deutsch: Michail Semjonowitsch Tswett, 1901 Русский: Михаил Семенович Цвет Date 1901(1901) Source ISBN 3-9801965-0-X PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/bc/Tswett_01.jpg |
96 YBN [06/29/1904 AD] 4 5 6 | 4707) The amount of inert gas emitted by radium is found to be directly proportional to the amount of uranium in any given sample, which is evidence that uranium decays into radium.1 2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "Bertram Borden Boltwood." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 03 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/boltwood-be rtram-borden 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p630. 3. ^ "Bertram Borden Boltwood." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/boltwood-be rtram-borden 4. ^ Boltwood, "On the Ratio of Radium to uranium in some Minerals", American Journal of Science, S4, V18, N104, August 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= lUQPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA97&dq=Boltwood&hl=en&e i=spxYTMG3J4K-sQOx-KyrCA&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ# v=onepage&q=Boltwood&f=false {06/29/1904} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p630. {1904} 6. ^ "Bertram Borden Boltwood." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 03 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/boltwood-be rtram-borden {1904} MORE INFO [1] "Boltwood, Bertram Borden." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9080 518> [2] "Boltwood, Bertram Borden." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 257-260. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900510&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Bertram Borden Boltwood". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Bor den_Boltwood | (Mining Engineering and Chemistry company) New Haven, Conneticut, USA3 |
[1] Title Bertram Borden Boltwood, Sheffield Scientific School Class of 1892. Image Number 1047 Creator Unknown Date of Creation 1917 Original Material Photographic print Copyright Holder Copyright status for this item is unknown. Description Yale professor of physics and radiochemistry. Published in Ybc 892, v. 2 (1917). Record Unit Name Photographs of Yale affiliated individuals maintained by the Office of Public Affairs, Yale University, 1879-1989 (inclusive). Collection ID mssa.ru.0686 Box Number 8 Folder Number 302 File Name 001047.jpg Credit Line Photographs of Yale affiliated individuals maintained by the Office of Public Affairs, Yale University, 1879-1989 (inclusive). Manuscripts & Archives, Yale University PD source: http://images.library.yale.edu/m adid_size3/22593/001047.jpg |
96 YBN [1904 AD] 3 4 | 3647) The practical color photograph.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Photography#Reproduction of Coloured Objects by means of Three Photographic Positives". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Photogra phy#Reproduction_of_Coloured_Objects_by_ means_of_Three_Photographic_Positives 2. ^ Richter, J. Inventing the Camera. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2006. Breakthrough Inventions Series. http://books.google.com/books?i d=jRC1nQ2mKW8C&pg=PT16 3. ^ "autochrome." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University Press, 2005. Answers.com 10 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/autochrome {announced:)1904} 4. ^ French patent 339,223, Dec. 17, 1903. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1905. {source is wikipedia, so verify} MORE INFO [1] "Lumière brothers." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1403398/Lumiere-brothers> [2] http://www.worldisround.com/articles/237 8/photo1.html | France |
[1] This Color Photograph was made in 1907 in France. Today some of the most beautiful color photographs are the oldest: produced by the the Autochrome Process. The emulsion was made with dried potato dust. PD/Corel source: http://www.worldisround.com/phot os/0/11/18_o.jpg [2] Auguste and Louis Lumière, inventors of the movie camera, three-color screen photography, and first movie producers. Photo Blanc & Demilly PD/Corel source: http://www.marillier.nom.fr/coll odions/PGH/pics/photowasborn08.jpg |
96 YBN [1904 AD] 3 4 5 | 4077) The vacuum tube diode (or "rectifier", which can "rectify" alternating current into direct current).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p521-522. 2. ^ "John Ambrose Fleming." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-ambros e-fleming 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p521-522. {1904 (US Patent has 04/19/1905 filing date} 4. ^ "Fleming, Sir John Ambrose." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034 540>. {1904 (US Patent has 04/19/1905 filing date} 5. ^ Fleming Valve patent U.S. Patent 803,684 http://www.google.com/patents?v id=803684 {1904 (US Patent has 04/19/1905 filing date} MORE INFO [1] "John Ambrose Fleming." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 29 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-ambros e-fleming [2] "John Ambrose Fleming." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 29 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-ambros e-fleming [3] "John Ambrose Fleming". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ambros e_Fleming [4] "Fleming, John Ambrose", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p319 [5] J. A. Fleming, "On a Phenomenon of Molecular Radiation in Incandescence Lamps.", p283. http://books.google.com/books?id= 5X4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA283&dq=on+phenomenon+m olecular+radiation#v=onepage&q=on%20phen omenon%20molecular%20radiation&f=false | (University College) London, England2 |
[1] Fleming's US Patent filed 04/19/1905 PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =WRFjAAAAEBAJ&printsec=drawing&zoom=4#v= onepage&q=&f=false [2] Description Sir John Ambrose Fleming PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/1/16/Sir_John_Ambrose_Fleming.j pg |
96 YBN [1904 AD] 6 | 4366) The word "hormone" is coined for substances released from the endocrine {eN-De-KriN1 } gland, then carried by the blood, that profoundly influence the function of another part of the body.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "endocrine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 22 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocrine 2. ^ "Starling, Ernest Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9069 463>. 3. ^ "Bayliss, Sir William Maddock." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9013 882>. 4. ^ "Starling, Ernest Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9069 463>. 5. ^ "Bayliss, Sir William Maddock." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9013 882>. 6. ^ "Starling, Ernest Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9069 463>. {1904} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Starling." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-star ling [2] "Starling, Ernest Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 617-619. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904123&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Ernest Henry Starling". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Henr y_Starling [4] "William Bayliss." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/bayliss-sir -william-maddock [5] "Bayliss, William Maddock." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 535-538. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900317&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [6] "William Maddock Bayliss". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mad dock_Bayliss | (University College) London, England4 5 |
[1] Starling, Ernest Henry. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 25 May 2010 source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id= 40331&rendTypeId=4 [2] Source: Physiology Society [1] (pdf) Description: Professor William Bayliss of University College, London (died 1924) In the event that the image was taken after 1923, fair use is claimed, because there is no free-licence equivalent, and its use by Wikipedia will not affect its monetary value, assuming it has any. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/7/74/WilliamBayliss1.jpg |
96 YBN [1904 AD] 4 5 | 4447) That calcium absorption lines do not share in the spectral line movement of binary stars is evidence of calcium in between the stars that absorbs the light.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Hartmann, Johannes Franz." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 146-147. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901881&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ Hartmann, J., "Investigations on the spectrum and orbit of delta Orionis.", Astrophys. J., 19, 268-286 (1904). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1904ApJ....19..268H {Hartmann_Johannes_ 19040310.pdf} 3. ^ Hartmann, J., "Investigations on the spectrum and orbit of delta Orionis.", Astrophys. J., 19, 268-286 (1904). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1904ApJ....19..268H {Hartmann_Johannes_ 19040310.pdf} 4. ^ Hartmann, J., "Investigations on the spectrum and orbit of delta Orionis.", Astrophys. J., 19, 268-286 (1904). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1904ApJ....19..268H {Hartmann_Johannes_ 19040310.pdf} {03/10/1904} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p602. {1904} MORE INFO [1] "Johannes Franz Hartmann." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-fr anz-hartmann [2] "Johannes Franz Hartmann". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Fr anz_Hartmann | (Potsdam Observatory) Potsdam, Getmany3 |
[1] [t Note I don't see the calcium lines for the star that are shifted] Photo from: Hartmann, Johannes, ''Untersuchungen uber das 80 cm-Objektiv des Potsdamer Refraktors'', Publikationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums zu Potsdam ; 15. Bd., 2. Stuck = Nr. 46; Publicationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums zu Potsdam ; 15. Bd., 2. Stuck., Potsdam : Astrophysikalisches Observatorium zu Potsdam : In, 106 p., 6 leaves of plates : ill. ; 29 cm. PD source: Hartmann, Johannes, "Untersuchungen uber das 80 cm-Objektiv des Potsdamer Refraktors", Publikationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums zu Potsdam ; 15. Bd., 2. Stuck = Nr. 46; Publicationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums zu Potsdam ; 15. Bd., 2. Stuck., Potsdam : Astrophysikalisches Observatorium zu Potsdam : In, 106 p., 6 leaves of plates : ill. ; 29 cm. [2] Description Hartmann.jpg English: Johannes Franz Hartmann (1865 – 1936) Date ca 1915 Source http://www.aip.de/image_archive/Insti tute.Portraits.html Author PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8b/Hartmann.jpg |
96 YBN [1904 AD] 5 | 5099) Radar: Radio light is used to determine the location of distant objects.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "radar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/488278/radar>. 2. ^ "radar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/488278/radar>. 3. ^ "radar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/488278/radar>. 4. ^ US patent 810,150 dated Jan. 16, 1906. http://www.google.com/patents?id= 2Ao_AAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false 5. ^ "radar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/488278/radar>. {1904} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p732-733 [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p735 [3] "Watson-Watt, Robert Alexander." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 18. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 977-978. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905388&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [4] "Robert Watson-Watt." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-wats on-watt [5] Frank Adcock, Improvement in Means for Determining the Direction of a Distant Source of Electro-magnetic Radiation, UK Patent 130490, August 7, 1919 [6] Robert A. Watson-Watt and J.F. Herd: “An Instantaneous Direct Reading Goniometer,” J. IEE (London), vol. 64, p. 11, 1926, also Wireless World vol. 18 p. 366, 1926 [7] http://www.watsonwatt.org/theman.htm [8] "Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/637658/Sir-Robert-Alexander-Watson-Wat t> | Düsselsorf, Germany4 (presumably) |
[1] Figure 1: Hülsmeyer’s German 165,546 (1904) telemobileoscope PD source: http://www.q-track.com/Files/fil es/Schantz-RF%20since%20WWII.pdf [2] Christian Huelsmeyer UNKNOWN source: http://www.radarworld.org/images /scans/Hulsmeyer.jpg |
95 YBN [05/01/1905 AD] 3 | 4740) A single gram of radium is estimated to emit over a billion Alpha and a billion Beta particles each second.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208. 2. ^ Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208. 3. ^ Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208. {05/01/1905} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=o EwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the +Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnw X4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20t he%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665 [15] Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false [16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902 [17] Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw &hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false [18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation [19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id= ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+e manations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 &ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2 0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thor ium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false [20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag ser 6, v 561-76 1903 | (McGill University) Montreal, Canada2 |
[1] Description Ernest Rutherford2.jpg English: Cropped Image:Ernest_Rutherford.jpg Date 2007-01-26 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Sadi Carnot at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/57/Ernest_Rutherford2.jp g [2] Ernest Rutherford (young) Image courtesy of www.odt.co.nz UNKNOWN source: https://thescienceclassroom.wiki spaces.com/file/view/ernest_rutherford_1 122022732.jpg/103032081 |
95 YBN [06/30/1905 AD] 6 | 4929) The special theory of relativity.3 The theory that the speed of light is constant independently of the motion of all other objects. The theory that motion changes mass and time is adopted, but that an aether medium for light is unnecessary.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_1905 0630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~klei nert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A lbert_English_19050630.pdf} 2. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_1905 0630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~klei nert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A lbert_English_19050630.pdf} 3. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_1905 0630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~klei nert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A lbert_English_19050630.pdf} 4. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_1905 0630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~klei nert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A lbert_English_19050630.pdf} 5. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_1905 0630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~klei nert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A lbert_English_19050630.pdf} 6. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_1905 0630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~klei nert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A lbert_English_19050630.pdf} {06/30/1905} MORE INFO [1] "Albert Einstein." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/181349/Albert-Einstein> [2] "Albert Einstein." The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-eins tein [3] "Albert Einstein." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-eins tein [4] "Albert Einstein." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-eins tein [5] "Einstein, Albert." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 312-319. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901295&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [6] "Albert Einstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Eins tein [7] "List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sci entific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein [8] A. Einstein, "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 132–148. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_17_132-148.pdf "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de /~kleinert/files/eins_lq.pdf [9] http://www.alberteinstein.info/ [10] A. Einstein, "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 549–560, (Einstein's thesis) http://www.physik.uni-augsburg. de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_ 17_549-560.pdf "On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat" http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~k leinert/files/eins_brownian.pdf [11] A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 18, 639–641. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_18_639-641.pdf "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy Content?" http://users.physik.fu-berlin .de/~kleinert/files/e_mc2.pdf [12] Panovsky, "Classical Electricity and Magnetism", 1953, p266 [13] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p407 | Bern, Switzerland5 |
[1] Description German-born theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. Source Cropped from original at the Historical Museum of Berne. Date 1904[1] Author Lucien Chavan [1] (1868 - 1942), a friend of Einstein's when he was living in Berne. Permission (Reusing this file) An uncropped version available at NASA's ''Astronomy Picture of the Day''. According to the NASA site: PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg [2] Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 photograph. Description Albert Einstein (Nobel).png English: Albert Einstein, official 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics photograph. Français : Albert Einstein, photographie officielle du Prix Nobel de Physique 1921. Date 1921(1921) Source Official 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics photograph Author PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28No bel%29.png |
95 YBN [09/27/1905 AD] 3 | 4930) The theory that the intrinsic energy of all matter is dependent on the speed of light, and the famous equation E=mc2 (originally m=L/c2).1 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ A. Einstein, "Ist die Tr�gheit eines K�rpers von seinem Energieinhalt abh�ngig?", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 18, 639-641. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg .de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905 _18_639-641.pdf {Einstein_Albert_190509 27.pdf} "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy Content?" http://users.physik.fu-berlin .de/~kleinert/files/e_mc2.pdf {Einstein _Albert_English_19050927.pdf} 2. ^ A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 18, 639–641. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_18_639-641.pdf {Einstein_Albert_1905 0927.pdf} "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy Content?" http://users.physik.fu-berlin .de/~kleinert/files/e_mc2.pdf {Einstein _Albert_English_19050927.pdf} 3. ^ A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 18, 639–641. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_18_639-641.pdf {Einstein_Albert_1905 0927.pdf} "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy Content?" http://users.physik.fu-berlin .de/~kleinert/files/e_mc2.pdf {Einstein _Albert_English_19050927.pdf} {09/27/1905} MORE INFO [1] "Albert Einstein." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/181349/Albert-Einstein> [2] "Albert Einstein." The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-eins tein [3] "Albert Einstein." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-eins tein [4] "Albert Einstein." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-eins tein [5] "Einstein, Albert." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 312-319. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901295&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [6] "Albert Einstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Eins tein [7] "List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sci entific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein [8] A. Einstein, "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 132–148. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_17_132-148.pdf "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de /~kleinert/files/eins_lq.pdf [9] http://www.alberteinstein.info/ [10] A. Einstein, "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 549–560, (Einstein's thesis) http://www.physik.uni-augsburg. de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_ 17_549-560.pdf "On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat" http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~k leinert/files/eins_brownian.pdf [11] A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_17_891-921.pdf "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~klei nert/files/eins_specrel.pdf [12] Herbert Dingle, "Science at a Crossroads", 1972 [13] Charles Lane Poor, | Bern, Switzerland2 |
[1] Description German-born theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. Source Cropped from original at the Historical Museum of Berne. Date 1904[1] Author Lucien Chavan [1] (1868 - 1942), a friend of Einstein's when he was living in Berne. Permission (Reusing this file) An uncropped version available at NASA's ''Astronomy Picture of the Day''. According to the NASA site: PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg [2] Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 photograph. Description Albert Einstein (Nobel).png English: Albert Einstein, official 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics photograph. Français : Albert Einstein, photographie officielle du Prix Nobel de Physique 1921. Date 1921(1921) Source Official 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics photograph Author PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28No bel%29.png |
95 YBN [12/22/1905 AD] 4 | 4796) That the color of a star is related to its size is recognized, the relative brightness of a star is determined by scaling its apparent brightness by its distance, and the theory of stellar evolution: that stars lose brightness over time changing color in the direction of blue to red. In addition, red and yellow stars are thought to be divided into two groups, one with high brightness and the other with low brightness1 .2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tassoul, J.L., and M. Tassoul. �A� Concise History of Solar and Stellar Physics. Princeton University Press, 2004, p53. http://books.google.com/books?id=n RtUait0qTgC&pg=PA53 2. ^ Hertzsprung, "Zur Strahlung der Sterne", Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, 3 (1905), p429-422. http://books.google.com/books ?id=J8zNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA429 partial translation in: Harlow Shapley, "Source book in astronomy", 1900-1950 http://books.google.com/books ?id=S9pt_DRjngUC&pg=PA248&dq=Astronomica l+observatory+Hertzsprung+a+detailed+sur vey+of+spectra+Maury&hl=en&ei=I0aZTJyrJ4 _sngfv2tAh&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=As tronomical%20observatory%20Hertzsprung%2 0a%20detailed%20survey%20of%20spectra%20 Maury&f=false 3. ^ "Hertzsprung, Ejnar." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 350-353. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 Sept. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901979&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ Hertzsprung, "Zur Strahlung der Sterne", Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, 3 (1905), p429-422. http://books.google.com/books ?id=J8zNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA429 partial translation in: Harlow Shapley, "Source book in astronomy", 1900-1950 http://books.google.com/books ?id=S9pt_DRjngUC&pg=PA248&dq=Astronomica l+observatory+Hertzsprung+a+detailed+sur vey+of+spectra+Maury&hl=en&ei=I0aZTJyrJ4 _sngfv2tAh&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=As tronomical%20observatory%20Hertzsprung%2 0a%20detailed%20survey%20of%20spectra%20 Maury&f=false MORE INFO [1] "Ejnar Hertzsprung." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 Sep. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/263944/Ejnar-Hertzsprung> [2] "Ejnar Hertzsprung." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ejnar-hertz sprung [3] "Ejnar Hertzsprung". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejnar_Hertz sprung [4] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p406 [5] Gilbert Lewis, "The Chemistry of the Stars and the Evolution of Radioactive Substances", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, V34, N202, 1911, p309. http://books.google.com/books?id= PBILAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA314&dq=on+the+radiatio n+of+the+stars+hertzsprung&hl=en&ei=lfSc TPWIPI2qsAP_6dzVAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&c t=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBw#v=onep age&q=on%20the%20radiation%20of%20the%20 stars%20hertzsprung&f=false [6] Harlow Shapley, "Source book in astronomy", 1900-1950, p.262 [7] Hertzsprung, "Zur Strahlung der Sterne", Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, 5 (1907), p86–107, 12/24/1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=8czNA AAAMAAJ&pg=PA86&dq=Zur+Strahlung+der+Ste rne&hl=en&ei=XUSZTN__DpPqnQfnzN29Dw&sa=X &oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0 CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Zur%20Strahlung%2 0der%20Sterne&f=false [8] Hertzsprung, Ejnar. "Effective wavelengths of absolutely faint stars." The Astrophysical Journal 42 (1915): 111-119. http://articles.adsabs.harvard .edu//full/1915ApJ....42..111H/0000111.0 00.html | (University of Copenhagen, and at the Urania Observatory in Frederiksberg) Copenhagen, Denmark3 (verify) |
[1] Hertzsprung, ''Zur Strahlung der Sterne'', Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, 3 (1905), p429-422. http://books.google.com/books ?id=J8zNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA429 partial translation in: Harlow Shapley, ''Source book in astronomy'', 1900-1950 http://books.google.com/books ?id=S9pt_DRjngUC&pg=PA248 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =J8zNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA431 [2] Hertzsprung, ''Zur Strahlung der Sterne'', Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, 3 (1905), p429-422. http://books.google.com/books ?id=J8zNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA429 partial translation in: Harlow Shapley, ''Source book in astronomy'', 1900-1950 http://books.google.com/books ?id=S9pt_DRjngUC&pg=PA248 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =J8zNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA431 |
95 YBN [1905 AD] 3 | 4034) The color motion film camera and projector.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p111-112. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 2. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p111-112. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 3. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p111-112. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} {1905} MORE INFO [1] http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id /508948/index.html (note: seems somewhat biased against Frieses-Greene[t]) [2] Earl Theisen, "The Depicting of Motion Prior to the Advent of the Screen", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, Volumes 20-21, 1943, p249. http://www.archive.org/stream/jou rnalofsociety20socirich/journalofsociety 20socirich_djvu.txt http://books.google .com/books?id=Ct-BAAAAIAAJ&q=THE+DEPICTI NG+OF+MOTION+PRIOR+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++TH E+SCREEN&dq=THE+DEPICTING+OF+MOTION+PRIO R+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&as_brr=0 [3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm [4] "The Optical magic lantern journal and photographic enlarger", 1889. http://books.google.com/books?id= sHIzQAAACAAJ&dq=intitle:Optical+intitle: magic [5] Edgar Sanderson, John Porter Lamberton, Charles Morris, "Six thousand years of history, Part 20, Volume 10 ", 1910. http://books.google.com/books?id= b6nWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fals e [6] Friese-Greene, "Photographs Made with the Eye", "The Photographic times", Volume 19, 1889, p108-109. http://books.google.com/books ?id=-bUaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA469&dq=Friese-Gree ne+date:1889-1889&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=F riese-Greene&f=false [7] "William Friese-Greene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fri ese-Greene [8] Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id= ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasi meter&f=false [9] Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id= CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fals e [10] "Color film (motion picture)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_film_ (motion_picture) | (private studio) Brighton, England2 (presumably) |
[1] Picture taken on a single film. Each half og which was taken through a separate color filter. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Dp4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA296&dq=friese-greene+ color&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=friese-greene %20color&f=false [2] Diagram showing how the color scheme of Friese-Greene's color camera works. {ULSF: There are two images side by side on the film, each capturing light of a different color} PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =Dp4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA296&dq=friese-greene+ color&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=friese-greene %20color&f=false |
94 YBN [07/20/1906 AD] 4 | 4743) Alpha particles are found to have a charge to mass ratio near 1/2 that of Hydrogen, and are identified as helium.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Rutherford, "The Mass and Velocity of the α Particles Expelled from Radium and Actinium", Phil Mag, October 1906, Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).v7, pp348-71. http://books.google.com/books ?id=DdDPLGzgHoIC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=% 22we+may+thus+reasonably+conclude+that+t he%22&source=bl&ots=t9nf5WYBb6&sig=K8QHH IgO4d34v4OotnKwBEdZ-HU&hl=en&ei=rf1yTMWY B4qWsgPRytCDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re sult&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=%22we%20may%20thus%20reasonably%20conc lude%20that%20the%22&f=false 2. ^ Rutherford, "The Mass and Velocity of the α Particles Expelled from Radium and Actinium", Phil Mag, October 1906, Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).v7, pp348-71. http://books.google.com/books ?id=DdDPLGzgHoIC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=% 22we+may+thus+reasonably+conclude+that+t he%22&source=bl&ots=t9nf5WYBb6&sig=K8QHH IgO4d34v4OotnKwBEdZ-HU&hl=en&ei=rf1yTMWY B4qWsgPRytCDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re sult&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=%22we%20may%20thus%20reasonably%20conc lude%20that%20the%22&f=false 3. ^ Rutherford, "The Mass and Velocity of the α Particles Expelled from Radium and Actinium", Phil Mag, October 1906, Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).v7, pp348-71. http://books.google.com/books ?id=DdDPLGzgHoIC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=% 22we+may+thus+reasonably+conclude+that+t he%22&source=bl&ots=t9nf5WYBb6&sig=K8QHH IgO4d34v4OotnKwBEdZ-HU&hl=en&ei=rf1yTMWY B4qWsgPRytCDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re sult&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=%22we%20may%20thus%20reasonably%20conc lude%20that%20the%22&f=false 4. ^ Rutherford, "The Mass and Velocity of the α Particles Expelled from Radium and Actinium", Phil Mag, October 1906, Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).v7, pp348-71. http://books.google.com/books ?id=DdDPLGzgHoIC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=% 22we+may+thus+reasonably+conclude+that+t he%22&source=bl&ots=t9nf5WYBb6&sig=K8QHH IgO4d34v4OotnKwBEdZ-HU&hl=en&ei=rf1yTMWY B4qWsgPRytCDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re sult&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=%22we%20may%20thus%20reasonably%20conc lude%20that%20the%22&f=false {07/20/1906} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=o EwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the +Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnw X4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20t he%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665 [15] Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false [16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902 [17] Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw &hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false [18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation [19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id= ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+e manations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 &ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2 0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thor ium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false [20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag ser 6, v 561-76 1903 [21] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id= g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [23] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208 | (McGill University) Montreal, Canada3 |
[1] Description Ernest Rutherford2.jpg English: Cropped Image:Ernest_Rutherford.jpg Date 2007-01-26 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Sadi Carnot at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/57/Ernest_Rutherford2.jp g [2] Ernest Rutherford (young) Image courtesy of www.odt.co.nz UNKNOWN source: https://thescienceclassroom.wiki spaces.com/file/view/ernest_rutherford_1 122022732.jpg/103032081 |
94 YBN [12/21/1906 AD] 13 14 15 | 4788) The electric switch and vacuum tube amplifier.9 10 A third electrode is inserted into a diode (called "the grid"). A varying very weak voltage on the grid can be converted into a similarly varying but much stronger electron flow from the filament to the plate.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411. 2. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6 i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411. 4. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6 i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse 5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411. 6. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6 i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse 7. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411. 8. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6 i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse 9. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411. 10. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6 i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p646-647. 12. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6 i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse 13. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6 i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse {12/21/1906} 14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p646-647. {1906} 15. ^ "Lee De Forest." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/lee-de-fore st {1907 (patented} MORE INFO [1] "De Forest, Lee." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 6-7. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 9 Sept. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901119&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] "Lee De Forest". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Fore st [3] diathermy. (n.d.) Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. (2007). Retrieved September 9 2010 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreediction ary.com/diathermy | (De Forest Radio Telephone Company) New York City, New York, USA12 |
[1] From De Forest 1907 Patent: Lee De Forest, ''Space Telegraphy'', Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6 i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [2] Description Lee De Forest.jpg en:Lee De Forest, published in the February 1904 issue of The Electrical Age. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/65/Lee_De_Forest.jpg |
94 YBN [12/24/1906 AD] 4 | 4479) Amplitude modulation (or "AM") radio communication.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p612. 2. ^ "Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 1 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034 132>. 3. ^ "Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 1 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034 132>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p612. {12/24/1906} MORE INFO [1] "Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 601. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901414&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] "Reginald Aubrey Fessenden". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Au brey_Fessenden | (National Electric Signaling Company and General Electric?) Brant Rock, Massachusetts, USA3 |
[1] Reginald Fessenden PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/01/Fessenden.JPG [2] Reginald Aubrey Fessenden UNKNOWN source: http://www.modestoradiomuseum.or g/images/fessenden.jpg |
94 YBN [12/27/1906 AD] 3 4 5 | 4710) Radioactivity is used to determine the age of rocks. From the quantity of lead in uranium ores and the known rate of uranium disintegration, some rocks are found to be at least 2.2 billion years old.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p630. 2. ^ "Bertram Borden Boltwood." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/boltwood-be rtram-borden 3. ^ Bertram B. Boltwood, "On the Ultimate Disintigration products of the Radio-active Elements. Part II The Disintegration Products of Uranium", The American Journal of Science, S4, V23, N134, N134, Feb 1907, p77. http://books.google.com/books?id=b HAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA86&dq=Boltwood+age+lead &hl=en&ei=qaJYTKLBJo32tgPJpZHECw&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEM Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Boltwood%20age%20lea d&f=false {12/27/1906} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p630. {1907} 5. ^ "Boltwood, Bertram Borden." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9080 518>. {1907} MORE INFO [1] "Bertram Borden Boltwood." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 03 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/boltwood-be rtram-borden [2] "Bertram Borden Boltwood". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Bor den_Boltwood | (Yale University) New Haven, Connecticut, USA2 |
[1] Title Bertram Borden Boltwood, Sheffield Scientific School Class of 1892. Image Number 1047 Creator Unknown Date of Creation 1917 Original Material Photographic print Copyright Holder Copyright status for this item is unknown. Description Yale professor of physics and radiochemistry. Published in Ybc 892, v. 2 (1917). Record Unit Name Photographs of Yale affiliated individuals maintained by the Office of Public Affairs, Yale University, 1879-1989 (inclusive). Collection ID mssa.ru.0686 Box Number 8 Folder Number 302 File Name 001047.jpg Credit Line Photographs of Yale affiliated individuals maintained by the Office of Public Affairs, Yale University, 1879-1989 (inclusive). Manuscripts & Archives, Yale University PD source: http://images.library.yale.edu/m adid_size3/22593/001047.jpg |
94 YBN [1906 AD] 4 | 4471) A diagnostic test for syphilis is created.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p608-609. 2. ^ A. Wassermann, A. Neisser and C. Bruck, "Eine serodiagnostische Reaktion bei Syphilis", Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift. 32 (1906), 745–746. 3. ^ "Wassermann, August von." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9076 201>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p608-609. {1906} MORE INFO [1] "August von Wassermann". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_von_ Wassermann | (Robert Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases) Berlin, Germany3 |
[1] Treponema pallidum.jpg English: Electron micrograph of Treponema pallidum on cultures of cotton-tail rabbit epithelium cells (Sf1Ep). Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis. In the United States, over 35,600 cases of syphilis were reported by health officials in 1999. Français : Le tréponème pâle, agent de la syphilis. Polski: Krętki blade. Magyar: A kórokozó. עברית: חיידקים גורמי עגבת. חיידקים גורמי עגבת. Hrvatski: Spiroheta Treponema pallidum koja izaziva sifilis. Bosanski: Treponema pallidum, uzročnik sifilisa. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/29/Treponema_pallidum.jp g [2] Description August Wassermann.jpg English: August Wassermann Polski: August Wassermann Date before 1925 Source IHM Author anonymous/unknown Permission (Reu sing this file) The National Library of Medicine believes this item to be in the public domain. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fa/August_Wassermann.jpg |
93 YBN [05/??/1907 AD] 12 | 4269) The mass spectrometer, a device that can separate atoms with an electric charge (ions) by their mass is invented.5 Positive rays are deflected by magnetic and electric fields so that ions of different ratios of charge to mass strike different parts of a phosphorescent screen.6 7 8 9 10 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk tZhsC&pg=PA561 2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk tZhsC&pg=PA561 3. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk tZhsC&pg=PA561 4. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk tZhsC&pg=PA561 5. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk tZhsC&pg=PA561 6. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911, p455. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf } 7. ^ Thomson, J. J., "A new method of chemical analysis (Royal Institution lecture).", Not. Proc. Roy. Instn. 20, 1911, p140. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf } 8. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity.", Phil. Mag. s6, v21, n122, Feb 1911, p225. {Thomson_Joseph_John_191102xx.pdf } 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p561-563. 10. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk tZhsC&pg=PA561 11. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk tZhsC&pg=PA561 12. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk tZhsC&pg=PA561 {05/1907} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_ John_Thomson [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html [3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph- john-thomson-1 [4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id= TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=one page&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false [7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id= cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=t homson&f=false [8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312 [9] J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, 1896, 126 [10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274 [11] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry, 1888. http://books.google.com/books?id= zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepag e&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some %20respects%22&f=false http://books.goo gle.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some +respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=m YyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=o nepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2 0some%20respects%22&f=false [12] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935, edition 2, p319-320 [13] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 [14] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the members of the ..., Volume 16, 04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+th omson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atom s%20thomson&f=false [15] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9 [16] Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-912 0/32/4/015) [17] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072 205> [18] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509 [19] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899, p547. http://books.google.com/books?id= il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=on epage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by% 20incandescent%20platinum&f=false [20] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 13, 1905, p121. http://books.google.com/books?id= 7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+ gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+c harge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved =0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20 the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosoph ical%20carry%20charge&f=false [21] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil. Mag. II, 769, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id= GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+ number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1 &cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom &f=false [22] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp. 1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452 ?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Facti on%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2 Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D 0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return ArticleService=showArticle [23] Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1912, 643 | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England11 |
[1] fig 2 from: Thomson, J. J., ''On Rays of Positive Electricity'', Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. PD AND figs 10-12 from: Thomson, J. J., ''On Rays of Positive Electricity'', Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. PD AND [10] figures 2-15 from: # Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity # J. J. Thomson # Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp. 1-20 PD AND English physicist J J Thomson Date GWS - The Great War: The Standard History of the All Europe Conflict (volume four) edited by H. W. Wilson and J. A. Hammerton (Amalgamated Press, London 1915) (So, it is taken before 1915) Source http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/g raphics/gws_thomson_01.jpg First World War.com PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =vVjKOdktZhsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:UOM39015024088414#v=onepage&q=&f=f alsehttp://www.jstor.org/stable/93452?&S earch=yes&term=electricity&term=positive &term=rays&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction %2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Drays%2Bof%2Bp ositive%2Belectricity%26jc%3Dj100836%26w c%3Don%26Search.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26S earch%3DSearch&item=1&ttl=262&returnArti cleService=showArticlehttp://upload.wiki media.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/J.J_Tho mson.jpg [2] fig 2 from: Thomson, J. J., ''On Rays of Positive Electricity'', Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =vVjKOdktZhsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:UOM39015024088414#v=onepage&q=&f=f alse |
93 YBN [11/13/1907 AD] 8 | 354) The helicopter.6 A helicopter achieves free flight while carrying a passenger.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/259992/helicopter>. 2. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/259992/helicopter>. 3. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/259992/helicopter>. 4. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/259992/helicopter>. 5. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/259992/helicopter>. 6. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/259992/helicopter>. 7. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/259992/helicopter>. 8. ^ http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/ Dictionary/Cornu/DI18.htm {11/13/1907} MORE INFO [1] "Paul Cornu." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/138077/Paul-Cornu> |
[1] Paul Cornu's helicopter was the first to achieve free flight while carrying a passenger (1907). Credits -National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution (SI Neg. No. 93-640) The French bicycle maker and engineer Paul Cornu, born in 1881 in Lisieux, France, was the first person to design and build a helicopter that achieved free flight while carrying a passenger. His twin-rotor craft flew for about 20 seconds on November 13, 1907, rising about one foot (0.3 meter) off the ground. A 24-horsepower (18-kilowatt) engine powered the helicopter, which had counter-rotating rotors. The helicopter had no effective means of control and was abandoned after a few flights. Cornu died in 1944. PD source: http://www.centennialofflight.go v/essay/Dictionary/Cornu/DI18G1.jpg [2] Paul Cornu in his first helicopter in 1907. Note that he is sitting between the two rotors, which rotated in opposite directions to cancel torque. This helicopter was the first flying machine to have risen from the ground using rotor blades instead of wings. Credits - © 2001 Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Videodisc. 2B 5847 PD source: http://www.centennialofflight.go v/essay/Rotary/early_20th_century/HE2G13 .jpg | |
93 YBN [11/26/1907 AD] 5 6 | 6263) An image is displayed on a Cathode-Ray Tube.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "television." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/television 2. ^ Stephen Herbert, "A history of early television, Volume 1", 2004, p4. books.google.com/books?id=89jS4JNWu ZwC 3. ^ Boris Rosing, "Art of Electric Telescopy", Patent number: 1161734, Filing date: Apr 5, 1911, Issue date: Nov 23, 1915 http://www.google.com/patents?id=I KRQAAAAEBAJ 4. ^ "television." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/television 5. ^ "television." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/television {1907} 6. ^ "Boris Rosing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Rosin g {11/26/1907 (verify} MORE INFO [1] Hallwachs, Wilhelm. “Ueber die Electrisirung von Metallplatten durch Bestrahlung mit electrischem Licht.” Annalen der Physik 270.8A (1888): 731-734. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com /doi/10.1002/andp.18882700809/abstract [2] William Hallwachs, "On the electrification of metal plates by irradiation with electrical light", Philosophical Magazine Series 5, Volume 26, Issue 158, 1888. http://books.google.com/books?id= nZIOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 [3] http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/res ources/tvhistory/index.shtml | Petrograd3 , Russia4 |
[1] Figure from: Boris Rosing, ''Art of Electric Telescopy'', Patent number: 1161734, Filing date: Apr 5, 1911, Issue date: Nov 23, 1915 http://www.google.com/patents?id=I KRQAAAAEBAJ PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =IKRQAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA12 [2] Description Boris Rozing Date 2010-07-03 10:15:57(UTC) (Original uploaded at 2008-07-28 23:55:26) Source Original uploaded on ru.wikipedia Author Original uploaded by Vlas (Transfered by Ravit) Description Русский: Борис Розинг (, советский физик Date до 1920-х Source http://www.tvcom.kherson.ua/cikavo. files/istoriya_tv/istoriya_tv.files/rozi ng.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/4b/Boris_Rozing.jpg |
93 YBN [1907 AD] 8 9 | 4438) The theory of space and time as a four dimensional structure called "space-time".4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Minkowski, Hermann." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 860>. 2. ^ Minkowski, Hermann (1908/9). "Raum und Zeit". Jahresberichte der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung: 75–88. English translation: Space and Time. In: The Principle of Relativity (1920), Calcutta: University Press, 70-88 http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/R aum_und_Zeit_(Minkowski) 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p599. 4. ^ "Minkowski, Hermann." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 860>. 5. ^ Minkowski, Hermann (1908/9). "Raum und Zeit". Jahresberichte der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung: 75–88. English translation: Space and Time. In: The Principle of Relativity (1920), Calcutta: University Press, 70-88 http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/R aum_und_Zeit_(Minkowski) 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p599. 7. ^ "Minkowski, Hermann." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 860>. 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p599. {1907} 9. ^ "Minkowski, Hermann." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 860>. {1907} MORE INFO [1] "Hermann Minkowski." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-min kowski [2] "Hermann Minkowski." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-min kowski [3] "Hermann Minkowski". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Min kowski | (University of Göttingen) Göttingen, Germany7 |
[1] Description De Raum Zeit Minkowski 012.jpg Deutsch: Dies ist ein Scan des historischen Buches: English: This is a scan of the historical document: Title: Raum und Zeit (Jahresberichte der Deutschen Mathematiker- Vereinigung, Leipzig, 1909.) Date 1909 Source Deutsch: Der Scan wurde anhand einer orginal Buchvorlage vorgenommen English: scan from original book Author Hermann Minkowski Permission (Reusing this file) Out of copyright as author died more than 70 years ago PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/97/De_Raum_Zeit_Minkowsk i_012.jpg [2] Description De Raum zeit Minkowski Bild.jpg Deutsch: Dies ist ein Auszug der Seite 5 des Buches: English: This is a detail of page 5 of the historical document: Title: Raum und Zeit (Jahresberichte der Deutschen Mathematiker- Vereinigung, Leipzig, 1909.) Date 1909 Source Deutsch: Der Scan wurde anhand einer orginal Buchvorlage vorgenommen English: scan from original book Author Hermann Minkowski PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c5/De_Raum_zeit_Minkowsk i_Bild.jpg |
92 YBN [03/26/1908 AD] 4 | 5881) The theory that an electron is a chemical element.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ramsay, William, "Presidential address. Elements and electrons", Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 1909, V95, 624-637 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/CT909 9500624 and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/article landing/1909/ct/ct9099500624 {Ramsay_Wi lliam_19080326.pdf} 2. ^ Ramsay, William, 1852-1916. "The electron as an element ; Compounds of electrons ; The disruption of the so-called elements." 1915. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/8591. and http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021 /ed030p2.2 {Ramsay_William_1915xxxx.pdf} 3. ^ Ramsay, William, "Presidential address. Elements and electrons", Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 1909, V95, 624-637 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/CT909 9500624 and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/article landing/1909/ct/ct9099500624 {Ramsay_Wi lliam_19080326.pdf} 4. ^ Ramsay, William, "Presidential address. Elements and electrons", Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 1909, V95, 624-637 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/CT909 9500624 and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/article landing/1909/ct/ct9099500624 {Ramsay_Wi lliam_19080326.pdf} {03/26/1908} MORE INFO [1] "William Ramsay." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [2] "William Ramsay." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [3] "William Ramsay." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [4] "William Ramsay". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ram say [5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1904/ramsay-bio.html [6] William Ramsay, "The gases of the atmosphere: the history of their discovery", 1896. 1896 edition: http://books.google.com/books? id=zRBDAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay&source =gbs_navlinks_s 1905 edition: http://books.google.com/books? id=bjQJAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay [7] William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp. 65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id =EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Ca use+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A 6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false [8] "helium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/helium [9] Ramsay, "On a new constituent of atmospheric air", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, volume: 63, 1898, p405. http://books.google.com/books?id= xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:189 8-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay% 20date%3A1898-1898&f=false [10] http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Arch ive/elements-116-118.html [11] William Crookes, "On the Position of Helium, Argon, and Krypton in the Scheme of Elements.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (1898) volume: 63 page: 408. http://books.google.com/books?id=x AAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+constit uent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898 -1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20constit uent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%2 0date%3A1898-1898&f=false [12] Ramsay, "On the Companions of Argon", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, volume: 63, 1898, p437. http://books.google.com/books?id= xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:189 8-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay% 20date%3A1898-1898&f=false [13] "xenon." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/xenon [14] "Ramsay, William." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 277-284. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20> [15] WILLIAM RAMSAY, "Experiments with Kathode Rays", Nature 89, 502-502 (18 July 1912) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 89/n2229/abs/089502b0.html [16] W. Ramsay, "The electron as an element", Journal of Chemical Education 1953 30 (1), 2 http://pubs.acs.org/action/showCitFor mats?doi=10.1021%2Fed030p2.2 | (University College) London, England3 (presumably) |
[1] Figure 1 from Rayleigh 1893 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/William_Ramsay_workin g.jpg [2] William Ramsay PD source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay.jpg |
92 YBN [05/30/1908 AD] 3 | 4902) Secondary x-ray radiation emitted from objects bombarded with x-rays, is found to have a constant absorption with no regard to the intensity of the primary x-ray beam.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ C. G. Barkla and C. A. Sadler, "Homogeneous secondary R�ntgen Radiations". Philosophical Magazine Series 6 16.94 (1908): 550�584. books.google.com/books?id=NL BJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA550 2. ^ C. G. Barkla and C. A. Sadler, "Homogeneous secondary R�ntgen Radiations". Philosophical Magazine Series 6 16.94 (1908): 550�584. books.google.com/books?id=NL BJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA550 3. ^ C. G. Barkla and C. A. Sadler, "Homogeneous secondary R�ntgen Radiations". Philosophical Magazine Series 6 16.94 (1908): 550�584. books.google.com/books?id=NL BJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA550 {05/30/1908} MORE INFO [1] "Charles Glover Barkla." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/53462/Charles-Glover-Barkla> [2] "Charles Glover Barkla." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-glo ver-barkla [3] "Charles Glover Barkla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Glo ver_Barkla [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1917/barkla-bio.html [5] H. S. Allen, "Charles Glover Barkla. 1877-1944" (pp. 341-366) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/769087 [6] Charles G. Barkla, "Secondary radiation from gases subject to X-rays", Phil. Mag.,S6, V5, N30, June 1903, p685 – 698. http://books.google.com/books?id=o tXPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA685&dq=Secondary+radiat ion+from+gases+subject+to+X-Rays&hl=en&e i=urb-TLaEO4ausAOu6YywCw&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA# v=onepage&q=Secondary%20radiation%20from %20gases%20subject%20to%20X-Rays&f=false [7] Barkla and Sadler, “secondary X-Rays and the Atomic weight of Nickel.”, Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 14 (Sept, 1907), 408–422. http://books.google.com/book s?id=EhQXBZ1r44AC&pg=PA408&dq=%22seconda ry+X-Rays+and+the+Atomic+weight+of+Nicke l%22&hl=en&ei=l2MJTdDmJ4XEsAOe8ujiDg&sa= X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved= 0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22secondary%20X -Rays%20and%20the%20Atomic%20weight%20of %20Nickel%22&f=false [8] Polarized Röntgen radiation. Proc. Roy. Soc. 74, 1905, p474-475. http://books.google.com/books ?id=E41_hSvBIcEC&printsec=frontcover&dq= editions:LCCN93660113&lr=#v=onepage&q&f= false [9] Polarized Röntgen radiation. Phil. Trans. A, 204, 1905, p467-479. http://books.google.com/books ?id=x01GAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA467&dq=intitle:Phi losophical+intitle:transactions+Barkla&h l=en&ei=9hgATZ7tI8bCngeJwtDlDQ&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6 AEwAA#v=onepage&q=intitle%3APhilosophica l%20intitle%3Atransactions%20Barkla&f=fa lse [10] William Henry Bragg, "Universe of Light", Dover edition, 1933, 1959, p233 [11] J. L. Heilbron, "H. G. J. Moseley: the life and letters of an English physicist, 1887-1915", 1974. http://books.google.com/books?id=vO0d-SB w6DEC&pg=PA62&dq=barkla+bragg&hl=en&ei=g rQKTZ-2I4_CsAOGyPDACg&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=o nepage&q=barkla%20bragg&f=false [12] Charles G. Barkla, "Polarisation in Secondary Rontgen Radiation", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A March 6, 1906 77:247-255; doi:10.1098/rspa.1906.0021 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/77/51 6/247.full.pdf+html [13] Charles G. Barkla, "Secondary Röntgen radiation", Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, 20, 200, February 1906, also Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 11, Issue 66, 1906, Pages 812 – 828. http://books.google.com/books?id=x 5EOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA812&dq=%22Secondary+R%C 3%B6ntgen+radiation%22+intitle:philosoph ical&hl=en&ei=y0wRTbaFLY64sAP-4JWnDw&sa= X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved= 0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false http:// www.informaworld.com/smpp/ftinterface~db =all~content=a910485134~fulltext=7132409 30 [14] CHARLES G. BARKLA, "Secondary Rontgen Rays and Atomic Weight", nature 73, 365-365 (15 February 1906) http://books.google.com/books?id= zim4QGZtzrgC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=%22I+ have+shown+that+all+the+phenomena+of+sec ondary+radiation%22&source=bl&ots=jolG27 0T2e&sig=tafArmh0ggQUxaIqvvYRt7Nf_LU&hl= en&ei=jvoLTcffOZC6sQPc4oiJCw&sa=X&oi=boo k_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AE wAA#v=onepage&q=%22I%20have%20shown%20th at%20all%20the%20phenomena%20of%20second ary%20radiation%22&f=false and http:// www.nature.com/nature/journal/v73/n1894/ pdf/073365c0.pdf [15] CHARLES G. BARKLA, "The Nature of X-Rays", Nature, Volume 78 Number 2010 pp7, May 7, 1908. doi:10.1038/078007b0 http://www. nature.com/nature/journal/v78/n2010/pdf/ 078007b0.pdf [16] Barkla and Sadler, "The Absorption of Röntgen Rays", Phil. Mag., 17 (May 1909), 739–760; [17] Sadler, “Transformations of Röntgen Rays,” Phil. Mag., 18 (July 1909), 107–132; [18] Barkla, “The Spectra of the Fluorescent Röntgen Radiations", Phil. Mag., 22 (Sept.1911), 396–412 [19] C. G. BARKLA & C. A. SADLER , "Absorption of X-Rays", nature 78, 245-245 (16 July 1908) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v78/n2020/pdf/078245c0.pdf [20] "Barkla, Charles Glover." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 456-459. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900268&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [21] Barkla, “Notes on X-Rays and Scattered Rays", Phil. Mag., S 6, Vol 15, N86, Feb 1908, p.288. http://books.google.com/books?id =DZMOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:hr4qP1z5lYIC&hl=en&ei=350STeHQHZSs sAOFq4W7Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=2&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=ba rkla&f=false | (University of Liverpool) Liverpool, England2 |
[1] C. G. Barkla and C. A. Sadler, ''Homogeneous secondary Röntgen Radiations''. Philosophical Magazine Series 6 16.94 (1908): 550–584;557. books.google.com/books?i d=NLBJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA557 PD source: books.google.com/books?id=NLBJAA AAYAAJ&pg=PA557 [2] Description Charles Glover Barkla.jpg English: Charles Glover Barkla Date 1917(1917) Source http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ physics/laureates/1917/barkla-bio.html Author Nobel Foundation Permission (Reusing this file) Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse Public domain This Swedish photograph is free to use either of these cases: * For photographic works (fotografiska verk), the image is public domain: a) if the photographer died before January 1, 1944, or b) if the photographer is not known, and cannot be traced, and the image was created before January 1, 1944. * For photographic pictures (fotografiska bilder), such as images of the press, the image is public domain if created before January 1, 1969 (transitional regulations 1994). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/81/Charles_Glover_Barkla .jpg |
92 YBN [06/06/1908 AD] 7 | 3616) The first images sent and received by radio.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index= 0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T S=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} 2. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index= 0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T S=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} 3. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index= 0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T S=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} 4. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index= 0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T S=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} 5. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index= 0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T S=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} 6. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index= 0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T S=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} 7. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index= 0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T S=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} {06/06/1908} MORE INFO [1] John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902. http://books.google.com/books?hl= en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+Wirel ess+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&sourc e=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmKfhhs RE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum= 2&ct=result | London, England6 |
[1] From top to bottom, left to right Top: Plan View of Receiver Showing Negative Received. Middle: Plan View of Transmitter Showing Traveling Carriage Carrying Picture. Bottom Left: The Transmitting Apparatus Bottom Middle: Photograph of Edward VII. Transmitted by Wireless Telegraphy. Bottom Right: The Receiver Showing Relay to Which Recording Needle is Connected. PD/Corel source: KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) |
92 YBN [06/27/1908 AD] 5 6 7 | 4190) Helium is liquefied;1 2 the gas that requires the lowest temperature for liquefaction at 4 degrees above absolute zero.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p546-547. 2. ^ Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "The liquefaction of helium.", Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen Proceedings, vol. 11, p.168-185. http://books.google.com/book s?id=bYfNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:0TAagV5ZkvksJU62wD#v=onepage&q =helium&f=false (English translation:) http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=s6iyAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA55&dq=Onne s+Communications+from+the+Physical+Labor atory+at+the+University+of+Leiden+date:1 908-1908#v=onepage&q=Onnes%20Communicati ons%20from%20the%20Physical%20Laboratory %20at%20the%20University%20of%20Leiden%2 0date%3A1908-1908&f=false http://www.di gitallibrary.nl/proceedings/search/detai l.cfm?pubid=2616&view=image&startrow=1 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p546-547. 4. ^ "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamer lingh-onnes 5. ^ Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "The liquefaction of helium.", Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen Proceedings, vol. 11, p.168-185. http://books.google.com/book s?id=bYfNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:0TAagV5ZkvksJU62wD#v=onepage&q =helium&f=false (English translation:) http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=s6iyAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA55&dq=Onne s+Communications+from+the+Physical+Labor atory+at+the+University+of+Leiden+date:1 908-1908#v=onepage&q=Onnes%20Communicati ons%20from%20the%20Physical%20Laboratory %20at%20the%20University%20of%20Leiden%2 0date%3A1908-1908&f=false http://www.di gitallibrary.nl/proceedings/search/detai l.cfm?pubid=2616&view=image&startrow=1 {06/27/1908} 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p546-547. {1908} 7. ^ "Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Web. 4 Dec. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9044 478>. {1908} MORE INFO [1] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamer lingh-onnes [2] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamer lingh-onnes [3] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Kamer lingh_Onnes [4] "Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 220-222. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Dec. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20> [5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1913/onnes-bio.html [6] "Liquid Gases". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Liquid_G ases | (Leiden University) Leiden, Netherlands4 |
[1] Plate 2 from Kamerlingh Onnes 1908 paper PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =bYfNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:0TAagV5ZkvksJU62wD#v=onepage&q=hel ium&f=false [2] * Author: anonymous or pseudonymous, per EU Copyright Directive (1993), Article 1, §§1-4 * This image was published not later than 1913 in conjunction with the Nobel Prize in Physics. * Sources: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1913/onnes-bio.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/94/Kamerlingh_portret.jp g |
92 YBN [1908 AD] 5 6 | 4238) Cellophane (a clear, flexible film made from cellulose1 ).2 3 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "cellophane." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/cellophane 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p557. 3. ^ "cellophane." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press, 1995, 2003, 2005. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/cellophane 4. ^ http://www.stiftungbrandenberger.ch/drbr d_e.htm 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p557. {1908} 6. ^ "cellophane." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press, 1995, 2003, 2005. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/cellophane {1908} MORE INFO [1] "Charles Frederick Cross". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fre derick_Cross [2] E. F. Armstrong, "Charles Frederick Cross. 1855-1935", Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Dec., 1935), pp. 459-464. http://www.jstor.org/stable/76 8976?cookieSet=1 [3] Charles Frederick Cross, Edward John Bevan, J. F. Briggs, "A text-book of paper-making", Edition: 4 - 1916 - 507 pages. http://books.google.com/books?id =mqRAAAAAIAAJ&dq=Charles+Frederick+Cross &as_brr=1&source=gbs_navlinks_s [4] Charles Frederick Cross, Edward John Bevan , "Researches on cellulose" Volume I (1895-1900) http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=jYY6AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s ource=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=fals e Volume II (1900-1905) http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=zYY6AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&d q=Charles+Frederick+Cross&as_brr=1&cd=7# v=onepage&q=&f=false Volume III (1905-1910) http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=MZ49AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&d q=Charles+Frederick+Cross&as_brr=1&cd=8# v=onepage&q=&f=false Volume IV (1910-1921) http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=_J09AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&d q=Charles+Frederick+Cross&as_brr=1&cd=6# v=onepage&q=&f=false [5] http://www.plastiquarian.com/crossbevan. htm [6] http://www.plastiquarian.com/ca.htm | Paris, France4 (presumably) |
[1] Dr. J. E. Brandenberger PD source: http://www.stiftungbrandenberger .ch/images/drbrand.JPG |
91 YBN [02/08/1909 AD] 4 5 | 4428) The first thermosetting plastic, a plastic that does not soften when heated; "Bakelite".1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Baekeland, Leo Hendrik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 9 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9011 719>. 2. ^ L. H. Baekeland, "The Synthesis, Constitution, and Uses of Bakelite." Ind. Eng. Chem., 1909, 1 (3), DOI: 10.1021/ie50003a004, March 1909,pp 149–161. {Baekeland_Leo_19090208.pdf} http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie 50003a004 3. ^ L. H. Baekeland, "The Synthesis, Constitution, and Uses of Bakelite." Ind. Eng. Chem., 1909, 1 (3), DOI: 10.1021/ie50003a004, March 1909,pp 149–161. {Baekeland_Leo_19090208.pdf} http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie 50003a004 4. ^ "Baekeland Leo Hendrik." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 385. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 9 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900218&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {02/08/1909} 5. ^ L. H. Baekeland, "The Synthesis, Constitution, and Uses of Bakelite." Ind. Eng. Chem., 1909, 1 (3), DOI: 10.1021/ie50003a004, March 1909,pp 149–161. {Baekeland_Leo_19090208.pdf} http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie 50003a004 {02/08/1909} MORE INFO [1] "Leo Hendrik Baekeland." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/leo-baekela nd [2] "Leo Hendrik Baekeland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Hendrik _Baekeland [3] http://www.google.com/patents?id=hLVBAAA AEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&source=gb s_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false | (announced at: American Chemical Society lecture) New York City, NY, USA3 (presumably) |
[1] Description English: Picture of Bakelite radio. Taken in September 2007 by Robert Neild (Robneild) at the Bakelite Museum, Orchard Mill, Williton, Somerset, UK.Ŗ Date 2007-09-12 (original upload date) Source Transfered from en.wikipedia Transfer was stated to be made by User:Storkk. Author Original uploader was Robneild at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) CC-BY-SA-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0; Released under the GNU Free Documentation License. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bakelite_radio. jpg/768px-Bakelite_radio.jpg [2] Leo Baekeland UNKNOWN source: http://juliensart.be/bakeliet/Le o%20Hendrik%20Baekeland.jpg |
91 YBN [04/06/1909 AD] 3 4 | 4244) Humans reach the North Pole of Earth.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p560. 2. ^ "Robert E. Peary." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-e-pe ary 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p560. {04/06/1909} 4. ^ "Robert E. Peary." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-e-pe ary {04/06/1909} MORE INFO [1] "Robert E. Peary." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-e-pe ary [2] "Robert Edwin Peary". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwi n_Peary [3] "Robert Edwin Peary." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 5: 1800 to 1899. Detroit: Gale, 2000. 97. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18 Feb. 2010 | Greenland2 |
[1] Matthew Henson (centre) and other members of Robert E. Peary's North Pole expedition, April 1909. Robert Peary—Hulton Archive/Getty Images Henson, Matthew Alexander. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 18 Feb. 2010 source: http://cache.eb.com/new-multimed ia/bigimages/polexp002.jpg [2] Description Robert Edwin Peary.jpg English: Robert Edwin Peary (1856 - 1920), polar explorer, on the main deck of steamship Roosevelt Date c 1909; first upload: Nov 16, 2004 - de:Wikipedia Source Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division: LC-USZ62-8234; LC-USZC4-7507 http://www.loc.gov/rr/pri nt/list/235_pop.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/21/Robert_Edwin_Peary.jp g |
91 YBN [09/??/1909 AD] 5 | 4729) The mass and size of an electron are determined;2 A mass of 10-27 grams and size of 30 pm.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Perrin, Mouvement Brownien et Realite Moleculaire", Annales de chimie et de physique, S8, 09/1909, p5. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k349481.image.r=annales+de+chimie+et+d e+physique.f3.langEN {Perrin_Jean_thoug ht_dust_particles_1909.pdf} Perrin, tr: Soddy, "Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality", London: Taylor and Francis (1910), p50. http://www.archive.org/details/bro wnianmovement00perr 2. ^ Perrin, Mouvement Brownien et Realite Moleculaire", Annales de chimie et de physique, S8, 09/1909, p5. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k349481.image.r=annales+de+chimie+et+d e+physique.f3.langEN {Perrin_Jean_thoug ht_dust_particles_1909.pdf} Perrin, tr: Soddy, "Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality", London: Taylor and Francis (1910), p50. http://www.archive.org/details/bro wnianmovement00perr 3. ^ Perrin, Mouvement Brownien et Realite Moleculaire", Annales de chimie et de physique, S8, 09/1909, p5. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k349481.image.r=annales+de+chimie+et+d e+physique.f3.langEN {Perrin_Jean_thoug ht_dust_particles_1909.pdf} Perrin, tr: Soddy, "Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality", London: Taylor and Francis (1910), p50. http://www.archive.org/details/bro wnianmovement00perr 4. ^ Perrin, Mouvement Brownien et Realite Moleculaire", Annales de chimie et de physique, S8, 09/1909, p5. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k349481.image.r=annales+de+chimie+et+d e+physique.f3.langEN {Perrin_Jean_thoug ht_dust_particles_1909.pdf} Perrin, tr: Soddy, "Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality", London: Taylor and Francis (1910). http://www.archive.org/details/ brownianmovement00perr 5. ^ Perrin, Mouvement Brownien et Realite Moleculaire", Annales de chimie et de physique, S8, 09/1909, p5. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bp t6k349481.image.r=annales+de+chimie+et+d e+physique.f3.langEN {Perrin_Jean_thoug ht_dust_particles_1909.pdf} Perrin, tr: Soddy, "Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality", London: Taylor and Francis (1910). http://www.archive.org/details/ brownianmovement00perr MORE INFO [1] "Jean Baptiste Perrin." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-baptis te-perrin [2] "Jean Baptiste Perrin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptis te_Perrin [3] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1926/perrin-bio.html [4] Herbert Newby McCoy, Ethel Mary Terry, "Introduction to general chemistry", 1920. http://books.google.com/books?id= qA1DAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage#v=onepag e&q=perrin&f=false [5] J. Perrin, "Nouvelles proprietes des rayons cathodiques.",Comptes Rendus, V121, 1895, p1130. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148 /bpt6k3077p.image.f1130.langEN Englis h translation: "New Properties of the kathode Rays.", Minutes of proceedings, Volume 124 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), p552. http://books.google.com/books?id= BS_yAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552&dq=comptes+Perrin& hl=en&ei=aO5ZTK-uJo6-sQPM-OGCCA&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ 6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=comptes%20Perrin&f=fa lse [6] Report of the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Issue 66, 1896, p702. http://books.google.com/books?id= lOs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA701&dq=cathode+rays+Pe rrin&hl=en&ei=Ku1ZTLbSAYK-sQOt-KyrCA&sa= X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved= 0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cathode%20rays%2 0Perrin&f=false [7] "Perrin, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 4 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059 322> [8] Jean Perrin, translated by Frederick Soddy, "Brownian movement and molecular reality", 1910. http://books.google.com/books?id= eARJAAAAIAAJ&q=perrin+einstein&dq=perrin +einstein&hl=en&ei=gAZbTOXsEpHUtQP10oDcD Q&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 &ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA [9] Perrin, "Grandeur des molecules et charge de l'electron.", Comptes Rendus, V147, 1908, p594-596. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12 148/bpt6k31014.image.f594.langEN [10] American Chemical Society. Chemical Abstracts Service, Chemical abstracts, Volume 3, Part 1, 1908, p862. http://books.google.com/books?id=VopMA AAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Chemical+ abstracts&hl=en&ei=2BNbTIyKEIy8sQOs7eEG& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&v ed=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=perrin&f=fals e [11] "mastic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/mastic [12] M. Chaudesaigues , "Le mouvement brownien et la formule d'Einstein", Comptes Rendus, V147, 1908. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ bpt6k31014.image.f1044.langEN [13] "Jean Baptiste Perrin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-baptis te-perrin [14] Perrin, "Le Atoms", 1914. http://books.google.com/books?id= p206AAAAMAAJ&dq=le%20atoms%20perrin&sour ce=gbs_slider_thumb translated to English: "Atoms", 1916 http://books.google.com/books?id=Z _kJAAAAIAAJ&dq=le+atoms+perrin&source=gb s_navlinks_s | (École Normale, University of Paris) Paris, France4 |
[1] Jean Baptiste Perrin UNKNOWN source: http://www.scientific-web.com/en /Physics/Biographies/images/Jean_Baptist e_Perrin.jpg [2] Description Jean Baptiste Perrin.jpg * Author: anonymous or pseudonymous, per EU Copyright Directive (1993), Article 1, §§1-4 * This image was published not later than 1925 in conjunction with the Nobel Prize in Physics. If anyone has information that the author's name was publicly disclosed in connection with this photograph, please make a note on this page and indicate where the author's name was seen to be publicly disclosed in connection with this image. * A search of the US Copyright renewals throughout the 1950s shows no record of copyright renewal, as would be required to extend copyright protection beyond the year 1953. If anyone has information that would document a copyright renewal in the U.S., please cite it on this page by clicking on ''Edit this page''. * Source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1926/perrin-bio.html Dat e 1926(1926) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prize s/physics/laureates/1926/perrin-bio.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5f/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin. jpg |
91 YBN [1909 AD] 6 | 4899) A wireless radio telephone is publicly demonstrated.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119. 2. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119. 3. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119. 4. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119. {1909} MORE INFO [1] "Guglielmo Marconi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/guglielmo-m arconi [2] "Guglielmo Marconi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_M arconi [3] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html [4] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", proceedings of the institution of electrical engineers, v28, 1899, p273. http://books.google.com/books?id= UQAUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=proc eedings+of+the+institution+of+electrical +engineers&hl=en&ei=5yu-TOTnFIugsQOn9bzI DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum= 2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=marconi&f= false [5] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 16 (1899– 1901), 247–256 [6] G. Marconi, "Syntonic Wireless Telegraphy", Royal Society of Arts. Journal, 49 (1901), 505 [7] Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., "Marconi: The Man and His Wireless" (1937) [8] W. P. Jolly, "Marconi", 1972, p78 [9] British patent No. 12,039, Date of Application 2 June 1896; Complete Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897 (later claimed by Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to patent) http://www.earlyradiohistory.us /1901fae.htm [10] U.S. Patent 0,586,193 "Transmitting electrical signals", (using Ruhmkorff coil and Morse code key) filed December 1896, patented July, 1897. http://www.google.com/patents?vid =586193 [11] U.S. Patent 0,763,772 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (Four tuned system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S. Stone) http://www.google.com/patents?id =L5tvAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [12] B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935), p273. http://books.google.com/books?id=xiFDA AAAIAAJ&q=Marconi:+Master+of+Space&dq=Ma rconi:+Master+of+Space&hl=en&ei=GFG_TMyW PJSfnQf_yqSJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re sult&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA [13] "Marconi, Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 19 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w | (Marconi Company) London, England4 (verify5 ) |
[1] St. John's Newfoundland kite which received the famous signal 1901 PD source: B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935) [2] Marconi Station at Poldhu, Cornwall, from which first transatlantic signals were transmitted. Contrasted with top picture, the Bridgewater Beam transmitting station. PD source: B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935) |
90 YBN [1910 AD] 4 | 4476) That hereditary characters are located on a specific chromosome is recognized.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Morgan, Thomas Hunt." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 515-526. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ T. H. Morgan, "Sex-Limited Inheritance in Drosophila", in Science, 32 (1910), 120–122. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 1635471 {Morgan_Thomas_Hunt_1910.pdf} 3. ^ "Morgan, Thomas Hunt." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 1 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9053 728>. 4. ^ "Morgan, Thomas Hunt." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 515-526. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1910} MORE INFO [1] "Thomas Hunt Morgan." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 01 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-hunt -morgan [2] "Thomas Hunt Morgan". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hunt _Morgan | (Columbia University) New York City, NY, USA3 |
[1] Description Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg English: This image is one of several created for the 1891 Johns Hopkins yearbook of 1891, see Shine and Hobel. 1976. Thomas Hunt Morgan. The University Press of Kentucky ISBN 081319995X for other examples of photos from the same sitting. Date 1891(1891) Source http://wwwihm.nlm.nih.gov/ Author Unknown PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8f/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jp g [2] Thomas Hunt Morgan Library of Congress PD source: http://content.answcdn.com/main/ content/img/scitech/HSthomah.jpg |
90 YBN [1910 AD] 3 | 4961) A pressure of 20,000 atmospheres is obtained.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Bridgman, Percy Williams." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 457-461. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900627&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ "Percy Williams Bridgman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/percy-willi ams-bridgman {1909} 3. ^ "Bridgman, Percy Williams." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 457-461. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900627&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1910} MORE INFO [1] "Percy Williams Bridgman." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/79392/Percy-Williams-Bridgman> [2] American Scientist, Vol. 31, 1943 [3] P. W. Bridgman, "The Technique of High Pressure Experimenting", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 49, No. 11 (Feb., 1914), pp. 627-643. Published by: American Academy of Arts & Sciences Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20025490 [4] Bridgman, "The Physics of High Pressure" (1931) [5] P. W. Bridgman, "The Measurement of High Hydrostatic Pressure. I. A Simple Primary Gauge", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 8 (Feb., 1909), pp. 201-217. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20 022420 | (Harvard University) Cambridge, Massachussets, USA2 |
[1] Figure 1 from: P. W. Bridgman, ''The Measurement of High Hydrostatic Pressure. I. A Simple Primary Gauge'', Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 8 (Feb., 1909), pp. 201-217. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20 022420 {Bridgman_Percy_19081209.pdf} PD source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2002 2420?&Search=yes&searchText=j50000063&se archText=j50000062&searchText=bridgman&l ist=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicRe sults%3Fhp%3D25%26la%3D%26so%3Dold%26wc% 3Don%26acc%3Don%26gw%3Djtx%26jcpsi%3D1%2 6artsi%3D1%26Query%3D%2528bridgman%2529% 2BAND%2Bjid%253A%2528j50000063%2BOR%2Bj5 0000062%2529%26sbq%3D%2528bridgman%2529% 2BAND%2Bjid%253A%2528j50000063%2BOR%2Bj5 0000062%2529%26prq%3D%2528p.w.%2Bbridgma n%2529%2BAND%2Bjid%253A%2528j50000063%2B OR%2Bj50000062%2529%26si%3D26%26jtxsi%3D 26&prevSearch=&item=43&ttl=927&returnArt icleService=showFullText [2] Description The image of American physicist and Nobel laureate Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961) Source This image has been downloaded http://www.nndb.com/people/740/000099443 / Date uploaded: 03:02, 26 December 2008 (UTC) COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/4/43/Percy_Williams_Bridgman.jp g |
89 YBN [01/??/1911 AD] 2 | 4321) The theory that most of human thinking is of images.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ames, C. H., "Are Space and Time Infinite? The Affirmative Answer", Popular Astronomy, vol. 19, 01/1911, pp.31-35. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs /1911PA.....19...31A 2. ^ Ames, C. H., "Are Space and Time Infinite? The Affirmative Answer", Popular Astronomy, vol. 19, 01/1911, pp.31-35. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs /1911PA.....19...31A MORE INFO [1] "Pickering, William Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059 926> [2] "William Henry Pickering." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hen ry-pickering [3] Pickering, W. H., "Are Space and Time Really Infinite?", Popular Astronomy, vol. 18, 08/1910, pp.420-421. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/f ull/1910PA.....18..420P and pdf: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu /cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1910PA.....1 8..420P&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=Y ES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf [4] Pickering, William H., "The Theory of Relativity", Popular Astronomy, vol. 28, 06/1920, pp. 334-344. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/ 1920PA.....28..334P [5] Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 04/1922, p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=19 22PA.....30..199P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0& plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREE N_GIF&classic=YES [6] Pickering, William H., "a Suggestion Regarding Gravitation, II", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 05/1922, p.272. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/19 22PA.....30..272P [7] Pickering EC (1899-03-17). "A New Satellite of Saturn". 49. Harvard College Observatory Bulletin. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BHa rO/0049//0000001.000.html [8] "Phoebe (moon)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008 [9] "William Henry Pickering". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hen ry_Pickering [10] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p570-571 [11] "William Henry Pickering." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 11 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hen ry-pickering [12] Pickering, William H., "Aberration and Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 06/1922, p.340 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 22PA.....30..340P [13] "Pickering, William Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 601-602. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903408&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w | Boston, Massachusetts, USA (presumably) |
[1] Ames, C. H., ''Are Space and Time Infinite? The Affirmative Answer'', Popular Astronomy, vol. 19, 01/1911, pp.31-35. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs /1911PA.....19...31A PD source: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/19 11PA.....19...31A [2] Edited image of American Astronomer William Henry Pickering (1858-1938) TITLE: Prof. W.H. Pickering, portr. bust CALL NUMBER: LC-B2- 550-7[P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-ggbain-02598 (digital file from original neg.) No known restrictions on publication. MEDIUM: 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller. CREATED/PUBLISHED: 10/16/09. NOTES: Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress). Title from unverified data provided by the Bain News Service on the negatives or caption cards. Temp. note: Batch one loaded. FORMAT: Glass negatives. REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID: (digital file from original neg.) ggbain 02598 original found at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h? pp/PPALL:@field(NUMBER+@1(ggbain+02598)) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/4/46/William_Henry_Pickering_02 598r.jpg |
89 YBN [04/19/1911 AD] 3 | 4691) The paths of ionizing rays (for example by α and β particles) are captured photographically using a cloud chamber (a device that expands gas).1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ C. T. R. Wilson, "On a Method of Making Visible the Paths of Ionising Particles through a Gas', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 85, No. 578 (Jun. 9, 1911), pp. 285-288 http://www.jstor.org/stable/932 05 and http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/85/578/285 {Wilson_Charles_1911.pdf} 2. ^ C. T. R. Wilson, "On a Method of Making Visible the Paths of Ionising Particles through a Gas', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 85, No. 578 (Jun. 9, 1911), pp. 285-288 http://www.jstor.org/stable/932 05 and http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/85/578/285 {Wilson_Charles_1911.pdf} 3. ^ C. T. R. Wilson, "On a Method of Making Visible the Paths of Ionising Particles through a Gas', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 85, No. 578 (Jun. 9, 1911), pp. 285-288 http://www.jstor.org/stable/932 05 and http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/85/578/285 {Wilson_Charles_1911.pdf} {04/19/1911} MORE INFO [1] "Wilson, C.T.R.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 16 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9077 118> [2] "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-tho mson-rees-wilson [3] "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 16 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-tho mson-rees-wilson [4] "Wilson, Charles Rees." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 420-423. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 16 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904680&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [5] "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tho mson_Rees_Wilson [6] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1927/wilson.html [7] C. T. R. Wilson, "On the Formation of Cloud in the Absense of Dust", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Volume 8, 1895, p306. http://books.google.com/books?id= cZI1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA306&dq=CTR+Wilson&hl=e n&ei=euJATNWWBojSsAOeyJz8DA&sa=X&oi=book _result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEw AA#v=onepage&q=CTR%20Wilson&f=false [8] C. T. R. Wilson, "The Effect of Rontgen's Rays on Cloudy Condensation.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Society, Volume 59, 03/03/1896, p338. http://books.google.com/books?id= SAgWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA338&dq=CTR+Wilson&hl=e n&ei=euJATNWWBojSsAOeyJz8DA&sa=X&oi=book _result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDAQ6AEw Ag#v=onepage&q=CTR%20Wilson&f=false [9] C. T. R. Wilson, "Condensation of Water Vapour in the Presence of Dust-free Air and other Gases", Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, Volume 189, March 15, 1897. http://books.google.com/books?id= GFFGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA265&dq=CTR+Wilson&hl=e n&ei=Eu9ATInoDI_ksQPC2OiZDQ&sa=X&oi=book _result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDUQ6AEw Aw#v=onepage&q=CTR%20Wilson&f=false [10] C. T. R. Wilson, "On the Comparative Efficiency as Condensation Nuclei of Positively and Negatively Charged Ions", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A January 1, 1900 193:289-308; doi:10.1098/rsta.1900.0009 http://rsta. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/193/2 89.full.pdf+html?sid=67702728-a318-49e2- a811-a9d4c98f896b | (Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2 |
[1] Figure 1 from Wilson's 1911 paper: C. T. R. Wilson, ''On a Method of Making Visible the Paths of Ionising Particles through a Gas', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 85, No. 578 (Jun. 9, 1911), pp. 285-288 PD source: http://rspa.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/85/578/285 [2] Figure 2 from Wilson's 1911 paper: C. T. R. Wilson, ''On a Method of Making Visible the Paths of Ionising Particles through a Gas', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 85, No. 578 (Jun. 9, 1911), pp. 285-288 PD source: http://rspa.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/85/578/285 |
89 YBN [04/28/1911 AD] 5 | 4192) Electrical superconductivity at low temperatures is recognized.1 2 3 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Onnes, H. K., Verslagen van de Afdeeling Natuurkunde der Kon. Akad. van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, 28 April 1911, p1479-1481. and: Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen Proceedings, vol. 13, May 26, 1911, p.1274-1276. English translation: The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures. Communications from the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory of the University of Leiden No. B 120, 3 (1911) {Kamerlingh_Onnes_19110428.pdf} 2. ^ H. A. Radovan, N. A. Fortune, T. P. Murphy, S. T. Hannahs, E. C. Palm, S. W. Tozer & D. Hall, Magnetic enhancement of superconductivity from electron spin domains, Nature 425, 51-55 (4 September 2003). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v425/n6953/full/nature01842.html#B1 3. ^ Science abstracts: Physics, Volume 14 By Physical Society of London, Physical Society (Great Britain), American Physical Society, Institution of Electrical Engineers http://books.google.com/books ?id=bu0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA418&dq=The+resista nce+of+pure+mercury+at+helium+temperatur es&lr=&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=The%20r esistance%20of%20pure%20mercury%20at%20h elium%20temperatures&f=false 4. ^ "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamer lingh-onnes 5. ^ Onnes, H. K., Verslagen van de Afdeeling Natuurkunde der Kon. Akad. van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, 28 April 1911, p1479-1481. and: Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen Proceedings, vol. 13, May 26, 1911, p.1274-1276. English translation: The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures. Communications from the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory of the University of Leiden No. B 120, 3 (1911) {Kamerlingh_Onnes_19110428.pdf} {04/28/1911} MORE INFO [1] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamer lingh-onnes [2] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamer lingh-onnes [3] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Kamer lingh_Onnes [4] "Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 220-222. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Dec. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20> [5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1913/onnes-bio.html [6] "Liquid Gases". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Liquid_G ases [7] Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "The liquefaction of helium.", Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen Proceedings, vol. 11, p.168-185. http://books.google.com/book s?id=bYfNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:0TAagV5ZkvksJU62wD#v=onepage&q =helium&f=false (English translation:) http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=s6iyAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA55&dq=Onne s+Communications+from+the+Physical+Labor atory+at+the+University+of+Leiden+date:1 908-1908#v=onepage&q=Onnes%20Communicati ons%20from%20the%20Physical%20Laboratory %20at%20the%20University%20of%20Leiden%2 0date%3A1908-1908&f=false http://www.di gitallibrary.nl/proceedings/search/detai l.cfm?pubid=2616&view=image&startrow=1 [8] "Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Web. 4 Dec. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9044 478> | (Leiden University) Leiden, Netherlands4 |
[1] Plate 2 from Kamerlingh Onnes 1908 paper PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =bYfNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi tions:0TAagV5ZkvksJU62wD#v=onepage&q=hel ium&f=false [2] * Author: anonymous or pseudonymous, per EU Copyright Directive (1993), Article 1, §§1-4 * This image was published not later than 1913 in conjunction with the Nobel Prize in Physics. * Sources: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1913/onnes-bio.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/94/Kamerlingh_portret.jp g |
89 YBN [04/??/1911 AD] 4 | 4746) The atomic nucleus theory: that all atoms have a very small positively charged sphere (or "nucleus") in their center. The size of an atom is estimated to be around 100 pm.1 2 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Rutherford, ""The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, May 1911, pp669-88. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem -History/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911 .html 2. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag, March 1914, S6, 27, pp488-98. 3. ^ Rutherford, ""The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, May 1911, pp669-88. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem -History/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911 .html 4. ^ Rutherford, ""The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, May 1911, pp669-88. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem -History/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911 .html {04/1911} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=o EwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the +Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnw X4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20t he%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665 [15] Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false [16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902 [17] Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw &hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false [18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation [19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id= ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+e manations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 &ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2 0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thor ium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false [20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag ser 6, v 561-76 1903 [21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208 [22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id= g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3 [25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688 [26] "Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 10 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9109 507> [27] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p635-637 | (University of Manchester) Manchester, England3 |
[1] Figure 1 from Rutherford, ''''The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom'', Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, May 1911, pp669-88. PD AND Description Ernest Rutherford2.jpg English: Cropped Image:Ernest_Rutherford.jpg Date 2007-01-26 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Sadi Carnot at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-Hi story/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911-fi g1.GIFhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe dia/commons/5/57/Ernest_Rutherford2.jpg [2] Figure 1 from Rutherford, ''''The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom'', Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, May 1911, pp669-88. PD source: http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-Hi story/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911-fi g1.GIF |
89 YBN [06/??/1911 AD] 3 | 3944) The theory that a machine could record the sounds of thought, and could also write sounds back to the brain which are heard in thought.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hugo Gernsback, "Ralph 124C 41 +", "Modern Electrics", Modern Electrics Publication, New York, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 1911. Taken from "Modern Electrics", Volume 3-4, Jan-Dec 1911, p165-168. {Gernsback_Modern_Electrics_1911.pdf} 2. ^ Hugo Gernsback, "Ralph 124C 41 +", "Modern Electrics", Modern Electrics Publication, New York, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 1911. Taken from "Modern Electrics", Volume 3-4, Jan-Dec 1911, p165-168. {Gernsback_Modern_Electrics_1911.pdf} 3. ^ Hugo Gernsback, "Ralph 124C 41 +", "Modern Electrics", Modern Electrics Publication, New York, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 1911. Taken from "Modern Electrics", Volume 3-4, Jan-Dec 1911, p165-168. {Gernsback_Modern_Electrics_1911.pdf}{ 06/1911} MORE INFO [1] http://www.biotele.com/trecorder.htm [2] "Electrical Experimenter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_ Experimenter [3] Hugo Gernsback Papers http://library.syr.edu/digital/g uides/g/gernsback_h.htm [4] Michael A. Banks, "Hugo Gernsback: The man who invented the future", Society for Amateur Scientists (Society for Amateur Scientists), September 03, 2004. http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssu es/2004-09-03/feature1/ [5] Michael A. Banks, "Hugo Gernsback: The man who invented the future. Part 2. Writing, publishing and inventing.", Society for Amateur Scientists (Society for Amateur Scientists), September 10, 2004. http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssu es/2004-09-10/feature1/index.html [6] Michael A. Banks, "Hugo Gernsback: The man who invented the future. Part 3. Merging science fiction into science fact.". Society for Amateur Scientists (Society for Amateur Scientists), October 1, 2004. http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues/20 04-10-01/feature1/index.html [7] http://www.magazineart.org/publishers/ge rnsback.html [8] http://www.magazineart.org/main.php/v/he althandfitness/sexology [9] http://home.utah.edu/~u0202363/hugo_pub. | New York City, NY2 |
[1] Image from: Hugo Gernsback, ''Ralph 124C 41 +'', ''Modern Electrics'', Modern Electrics Publication, New York, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 1911. Taken from ''Modern Electrics'', Volume 3-4, Jan-Dec 1911, p164-165. {inoldentimes001.pdf} PD source: Hugo Gernsback, "Ralph 124C 41 +", "Modern Electrics", Modern Electrics Publication, New York, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 1911. Taken from "Modern Electrics", Volume 3-4, Jan-Dec 1911, p164-165. [2] Image from: Hugo Gernsback, ''Ralph 124C 41 +'', ''Modern Electrics'', Modern Electrics Publication, New York, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 1911. Taken from ''Modern Electrics'', Volume 3-4, Jan-Dec 1911, p164-165. {Gernsback_Modern_Electrics_1911.pdf} PD source: Hugo Gernsback, "Ralph 124C 41 +", "Modern Electrics", Modern Electrics Publication, New York, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 1911. Taken from "Modern Electrics", Volume 3-4, Jan-Dec 1911, p164-165. |
89 YBN [11/13/1911 AD] 3 | 4270) The products of chemical reactions are detected using an mass spectrometer.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911, p455. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf } 2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911, p455. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf } 3. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911, p455. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf } {11/13/1911} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_ John_Thomson [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html [3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph- john-thomson-1 [4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id= TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=one page&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false [7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id= cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=t homson&f=false [8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312 [9] J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, 1896, 126 [10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274 [11] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry, 1888. http://books.google.com/books?id= zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepag e&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some %20respects%22&f=false http://books.goo gle.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some +respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=m YyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=o nepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2 0some%20respects%22&f=false [12] "Joseph John Thomson. 1856-1940", Rayleigh G. Strutt, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 3, No. 10 (Dec., 1941), pp. 587-609, The Royal Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/769 169 Thomson_Joseph_John_obituary_1941.pdf [13] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935, edition 2, p319-320 [14] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 [15] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the members of the ..., Volume 16, 04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+th omson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atom s%20thomson&f=false [16] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9 [17] Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-912 0/32/4/015) [18] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072 205> [19] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509 [20] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899, p547. http://books.google.com/books?id= il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=on epage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by% 20incandescent%20platinum&f=false [21] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 13, 1905, p121. http://books.google.com/books?id= 7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+ gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+c harge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved =0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20 the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosoph ical%20carry%20charge&f=false [22] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil. Mag. II, 769, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id= GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+ number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1 &cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom &f=false [23] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp. 1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452 ?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Facti on%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2 Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D 0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return ArticleService=showArticle [24] Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity.", Phil. Mag. 21, Oct 1911, p225 [25] Thomson, J. J., "A new method of chemical analysis (Royal Institution lecture).", Not. Proc. Roy. Instn. 20, 1911, p140 [26] Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1912, 643 [27] Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity (Bakerian lecture).", Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 89, 1913, p1. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/cana l.html http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfp lus/93452.pdf | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2 |
[1] Thomson, J. J., ''Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical reactions.'',Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911, p455. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf } PD AND English physicist J J Thomson Date GWS - The Great War: The Standard History of the All Europe Conflict (volume four) edited by H. W. Wilson and J. A. Hammerton (Amalgamated Press, London 1915) (So, it is taken before 1915) Source http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/g raphics/gws_thomson_01.jpg First World War.com PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg [2] Thomson, J. J., ''Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical reactions.'',Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911, p455. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf } PD AND {ULSF: Note from a later paper} figure 12 from: # Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity # J. J. Thomson # Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp. 1-20 PD AND English physicist J J Thomson Date GWS - The Great War: The Standard History of the All Europe Conflict (volume four) edited by H. W. Wilson and J. A. Hammerton (Amalgamated Press, London 1915) (So, it is taken before 1915) Source http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/g raphics/gws_thomson_01.jpg First World War.com PD source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/9345 2?&Search=yes&term=electricity&term=posi tive&term=rays&list=hide&searchUri=%2Fac tion%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Drays%2Bof %2Bpositive%2Belectricity%26jc%3Dj100836 %26wc%3Don%26Search.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0 %26Search%3DSearch&item=1&ttl=262&return ArticleService=showArticlehttp://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/J.J _Thomson.jpg |
89 YBN [12/14/1911 AD] 3 | 4772) Humans reach the South Pole of Earth.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Amundsen, Roald." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9007 288>. ? 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p642. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p642. {12/14/1911} MORE INFO [1] "Roald Amundsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 30 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/roald-amund sen [2] "Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Engel bregt_Gravning_Amundsen | South Pole2 |
[1] Description Nlc amundsen.jpg English: Roald Amundsen Date Source Roald Amundsen's The North West Passage: Being a Record of a Voyage of Exploration of the ship Gjøa, 1903-1907; Roald Amundsen. New York: Dutton, 1908. National Library of Canada Author [show]Ludwik Szacinski (1844–1894) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7d/Nlc_amundsen.jpg |
89 YBN [1911 AD] 7 8 | 4846) The industrial use of bacteria to produce useful products: bacteria are grown to produce large quantities of acetone and butyl alcohol.1 2 3 4 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ N. Qureshi, "Agricultural residues and energy crops as potentially eceonomical and novel substrates for microbial production of butanol (a biofuel)", in Hemming, D. Plant Sciences Reviews 2010. CAB International, 2011. CAB Reviews, p.249. http://books.google.com/books?id =xEiC1BZ_Ih8C&pg=PA249 2. ^ Ben-Menahem, A. Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences. Springer, 2009. Springer Reference, p3216. http://books.google.com/books?id =9tUrarQYhKMC&pg=PA3216 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p653-654. 4. ^ Fernbach, A., and E. H. Strange. "Acetone and higher alcohols (amyl, butyl or ethyl alcohols and butyric, propionic or acetic acid) from starches, sugars and other carbohydrates." British Patent (1911): 15203-15204. US version: http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=& vid=USPAT1044368 5. ^ Dworkin, M., and S. Falkow. The Prokaryotes: Vol. 1: Symbiotic Associations, Biotechnology, Applied Microbiology. Springer, 2006. The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria?: Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications. Symbiotic Associations, Biotechnology, Applied Microbiology, p676. http://books.google.com/books?id= hqh43LFTGBQC&pg=PA676 6. ^ N. Qureshi, "Agricultural residues and energy crops as potentially eceonomical and novel substrates for microbial production of butanol (a biofuel)", in Hemming, D. Plant Sciences Reviews 2010. CAB International, 2011. CAB Reviews, p.249. http://books.google.com/books?id =xEiC1BZ_Ih8C&pg=PA249 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p653-654. {1911} 8. ^ N. Qureshi, "Agricultural residues and energy crops as potentially eceonomical and novel substrates for microbial production of butanol (a biofuel)", in Hemming, D. Plant Sciences Reviews 2010. CAB International, 2011. CAB Reviews, p.249. http://books.google.com/books?id =xEiC1BZ_Ih8C&pg=PA249 MORE INFO [1] "Chaim Weizmann." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 27 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/639181/Chaim-Weizmann> [2] "Chaim Weizmann." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaim-weizm ann [3] "Weizmann, Chaim." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 247-248. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904599&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w | Pasteur Institute5 and (University of Manchester) Manchester, England6 |
[1] Chaim Weizmann UNKNOWN source: http://cojs.org/cojswiki/images/ 2/2f/Chaim_Weizmann.jpg [2] Description ChaimWeizmann1948.jpg English: Chaim Weizmann. Date 2006-09-24 (original upload date) Source Crop of Image:Weizmann Truman 1948.jpg Author Original uploader was SlimVirgin at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) PD-USGOV. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/91/ChaimWeizmann1948.jpg |
89 YBN [1911 AD] 8 | 4908) The theory of atomic isotopes. An isotope is an element that is chemically identical to another element, and occupies the same position on the periodic table, but has a different atomic mass.3 4 5 Also that the emission of a helium nucleus (an alpha particle) reduces the initial element to a different element two less in number on the Periodic Table is recognized.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665. 2. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1911, 99, 72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/A rticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072 and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/Arti clePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search {Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665. 4. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1911, 99, 72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/A rticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072 and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/Arti clePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search {Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911.pdf} 5. ^ Frederick Soddy, “Intra-atomic Charge,” Nature, V92, N2301, (4 Dec. 1913), p399. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 92/n2301/pdf/092399c0.pdf 6. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1911, 99, 72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/A rticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072 and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/Arti clePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search {Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911.pdf} 7. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1911, 99, 72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/A rticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072 and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/Arti clePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search {Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911.pdf} 8. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1911, 99, 72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/A rticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072 and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/Arti clePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search {Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "Frederick Soddy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/552022/Frederick-Soddy> [2] "Frederick Soddy." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-s oddy [3] "Frederick Soddy." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-s oddy [4] "Frederick Soddy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_S oddy [5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1921/soddy.html [6] Frederick Soddy, "Science and life: Aberdeen adresses", 1920. http://books.google.com/books?id= nHVBAAAAIAAJ&dq=frederick+soddy&source=g bs_navlinks_s [7] Frederick Soddy, "Matter and Energy", 1911. http://books.google.com/books?id= iKQLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=fred erick+soddy&hl=en&ei=i2QUTfmqL5O6sAPIxoj tCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum =4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Alexander Fleck, "Frederick Soddy." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. November 1, 1957 3:203-216; doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014 http://www.j stor.org/stable/769361 [9] Frederick Soddy, "The Structure of the Atom", Nature, v92, n2303, 1913, p452 [10] Frederick Soddy, “Contribution to a Discussion on Isotopes,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society, 99 (1921), 98 [11] D. Strömholm and T. Svedberg, Zeitschrift für Anorganische chemie, 63 (1909), 206 [12] Frederick Soddy, The chemistry of the radio-elements, Part 1, 1911. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ho86AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=fal se | (University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland7 |
[1] Figure from: Frederick Soddy, ''The chemistry of mesothorium'', J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1911, 99, 72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/A rticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072 and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/Arti clePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search {Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911.pdf} PD source: Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911 [2] Frederick Soddy UNKNOWN source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy _postcard.jpg |
89 YBN [1911 AD] 4 | 4937) The first cancer causing virus is discovered.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p678-679. 2. ^ "Peyton Rous." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/510908/Peyton-Rous>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p678-679. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p678-679. {1911} | (Rockefeller Institute, now called Rockefeller University) New York City, New York, USA3 |
[1] Francis Peyton Rous (1879-1970) PD source: http://www.historiadelamedicina. org/imagenes/ro.jpg |
89 YBN [1911 AD] 6 7 | 5093) A neutral molecular particle beam is created by heating a metal inside an evacuated container; molecules in the vapor then diffuse through a small hole in an internal wall.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la théorie cinétique des gaz et la réalisation d'un rayonnement matériel d'origine thermique", Comptes Rendus, 1911. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ bpt6k3105c/f592.image {Dunoyer_Louis_19 11xxxx.pdf} "On the kinetic theory of gases and the production of a radiation source material of thermal origin" 2. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la réalisation d’un rayonnement matériel d’origine purement thermique. Cinétique expérimentale" "On realization of a material radiation of purely thermal origin. Experimental kinetics", Le Radium, 1911. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/d ocs/00/24/24/64/PDF/ajp-radium_1911_8_4_ 142_1.pdf 3. ^ "Dunoyer De Segonzac, Louis Dominique Joseph Armand." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 253-254. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901261&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la théorie cinétique des gaz et la réalisation d'un rayonnement matériel d'origine", Comptes Rendus, 1911. "On the kinetic theory of gases and the production of a radiation source material" 5. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la réalisation d’un rayonnement matériel d’origine purement thermique. Cinétique expérimentale" "On realization of a material radiation of purely thermal origin. Experimental kinetics", Le Radium, 1911. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/d ocs/00/24/24/64/PDF/ajp-radium_1911_8_4_ 142_1.pdf 6. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la théorie cinétique des gaz et la réalisation d'un rayonnement matériel d'origine", Comptes Rendus, 1911. "On the kinetic theory of gases and the production of a radiation source material" 7. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la réalisation d’un rayonnement matériel d’origine purement thermique. Cinétique expérimentale" "On realization of a material radiation of purely thermal origin. Experimental kinetics", Le Radium, 1911. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/d ocs/00/24/24/64/PDF/ajp-radium_1911_8_4_ 142_1.pdf MORE INFO [1] L. Dunoyer, Comptes Rendus, 152 (1911), 592–595; 153 (1911). 333–336; 154 (1912), 815–818, 1344–1346; 155 (1912), 144–147, 270–273; 157 (1913), 1068–1070; 158 (1914), 1068–1071, 1265–1267, written with R. W. Wood; Bulletin de la Société française de physique, four memoirs between 1912 and 1914; Journal de physique et radium, 185 (1913); Collection de mémoirs relatifs à la physique (1912); Radium, seven memoirs between 1910 and 1914 | (University of Paris) Paris, France4 5 |
[1] Figure 1 from: L. Dunoyer, ''Sur la réalisation d’un rayonnement matériel d’origine purement thermique. Cinétique expérimentale'' ''On realization of a material radiation of purely thermal origin. Experimental kinetics'', Le Radium, 1911. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/d ocs/00/24/24/64/PDF/ajp-radium_1911_8_4_ 142_1.pdf PD source: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ docs/00/24/24/64/PDF/ajp-radium_1911_8_4 _142_1.pdf |
88 YBN [01/05/1912 AD] 4 | 5301) Electrophoresis (electricity is used to separate particles in liquids).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Botho Schwerin, "Patent number: 1229203, Filing date: Jan 5, 1912, Issue date: Jun 1917 http://www.google.com/patents?id=C pBAAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse 2. ^ Arne Tiselius, "A new apparatus for electrophoretic analysis of colloidal mixtures", Trans. Faraday Soc., 1937, 33, 524-531. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content /ArticleLanding/1937/TF/tf9373300524 3. ^ Botho Schwerin, "Patent number: 1229203, Filing date: Jan 5, 1912, Issue date: Jun 1917 http://www.google.com/patents?id=C pBAAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse 4. ^ Botho Schwerin, "Patent number: 1229203, Filing date: Jan 5, 1912, Issue date: Jun 1917 http://www.google.com/patents?id=C pBAAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse {01/05/1912} | Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany3 |
[1] Figure 1 from; Botho Schwerin, ''Patent number: 1229203, Filing date: Jan 5, 1912, Issue date: Jun 1917 http://www.google.com/patents?id=C pBAAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =CpBAAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false |
88 YBN [03/03/1912 AD] 4 | 4528) The brightness of Cepheid variable stars is shown to decrease linearly with the logarithm of their period of variation; so the brighter the star, the longer the period. By comparing the intrinsic brightness from the period of variation to the apparent brightness, the distance to the variable star can be calculated.1 2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "Leavitt, Henrietta Swan." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 105-106. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902515&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ Leavitt, H. S. & Pickering, E. C., "Periods of 25 Variable Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud.", Harvard College Observatory Circular, vol. 173, pp.1-3. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1912HarCi.173....1L and http://books.google.com/books?id=z7 4RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173&dq=%22The+following+ statement+regarding+the+periods+of+25+va riable+stars%22&hl=en&ei=0VM_TMG8BYXGsAO CzK32CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&re snum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Th e%20following%20statement%20regarding%20 the%20periods%20of%2025%20variable%20sta rs%22&f=false 3. ^ "Leavitt, Henrietta Swan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 14 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047 538>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p623. {03/03/1912} MORE INFO [1] "Henrietta Swan Leavitt." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 14 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/henrietta-s wan-leavitt [2] "Henrietta Swan Leavitt." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/henrietta-s wan-leavitt [3] "Henrietta Swan Leavitt". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_S wan_Leavitt [4] Henrietta Leavitt, "1777 Variables in the Magellanic Clouds",Annals of Harvard College Observatory, 60, no. 4, Annals of Harvard College Observatory, vol. 60, pp.87-108, 300,1908. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs /1908AnHar..60...87L and http://books.google.com/books?id=zZ sRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=%22in+the +spring+of+1904,+a+comparison%22&source= bl&ots=yphbDnmQ7x&sig=8LvFhlMjNu6d4M8r8b oi5nb8CRg&hl=en&ei=w0k-TKORGIrqnQf35q3CA w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 &ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%20the %20spring%20of%201904%2C%20a%20compariso n%22&f=false [5] Solon I. Bailey, "Henrietta Swan Leavitt" (obituary), Popular Astronomy, V30, N4, April 1922. http://books.google.com/books?id= rzYiAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&dq=Solon +I.+Bailey+in+Popular+Astronomy++leavitt &source=bl&ots=VNqmN_m2oF&sig=xP3jSu5j8h h_vECKwmtWn_aMaCg&hl=en&ei=7k8_TKiMHY3Ss AOc0N32CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result& resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=f alse | (Harvard College Observatory) Cambridge, Massachussetts, USA3 |
[1] Table 1 from: Leavitt, H. S. & Pickering, E. C., ''Periods of 25 Variable Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud.'', Harvard College Observatory Circular, vol. 173, pp.1-3. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1912HarCi.173....1L and http://books.google.com/books?id=z7 4RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173&dq=%22The+following+ statement+regarding+the+periods+of+25+va riable+stars%22&hl=en&ei=0VM_TMG8BYXGsAO CzK32CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&re snum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Th e%20following%20statement%20regarding%20 the%20periods%20of%2025%20variable%20sta rs%22&f=false PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =z74RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173&dq=%22The+followi ng+statement+regarding+the+periods+of+25 +variable+stars%22&hl=en&ei=0VM_TMG8BYXG sAOCzK32CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%2 2The%20following%20statement%20regarding %20the%20periods%20of%2025%20variable%20 stars%22&f=false [2] Henrietta Swan Leavitt in other words what she basically made her so important was because she made a kind of mesurment used to show that there is a relationship between the variable stars and their period. COPYRIGHT BUT FREE TO USE FOR ANY PURPOSE source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/3/3b/Leavitt_aavso.jpg |
88 YBN [04/20/1912 AD] 3 | 4918) The terms "giant" and "dwarf" are introduced to describe two kinds of stars with the same spectrum but different luminosity, and the first "white dwarf" star is described.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Henry Norris Russell, "Relations Between the Spectra and Other Characteristics of the Stars.", Popular Astronomy, V22, May 1914, V22, N5, WN215, p275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 14PA.....22..275R http://books.google.c om/books?id=4QryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA286&dq=%22 the+single+apparent+exception+is+the+fai nt%22&hl=en&ei=iSDnTP63MoWglAe-96SkCQ&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi =2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22the%20 single%20apparent%20exception%20is%20the %20faint%22&f=false continued at: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914 PA.....22..331R 2. ^ Henry Norris Russell, "Relations Between the Spectra and Other Characteristics of the Stars.", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, V51, N207, Oct-Dec 1912, pp569-579. http://books.google.com/books?id=bWccA AAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: RnNgEDJS0qgC&hl=en&ei=1LsVTbKAA4T4sAPzif HHAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu m=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false also see the later article by the same name. 3. ^ Henry Norris Russell, "Relations Between the Spectra and Other Characteristics of the Stars.", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, V51, N207, Oct-Dec 1912, pp569-579. http://books.google.com/books?id=bWccA AAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: RnNgEDJS0qgC&hl=en&ei=1LsVTbKAA4T4sAPzif HHAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu m=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false also see the later article by the same name. {04/20/1912} MORE INFO [1] "Henry Norris Russell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/513190/Henry-Norris-Russell> [2] "Henry Norris Russell." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-norri s-russell [3] "Henry Norris Russell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Norri s_Russell | (Princeton University) Princeton, New Jersey, USA.2 |
[1] Figure 1 from Henry Norris Russell, ''Relations Between the Spectra and Other Characteristics of the Stars.'', Popular Astronomy, V22, May 1914, V22, N5, WN215, p275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 14PA.....22..275R http://books.google.c om/books?id=4QryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA286&dq=%22 the+single+apparent+exception+is+the+fai nt%22&hl=en&ei=iSDnTP63MoWglAe-96SkCQ&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi =2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22the%20 single%20apparent%20exception%20is%20the %20faint%22&f=false continued at: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914 PA.....22..331R PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =4QryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA286&dq=%22the+single+ apparent+exception+is+the+faint%22&hl=en &ei=iSDnTP63MoWglAe-96SkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_ result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved=0CC4 Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22the%20single%20ap parent%20exception%20is%20the%20faint%22 &f=false [2] Henry Norris Russell UNKNOWN source: http://www.optcorp.com/images2/a rticles/full-russell.jpg |
88 YBN [05/04/1912 AD] 4 | 4939) The diffraction of x-rays by atomic planes in a crystal of zinc sulfide is discovered. The wavelength (or particle interval) of x-rays is determined to be around 10 picometers which is smaller than ultraviolet light, and this suggests that x-rays are very high frequency light.2 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Friedrich, W., P. Knipping, and M. V. Laue. "Interferenz-Erscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch–physikalische Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen, , V42, 1912, p303-322. Reprinted in: W. Friedrich, P. Knipping, M. Laue, "Interferenzerscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 346, Issue 10, pages 971–988, 1913. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1002/andp.19133461004/abstract {La ue_Max_19130315.pdf} English: "Interference Phenomena with Rontgen Rays." J. J. Stezowski, in "Structural Crystallography in Chemistry and Biology", 1981, p23-39. http://books.google.com/books?i d=pKEsAAAAYAAJ 2. ^ Friedrich, W., P. Knipping, and M. V. Laue. "Interferenz-Erscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch–physikalische Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen, , V42, 1912, p303-322. Reprinted in: W. Friedrich, P. Knipping, M. Laue, "Interferenzerscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 346, Issue 10, pages 971–988, 1913. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1002/andp.19133461004/abstract {La ue_Max_19130315.pdf} English: "Interference Phenomena with Rontgen Rays." J. J. Stezowski, in "Structural Crystallography in Chemistry and Biology", 1981, p23-39. http://books.google.com/books?i d=pKEsAAAAYAAJ 3. ^ "Laue, Max von." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 50-53. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902495&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ "Laue, Max von." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 50-53. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902495&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {05/04/1912} {announced) 05/04/1912} MORE INFO [1] "Max von Laue." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/max-von-lau e [2] "Max von Laue". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Lau e [3] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1914/laue-bio.html [4] M. Laue, "Die Mitführung des Lichtes durch bewegte Körper nach dem Relativitätsprinzip", Annalen der Physik, Volume 328, Issue 10, pages 989–990, 1907. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1002/andp.19073281015/abstract {La ue_Max_19070730.pdf} | (University of Munich) Munich, Germany3 |
[1] From W. Friedrich, P. Knipping, M. Laue, ''Interferenzerscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen'', Annalen der Physik, Volume 346, Issue 10, pages 971–988, 1913. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1002/andp.19133461004/abstract {La ue_Max_19130315.pdf} PD source: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/10.1002/andp.19133461004/pdf [2] X-ray photograph of Zinc blende PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0e/Max_von_Laue.jpg |
88 YBN [07/16/1912 AD] 4 | 5203) Cathode rays are shown to disintegrate molecules and atoms.1 2 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ WILLIAM RAMSAY, "Experiments with Kathode Rays", Nature 89, 502-502 (18 July 1912) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 89/n2229/abs/089502b0.html {Ramsay_Will iam_19120716.pdf} 2. ^ M. W. Garrett, "Experiments upon the Reported Transmutation of Mercury into Gold", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A September 1, 1926 112:391-406. http://rspa.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/112/761/391.full.pd f+html {Garrett_M_W_19260714.pdf} 3. ^ WILLIAM RAMSAY, "Experiments with Kathode Rays", Nature 89, 502-502 (18 July 1912) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 89/n2229/abs/089502b0.html {Ramsay_Will iam_19120716.pdf} 4. ^ WILLIAM RAMSAY, "Experiments with Kathode Rays", Nature 89, 502-502 (18 July 1912) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 89/n2229/abs/089502b0.html {Ramsay_Will iam_19120716.pdf} {07/16/1912} MORE INFO [1] "William Ramsay." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [2] "William Ramsay." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [3] "William Ramsay." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ram say [4] "William Ramsay". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ram say [5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1904/ramsay-bio.html [6] William Ramsay, "The gases of the atmosphere: the history of their discovery", 1896. 1896 edition: http://books.google.com/books? id=zRBDAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay&source =gbs_navlinks_s 1905 edition: http://books.google.com/books? id=bjQJAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay [7] William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp. 65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id =EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Ca use+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A 6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false [8] "helium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/helium [9] Ramsay, "On a new constituent of atmospheric air", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, volume: 63, 1898, p405. http://books.google.com/books?id= xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:189 8-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay% 20date%3A1898-1898&f=false [10] http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Arch ive/elements-116-118.html [11] William Crookes, "On the Position of Helium, Argon, and Krypton in the Scheme of Elements.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (1898) volume: 63 page: 408. http://books.google.com/books?id=x AAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+constit uent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898 -1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20constit uent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%2 0date%3A1898-1898&f=false [12] Ramsay, "On the Companions of Argon", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, volume: 63, 1898, p437. http://books.google.com/books?id= xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:189 8-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay% 20date%3A1898-1898&f=false [13] "xenon." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/xenon [14] "Ramsay, William." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 277-284. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20> | (University College) London, England3 |
[1] Xenon on the Periodic table GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen on [2] Figure 1 from Rayleigh 1893 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/William_Ramsay_workin g.jpg |
88 YBN [08/??/1912 AD] 5 6 7 | 4274) That the same element can hold different electric charges is shown.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Thomson, J-J_. "XIX. Further experiments on positive rays." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 24.140 (1912): 209-253. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bib liography/58679#/summary {Philosophical _Magazine_Volume24_1912.pdf} 2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Multiply-charged atoms.", Phil. Mag. 24, 1912, 668. http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM19 12.2/Main/icm1912.2.0275.0278.ocr.pdf h ttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/biblio graphy/58679#/summary {Philosophical_Ma gazine_Volume24_1912.pdf} 3. ^ "Joseph John Thomson. 1856-1940", Rayleigh G. Strutt, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 3, No. 10 (Dec., 1941), pp. 587-609, The Royal Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/769 169 Thomson_Joseph_John_obituary_1941.pdf 4. ^ Thomson, J. J., Multiply-charged atoms (International Congress of Mathematicians, Cambridge, August 1912). 5. ^ Thomson, J-J_. "XIX. Further experiments on positive rays." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 24.140 (1912): 209-253. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bib liography/58679#/summary {Philosophical _Magazine_Volume24_1912.pdf} 6. ^ Thomson, J. J. "LXV. Multiply-charged atoms." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 24.142 (1912): 668-672. http://www.biodiversitylibrary .org/bibliography/58679#/summary {Philo sophical_Magazine_Volume24_1912.pdf} 7. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Multiply-charged atoms.", Phil. Mag. 24, 1912, 668. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org /bibliography/58679#/summary {Philosoph ical_Magazine_Volume24_1912.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_ John_Thomson [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html [3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph- john-thomson-1 [4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id= TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=one page&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false [7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id= cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=t homson&f=false [8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312 [9] J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, 1896, 126 [10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274 [11] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry, 1888. http://books.google.com/books?id= zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepag e&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some %20respects%22&f=false http://books.goo gle.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some +respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=m YyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=o nepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2 0some%20respects%22&f=false [12] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935, edition 2, p319-320 [13] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 [14] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the members of the ..., Volume 16, 04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+th omson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atom s%20thomson&f=false [15] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9 [16] Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-912 0/32/4/015) [17] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072 205> [18] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509 [19] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899, p547. http://books.google.com/books?id= il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=on epage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by% 20incandescent%20platinum&f=false [20] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 13, 1905, p121. http://books.google.com/books?id= 7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+ gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+c harge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved =0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20 the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosoph ical%20carry%20charge&f=false [21] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil. Mag. II, 769, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id= GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+ number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1 &cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom &f=false [22] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp. 1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452 ?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Facti on%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2 Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D 0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return ArticleService=showArticle [23] Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity.", Phil. Mag. 21, Oct 1911, p225 [24] Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911, p455 [25] Thomson, J. J., "A new method of chemical analysis (Royal Institution lecture).", Not. Proc. Roy. Instn. 20, 1911, p140 [26] Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1912, 643 [27] Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity (Bakerian lecture).", Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 89, 1913, p1. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/cana l.html http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfp lus/93452.pdf [28] Thomson, J. J., "Further applications of positive rays to the study of chemical problems.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 17, 01/27/1913, p201 [29] Thomson, J. J., "On rays of positive electricity.", Phil. Mag. 13, May 1907, 561. http://books.google.com/books?id=v VjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561&dq=%22positive+elec tricity%22+thomson+intitle:philosophical &hl=en&ei=QvunS8rYCYywsgOqy4SpDQ&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDk Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22positive%20electr icity%22%20thomson%20intitle%3Aphilosoph ical&f=false | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England4 |
[1] Thomson, J. J. ''LXV. Multiply-charged atoms.'' The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 24.142 (1912): 668-672. http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/I CM1912.2/Main/icm1912.2.0275.0278.ocr.pd f {Thompson_p668_1912.pdf} PD AND En glish physicist J J Thomson Date GWS - The Great War: The Standard History of the All Europe Conflict (volume four) edited by H. W. Wilson and J. A. Hammerton (Amalgamated Press, London 1915) (So, it is taken before 1915) Source http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/g raphics/gws_thomson_01.jpg First World War.com PD source: http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM 1912.2/Main/icm1912.2.0275.0278.ocr.pdfh ttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com mons/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg [2] figure 1 from: # Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity # J. J. Thomson # Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp. 1-20 PD source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/9345 2?&Search=yes&term=electricity&term=posi tive&term=rays&list=hide&searchUri=%2Fac tion%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Drays%2Bof %2Bpositive%2Belectricity%26jc%3Dj100836 %26wc%3Don%26Search.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0 %26Search%3DSearch&item=1&ttl=262&return ArticleService=showArticle |
88 YBN [10/??/1912 AD] 5 | 4912) That beta decay (the emission of a high-speed electron) results in an atom moving up one place on the periodic table is recognized.1 2 3 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Alexander Russell, "The Periodic System and the Radio-Elements.", The Chemical News, V107, N2775, 01/31/1913, p49-52. {Russell_Alexander_19130131.pdf } 2. ^ Alexander Smith Russell, Chemical News, 1913, 107, p49. 3. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The Radio-elements and the Periodic Law", Chemical News 107, p97 (1913) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/s oddycn.html 4. ^ Alexander S. Russell, "The Penetrating Power of the γ -Rays from Radium C", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character Vol. 88, No. 600 (Jan. 29, 1913), pp. 75-82 http://www.jstor.org/stable/93161 5. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The Radio-elements and the Periodic Law", Chemical News 107, p97 (1913) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/s oddycn.html {10/1912} MORE INFO [1] J. Chadwick and A. S. Russell, "The Excitation of γ -Rays by the α -Rays of Ionium and Radiothorium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character Vol. 88, No. 602 (Mar. 31, 1913), pp. 217-229 [2] J. Chadwick, A. S. Russell, "Excitation of γ rays by α rays", Nature, v90, n2252, p463. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v90/n2252/pdf/090463a0.pdf | (University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland4 (verify) |
[1] Table from: Alexander Russell, ''The Periodic System and the Radio-Elements.'', The Chemical News, V107, N2775, 01/31/1913, p49-52. {Russell_Alexander_19130131.pdf } PD source: Russell_Alexander_19130131.pdf |
88 YBN [11/11/1912 AD] 11 12 | 4404) Diffraction is explained as particle reflection.6 7 The dispersion of light by a crystal (grating, or prism) into a spectrum of increasing frequencies is given a corpuscular explanation: that particles of the same spacing as planes of atoms in a crystal (or grating grooves in a grating), at a specific angle of incidence, all reflect in the same direction.8 The grating equation is applied to the phenomenon of X-ray diffraction by crystals and this is used to make accurate determinations of the wavelengths (or particle intervals) of X-rays.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp. 43-57. http://tedhuntington.com/ulsf/do cs_pd/Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pd f {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pdf} 2. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol 90, num 2250, 12/12/1912, p410. http://books.google.com/books?id= KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHT MiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage &q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit le%3Anature&f=false 3. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp. 43-57. {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111 .pdf} 4. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol 90, num 2250, 12/12/1912, p410. http://books.google.com/books?id= KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHT MiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage &q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit le%3Anature&f=false 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp. 43-57. {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111 .pdf} 7. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol 90, num 2250, 12/12/1912, p410. http://books.google.com/books?id= KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHT MiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage &q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit le%3Anature&f=false 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp. 43-57. {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111 .pdf} 10. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol 90, num 2250, 12/12/1912, p410. http://books.google.com/books?id= KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHT MiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage &q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit le%3Anature&f=false 11. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp. 43-57. {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111 .pdf} {11/11/1912} 12. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol 90, num 2250, 12/12/1912, p410. http://books.google.com/books?id= KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHT MiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage &q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit le%3Anature&f=false {12/08/1904} {12/08/1912} {and Nature article: 12/08/1912} MORE INFO [1] "Bragg, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 2 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016 145> [2] "Sir William Henry Bragg." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-william -henry-bragg [3] "William Henry Bragg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hen ry_Bragg [4] William Henry Bragg, The World of Sound (1920) [5] William Henry Bragg, Concerning the Nature of Things (1925) http://books.google.com/books?id =-ysYrMza-ukC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Con cerning+the+Nature+of+Things&source=bl&o ts=oxGn9h6_Nh&sig=5iWXT3YPVpAsaRroIJp9lv Tz250&hl=en&ei=3eEGTLTIL5X2NY3P9Y8J&sa=X &oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0 CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [6] William Henry Bragg, Old Trades and New Knowledge (1926) [7] William Henry Bragg, An Introduction to Crystal Analysis (1928) [8] William Henry Bragg, The Universe of Light (1933) [9] Bragg, “On the Absorption of X-rays, and on the Classification of the X-rays of Radium,” in Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 8 (Dec. 1904), 719–725; http://books.google.com/book s?id=9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA719&dq=On+the+Abs orption+of+X-rays,+and+on+the+Classifica tion+of+the+X-rays+of+Radium&hl=en&ei=VO QGTLL9BIH48AaElfCRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result &ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBA#v=on epage&q&f=false [10] Bragg and Kleeman. “On the lonization Curves of Radium,” Philosophical Magazine, 726–738. Dated 8 September 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA726&dq=On+the+ionizati on+Curves+of+Radium&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_ minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1904&as_maxm_is=0&a s_maxy_is=1904&as_brr=0&cd=2#v=onepage&q =On%20the%20ionization%20Curves%20of%20R adium&f=false [11] Bragg, “The Consequences of the Corpuscular Hypothesis of γ and X-rays, and the Range of β Rays”, Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 20 (Sept. 1910), 385–416; Studies in Radio-activity [12] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p592-593 [13] "Bragg, William Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 397-400. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900594&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [14] Bragg, "On the Properties and Natures of Various Electric Radiations", Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 14 (Oct. 1907), 429–449. Read before the Royal Society of South Australia, 7 May and 4 June 1907. http://books.google.com/books?id=EhQXB Z1r44AC&pg=PA429&dq=On+the+Properties+an d+Natures+of+Various+Electric+Radiations &lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_i s=1907&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1907&as_b rr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20Propert ies%20and%20Natures%20of%20Various%20Ele ctric%20Radiations&f=false | (Cavindish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England10 |
[1] Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp. 43-57. http://tedhuntington.com/ulsf/do cs_pd/Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pd f PD source: Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp. 43-57. http://tedhuntington.com/ulsf/do cs_pd/Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pd f [2] Figure 2 from: Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp. 43-57. {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111 .pdf} PD source: Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111. |
88 YBN [1912 AD] 4 | 6262) The first radio broadcast: from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p612,646-647. 2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p74. 3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p74. 4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p74. {01/13/1910} MORE INFO [1] "Lee De Forest." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/lee-de-fore st [2] "De Forest, Lee." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 6-7. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 9 Sept. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901119&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Lee De Forest". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Fore st [4] diathermy. (n.d.) Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. (2007). Retrieved September 9 2010 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreediction ary.com/diathermy [5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411 [6] Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6 i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse [7] "Lee De Forest." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/lee-de-fore st [8] "De Forest, Lee." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 9 Sept. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9029 588> | (Metropolitan Opera House) New York City, New York, USA3 |
[1] Description Lee De Forest.jpg en:Lee De Forest, published in the February 1904 issue of The Electrical Age. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/65/Lee_De_Forest.jpg [2] Lee de Forest 1873 - 1961 UNKNOWN source: http://washington.uwc.edu/about/ mech.johnson/mech4gen/images/deForest.JP G |
87 YBN [01/27/1913 AD] 3 4 | 4272) The theory of isotopes is experimentally confirmed. Different isotopes of neon are deflected onto different parts of a photograph using a mass spectrometer.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Francis William Aston." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/39838/Francis-William-Aston>. 2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1912, 643. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p561-563. {1912} 4. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Further applications of positive rays to the study of chemical problems.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 17, 01/27/1913, p201. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf } MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_ John_Thomson [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html [3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph- john-thomson-1 [4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books .google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho mson&f=false [6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id= TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=one page&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false [7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id= cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=t homson&f=false [8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312 [9] J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, 1896, 126 [10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274 [11] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry, 1888. http://books.google.com/books?id= zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepag e&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some %20respects%22&f=false http://books.goo gle.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some +respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=m YyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=o nepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2 0some%20respects%22&f=false [12] "Joseph John Thomson. 1856-1940", Rayleigh G. Strutt, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 3, No. 10 (Dec., 1941), pp. 587-609, The Royal Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/769 169 Thomson_Joseph_John_obituary_1941.pdf [13] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935, edition 2, p319-320 [14] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 [15] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the members of the ..., Volume 16, 04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+th omson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atom s%20thomson&f=false [16] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9 [17] Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-912 0/32/4/015) [18] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072 205> [19] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509 [20] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899, p547. http://books.google.com/books?id= il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=on epage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by% 20incandescent%20platinum&f=false [21] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 13, 1905, p121. http://books.google.com/books?id= 7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+ gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+c harge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved =0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20 the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosoph ical%20carry%20charge&f=false [22] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil. Mag. II, 769, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id= GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+ number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1 &cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom &f=false [23] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp. 1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452 ?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Facti on%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2 Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D 0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return ArticleService=showArticle [24] Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity.", Phil. Mag. 21, Oct 1911, p225 [25] Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911, p455 [26] Thomson, J. J., "A new method of chemical analysis (Royal Institution lecture).", Not. Proc. Roy. Instn. 20, 1911, p140 [27] Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity (Bakerian lecture).", Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 89, 1913, p1. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/cana l.html http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfp lus/93452.pdf | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2 |
[1] Thomson, J. J., ''Further applications of positive rays to the study of chemical problems.'', Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 17, 01/27/1913, p201. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf } PD AND English physicist J J Thomson Date GWS - The Great War: The Standard History of the All Europe Conflict (volume four) edited by H. W. Wilson and J. A. Hammerton (Amalgamated Press, London 1915) (So, it is taken before 1915) Source http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/g raphics/gws_thomson_01.jpg First World War.com PD source: http://www.firstworldwar.com/pho tos/graphics/gws_thomson_01.jpg [2] figure 1 from: # Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity # J. J. Thomson # Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp. 1-20 PD source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/9345 2?&Search=yes&term=electricity&term=posi tive&term=rays&list=hide&searchUri=%2Fac tion%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Drays%2Bof %2Bpositive%2Belectricity%26jc%3Dj100836 %26wc%3Don%26Search.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0 %26Search%3DSearch&item=1&ttl=262&return ArticleService=showArticle |
87 YBN [04/05/1913 AD] 4 5 | 5005) The Bohr model of the atom: that electrons move in fixed circular orbits around a stationary positive nucleus with momentum=h/2pi (h is Planck's constant). The electrons give off or absorb fixed amounts of energy (quanta) by moving from one orbit to another.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ N. Bohr, "On the constitution of atoms and molecules", (Parts 1, 2 and 3), Phil. Mag., Series 6, Volume 26 July 1913, p. 1-25. http://www.fizika.unios.hr/~iluka cevic/dokumenti/materijali_za_studente/q m1/Bohr_1913.pdf {Bohr_Niels_191307xx.p df} 2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p423. 3. ^ "Niels Bohr." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/71670/Niels-Bohr>. 4. ^ N. Bohr, "On the constitution of atoms and molecules", (Parts 1, 2 and 3), Phil. Mag., Series 6, Volume 26 July 1913, p. 1-25. http://www.fizika.unios.hr/~iluka cevic/dokumenti/materijali_za_studente/q m1/Bohr_1913.pdf {Bohr_Niels_191307xx.p df} {04/05/1913} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p700-702. {1913} MORE INFO [1] "Bohr, Niels Henrik David." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 239-254. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900505&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] "Niels Bohr". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr | (University of Manchester) Machester, England3 |
[1] Immediate source: http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billede:Nie ls_Bohr.jpg Ultimate source: Niels Bohr's Nobel Prize biography, from 1922. Status: Public domain in US at least because of age, probably elsewhere. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg |
87 YBN [05/28/1913 AD] 6 7 | 4932) The general theory of relativity,3 space and time are restricted to a curved surface geometry4 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ A. Einstein, M. Grossmann, "Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und eine Theorie der Gravitation. I. Physikalischer Teil von A. Einstein II. Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann", Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, 62, 225–244, 245–261. "Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation. I. Physical Part by A. Einstein II. Mathematical Part by M. Grossmann" The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: Vol 4, The Swiss years: writings, 1912-1914 http://books.google.com/books ?id=d047AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:dYpwdLWNR2c C&hl=en&ei=GDwYTeOrOoissAPHu6zwCg&sa=X&o i=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC gQ6AEwATgK {Einstein_Albert_19130528.pdf} 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ A. Einstein, M. Grossmann, "Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und eine Theorie der Gravitation. I. Physikalischer Teil von A. Einstein II. Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann", Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, 62, 225–244, 245–261. "Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation. I. Physical Part by A. Einstein II. Mathematical Part by M. Grossmann" The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: Vol 4, The Swiss years: writings, 1912-1914 http://books.google.com/books ?id=d047AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:dYpwdLWNR2c C&hl=en&ei=GDwYTeOrOoissAPHu6zwCg&sa=X&o i=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC gQ6AEwATgK {Einstein_Albert_19130528.pdf} 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ "Albert Einstein." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 24 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-eins tein 6. ^ A. Einstein, M. Grossmann, "Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und eine Theorie der Gravitation. I. Physikalischer Teil von A. Einstein II. Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann", Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, 62, 225–244, 245–261. "Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation. I. Physical Part by A. Einstein II. Mathematical Part by M. Grossmann" The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: Vol 4, The Swiss years: writings, 1912-1914 http://books.google.com/books ?id=d047AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:dYpwdLWNR2c C&hl=en&ei=GDwYTeOrOoissAPHu6zwCg&sa=X&o i=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC gQ6AEwATgK {Einstein_Albert_19130528.pdf} {before 05/28/1913} 7. ^ A. Einstein, M. Grossmann, "Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und eine Theorie der Gravitation. I. Physikalischer Teil von A. Einstein II. Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann", Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, 62, 225–244, 245–261. "Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation. I. Physical Part by A. Einstein II. Mathematical Part by M. Grossmann" The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: Vol 4, The Swiss years: writings, 1912-1914 http://books.google.com/books ?id=d047AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:dYpwdLWNR2c C&hl=en&ei=GDwYTeOrOoissAPHu6zwCg&sa=X&o i=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC gQ6AEwATgK {Einstein_Albert_19130528.pdf} {1913} MORE INFO [1] "Albert Einstein." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/181349/Albert-Einstein> [2] "Albert Einstein." The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-eins tein [3] "Albert Einstein." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-eins tein [4] "Albert Einstein." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-eins tein [5] "Einstein, Albert." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 312-319. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901295&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [6] "Albert Einstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Eins tein [7] A. Einstein, "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 132–148. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_17_132-148.pdf "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de /~kleinert/files/eins_lq.pdf [8] http://www.alberteinstein.info/ [9] http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleine rt/files/ [10] A. Einstein, "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 549–560, (Einstein's thesis) http://www.physik.uni-augsburg. de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_ 17_549-560.pdf "On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat" http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~k leinert/files/eins_brownian.pdf [11] A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_17_891-921.pdf "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~klei nert/files/eins_specrel.pdf [12] A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 18, 639–641. http://www.physik.uni-augsbu rg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19 05_18_639-641.pdf "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy Content?" http://users.physik.fu-berlin .de/~kleinert/files/e_mc2.pdf [13] Herbert Dingle, "Science at a Crossroads", 1972 [14] Charles Lane Poor, "Gravitation Versus Relativity", 1922, [15] A. Einstein, "Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen", Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität, 4, 411–462. http://www.soso.ch/wissen/hi st/SRT/E-1907.pdf "On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It" in: Albert Einstein; Anna Beck; Peter Havas, "The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein", Princeton University Press, v2, The Swiss years, writings, 1900-1909, 1987, p252. http://books.google.com/books?id= J-zv71syXJMC&pg=PA252&lpg=PA252&dq=%22Ne wton%27s+equations+of+motion+retain+thei r+form%22&source=bl&ots=2Bi_77uKF1&sig=T cTVzfwQqa0fow68kOufCjlS9ls&hl=en&ei=8ioY Tc2ZHYzEsAO58ZGKCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&c t=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onep age&q=%22Newton%27s%20equations%20of%20m otion%20retain%20their%20form%22&f=false http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching /GR&Grav_2007/pdf/Einstein_1907.pdf (incomplete) http://books.google.com/ books?id=J-zv71syXJMC&pg=PA252&lpg=PA252 &dq=%22Newton%27s+equations+of+motion+re tain+their+form%22&source=bl&ots=2Bi_77u KF1&sig=TcTVzfwQqa0fow68kOufCjlS9ls&hl=e n&ei=8ioYTc2ZHYzEsAO58ZGKCw&sa=X&oi=book _result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEw AA#v=onepage&q=%22Newton%27s%20equations %20of%20motion%20retain%20their%20form%2 2&f=false [16] Albert Einstein; Anna Beck; Peter Havas, "The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein", Princeton University Press, 1987 [17] "Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitaetstheorie" http://users.phys ik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/1916_49_ 769-822.pdf [18] Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity?", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/full/1922PA.....30..199P | (Federal Institute of Technology) Zurich, Switzerland5 |
[1] Description German-born theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. Source Cropped from original at the Historical Museum of Berne. Date 1904[1] Author Lucien Chavan [1] (1868 - 1942), a friend of Einstein's when he was living in Berne. Permission (Reusing this file) An uncropped version available at NASA's ''Astronomy Picture of the Day''. According to the NASA site: PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg [2] Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 photograph. Description Albert Einstein (Nobel).png English: Albert Einstein, official 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics photograph. Français : Albert Einstein, photographie officielle du Prix Nobel de Physique 1921. Date 1921(1921) Source Official 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics photograph Author PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28No bel%29.png |
87 YBN [07/30/1913 AD] 6 | 4407) A monochromatic x-ray beam of known wavelength is used to determine the distance between parallel atomic planes in crystals that reflect the particles in the beam.1 2 3 This is the beginning of using x-ray "diffraction" to determine the shape and the position of each atom in a molecule.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, "The Structure of the Diamond.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 610 (Sep. 22, 1913), pp. 277-291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/in fo/93489?seq=1&Search=yes&term=structure &term=diamond&term=bragg&list=hide&searc hUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3 Dthe%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%2B bragg%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bstructure %2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%26Search%3DSearch% 26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=7&ttl=650&retur nArticleService=showArticle&resultsServi ceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle {Bragg s_19130730.pdf} 2. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "X-rays and Crystals.", Nature, vol 90, num 2256, 1/23/1913, p572. http://books.google.com/books?id= KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHT MiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage &q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit le%3Anature&f=false 3. ^ W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, “The Reflection of X-rays by Crystals,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 88A (1 July 1913), 428–438, received 7 April 1913; W. H. Bragg, “The Reflection of X-rays by Crystals (II),” Nature., 89A (22 Sept. 1913), 246–248, received 21 June 1913. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, "The Structure of the Diamond.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 610 (Sep. 22, 1913), pp. 277-291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/in fo/93489?seq=1&Search=yes&term=structure &term=diamond&term=bragg&list=hide&searc hUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3 Dthe%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%2B bragg%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bstructure %2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%26Search%3DSearch% 26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=7&ttl=650&retur nArticleService=showArticle&resultsServi ceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle {Bragg s_19130730.pdf} 6. ^ W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, "The Structure of the Diamond.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 610 (Sep. 22, 1913), pp. 277-291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/in fo/93489?seq=1&Search=yes&term=structure &term=diamond&term=bragg&list=hide&searc hUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3 Dthe%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%2B bragg%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bstructure %2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%26Search%3DSearch% 26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=7&ttl=650&retur nArticleService=showArticle&resultsServi ceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle {Bragg s_19130730.pdf} {07/30/1913} MORE INFO [1] "Bragg, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 2 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016 145> [2] "Sir William Henry Bragg." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-william -henry-bragg [3] "William Henry Bragg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hen ry_Bragg [4] William Henry Bragg, The World of Sound (1920) [5] William Henry Bragg, Concerning the Nature of Things (1925) http://books.google.com/books?id =-ysYrMza-ukC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Con cerning+the+Nature+of+Things&source=bl&o ts=oxGn9h6_Nh&sig=5iWXT3YPVpAsaRroIJp9lv Tz250&hl=en&ei=3eEGTLTIL5X2NY3P9Y8J&sa=X &oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0 CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [6] William Henry Bragg, Old Trades and New Knowledge (1926) [7] William Henry Bragg, An Introduction to Crystal Analysis (1928) [8] William Henry Bragg, The Universe of Light (1933) [9] Bragg, “On the Absorption of X-rays, and on the Classification of the X-rays of Radium,” in Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 8 (Dec. 1904), 719–725; http://books.google.com/book s?id=9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA719&dq=On+the+Abs orption+of+X-rays,+and+on+the+Classifica tion+of+the+X-rays+of+Radium&hl=en&ei=VO QGTLL9BIH48AaElfCRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result &ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBA#v=on epage&q&f=false [10] Bragg and Kleeman. “On the lonization Curves of Radium,” Philosophical Magazine, 726–738. Dated 8 September 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA726&dq=On+the+ionizati on+Curves+of+Radium&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_ minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1904&as_maxm_is=0&a s_maxy_is=1904&as_brr=0&cd=2#v=onepage&q =On%20the%20ionization%20Curves%20of%20R adium&f=false [11] Bragg, “The Consequences of the Corpuscular Hypothesis of γ and X-rays, and the Range of β Rays”, Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 20 (Sept. 1910), 385–416; Studies in Radio-activity [12] Bragg, "On the Properties and Natures of Various Electric Radiations", Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 14 (Oct. 1907), 429–449. Read before the Royal Society of South Australia, 7 May and 4 June 1907. http://books.google.com/books?id=EhQXB Z1r44AC&pg=PA429&dq=On+the+Properties+an d+Natures+of+Various+Electric+Radiations &lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_i s=1907&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1907&as_b rr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20Propert ies%20and%20Natures%20of%20Various%20Ele ctric%20Radiations&f=false [13] William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol 90, num 2250, 12/12/1912, p410. http://books.google.com/books?id= KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHT MiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage &q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit le%3Anature&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p724-725 [15] W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, “The Structure of Diamond,” Nature (22 Sept. 1913), 277–291, received 30 July [16] W. L. Bragg, "The diffraction of short electromagnetic waves by a crystal", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 17 (1913), 43–57 | (University of Leeds) Leeds, England5 |
[1] Description William Henry Bragg 2.jpg William H. Bragg Date Source http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped ia/commons/archive/9/95/20081225183229!W illiam_Henry_Bragg.jpg Author uploaded by User:Emerson7 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/83/William_Henry_Bragg_2 .jpg [2] Description Wl-bragg.jpg English: Lawrence Bragg Date 1915(1915) Source http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ physics/laureates/1915/wl-bragg-bio.html Author Nobel foundation PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1d/Wl-bragg.jpg |
87 YBN [10/20/1913 AD] 9 | 4863) The Andromeda galaxy is claimed to have a very high velocity relative to the Earth.3 4 From Doppler shift Andromeda is estimated to be moving towards the Earth with an average radial velocity of 300 km/s,5 1/100th the speed of light6 , the highest velocity ever observed.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.56-57. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1913LowOB...2...56S {Slipher_19131020.pdf} 2. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Popular Astronomy, vol. 22, 1914, pp.19-21. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1914PA.....22...19S and http://books.google.com/books?id=4Q ryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22Keeler,+by+his+ splendid%22&hl=en&ei=yO_RTL74OYz4sAOWzqH hCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum =1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Keeler %2C%20by%20his%20splendid%22&f=false 3. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.56-57. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1913LowOB...2...56S {Slipher_19131020.pdf} 4. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Popular Astronomy, vol. 22, 1914, pp.19-21. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1914PA.....22...19S and http://books.google.com/books?id=4Q ryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22Keeler,+by+his+ splendid%22&hl=en&ei=yO_RTL74OYz4sAOWzqH hCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum =1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Keeler %2C%20by%20his%20splendid%22&f=false 5. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Popular Astronomy, vol. 22, 1914, pp.19-21. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1914PA.....22...19S and http://books.google.com/books?id=4Q ryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22Keeler,+by+his+ splendid%22&hl=en&ei=yO_RTL74OYz4sAOWzqH hCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum =1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Keeler %2C%20by%20his%20splendid%22&f=false 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ "Vesto Slipher." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-sliph er 8. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.56-57. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1913LowOB...2...56S {Slipher_19131020.pdf} 9. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.56-57. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1913LowOB...2...56S {Slipher_19131020 .pdf} MORE INFO [1] "Vesto Slipher." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-sliph er [2] "Slipher, Vesto Melvin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 454-456. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904042&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Vesto Melvin Slipher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesto_Melvi n_Slipher [4] Slipher, V. M., "Detection of the rotation of Uranus", Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.19-20. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1912LowOB...2...19S [5] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p556 [6] Lowell, P., "Spectroscopic discovery of the rotation period of Uranus", Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.17-18. http://articles.adsabs.harvar d.edu/full/seri/LowOB/0002//0000018.000. html [7] Hartmann, J., "Investigations on the spectrum and orbit of delta Orionis.", Astrophys. J., 19, 268-286 (1904). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1904ApJ....19..268H [8] "Vesto Melvin Slipher." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 03 Nov. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/548821/Vesto-Melvin-Slipher> [9] Slipher, V. M., "On the Spectrum of the Nebula in the Pleiades", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 21, 1913, p.186. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 913PA.....21..186S | (Percival Lowell's observatory) Flagstaff, Arizona, USA8 |
[1] Slipher, V. M., ''The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula'', Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.56-57. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1913LowOB...2...56S {Slipher_19131020.pdf} PD AND [1] Vesto Melvin Slipher (11/11/1875 - 08/11/1969) UNKNOWN source: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 913LowOB...2...56Shttp://www.phys-astro. sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Slipher/sliphe r.jpg [2] Vesto Melvin Slipher (11/11/1875 - 08/11/1969) UNKNOWN source: http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Slipher/slipher.jpg |
87 YBN [12/04/1913 AD] 3 | 4910) That the electrons of beta decay originate from the nucleus and not the outer ring is given as evidence that there is negative charge in the nucleus.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Frederick Soddy, “Intra-atomic Charge,” Nature, V92, N2301, (4 Dec. 1913), p399. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 92/n2301/pdf/092399c0.pdf and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/sodd y.html 2. ^ Frederick Soddy, “Intra-atomic Charge,” Nature, V92, N2301, (4 Dec. 1913), p399. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 92/n2301/pdf/092399c0.pdf and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/sodd y.html 3. ^ Frederick Soddy, “Intra-atomic Charge,” Nature, V92, N2301, (4 Dec. 1913), p399. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 92/n2301/pdf/092399c0.pdf and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/sodd y.html {12/04/1913} MORE INFO [1] "Frederick Soddy." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-s oddy [2] "Frederick Soddy." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-s oddy [3] "Frederick Soddy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_S oddy [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1921/soddy.html [5] Frederick Soddy, "Science and life: Aberdeen adresses", 1920. http://books.google.com/books?id= nHVBAAAAIAAJ&dq=frederick+soddy&source=g bs_navlinks_s [6] Frederick Soddy, "Matter and Energy", 1911. http://books.google.com/books?id= iKQLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=fred erick+soddy&hl=en&ei=i2QUTfmqL5O6sAPIxoj tCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum =4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false [7] Alexander Fleck, "Frederick Soddy." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. November 1, 1957 3:203-216; doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014 http://www.j stor.org/stable/769361 [8] Frederick Soddy, "The Structure of the Atom", Nature, v92, n2303, 1913, p452 [9] Frederick Soddy, "The Radio-elements and the Periodic Law", Chemical News 107, p97 (1913) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/s oddycn.html {Soddy_Frederick_19130218.pdf} [10] Soddy, “Radioactivity,” Annual Report, 7 (1910), 286 [11] D. Strömholm and T. Svedberg, Zeitschrift für Anorganische chemie, 63 (1909), 206 [12] Frederick Soddy, "The chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1911, 99, 72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/A rticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072 and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/Arti clePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search | (University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland2 |
[1] Frederick Soddy UNKNOWN source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy _postcard.jpg [2] Frederick Soddy COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.rsc.org/images/Soddy% 20HiRes_180h_tcm18-136506.jpg |
87 YBN [12/??/1913 AD] 6 | 5039) The frequency of secondary x-rays emitted from atoms is shown to increase with atomic mass.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H Moseley, "The high-frequency spectra of the elements", Phil. Mag, V26, p1024-1034, 1913 http://www.chemistry.co.nz/henry_m oseley_article.htm {Moseley_Henry_19131 2xx.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p713-714. 3. ^ H Moseley, "The high-frequency spectra of the elements", Phil. Mag, V26, p1024-1034, 1913 http://www.chemistry.co.nz/henry_m oseley_article.htm {Moseley_Henry_19131 2xx.pdf} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p713-714. 5. ^ "Moseley, Henry Gwyn Jeffreys." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 542-545. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 31 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903063&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 6. ^ H Moseley, "The high-frequency spectra of the elements", Phil. Mag, V26, p1024-1034, 1913 http://www.chemistry.co.nz/henry_mosel ey_article.htm {Moseley_Henry_191312xx. pdf} {12/1913} MORE INFO [1] Moseley, H.; Darwin, C. G., "The Reflection of the X-Rays.",Nature, Volume 90, Issue 2257, pp. 594 (1913). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 913Natur..90Q.594M [2] H Moseley, "Atomic models and X-ray spectra", Nature, Volume 92, Issue 2307, pp. 554 (1914). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 914Natur..92..554M [3] H Moseley, "The number of ions produced by the β and γ radiations from radium", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1914 [4] Moseley, H.; Darwin, C. G., "The Reflexion of X Rays", Philosophical Magazine, 26 (1913), p210–232 [5] Moseley, H., "The Number of β Particles Emitted in the Transformations of Radium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 87A (1912), 230–255; | (University of Manchester) Machester, England5 |
[1] Plate from: H Moseley, ''The high-frequency spectra of the elements'', Phil. Mag, V26, p1024-1034, 1913 http://www.chemistry.co.nz/henry_m oseley_article.htm {Moseley_Henry_19131 2xx.pdf} PD source: Moseley_Henry_191312xx.pdf [2] Henry Moseley, British physicist. from en. Died in 1915. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/dd/Henry_Moseley.jpg |
87 YBN [1913 AD] 4 5 | 4361) Vitamins A and B, and their importance in the growth process are discovered.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Elmer Verner McCollum." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/elmer-verne r-mccollum 2. ^ "McCollum, Elmer Verner." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 590-591. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 24 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902726&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ "Osborne, Thomas Burr." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 241-244. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 24 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903245&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ "Osborne, Thomas Burr." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 241-244. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 24 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903245&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1913} 5. ^ "McCollum, Elmer Verner." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 590-591. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 24 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902726&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1913} MORE INFO [1] "Elmer Verner McCollum". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Verne r_McCollum [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p671-672 | (University of Wisconsin) Wisconsin, USA2 3 |
[1] Description Elmer McCollum.jpg English: Elmer McCollum Date 2008-03-03 (original upload date) (Original text : 1896) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Magnus Manske using CommonsHelper. (Original text : Elmer McCollum.com) Author Journal of Nutrition Original uploader was Sparrowman980 at en.wikipedia PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/ee/Elmer_McCollum.jpg |
87 YBN [1913 AD] 4 | 4963) The "Geiger counter"; which detects high velocity subatomic particles.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688. 2. ^ H Geiger, "A method of counting alpha and beta rays", Deutsch Phys Ges, 1913 3. ^ "Geiger, Hans (Johannes) Wilhelm." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 330-333. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901600&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688. {1913} MORE INFO [1] "Hans Geiger." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/227810/Hans-Geiger> [2] "Hans Geiger." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/geiger-joha nnes-wilhelm [3] Walter Makower, Hans Geiger, "Practical measurements in radio-activity", 1912 http://books.google.com/books?hl=e n&lr=&id=el9DAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=H .+Geiger&ots=k5qZOjwAMG&sig=2SVeUiGDuE5G vCdJsV_nxbxUmR4#v=onepage&q=H.%20Geiger& f=false [4] H. Geiger; J. M. Nuttall, "The ranges of the α particles from uranium", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 23, Issue 135, 1912, Pages 439 – 445 | (Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt) Berlin, Germany3 |
[1] Figure 1: Rutherford-Geiger alpha particle counter design Figure 2: Geiger 1912 design UNKNOWN source: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retri eve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANC E&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=un ivca20&tabID=T003&searchId=R1&resultList Type=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchT ype=AdvancedSearchForm¤tPosition=1&cont entSet=GALE [2] Description Geiger,Hans 1928.jpg English: Physicist Hans Geiger, 1928 Deutsch: Physiker Hans Geiger, 1928 Date 1928 Source Own work Author GFHund GNU source: CX2830901600&&docId=GALE |
87 YBN [1913 AD] 3 | 6614) That a rocket with an initial mass of 200 pounds can achieve a velocity high enough for a 1-pound mass to escape the Earth is determined.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-godd ard 2. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>. 3. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-godd ard MORE INFO [1] "Goddard, Robert Hutchings." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 433-434. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901665&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] "Robert Goddard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Godd ard [3] Goddard, "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes", Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919) http://www.clarku.edu/research/archive s/pdf/ext_altitudes.pdf {Goddard_Robert _1946.pdf} AND {Goddard_Method_of_Reaching_Extreme _Altitude_1919.pdf} [4] Goddard, “Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95, no. 3 (1936) {Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf} [5] Goddard, "Goddard’s Rockets" (New York, 1946) [6] U.S. Patent 1,102,653 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1102 653 [7] U.S. Patent 1,103,503 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents? vid=1103503 [8] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427 | (Clark University) Worcester, Massachusetts, USA2 (presumably) |
[1] Goddard, ''A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes'', Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919) http://www.clarku.edu/research/archive s/pdf/ext_altitudes.pdf {Goddard_Robert _1946.pdf} AND {Goddard_Method_of_Reaching_Extreme _Altitude_1919.pdf} PD AND [3] Robert Goddard Teaching at Blackboard Physicist Robert Goddard draws a diagram of the Earth and Moon on a blackboard at Clark College. DATE PHOTOGRAPHED January 10, 1924 LOCATION Worcester, Massachusetts, USA COLLECTION Bettmann COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.clarku.edu/research/a rchives/pdf/ext_altitudes.pdf http://ww w.corbisimages.com/images/BE063673.jpg?s ize=67&uid=597e78d9-169f-4405-9ef2-7f7e1 e0b36dc&uniqID=459fdfbe-41d0-42cc-a473-c b3a2430c019 [2] Robert Goddard Teaching at Blackboard Physicist Robert Goddard draws a diagram of the Earth and Moon on a blackboard at Clark College. DATE PHOTOGRAPHED January 10, 1924 LOCATION Worcester, Massachusetts, USA COLLECTION Bettmann COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.corbisimages.com/imag es/BE063673.jpg?size=67&uid=597e78d9-169 f-4405-9ef2-7f7e1e0b36dc&uniqID=459fdfbe -41d0-42cc-a473-cb3a2430c019 |
86 YBN [05/??/1914 AD] 4 5 | 5085) Gamma rays from radioactivity are found to have wavelengths in the X-ray region.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ E. Rutherford, E. N. DA C. Andrade, "The Wavelength of the Soft Gamma Rays from Radium B.", Philosophical Magazine 27, 1914, 854–868; {Rutherford_Ernest_191405xx.pdf} 2. ^ E. Rutherford, E. N. DA C. Andrade, "The Wavelength of the Soft Gamma Rays from Radium B.", Philosophical Magazine 27, 1914, 854–868; {Rutherford_Ernest_191405xx.pdf} 3. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ E. Rutherford, E. N. DA C. Andrade, "The Wavelength of the Soft Gamma Rays from Radium B.", Philosophical Magazine 27, 1914, 854–868; {Rutherford_Ernest_191405xx.pdf} {05/1914} 5. ^ E. Rutherford, E. N. DA C. Andrade, "The Wavelength of the Soft Gamma Rays from Radium B.", Philosophical Magazine 27, 1914, 854–868. MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=o EwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the +Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnw X4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20t he%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665 [15] Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false [16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902 [17] Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw &hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false [18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation [19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id= ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+e manations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 &ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2 0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thor ium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false [20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag ser 6, v 561-76 1903 [21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208 [22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id= g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3 [25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688 [26] Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, 03/07/1911, pp18-20 [27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag, March 1914, s6, v27, pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Che m-History/Rutherford-1914.html [28] "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [29] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8 [30] Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61 | (University of Manchester) Manchester, England3 |
[1] Figures from: [1] E. Rutherford, ''The Wavelength of the Soft Gamma Rays from Radium B.'', Philosophical Magazine 27, 1914, 854–868; {Rutherford_Ernest_191405xx.pdf} PD source: Rutherford_Ernest_191405xx.pdf [2] Description Ernest Rutherford2.jpg English: Cropped Image:Ernest_Rutherford.jpg Date 2007-01-26 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Sadi Carnot at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/57/Ernest_Rutherford2.jp g |
86 YBN [07/28/1914 AD] 5 6 | 4792) Sound is recorded and played back with motion pictures on plastic film.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Sipilä, Kari (April 2004). "A Country That Innovates". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Retrieved 2009-12-08. "Eric Tigerstedt". Film Sound Sweden. Retrieved 2009-12-08. http://www.filmsoundsweden.se/backspeg el/tigerstedt.html See also A. M. Pertti Kuusela, E.M.C Tigerstedt "Suomen Edison" (Insinööritieto Oy: 1981). 2. ^ Sipilä, Kari (April 2004). "A Country That Innovates". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Retrieved 2009-12-08. "Eric Tigerstedt". Film Sound Sweden. Retrieved 2009-12-08. http://www.filmsoundsweden.se/backspeg el/tigerstedt.html See also A. M. Pertti Kuusela, E.M.C Tigerstedt "Suomen Edison" (Insinööritieto Oy: 1981). 3. ^ "Eric Tigerstedt". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Tigers tedt 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ "Eric Tigerstedt". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Tigers tedt {07/28/1914} 6. ^ http://www.filmsoundsweden.se/backspegel /tigerstedt.html {1914} MORE INFO [1] Eric Tigerstedt German Patent #309535, 1914 | Berlin, Germany3 (verify4 ) |
[1] Eric Tigerstedts ljudfilmspatent nummer 309.536 från 28/7 1914 PD source: http://www.filmsoundsweden.se/vo xbilder/filmhist/tigerstedt.jpg [2] Sound in Movies (Eric Tigerstedt) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/fi/thumb/f/f3/Eric_Tigerstedt_1915 .jpg/250px-Eric_Tigerstedt_1915.jpg |
86 YBN [07/??/1914 AD] 4 | 4879) The method of "spectral parallax"1 : the distance to a star can be determined by comparing the intensity of spectral lines of the star with another star with the same spectrum at a known distance.2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "Walter Sydney Adams." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 10 Nov. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-sydn ey-adams 2. ^ Adams, W. S. and Kohlschutter, A., "Some spectral criteria for the determination of absolute stellar magnitudes.", Contrib. Mt. Wilson Solar Obs., No. 89; Astrophys. J., 40, 385-398 (1914). http://books.google.com/books?i d=voDkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA385 AND http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914 ApJ....40..385A 3. ^ "Walter Sydney Adams." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 10 Nov. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-sydn ey-adams 4. ^ Adams, W. S. and Kohlschutter, A., "Some spectral criteria for the determination of absolute stellar magnitudes.", Contrib. Mt. Wilson Solar Obs., No. 89; Astrophys. J., 40, 385-398 (1914). http://books.google.com/books?i d=voDkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA385 AND http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914 ApJ....40..385A {07/1914} MORE INFO [1] "Walter Adams." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Nov. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/5195/Walter-Sydney-Adams> [2] "Walter Sydney Adams". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sydn ey_Adams [3] W. Adams, “The Spectrum of the Companion of Sirius.”, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 27 (1915), 236–237. http://books.google.com/book s?id=p6nnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA237&dq=The+Spectr um+of+the+Companion+of+Sirius+adams&hl=e n&ei=leXZTMGRLJO-sAPvhYiOCA&sa=X&oi=book _result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEw AA#v=onepage&q=The%20Spectrum%20of%20the %20Companion%20of%20Sirius%20adams&f=fal se [4] Walter Adams, "A Spectroscopic Method of Determining Parallaxes", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2 (1916), 147–152; http://books.google.com/books?id=eu8SA AAAYAAJ&pg=PA147&dq=A+Spectroscopic+Meth od+of+Determining+Parallaxes&hl=en&ei=Je jZTPLHDpK2sAOp-6X5Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result &ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=on epage&q=A%20Spectroscopic%20Method%20of% 20Determining%20Parallaxes&f=false | (Mount Wilson Observatory) Pasadena, California, USA3 |
[1] Adams, W. S. and Kohlschutter, A., ''Some spectral criteria for the determination of absolute stellar magnitudes.'', Contrib. Mt. Wilson Solar Obs., No. 89; Astrophys. J., 40, 385-398 (1914). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1914ApJ....40..385A PD source: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST &bibcode=1914ApJ....40..385A&letter=.&cl assic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_paper=Y ES&page=385&epage=385&send=Send+PDF&file type=.pdf [2] Adams, W. S. and Kohlschutter, A., ''Some spectral criteria for the determination of absolute stellar magnitudes.'', Contrib. Mt. Wilson Solar Obs., No. 89; Astrophys. J., 40, 385-398 (1914). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1914ApJ....40..385A PD source: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST &bibcode=1914ApJ....40..385A&letter=.&cl assic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_paper=Y ES&page=385&epage=385&send=Send+PDF&file type=.pdf |
86 YBN [07/??/1914 AD] 5 | 4973) The first multistage rocket design.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.goddardmemorial.org/Goddard/t imeline.html 2. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>. 3. ^ http://www.goddardmemorial.org/Goddard/t imeline.html 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ http://www.goddardmemorial.org/Goddard/t imeline.html {07/1914} MORE INFO [1] "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-godd ard [2] "Goddard, Robert Hutchings." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 433-434. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901665&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Robert Goddard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Godd ard [4] Goddard, “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes”, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919) [5] Goddard, “Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95, no. 3 (1936) [6] Goddard, "Goddard’s Rockets" (New York, 1946) [7] U.S. Patent 1,102,653 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1102 653 [8] U.S. Patent 1,103,503 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents? vid=1103503 [9] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427 [10] "Speed of sound." McGraw-Hill's Essential American Slang Dictionary. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/speed-of-so und | (Princeton University) Princeton, New Jersey, USA3 (verify4 ) |
[1] Fig. 8 from: Goddard, “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes”, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919). Reprinted in: Goddard, ''Rockets'' (New York, 1946). {Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf} PD source: Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf [2] English: Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-1945). Dr. Goddard has been recognized as the father of American rocketry and as one of the pioneers in the theoretical exploration of space. Robert Hutchings Goddard, born in Worcester, Massachusetts, on October 5, 1882, was theoretical scientist as well as a practical engineer. His dream was the conquest of the upper atmosphere and ultimately space through the use of rocket propulsion. Dr. Goddard, died in 1945, but was probably as responsible for the dawning of the Space Age as the Wrights were for the beginning of the Air Age. Yet his work attracted little serious attention during his lifetime. However, when the United States began to prepare for the conquest of space in the 1950's, American rocket scientists began to recognize the debt owed to the New England professor. They discovered that it was virtually impossible to construct a rocket or launch a satellite without acknowledging the work of Dr. Goddard. More than 200 patents, many of which were issued after his death, covered this great legacy. Date 0 Unknown date 0000(0000-00-00) Source Great Images in NASA Description http://dayton.hq.nasa.gov/I MAGES/LARGE/GPN-2002-000131.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3f/Dr._Robert_H._Goddard _-_GPN-2002-000131.jpg |
86 YBN [1914 AD] 3 | 4497) The Doppler effect for light is confirmed experimentally using an interferometer to measure the difference in position of the sets of rings produced by light from the two ends of a rotating white disk.1 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Charles Fabry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fab ry 2. ^ "Charles Fabry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fab ry 3. ^ "Charles Fabry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fab ry {1914} MORE INFO [1] "Fabry, Charles." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 7 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9033 534> [2] "Fabry, Charles." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 513-514. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901371&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Pérot, Jean-Baptiste Gaspard Gustav Alfred." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 518-519. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903353&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w | (Mareseilles University) Mareseilles, France2 |
[1] Author: User:Stigmatella aurantiaca Source: Own drawing, created with Inkscape and exported to PNG. Low and high-finesse images were created using online webMathematica software ''Multiple beam interference fringes'' available at http://wyant.optics.arizona.edu/webMathe matica/myprograms/MultipleBeamInterferen ce/multBeamInt.jsp using mirror reflectivities of 0.04 (corresponding to unsilvered plates) and 0.95. Description: The heart of the Fabry–Pérot interferometer are a pair of partially silvered glass optical flats spaced several millimeters to centimeters apart with the silvered surfaces facing each other. (Alternatively, a Fabry–Pérot etalon uses a transparent plate with two reflecting surfaces.) The flats are often made in a wedge shape to prevent the rear surfaces from producing interference fringes; alternatively, the rear surfaces will be given an anti-reflective coating. Illumination is via a diffuse source set at the focal plane of a collimating lens. A focusing lens produces what would be an inverted image of the source if the paired flats were not present; i.e. in the absence of the paired flats, all light emitted from point A passing through the optical system would be focused at point A'. In the accompanying illustration, only one ray emitted from point A on the source is traced. As the ray passes through the paired flats, it is multiply reflected to produce multiple transmitted rays which are collected by the focusing lens and brought to point A' on the screen. The complete interference pattern takes the appearance of a set of concentric rings. The sharpness of the rings depends on the reflectivity of the flats. If the reflectivity is high, resulting in a high Q factor (i.e. high finesse), monochromatic light produces a set of narrow bright rings against a dark background. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/5/56/Fabry_Perot_Interferometer _-_diagram.png [2] English: French physicist Charles Fabry (1867-1945) Date Unrecorded Source US-LibraryOfCongress-BookLogo.svg This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs Division under the digital ID ggbain.37539 This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. العربية source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/75/Charles_Fabry.jpg |
86 YBN [1914 AD] 8 9 | 4977) The theory that spiral "nebulae" are other galaxies.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427. 2. ^ "Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/178891/Sir-Arthur-Stanley-Eddington>. 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427. 4. ^ "Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/178891/Sir-Arthur-Stanley-Eddington>. 5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427. 6. ^ "Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/178891/Sir-Arthur-Stanley-Eddington>. 7. ^ Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, "Stellar movements and the structure of the universe", 1914 http://books.google.com/books?id=6 KQ5AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=g bs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=fals e 8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427. {1914} 9. ^ Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, "Stellar movements and the structure of the universe", 1914 http://books.google.com/books?id=6 KQ5AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=g bs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=fals e MORE INFO [1] "Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/arthur-stan ley-eddington | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England7 |
[1] Description Arthur Stanley Eddington.jpg English: English astrophysicist Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882–1944) Date Unrecorded Source US-LibraryOfCongress-BookLogo.svg This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID ggbain.38064. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. العربية source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/24/Arthur_Stanley_Edding ton.jpg |
86 YBN [1914 AD] 4 | 5179) A voltage-doubling circuit.1 2 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811 (Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 496 {Cockcroft_John_19300819.pdf} 2. ^ http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_pag e/84410/s_name/greinacherh 3. ^ http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_pag e/84410/s_name/greinacherh 4. ^ http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_pag e/84410/s_name/greinacherh {1914} MORE INFO [1] "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcr oft [2] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walt on [3] J. D. COCKCROFT and E. T. S. WALTON, “Experiments with High Velocity Ions,” Proc. Roy. SOC. London, Series A 136, 619, (1932) [4] Henry A. Barton, "Comparison of protons and electrons in the excitation of x-rays by impact Original Research Article", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 209, Issue 1, January 1930, Pages 1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/scie nce?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4G H&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_ alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig= search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_it em&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=& view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1 &_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1 a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a | (University of Zurich) Zurich, Switzerland3 |
[1] Heinrich Greinacher (1880–1974) UNKNOWN source: http://www.electrosuisse.ch/imag es/database/Portrait/all/Greinacher.jpg [2] Sir John Douglas Cockcroft COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/cockcro ft_postcard.jpg |
85 YBN [01/??/1915 AD] 3 | 4864) From Doppler shift, fifteen galaxies are all measured to be moving away from the Earth with an average velocity of 400 km/s. In addition, a spiral galaxy is found to rotate at 100 km/s, about 8 times the edge of Jupiter.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Slipher, V. M., "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae", Popular Astronomy, vol. 23, pp.21-24. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1915PA.....23Q..21S http://books.goog le.com/books?id=XgryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq= %22During+the+last+two+years,+the+spectr ographic+work%22&hl=en&ei=iSDTTKiCNYL0tg Poopy7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&r esnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22D uring%20the%20last%20two%20years%2C%20th e%20spectrographic%20work%22&f=false 2. ^ Slipher, V. M., "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae", Popular Astronomy, vol. 23, pp.21-24. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1915PA.....23Q..21S http://books.goog le.com/books?id=XgryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq= %22During+the+last+two+years,+the+spectr ographic+work%22&hl=en&ei=iSDTTKiCNYL0tg Poopy7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&r esnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22D uring%20the%20last%20two%20years%2C%20th e%20spectrographic%20work%22&f=false {01/1915} 3. ^ Slipher, V. M., "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae", Popular Astronomy, vol. 23, pp.21-24. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1915PA.....23Q..21S http://books.goog le.com/books?id=XgryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq= %22During+the+last+two+years,+the+spectr ographic+work%22&hl=en&ei=iSDTTKiCNYL0tg Poopy7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&r esnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22D uring%20the%20last%20two%20years%2C%20th e%20spectrographic%20work%22&f=false {01/1915} MORE INFO [1] "Vesto Slipher." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-sliph er [2] "Vesto Slipher." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-sliph er [3] "Slipher, Vesto Melvin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 454-456. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904042&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [4] "Vesto Melvin Slipher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesto_Melvi n_Slipher [5] Slipher, V. M., "Detection of the rotation of Uranus", Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.19-20. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1912LowOB...2...19S [6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p556 [7] Lowell, P., "Spectroscopic discovery of the rotation period of Uranus", Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.17-18. http://articles.adsabs.harvar d.edu/full/seri/LowOB/0002//0000018.000. html [8] Slipher, V. M., "On the Spectrum of the Nebula in the Pleiades", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 21, 1913, p.186. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 913PA.....21..186S [9] Slipher, V. M., "The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Popular Astronomy, vol. 22, pp.19-21. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1914PA.....22...19S and http://books.google.com/books?id=4Q ryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22Keeler,+by+his+ splendid%22&hl=en&ei=yO_RTL74OYz4sAOWzqH hCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum =1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Keeler %2C%20by%20his%20splendid%22&f=false [10] "Vesto Melvin Slipher." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 03 Nov. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/548821/Vesto-Melvin-Slipher> [11] Lick Observatory, Heber Doust Curtis, William Wallace Campbell, Joseph Haines Moore, Ralph , Elmer Wilson, William Hammond Wright, Studies of the nebulae: made at the Lick Observatory, University of ...", 1918 http://books.google.com/books?id=HYnnAAA AMAAJ&pg=PA50&dq=calcium+shift+nebulae&h l=en&ei=peQcTYGrEov2tgOHxuWtAg&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6 AEwAA#v=onepage&q=calcium%20shift%20nebu lae&f=false | (Percival Lowell's observatory) Flagstaff, Arizona, USA2 |
[1] Table from [1] Vesto Melvin Slipher (11/11/1875 - 08/11/1969) UNKNOWN source: http://books.google.com/books?id =XgryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%22During+the+l ast+two+years,+the+spectrographic+work%2 2&hl=en&ei=iSDTTKiCNYL0tgPoopy7Dg&sa=X&o i=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD YQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22During%20the%20l ast%20two%20years%2C%20the%20spectrograp hic%20work%22&f=false [2] Slipher, V. M., ''Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae'', Popular Astronomy, vol. 23, pp.21-24. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1915PA.....23Q..21S http://books.goog le.com/books?id=XgryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq= %22During+the+last+two+years,+the+spectr ographic+work%22&hl=en&ei=iSDTTKiCNYL0tg Poopy7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&r esnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22D uring%20the%20last%20two%20years%2C%20th e%20spectrographic%20work%22&f=false PD source: http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Slipher/slipher.jpg |
85 YBN [04/13/1915 AD] 4 5 | 4817) The theory that the atomic nucleus is made of combinations of Hydrogen and Helium atoms.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Harkins, William D., and Ernest D. Wilson. "The Structure of Complex Atoms and the Changes of Mass and Weight Involved in Their Formation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1.5 (1915): 276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ticles/PMC1090802/ 2. ^ Harkins, William D., and Ernest D. Wilson. "The Structure of Complex Atoms and the Changes of Mass and Weight Involved in Their Formation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1.5 (1915): 276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ticles/PMC1090802/ 3. ^ "Harkins, William Draper." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 117-119. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901863&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ Harkins, William D., and Ernest D. Wilson. "The Structure of Complex Atoms and the Changes of Mass and Weight Involved in Their Formation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1.5 (1915): 276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ticles/PMC1090802/ 5. ^ "Harkins, William Draper." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 117-119. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901863&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1915} MORE INFO [1] "William Draper Harkins." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/255369/William-Draper-Harkins> [2] "William Draper Harkins". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dra per_Harkins [3] William D. Harkins and Ernest D. Wilson, "The Structure of Complex Atoms and the Changes of Mass and Weight Involved in Their Formation",Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1915 May; 1(5): 276–283. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1090802/pdf/pnas01974-0020.pdf [4] Harkins WD., "THE BUILDING OF ATOMS AND THE NEW PERIODIC SYSTEM.", Science. 1919 Dec 26;50(1304):577-82. http://www.jstor.or g/stable/i296627 | (Kent Chemical Laboratory, University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA2 3 |
[1] Harkins, William D., and Ernest D. Wilson. ''The Structure of Complex Atoms and the Changes of Mass and Weight Involved in Their Formation.'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1.5 (1915): 276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ticles/PMC1090802/ PD source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC1090802/ [2] Harkins, William D., and Ernest D. Wilson. ''The Structure of Complex Atoms and the Changes of Mass and Weight Involved in Their Formation.'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1.5 (1915): 276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ticles/PMC1090802/ PD source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC1090802/ |
85 YBN [12/04/1915 AD] 5 6 | 4917) Bacteriophages {BaK-TER-E-u-FAJiZ1 } are identified; viruses that can infect and kill bacteria.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "bacteriophage." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/bacteriopha ge 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p667. 3. ^ Twort, “An Investigation of the Nature of Ultra-Microscopic Viruses”, Lancet, V186, I4814, 1915, 1241–1243. http://books.google.com/books?id=LZVPA AAAYAAJ&pg=PR24 AND http://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc e?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2DJB-34G-1 &_cdi=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S014067360120 3833&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item &_coverDate=12%2F04%2F1915&_sk=998135185 &wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkzV&md5=349a66515aad41d7 d9b921e1bfb7b139&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Two rt_Frederick_19151204.pdf} 4. ^ Twort, “An Investigation of the Nature of Ultra-Microscopic Viruses”, Lancet, V186, I4814, 1915, 1241–1243. http://books.google.com/books?id=LZVPA AAAYAAJ&pg=PR24 AND http://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc e?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2DJB-34G-1 &_cdi=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S014067360120 3833&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item &_coverDate=12%2F04%2F1915&_sk=998135185 &wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkzV&md5=349a66515aad41d7 d9b921e1bfb7b139&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Two rt_Frederick_19151204.pdf} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p667. {12/04/1915} 6. ^ Twort, “An Investigation of the Nature of Ultra-Microscopic Viruses”, Lancet, V186, I4814, 1915, 1241–1243. http://books.google.com/books?id=LZVPA AAAYAAJ&pg=PR24 AND http://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc e?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2DJB-34G-1 &_cdi=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S014067360120 3833&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item &_coverDate=12%2F04%2F1915&_sk=998135185 &wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkzV&md5=349a66515aad41d7 d9b921e1bfb7b139&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Two rt_Frederick_19151204.pdf} {12/04/1915} MORE INFO [1] "Twort, Frederick William." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 519-521. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904404&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] "Frederick Twort". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_T wort [3] "Félix d'Herelle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_ d%27Herelle | (Brown Institution) London, England4 |
[1] Description Twort.jpg Frederick Twort ca 1900 Date Source Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 7, No. 20. (Nov., 1951), pp. 504-517. Found on http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Image:Two rt.JPG PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/90/Twort.jpg [2] Félix d'Herelle. Scanned from the book ''Gesund durch Viren'' by Thomas Häusler. The book states it was taken around 1910, putting it into the en:public domain. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/df/Felix_d%27Herelle.png |
85 YBN [1915 AD] 4 | 4970) That thrust and propulsion can take place in a vacuum, needing no air to push against, is proven.1 2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>. 2. ^ Goddard, Robert (September 1924). "How my speed rocket can propel itself in vacuum". Popular Science. p. 38. http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewe r?id=DikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=38 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=Di kDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38 3. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>. 4. ^ http://www.goddardmemorial.org/Goddard/t imeline.html {1915} MORE INFO [1] "Goddard, Robert Hutchings." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 433-434. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901665&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] "Robert Goddard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Godd ard [3] Goddard, “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes”, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919) [4] Goddard, “Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95, no. 3 (1936) [5] Goddard, "Goddard’s Rockets" (New York, 1946) [6] U.S. Patent 1,102,653 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1102 653 [7] U.S. Patent 1,103,503 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents? vid=1103503 [8] "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-godd ard [9] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427 | (Clark University) Worcester, Massachusetts, USA3 |
[1] Goddard, Robert (September 1924). ''How my speed rocket can propel itself in vacuum''. Popular Science. p. 38. http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewe r?id=DikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=38 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=Di kDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38 PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =DikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38 [2] Goddard with Vacuum Tube DeviceBy NASA Goddard Space Flight Center☆0 0 Goddard with Vacuum Tube Device Robert H. Goddard with vacuum tube apparatus he built in 1916 to research rocket efficiency. Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard is commonly referred to as the father of American rocketry. The same year he built the apparatus, Goddard wrote a study requesting funding from the Smithsonian Institution so that he could continue his rocket research, which he had begun in 1907 while still a student at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. A brilliant physicist, with a unique genius for invention, Goddard may not have succeeded had it not been for the Smithsonian Institution and later the Daniel Guggenheim Foundation and his employer the Worcester Polytechnic Institute of Clark University. The former gave him research monies while the Institute provided leaves of absence so that he could continue his life's work. He was the first scientist who not only realized the potential of missiles and space flight, but also contributed directly to making them a reality. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. PD source: http://farm3.staticflickr.com/26 11/5808135657_44ddbc23d2_b.jpg |
84 YBN [01/26/1916 AD] 3 4 | 4855) The theory of a "covalent bond", in which the chemical combination between two atoms is the result of the sharing of a pair of electrons, with one electron contributed by each atom.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-new ton-lewis 2. ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/338142/Gilbert-N-Lewis>. 3. ^ GN Lewis, "THE ATOM AND THE MOLECULE.", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1916 - ACS Publications http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja02261a002 {Lewis_Gilbert_19 160126.pdf} {01/26/1916} 4. ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/338142/Gilbert-N-Lewis>. {1916} MORE INFO [1] "Gilbert N. Lewis." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 29 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-new ton-lewis [2] "Gilbert Newton Lewis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_New ton_Lewis [3] http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/ PortraitsHH_Detail.asp?HH_Lname=Lewis [4] Lewis, "Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules", 1923 http://books.google.com/books?id=3 6zQAAAAMAAJ&q=Valence+and+the+Structure+ of+Atoms+and+Molecules&dq=Valence+and+th e+Structure+of+Atoms+and+Molecules&hl=en &ei=jlvLTKjIF4mosQORwrmNDg&sa=X&oi=book_ result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwA A | (University of California at Berkeley) Berkeley, California, USA2 |
[1] Figure 2 from: GN Lewis, ''THE ATOM AND THE MOLECULE.'', Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1916 - ACS Publications http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja02261a002 {Lewis_Gilbert_19 160126.pdf} PD source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1 021/ja02261a002 [2] [t Notice the similarity to Rutherford] Gilbert Newton Lewis 1875-1946 UNKNOWN source: http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Po rtraits/images/lewisc.jpg |
84 YBN [1916 AD] 4 5 | 6616) The theory that the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom determines the chemical properties of the atom.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kossel, Walther. "Über Molekülbildung als Frage des Atombaus." Annalen der Physik 354.3 (1916): 229-362. Walther Kossel, "Molecule Formation as a Question of Atomic Structure" English translation: http://www.chemteam.info /Chem-History/Kossel-1916.html 2. ^ "Kossel, Walther (Ludwig Julius Paschen Heinrich)" American Council of Learned Societies. Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Scribner’s, 2000, p498. 3. ^ Kossel, W. "Bemerkungen zum Seriencharakter der Röntgenspektren." Verhandlungen der Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 18 (1916): 339-359. Bemerkungen zum Seriencharakter der Röntgenspektren (but there is a scan error) English: "Remarks about the serial nature of X-ray spectra" 4. ^ "Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 18. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 821-826. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905333&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 5. ^ Kossel, W. "Bemerkungen zum Seriencharakter der Röntgenspektren." Verhandlungen der Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 18 (1916): 339-359. Bemerkungen zum Seriencharakter der Röntgenspektren (but there is a scan error) English: "Remarks about the serial nature of X-ray spectra" |
[1] Description English: Bunsen congress 1928: Hund, v. Miller, Kossel, Fajans, Mittasch, Simon, Vohlsen, Debye, London (siehe Fußnote unter Bild). Deutsch: Bunsentagung 1928: Hund, v. Miller, Kossel, Fajans, Mittasch, Simon, Vohlsen, Debye, London (see footnote under photo). Date 1928 Source Own work Author GFHund GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/ae/Bunsen-Tagung_1928_Au sschnitt.jpg [2] Description English: Bunsen congress 1928: Hund, v. Miller, Kossel, Fajans, Mittasch, Simon, Vohlsen, Debye, London (siehe Fußnote unter Bild). Deutsch: Bunsentagung 1928: Hund, v. Miller, Kossel, Fajans, Mittasch, Simon, Vohlsen, Debye, London (see footnote under photo). Date 1928 Source Own work Author GFHund GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/ae/Bunsen-Tagung_1928_Au sschnitt.jpg | |
83 YBN [10/04/1917 AD] 6 | 6508) The electric propulsion engine.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Choueiri, Edgar Y. "A critical history of electric propulsion: The first 50 years (1906-1956)." Journal of Propulsion and Power 20.2 (2004): 193-203. http://waterocket.explorer.fre e.fr/pdf/Electric%20Propulsion.choueiriJ PP04a.pdf 2. ^ Goddard, R. H., "Method and Means for Producing Electrified Jets of Gas", U.S. Patent No. 1,363,037, application filed Oct. 1917, granted Dec. 1920. http://www.google.com/paten ts/US1363037 3. ^ Choueiri, Edgar Y. "A critical history of electric propulsion: The first 50 years (1906-1956)." Journal of Propulsion and Power 20.2 (2004): 193-203. http://waterocket.explorer.fre e.fr/pdf/Electric%20Propulsion.choueiriJ PP04a.pdf 4. ^ Goddard, R. H., "Method and Means for Producing Electrified Jets of Gas", U.S. Patent No. 1,363,037, application filed Oct. 1917, granted Dec. 1920. http://www.google.com/paten ts/US1363037 5. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>. 6. ^ Goddard, R. H., "Method and Means for Producing Electrified Jets of Gas", U.S. Patent No. 1,363,037, application filed Oct. 1917, granted Dec. 1920. http://www.google.com/paten ts/US1363037 MORE INFO [1] "Goddard, Robert Hutchings." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 433-434. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901665&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] "Robert Goddard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Godd ard [3] Goddard, “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes”, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919) {Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf} [4] Goddard, “Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95, no. 3 (1936) {Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf} [5] Goddard, "Goddard’s Rockets" (New York, 1946) [6] U.S. Patent 1,102,653 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1102 653 [7] U.S. Patent 1,103,503 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents? vid=1103503 [8] "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-godd ard [9] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427 [10] Goebel, D.M., and I. Katz. Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters. Wiley, 2008. JPL Space Science and Technology Series. http://books.google.com/books?i d=P5OGFXcBKcwC&pg=PA237 [11] R. H. Goddard, The Green Notebooks, vol. 1, The Dr. Robert H. Goddard Collection at the Clark university Archives, Clark university, Worchester, Massachusetts | Worcester, Massachusetts, USA (presumably)5 |
[1] Goddard, R. H., ''Method and Means for Producing Electrified Jets of Gas'', U.S. Patent No. 1,363,037, application filed Oct. 1917, granted Dec. 1920. http://www.google.com/paten ts/US1363037 PD source: http://www.google.com/patents/US 1363037 [2] English: Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-1945). Dr. Goddard has been recognized as the father of American rocketry and as one of the pioneers in the theoretical exploration of space. Robert Hutchings Goddard, born in Worcester, Massachusetts, on October 5, 1882, was theoretical scientist as well as a practical engineer. His dream was the conquest of the upper atmosphere and ultimately space through the use of rocket propulsion. Dr. Goddard, died in 1945, but was probably as responsible for the dawning of the Space Age as the Wrights were for the beginning of the Air Age. Yet his work attracted little serious attention during his lifetime. However, when the United States began to prepare for the conquest of space in the 1950's, American rocket scientists began to recognize the debt owed to the New England professor. They discovered that it was virtually impossible to construct a rocket or launch a satellite without acknowledging the work of Dr. Goddard. More than 200 patents, many of which were issued after his death, covered this great legacy. Date 0 Unknown date 0000(0000-00-00) Source Great Images in NASA Description http://dayton.hq.nasa.gov/I MAGES/LARGE/GPN-2002-000131.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3f/Dr._Robert_H._Goddard _-_GPN-2002-000131.jpg |
83 YBN [1917 AD] 11 | 4761) Ultrasonic sound (sound with a frequency too high to be heard by the human ear4 ) is produced by piezoelectricity and used to determine the location of objects by reflection (sonar).5 6 Sonar can detect objects in air7 , and in water (for example a fetus inside the womb,8 and objects in the ocean9 ). FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ultrasonic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ultrasonic 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p638-639. 3. ^ "Paul Langevin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/paul-langev in 4. ^ "ultrasonic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ultrasonic 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p638-639. 6. ^ "Paul Langevin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/paul-langev in 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ "ultrasound." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ultrasound 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p638-639. 10. ^ "Langevin, Paul." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 9-14. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902468&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 11. ^ "Langevin, Paul." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 9-14. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902468&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1917} MORE INFO [1] "Paul Langevin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Langev in [2] P. Langevin, “Magnétisme et théeorie des électrons” in Annales de chimie et de physique, 5 (1905), 70-127; [3] "Curie, Pierre." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028 253> | (Collège de France) Paris, France10 (presumably) |
[1] Description Paul Langevin.jpg Paul Langevin Date 2007-02-13 (original upload date) Unknown - before 1946 (original picture) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original source: http://www.nndb.com/people/085/000099785 /paul-langevin-1-sized.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/65/Paul_Langevin.jpg |
83 YBN [1917 AD] 10 | 4765) The theory that the universe is expanding.5 6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Willem de Sitter." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/willem-de-s itter 2. ^ de Sitter, W., "Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical consequences", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 76, p.699-728. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/fu ll/1916MNRAS..76..699D {De_Sitter_Wille m_part1_191608xx.pdf} 3. ^ de Sitter, W., "On Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical consequences. Second paper", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 77, p.155-184. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ab s/1916MNRAS..77..155D {De_Sitter_Willem _part2_191610xx.pdf} 4. ^ De Sitter, W., "Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical consequences. Third paper", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 78, p.3-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1917MNRAS..78....3D {De_Sitter_Willem_p art3_191706xx.pdf} 5. ^ "Willem de Sitter." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/willem-de-s itter 6. ^ de Sitter, W., "Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical consequences", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 76, p.699-728. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/fu ll/1916MNRAS..76..699D {De_Sitter_Wille m_part1_191608xx.pdf} 7. ^ de Sitter, W., "On Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical consequences. Second paper", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 77, p.155-184. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ab s/1916MNRAS..77..155D {De_Sitter_Willem _part2_191610xx.pdf} 8. ^ De Sitter, W., "Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical consequences. Third paper", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 78, p.3-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1917MNRAS..78....3D {De_Sitter_Willem_p art3_191706xx.pdf} 9. ^ "Willem de Sitter." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 27 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/willem-de-s itter 10. ^ "Willem de Sitter." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/willem-de-s itter {1917} MORE INFO [1] "Sitter, Willem de." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 27 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9068 024> [2] Kragh, Helge. "Sitter, Willem De." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 24. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 455-458. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830906095&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Willem de sitter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_s itter | (University of Leiden) Leiden, Netherlands9 |
[1] De Sitter, W., ''Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical consequences. Third paper'', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 78, p.3-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1917MNRAS..78....3D {De_Sitter_Willem_p art3_191706xx.pdf} PD AND SITTER, Willem de (1872-1934) UNKNOWN source: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 917MNRAS..78....3Dhttp://www.inghist.nl/ Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn2/ima ges/SITTER.jpg [2] SITTER, Willem de (1872-1934) UNKNOWN source: http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/ Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn2/images/SITTER .jpg |
82 YBN [04/??/1918 AD] 10 | 5008) The Sun is determined to be in the outer part of our galaxy.5 6 7 The Cepheid variable-star method is used to determine that globular clusters are distributed roughly in the shape of a sphere around a center in Sagittarius, calculated to be 50,000 light years away.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p702-703. 2. ^ Shapley, "Remarks on the Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe", Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919), 311–336. http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on +the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Univers e&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5So sAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Re marks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p702-703. 4. ^ Shapley, "Remarks on the Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe", Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919), 311–336. http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on +the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Univers e&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5So sAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Re marks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p702-703. 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p702-703. 7. ^ Shapley, "Remarks on the Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe", Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919), 311–336. http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on +the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Univers e&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5So sAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Re marks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p702-703. 9. ^ Shapley, H., "On the Nature and Cause of Cepheid Variation", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 40, 1914, p.448. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 914ApJ....40..448S {Shapley_Harlow_1914 0813.pdf} 10. ^ Shapley, "Remarks on the Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe", Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919), 311–336. http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on +the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Univers e&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5So sAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Re marks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false {04/1918} | (Mount Wilson Solar Observatory) Mount Wilson, California, USA9 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Shapley, ''Remarks on the Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe'', Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919), 311–336. http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on +the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Univers e&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5So sAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Re marks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false PD source: http://books.google.com/books?id =wX4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Rema rks+on+the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+U niverse&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY 6NgmTyxBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTa KJK5SosAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct= result&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepag e&q=Remarks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20o f%20the%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false [2] * Harlow Shapley's observations placed the Sun about 25,000 light years from the center of our home Galaxy. * Photo credit: National Academies UNKNOWN source: http://www.cosmotography.com/ima ges/dark_matter_gallery/HarlowShapley.jp g |
82 YBN [06/21/1918 AD] 11 | 6199) The first electronic read and write memory.7 8 Unlike other forms of information storage, with electronic memory the only moving parts are electric current.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920). http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publica tionDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14 8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_ele ctronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf} 2. ^ W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan (19 September 1919) "A trigger relay utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes." The Electrician, vol. 83, page 298. {Eccles_flip-flop_19190919.pdf} Repri nted in: Radio Review, vol. 1, no. 3, pages 143–146 (December 1919) {Eccles_flip-flop_19191201.pdf} 3. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920). http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publica tionDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14 8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_ele ctronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf} 4. ^ W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan (19 September 1919) "A trigger relay utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes." The Electrician, vol. 83, page 298. {Eccles_flip-flop_19190919.pdf} Repri nted in: Radio Review, vol. 1, no. 3, pages 143–146 (December 1919) {Eccles_flip-flop_19191201.pdf} 5. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920). http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publica tionDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14 8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_ele ctronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf} 6. ^ W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan (19 September 1919) "A trigger relay utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes." The Electrician, vol. 83, page 298. {Eccles_flip-flop_19190919.pdf} Repri nted in: Radio Review, vol. 1, no. 3, pages 143–146 (December 1919) {Eccles_flip-flop_19191201.pdf} 7. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920). http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publica tionDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14 8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_ele ctronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf} 8. ^ W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan (19 September 1919) "A trigger relay utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes." The Electrician, vol. 83, page 298. {Eccles_flip-flop_19190919.pdf} Repri nted in: Radio Review, vol. 1, no. 3, pages 143–146 (December 1919) {Eccles_flip-flop_19191201.pdf} 9. ^ Ted Huntington. 10. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920). http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publica tionDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14 8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_ele ctronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf} 11. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920). http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publica tionDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14 8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_ele ctronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf} {06/21/1918} | (City and Guilds Technical College) London, UK10 |
[1] Image from: William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, ''Improvements in ionic relays'' British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920). http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publica tionDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14 8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_ele ctronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf} PD source: http://worldwide.espacenet.com/p ublicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB &NR=148582&KC=&FT=E [2] A simple yet powerful animation of how an R-S flip-flop works. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/f4/R-S.gif |
82 YBN [10/??/1918 AD] 5 | 5880) Isobars are defined as elements with the same atomic mass but different positions on the periodic table.1 2 3 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Alfred W. Stewart, "Atomic Structure from the Physico-Chemical Standpoint.", Phil Mag, 36, 326, 1918 {Stewart_Alfred_W_191810xx.pdf} 2. ^ Aston, "Isotopes", 1922, p12. 3. ^ Alfred Walter Stewart, "Recent advances in physical and inorganic chemistry", Longmans, Green and co., 1920 http://books.google.com/books?id=8CBDA AAAIAAJ 4. ^ Alfred W. Stewart, "Atomic Structure from the Physico-Chemical Standpoint.", Phil Mag, 36, 326, 1918 {Stewart_Alfred_W_191810xx.pdf} 5. ^ Alfred W. Stewart, "Atomic Structure from the Physico-Chemical Standpoint.", Phil Mag, 36, 326, 1918 {Stewart_Alfred_W_191810xx.pdf} {10/1918} MORE INFO [1] "Alfred Walter Stewart", Journal of Chemical Education 1941 18 (10), 492 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021 /ed018p492 | (University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland4 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Alfred W. Stewart, ''Atomic Structure from the Physico-Chemical Standpoint.'', Phil Mag, 36, 326, 1918 {Stewart_Alfred_W_191810xx.pdf} PD source: Stewart_Alfred_W_191810xx.pdf [2] Image from: ''Alfred Walter Stewart'', Journal of Chemical Education 1941 18 (10), 492 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021 /ed018p492 {Stewart_Alfred_Walter.jpg} COPYRIGHTED source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1 021/ed018p492 |
82 YBN [1918 AD] 4 | 5002) The first radioactive "tracer". A radioactive isotope of lead is used to determine the solubility of lead salts.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p699-700. 2. ^ Georg V. Hevesy, Fritz Paneth, "Die Löslichkeit des Bleisulfids und Bleichromats" http://onlinelibrary.wile y.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.19130820125/abstr act "The solubility of lead sulphide and lead chromate" 3. ^ "Georg Charles von Hevesy." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/264499/Georg-Charles-von-Hevesy>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p699-700. {1918} | (University of Budapest) Budapest, Hungary3 |
[1] This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons Description George de Hevesy.jpg English: Source: http://www.oeaw.ac.at/smi/bilder/photo/H evesy.JPG Public domain: photographer died >70yrs ago. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b4/George_de_Hevesy.jpg |
81 YBN [04/??/1919 AD] 19 | 4750) Atomic transmutation and atomic fusion.12 13 14 When a high speed Alpha particle from Radium collides with an atom of nitrogen gas, a proton is knocked lose from the nitrogen atom which causes a point of light to appear on a zinc sulfate screen. In losing a proton, the nitrogen atom is converted into an oxygen atom.15 This is the first time one element is changed into another, which was a dream of the alchemists. This is also the first "nuclear" reaction16 and the first atomic fusion; a larger atom being made from smaller atoms.17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherf ord.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} 2. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherf ord.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} 4. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 5. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 18 May. 2013. usion>. 6. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherf ord.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} 7. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 8. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 18 May. 2013. usion>. 9. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherf ord.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} 10. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 11. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 18 May. 2013. usion>. 12. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherf ord.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} 13. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 14. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 18 May. 2013. usion>. 15. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherf ord.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} 16. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p635-637. 17. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 18 May. 2013. usion>. 18. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunt a/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx. pdf} 19. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherf ord.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} {04/1919} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=o EwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the +Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnw X4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20t he%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665 [15] Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false [16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902 [17] Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw &hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false [18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation [19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id= ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+e manations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 &ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2 0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thor ium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false [20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag ser 6, v 561-76 1903 [21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208 [22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id= g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3 [25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688 [26] Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, 03/07/1911, pp18-20 [27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag, March 1914, s6, v27, pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Che m-History/Rutherford-1914.html [28] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8 [29] Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunt a/rutherford.html | (University of Manchester) Manchester, England18 |
[1] Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61. from: Ernest Rutherford, ''The Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson'', Vol 2, 1963, p551. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/ru therford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} PD source: Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61. from: Ernest Rutherford, "The Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson", Vol 2, 1963, p551. [2] Figure 1 from: Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherf ord.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} PD source: Rutherford_191306xx003.pdf |
81 YBN [1919 AD] 4 | 4906) The theory that fractional atomic weights are due to mixing of isotopes.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Aston, Francis William." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 320-322. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 24 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900181&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ F. W. Aston, "The Constitution of the Elements", Nature 106, 468 (09 December 1920). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v106/n2667/pdf/106468a0.pdf AND http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/asto n.html 3. ^ F. W. Aston, "The Constitution of the Elements", Nature 106, 468 (09 December 1920). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v106/n2667/pdf/106468a0.pdf AND http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/asto n.html 4. ^ F. W. Aston, "The Constitution of the Elements", Nature 106, 468 (09 December 1920). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v106/n2667/pdf/106468a0.pdf AND http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/asto n.html {12/06/1919} MORE INFO [1] "Francis William Aston." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/39838/Francis-William-Aston> [2] "Francis William Aston." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-wil liam-aston [3] "Francis William Aston". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Wil liam_Aston [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1922/aston-bio.html [5] F. W. Aston, "A positive ray spectrograph", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 38, Issue 228, 1919, Pages 707 – 714 http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ft interface~db=all~content=a910332967~full text=713240928 | (Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3 |
[1] Francis Aston PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c6/Francis_William_Aston .jpg |
81 YBN [1919 AD] 4 5 | 5071) Increase in temperature is shown to increase the number of genetic mutations in fruit flies.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p726-727. 2. ^ HJ Muller,"The measurement of gene mutation rate in Drosophila, its high variability, and its dependence upon temperature", Genetics, 1928 http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprin t/13/4/279.pdf Muller_Hermann_19271025. pdf} 3. ^ "Hermann Joseph Muller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-jos eph-muller 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p726-727. {1919} 5. ^ "Hermann Joseph Muller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-jos eph-muller {by 1918} MORE INFO [1] HJ Muller, "The Production of Mutations by X-Rays", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1928 September; 14(9): 714–726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1085688/pdf/pnas01821-0038.pdf | (Rice Institute) Houston, Texas3 |
[1] Hermann Joseph Muller The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 was awarded to Hermann J. Muller ''for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation''. COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/muller .jpg |
80 YBN [06/03/1920 AD] 4 | 4751) The theory of what will be called a neutron: that an electron can bind more closely with a single Hydrogen nucleus to form a neutral atom of mass 1 with different properties than a neutral hydrogen atom.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms Bakerian Lecture", The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920, pp374-400. from The Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson, Vol 3, 1965, p14. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p635-637. 3. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms Backerian Lecture", The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920, pp374-400. 4. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms Backerian Lecture", The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920, pp374-400. {06/03/1920} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=o EwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the +Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnw X4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20t he%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665 [15] Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false [16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902 [17] Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw &hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false [18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation [19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id= ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+e manations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 &ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2 0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thor ium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false [20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag ser 6, v 561-76 1903 [21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208 [22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id= g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3 [25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688 [26] Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, 03/07/1911, pp18-20 [27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag, March 1914, s6, v27, pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Che m-History/Rutherford-1914.html [28] "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [29] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8 [30] Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61 [31] Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87 | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3 |
[1] Ernest Rutherford, ''Nuclear Constitution of Atoms Bakerian Lecture'', The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920, pp374-400. from The Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson, Vol 3, 1965, p14. COPYRIGHTED source: Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms Bakerian Lecture", The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920, pp374-400. from The Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson, Vol 3, 1965, p14. [2] Ernest Rutherford, ''Nuclear Constitution of Atoms Bakerian Lecture'', The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920, pp374-400. from The Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson, Vol 3, 1965, p14. COPYRIGHTED source: Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms Bakerian Lecture", The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920, pp374-400. from The Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson, Vol 3, 1965, p14. |
80 YBN [08/??/1920 AD] 4 | 4411) A list of the size of all atomic radii is published.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ W. L Bragg, "The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystals", Philosophical Magazine. 6th ser., 40 (1920). 169-189. http://www.informaworld.com/sm pp/570391933-20948816/content~db=all~con tent=a910337868 {Bragg_192008xx.pdf} 2. ^ "Bragg, Sir William Lawrence." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 15. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 61-64. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904839&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ W. L Bragg, "The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystals", Philosophical Magazine. 6th ser., 40 (1920). 169-189. http://www.informaworld.com/sm pp/570391933-20948816/content~db=all~con tent=a910337868 {Bragg_192008xx.pdf} 4. ^ W. L Bragg, "The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystals", Philosophical Magazine. 6th ser., 40 (1920). 169-189. http://www.informaworld.com/sm pp/570391933-20948816/content~db=all~con tent=a910337868 {Bragg_192008xx.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "Bragg, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 2 June 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016 145> [2] "Sir William Henry Bragg." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-william -henry-bragg [3] "William Henry Bragg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hen ry_Bragg [4] William Henry Bragg, The World of Sound (1920) [5] William Henry Bragg, Concerning the Nature of Things (1925) http://books.google.com/books?id =-ysYrMza-ukC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Con cerning+the+Nature+of+Things&source=bl&o ts=oxGn9h6_Nh&sig=5iWXT3YPVpAsaRroIJp9lv Tz250&hl=en&ei=3eEGTLTIL5X2NY3P9Y8J&sa=X &oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0 CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [6] William Henry Bragg, Old Trades and New Knowledge (1926) [7] William Henry Bragg, An Introduction to Crystal Analysis (1928) [8] William Henry Bragg, The Universe of Light (1933) [9] Bragg, “On the Absorption of X-rays, and on the Classification of the X-rays of Radium,” in Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 8 (Dec. 1904), 719–725; http://books.google.com/book s?id=9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA719&dq=On+the+Abs orption+of+X-rays,+and+on+the+Classifica tion+of+the+X-rays+of+Radium&hl=en&ei=VO QGTLL9BIH48AaElfCRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result &ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBA#v=on epage&q&f=false [10] Bragg and Kleeman. “On the lonization Curves of Radium,” Philosophical Magazine, 726–738. Dated 8 September 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA726&dq=On+the+ionizati on+Curves+of+Radium&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_ minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1904&as_maxm_is=0&a s_maxy_is=1904&as_brr=0&cd=2#v=onepage&q =On%20the%20ionization%20Curves%20of%20R adium&f=false [11] Bragg, “The Consequences of the Corpuscular Hypothesis of γ and X-rays, and the Range of β Rays”, Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 20 (Sept. 1910), 385–416; Studies in Radio-activity [12] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p592-593 [13] "Bragg, William Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 397-400. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900594&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [14] Bragg, "On the Properties and Natures of Various Electric Radiations", Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 14 (Oct. 1907), 429–449. Read before the Royal Society of South Australia, 7 May and 4 June 1907. http://books.google.com/books?id=EhQXB Z1r44AC&pg=PA429&dq=On+the+Properties+an d+Natures+of+Various+Electric+Radiations &lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_i s=1907&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1907&as_b rr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20Propert ies%20and%20Natures%20of%20Various%20Ele ctric%20Radiations&f=false [15] William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol 90, num 2250, 12/12/1912, p410. http://books.google.com/books?id= KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHT MiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage &q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit le%3Anature&f=false [16] William Lawrence Bragg, "X-rays and Crystals.", Nature, vol 90, num 2256, 1/23/1913, p572. http://books.google.com/books?id= KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHT MiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage &q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit le%3Anature&f=false [17] W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, “The Reflection of X-rays by Crystals,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 88A (1 July 1913), 428–438, received 7 April 1913; W. H. Bragg, “The Reflection of X-rays by Crystals (II),” Nature., 89A (22 Sept. 1913), 246–248, received 21 June 1913 [18] W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, “The Structure of Diamond,” Nature (22 Sept. 1913), 277–291, received 30 July [19] W. L. Bragg, "The diffraction of short electromagnetic waves by a crystal", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 17 (1913), 43–57 [20] W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, "The Structure of the Diamond.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 610 (Sep. 22, 1913), pp. 277-291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/in fo/93489?seq=1&Search=yes&term=structure &term=diamond&term=bragg&list=hide&searc hUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3 Dthe%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%2B bragg%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bstructure %2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%26Search%3DSearch% 26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=7&ttl=650&retur nArticleService=showArticle&resultsServi ceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle [21] Bragg, W.H. and Bragg, W.L. "X-rays and Crystal Structure.", London: Bell, 1915. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0D7PAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=fal se [22] # Bakerian Lecture: X-Rays and Crystal Structure # Author(s): W. H. Bragg # Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character, Vol. 215, (1915), pp. 253-274 http://www.jstor.org/stable/inf o/91108?seq=1 | (University of Manchester) Manchester, England3 |
[1] W. L Bragg, ''The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystals'', Philosophical Magazine. 6th ser., 40 (1920). 169-189. http://www.informaworld.com/sm pp/570391933-20948816/content~db=all~con tent=a910337868 {Bragg_192008xx.pdf} PD source: [2] W. L Bragg, ''The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystals'', Philosophical Magazine. 6th ser., 40 (1920). 169-189. http://www.informaworld.com/sm pp/570391933-20948816/content~db=all~con tent=a910337868 {Bragg_192008xx.pdf} PD source: |
80 YBN [1920 AD] 4 | 5045) Neutral molecular beams of Hydrogen and Helium are "diffracted" using a Lithium Fluoride crystal.1 2 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ I. Estermann and O. Stern, "Beugung von Molekularstrahlen", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, 1930, Volume 61, Numbers 1-2, 95-125. http://www.springerlink.com/con tent/u60q0jn868011015/ {Stern_Otto_1929 1214.pdf} "Diffraction of molecular beams" 2. ^ "Otto Stern." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-stern 3. ^ "Stern, Otto." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 40-43. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 31 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904156&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ "Otto Stern." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-stern {1920} MORE INFO [1] O. Stern, "Eine direkte Messung der thermischen Molekulargeschwindigkeit", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 2, Number 1, 49-56. http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/u5507246w2x0k887/ "A direct measurement of the thermal molecular velocity" [2] W. Gerlach and O. Stern, "Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 8, Number 1, 110-111. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/g635402018413p6g/ "The experimental proof of the magnetic moment of the silver atom" [3] Walther Gerlach and Otto Stern, "The experimental proof of the directional quantization in the magnetic field", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 9, Number 1, 349-352. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/p72218361287275g/ [4] Walther Gerlach and Otto Stern, "Der experimentelle Nachweis der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 9, Number 1, 349-352. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/p72218361287275g/ "The experimental proof of the direction of quantization in the magnetic field" | (University of Frankfurt) Frankfurt, Germany3 |
[1] Figures 1,2 and 3 from: I. Estermann and O. Stern, ''Beugung von Molekularstrahlen'', Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, 1930, Volume 61, Numbers 1-2, 95-125. http://www.springerlink.com/con tent/u60q0jn868011015/ {Stern_Otto_1929 1214.pdf} ''Diffraction of molecular beams'' UNKNOWN source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/0/0a/OttoStern.jpg [2] The image of German physicist and Nobel laureate Otto Stern (1888–1969) Source This image has been downloaded http://www.nndb.com/people/740/000099443 / Date uploaded: 02:21, 26 December 2008 (UTC) Author not known UNKNOWN source: http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/u60q0jn868011015/ |
79 YBN [01/21/1921 AD] 4 5 | 4924) Nuclear isomers are discovered, atoms that have identical nuclei but have different half-lives.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p672-673 2. ^ "Hahn, Otto." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 14-17. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901812&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ O. Frisch, Lise Meitner, “Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons; a New Type of Nuclear Reaction”, Nature, 143 (1939), 239-240. {Frisch_Otto_Meitner_Lise_1939 0116.pdf} {1921} 4. ^ Otto Hahn, "Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran", Naturwissenschaften, Volume 9, Number 5, 84, DOI: 10.1007/BF01491321 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/uhukv60t536j7486/ {Hahn _Otto_19210121.pdf} {01/21/1921} 5. ^ O. Frisch, Lise Meitner, “Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons; a New Type of Nuclear Reaction”, Nature, 143 (1939), 239-240. {Frisch_Otto_Meitner_Lise_1939 0116.pdf} {1921} MORE INFO [1] "Lise Meitner." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/373527/Lise-Meitner> [2] "Lise Meitner." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/lise-meitne r-1 [3] "Meitner, Lise." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 260-263. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902897&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [4] "Lise Meitner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitne r [5] "Otto Robert Frisch". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Robert _Frisch [6] "Frisch, Otto Robert." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 320-322. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905122&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [7] "Otto Robert Frisch." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/220450/Otto-Robert-Frisch> [8] "Otto Robert Frisch." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-robert -frisch-1 [9] "Otto Hahn." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/251675/Otto-Hahn> [10] "Otto Hahn." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-hahn | (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instute fur Chemie) Berlin, Germany3 |
[1] Figure from paper: Otto Hahn, ''Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran'', Naturwissenschaften, Volume 9, Number 5, 84, DOI: 10.1007/BF01491321 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/uhukv60t536j7486/ {Hahn _Otto_19210121.pdf} source: http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/uhukv60t536j7486/fulltext.pdf [2] Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner UNKNOWN source: http://www.aip.org/history/newsl etter/spring2003/images/17306_hahn_meitn er-lg.jpg |
79 YBN [04/26/1921 AD] 4 | 5239) The Crab nebula is found to be expanding from photographs spanning 8 years.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John C. Duncan, "Changes Observed in the Crab Nebula in Taurus", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 7, No. 6 (Jun. 15, 1921), pp. 179-180. http://intl.pnas.org/content/7 /6/179.full.pdf+html AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/84292 2. ^ Lampland, C. O., "Observed Changes in the Structure of the "Crab" Nebula (N. G. C. 1952)", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 33, No. 192, p.79. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 21PASP...33...79L 3. ^ John C. Duncan, "Changes Observed in the Crab Nebula in Taurus", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 7, No. 6 (Jun. 15, 1921), pp. 179-180. http://www.jstor.org/stable/84 292 4. ^ John C. Duncan, "Changes Observed in the Crab Nebula in Taurus", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 7, No. 6 (Jun. 15, 1921), pp. 179-180. http://www.jstor.org/stable/84 292 {04/26/1921} MORE INFO [1] J. J. L. D. and J. H. Oort, "The "Guest-Star" of 1054", T'oung Pao, Second Series, Vol. 36, Livr. 2 (1941), pp. 174-180. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45 27212 [2] Baade, W., "The Crab Nebula.", "Astrophysical Journal, vol. 96, p.188. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 942ApJ....96..188B [3] Ho Peng-Yokea, F.W. Paarb and P.W. Parsonsc, "The Chinese guest star of A.D. 1054 and the Crab Nebula", Vistas in Astronomy, Volume 13, 1972, Pages 1-13. http://www.sciencedirect.com/scie nce?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJG-473D842-N& _user=4422&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1972&_rd oc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=sear ch&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000 059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid= 4422&md5=006993bc94530f90974c9a4c518d5f2 f&searchtype=a [4] Mayall, N. U. & Oort, J. H., "Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part II. The Astronomical Aspects", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 54, No. 318, p.95-104. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1942PASP...54...95M | (Mount Wilson) Mount Wilson, California, USA3 |
[1] John C. Duncan, ''Changes Observed in the Crab Nebula in Taurus'', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 7, No. 6 (Jun. 15, 1921), pp. 179-180. http://intl.pnas.org/content/7 /6/179.full.pdf+html AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/84292 PD source: http://intl.pnas.org/content/7/6 /179.full.pdf+html |
79 YBN [07/??/1921 AD] 3 | 4866) The atmosphere of Venus is found to have no oxygen or water vapor because those absorption lines are not found in the spectrum of Venus.1 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Slipher, V.M., “The Spectrum of Venus, ” Lowell Obs. Bull. 3, 3.85-3.89 (1921) Bull. No. 84. ^. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu// full/1921LowOB...3...85S/0000086.000.htm l 2. ^ "Vesto Melvin Slipher." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 03 Nov. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/548821/Vesto-Melvin-Slipher>. 3. ^ Slipher, V.M., “The Spectrum of Venus, ” Lowell Obs. Bull. 3, 3.85-3.89 (1921) Bull. No. 84. ^. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu// full/1921LowOB...3...85S/0000086.000.htm l {07/1921} MORE INFO [1] "Vesto Slipher." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-sliph er [2] "Vesto Slipher." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-sliph er [3] "Slipher, Vesto Melvin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 454-456. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904042&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [4] "Vesto Melvin Slipher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesto_Melvi n_Slipher [5] Slipher, V. M., "Detection of the rotation of Uranus", Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.19-20. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1912LowOB...2...19S [6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p556 [7] Lowell, P., "Spectroscopic discovery of the rotation period of Uranus", Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.17-18. http://articles.adsabs.harvar d.edu/full/seri/LowOB/0002//0000018.000. html [8] Slipher, V. M., "On the Spectrum of the Nebula in the Pleiades", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 21, 1913, p.186. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 913PA.....21..186S [9] Slipher, V. M., "The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Popular Astronomy, vol. 22, pp.19-21. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1914PA.....22...19S and http://books.google.com/books?id=4Q ryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22Keeler,+by+his+ splendid%22&hl=en&ei=yO_RTL74OYz4sAOWzqH hCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum =1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Keeler %2C%20by%20his%20splendid%22&f=false [10] Slipher, V. M., "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae", Popular Astronomy, vol. 23, pp.21-24. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ful l/1915PA.....23Q..21S http://books.goog le.com/books?id=XgryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq= %22During+the+last+two+years,+the+spectr ographic+work%22&hl=en&ei=iSDTTKiCNYL0tg Poopy7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&r esnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22D uring%20the%20last%20two%20years%2C%20th e%20spectrographic%20work%22&f=false [11] Slipher, V. M., "The spectrum of Lightning", Lowell Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.55-58. http://articles.adsabs.harvar d.edu//full/1917LowOB...3...55S/0000056. 000.html [12] Bibliography for V. M. Slipher: http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.e du/BruceMedalists/Slipher/SlipherRefs.ht ml | (Percival Lowell's observatory) Flagstaff, Arizona, USA2 |
[1] Vesto Melvin Slipher (11/11/1875 - 08/11/1969) UNKNOWN source: http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Slipher/slipher.jpg |
79 YBN [09/??/1921 AD] 6 | 4783) Neurotransmitters are discovered:1 2 chemicals that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse.3 A fluid released when a frog's vagus nerve is stimulated can stimulate another heart directly.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ O. Loewi und E. Navratil, Über humorale Übertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 189 (1921), pp. 239–242. http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0 1314653605h385/ {Loewi_Otto_1921.pdf} 2. ^ Elliot S. Valenstein, "The Discovery of Chemical Neurotransmitters", Brain and Cognition Volume 49, Issue 1, June 2002, Pages 73-95 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WBY-45XTFM6-7&_user =4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2002&_rdoc=1& _fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_s ort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C00005960 0&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422& md5=3e3897eee6f675c932cd1115cbc34de8&sea rchtype=a 3. ^ "neurotransmitter." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Apr. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/neurotransm itter 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p644-645. 5. ^ "Loewi, Otto." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 451-457. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 8 Sept. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902655&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 6. ^ "Otto Loewi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-loewi {09/1921} MORE INFO [1] "Otto Loewi." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-loewi [2] "Otto Loewi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Loewi [3] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1936/loewi-bio.html | (University of Graz) Graz, Austria5 |
[1] Otto Loewi COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1936/loewi.jpg |
79 YBN [1921 AD] 4 | 4518) The system of antigens and antibodies is recognized.1 An antigen is a substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, and the cells of transplanted organs.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Landsteiner, Karl." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 622-625. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902453&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1901} 2. ^ "antigen." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 13 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/antigen 3. ^ "Karl Landsteiner." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-landst einer 4. ^ "Landsteiner, Karl." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 622-625. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902453&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1901} {1921} MORE INFO [1] "Karl Landsteiner." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-landst einer [2] "Karl Landsteiner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landst einer [3] Karl Landsteiner, "Über agglutinationsercheinungen normalen menschlichen blutes" ("On Agglutination Phenomena of Normal Human Blood"), Wien Klin Wschr, 14: 1132-4. 2, 1901. English translation: http://books.google.com/bo oks?hl=en&lr=&id=A1hChCwPefsC&oi=fnd&pg= PA112&dq=normalen+landsteiner&ots=_vv7jE jQs9&sig=4hP7HU9JIYw7QIZdahl1pFdbdQQ#v=o nepage&q=normalen%20landsteiner&f=false | (The Hague) Netherlands3 |
[1] Image extracted from Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 40. Associated: Karl Landsteiner Date: 1920s Genre: illustrations ID: portrait-landsteiner UNKNOWN source: http://osulibrary.oregonstate.ed u/specialcollections/coll/nonspcoll/cata logue/portrait-landsteiner-600w.jpg |
78 YBN [01/26/1922 AD] 3 | 5103) Light is described as being made of "atoms of light" all having the same "very low mass", and the equations E=hv (by Planck) and E=mc2 (by Einstein) are equated to solve for the mass of the atom of light.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ De Broglie, "Rayonnement noir et quanta de lumière", Journal de Physique et le Radium, S6, V3, N11, 11/1922, p422. http://jphysrad.journaldephysique .org/index.php?option=com_toc&url=/artic les/jphysrad/abs/1922/11/contents/conten ts.html {Broglie_Louis_De_ajp-jphysrad_ 1922_3_11_422_0_19220126.pdf} 2. ^ Lacki, Jan. "Broglie, Louis (Victor Pierre Raymond) De." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 19. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 409-415. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905527&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ De Broglie, "Rayonnement noir et quanta de lumière", Journal de Physique et le Radium, S6, V3, N11, 11/1922, p422. http://jphysrad.journaldephysique .org/index.php?option=com_toc&url=/artic les/jphysrad/abs/1922/11/contents/conten ts.html {Broglie_Louis_De_ajp-jphysrad_ 1922_3_11_422_0_19220126.pdf} {01/26/1922} MORE INFO [1] L. De Broglie, "Matière et lumière" ("Matter and Light"), 1937. http://books.google.com/books?id= iGq4AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Matter%20and%20Light% 22&source=gbs_book_other_versions | (brother Maurice's lab) Paris, France (verify)2 |
[1] Description Broglie Big.jpg Louis de Broglie Date 1929(1929) Source http://www.physics.umd.edu/courses/ Phys420/Spring2002/Parra_Spring2002/HTMP ages/whoswho.htm Author Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) the MacTutor website states the following: ''We believe that most of the images are in the public domain and that provided you use them on a website you are unlikely to encounter any difficulty.'' Other versions Derivative works of this file: * 10 Quantum Mechanics Masters.jpg http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ history/PictDisplay/Broglie.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/Broglie_Big.jpg |
78 YBN [03/01/1922 AD] 5 | 5163) Separating isotopes by evaporative centrifuging is suggested, where a material is heated into a vapour and separated by atomic mass in a rapidly rotating tube.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p752-753. 2. ^ "Robert Sanderson Mulliken." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-sand erson-mulliken 3. ^ Robert S. Mulliken, "THE SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES BY THERMAL AND PRESSURE DIFFUSION", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1922, 44 (5), pp 1033–1051. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=cQoSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1033 AND http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021 /ja01426a015 {Mulliken_Robert_19220301. pdf} 4. ^ Robert S. Mulliken, "THE SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES BY THERMAL AND PRESSURE DIFFUSION", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1922, 44 (5), pp 1033–1051. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=cQoSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1033 AND http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021 /ja01426a015 {Mulliken_Robert_19220301. pdf} 5. ^ Robert S. Mulliken, "THE SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES BY THERMAL AND PRESSURE DIFFUSION", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1922, 44 (5), pp 1033–1051. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=cQoSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1033 AND http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021 /ja01426a015 {Mulliken_Robert_19220301. pdf} {03/01/1922} | (University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA4 |
[1] Description Mulliken,Robert 1929 Chicago.jpg English: Robert Mulliken, 1929 at Chicago Deutsch: Robert Mulliken, 1929 in Chicago Date 1929(1929) Source Own work Author GFHund GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6a/Mulliken%2CRobert_192 9_Chicago.jpg |
78 YBN [03/03/1922 AD] 3 | 4324) The theory of an all-inertial universe where gravity is explained as a result of particle collision.1 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 04/1922, p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=19 22PA.....30..199P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0& plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREE N_GIF&classic=YES 2. ^ Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 04/1922, p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=19 22PA.....30..199P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0& plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREE N_GIF&classic=YES 3. ^ Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 04/1922, p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=19 22PA.....30..199P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0& plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREE N_GIF&classic=YES {03/03/1922} MORE INFO [1] "Pickering, William Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059 926> [2] "William Henry Pickering." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hen ry-pickering [3] "William Henry Pickering." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 11 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-hen ry-pickering [4] "Pickering, William Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 601-602. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 May 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903408&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [5] Pickering, W. H., "Are Space and Time Really Infinite?", Popular Astronomy, vol. 18, 08/1910, pp.420-421. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/f ull/1910PA.....18..420P and pdf: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu /cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1910PA.....1 8..420P&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=Y ES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf [6] Pickering, William H., "The Theory of Relativity", Popular Astronomy, vol. 28, 06/1920, pp. 334-344. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/ 1920PA.....28..334P [7] Pickering, William H., "a Suggestion Regarding Gravitation, II", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 05/1922, p.272. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/19 22PA.....30..272P [8] Pickering, William H., "Aberration and Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 06/1922, p.340 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 22PA.....30..340P [9] Pickering EC (1899-03-17). "A New Satellite of Saturn". 49. Harvard College Observatory Bulletin. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BHa rO/0049//0000001.000.html [10] "Phoebe (moon)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008 [11] "William Henry Pickering". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hen ry_Pickering [12] Ames, C. H., "Are Space and Time Infinite? The Affirmative Answer", Popular Astronomy, vol. 19, 01/1911, pp.31-35. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs /1911PA.....19...31A | Menton, France2 |
[1] Edited image of American Astronomer William Henry Pickering (1858-1938) TITLE: Prof. W.H. Pickering, portr. bust CALL NUMBER: LC-B2- 550-7[P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-ggbain-02598 (digital file from original neg.) No known restrictions on publication. MEDIUM: 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller. CREATED/PUBLISHED: 10/16/09. NOTES: Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress). Title from unverified data provided by the Bain News Service on the negatives or caption cards. Temp. note: Batch one loaded. FORMAT: Glass negatives. REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID: (digital file from original neg.) ggbain 02598 original found at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h? pp/PPALL:@field(NUMBER+@1(ggbain+02598)) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/4/46/William_Henry_Pickering_02 598r.jpg [2] Pickering, William Henry. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 12 May 2010 DOMAIN (PRESUMABLY) source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id= 39096&rendTypeId=4 |
78 YBN [05/27/1922 AD] 4 | 5197) The theory of "polar fronts": that the atmosphere of Earth is made of air masses that are either warm tropical air or cold polar air, and the sharp boundaries between them are called "fronts" (similar to battle lines in war).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p759. 2. ^ J. Bjerknes, "Life cycle of cyclones and the polar front theory of atmospheric circulation", 1922. http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~jnorris/ sio217B/bjerknes.pdf {Bjerknes_Jacob_19 220527.pdf} 3. ^ "Jacob Bjerknes." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/jacob-bjerk nes 4. ^ J. Bjerknes, "Life cycle of cyclones and the polar front theory of atmospheric circulation", 1922. http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~jnorris/ sio217B/bjerknes.pdf {Bjerknes_Jacob_19 220527.pdf} {05/27/1922} | (Geophysical Institute) Bergen, Norway3 |
[1] Figure 1 from: [2] J. Bjerknes, ''Life cycle of cyclones and the polar front theory of atmospheric circulation'', 1922. http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~jnorris/ sio217B/bjerknes.pdf {Bjerknes_Jacob_19 220527.pdf} PD source: http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~jnorris /sio217B/bjerknes.pdf [2] American Geophysical Union, from AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.aip.org/history/acap/ images/bios/bjerknesj.jpg |
78 YBN [12/13/1922 AD] 3 | 5108) The "Compton effect": x-rays are found to have a lower frequency after being reflected by graphite, which implies that a light quantum has momentum that is lost to an electron from the collision.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ A. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements", Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i 5/p483_1 {Compton_Arthur_19221213.pdf} 2. ^ A. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements", Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i 5/p483_1 {Compton_Arthur_19221213.pdf} 3. ^ A. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements", Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i 5/p483_1 {Compton_Arthur_19221213.pdf} {12/13/1922} MORE INFO [1] A. Compton, "The Corpuscular Properties of Light", Rev. Mod. Phys. V1, I1, p74–89 (1929) http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/ v1/i1/p74_1 [2] A. Compton, "The wave-length of hard gamma rays", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 41, Issue 245, 1921, Pages 770 – 777. {Compton_Arthur_19201201.pdf} [3] A. Compton, "The total reflexion of X-rays", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 45, Issue 270, 1923, Pages 1121 – 1131. {Compton_Arthur_19221209.pdf} [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1927/compton-lecture.pdf [5] A. H. Compton and R. L. Doan, "X-Ray Spectra from a Ruled Reflection Grating", PNAS 1925 V11 (I10) p598-601. http://www.pnas.org/content/1 1/10/598.full.pdf+html?sid=b32d2ed9-9fe5 -47ce-93b4-6e4248df2927 | (Washington University) Saint Louis, Missouri, USA2 |
[1] Figure 3 from: A. Compton, ''A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements'', Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i 5/p483_1 {Compton_Arthur_19221213.pdf} PD source: http://prola.aps.org/pdf/PR/v21/ i5/p483_1 [2] Arthur Holly Compton COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/physics/laureates/1927/compton.jpg |
77 YBN [05/04/1923 AD] 3 | 5004) Radioactive lead dissolved in water allows the absorption and distribution of the lead in plants to be followed.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ G. Hevesy, "The Absorption and Translocation of Lead by Plants A Contribution to the Application of the Method of Radioactive Indicators in the Investigation of the Change of Substance in Plants", Biochem J. 1923; 17(4-5): 439–445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1263906/ {Hevesy_Georg_19230504.p df} 2. ^ G. Hevesy, "The Absorption and Translocation of Lead by Plants A Contribution to the Application of the Method of Radioactive Indicators in the Investigation of the Change of Substance in Plants", Biochem J. 1923; 17(4-5): 439–445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1263906/ {Hevesy_Georg_19230504.p df} 3. ^ G. Hevesy, "The Absorption and Translocation of Lead by Plants A Contribution to the Application of the Method of Radioactive Indicators in the Investigation of the Change of Substance in Plants", Biochem J. 1923; 17(4-5): 439–445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1263906/ {Hevesy_Georg_19230504.p df} {05/04/1923} MORE INFO [1] "Georg Charles von Hevesy." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/264499/Georg-Charles-von-Hevesy> [2] Georg V. Hevesy, Fritz Paneth, "Die Löslichkeit des Bleisulfids und Bleichromats" http://onlinelibrary.wile y.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.19130820125/abstr act "The solubility of lead sulphide and lead chromate" [3] D. COSTER & G. HEVESY, "On the new element hafnium", Nature, 111, 79-79 (20 January 1923). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v111/n2777/abs/111079a0.html [4] "hafnium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/hafnium | (University of Copenhagen) Copenhagen, Denmark2 |
[1] This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons Description George de Hevesy.jpg English: Source: http://www.oeaw.ac.at/smi/bilder/photo/H evesy.JPG Public domain: photographer died >70yrs ago. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b4/George_de_Hevesy.jpg |
77 YBN [06/14/1923 AD] 4 | 3613) Electronic moving images are transmitted and received using radio.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.tvhistory.tv/C-Francis-Jenkin s.htm ? 2. ^ http://www.tvhistory.tv/C-Francis-Jenkin s.htm ? 3. ^ http://www.bairdtelevision.com/jenkins.h tml 4. ^ http://www.tvhistory.tv/C-Francis-Jenkin s.htm ? {06/14/1923} MORE INFO [1] C. Francis JENKINS, "Transmitting Pictures by Electricity", The Electrical Engineer, 25 July 1894 [2] http://histv2.free.fr/jenkins/jenkins189 4.htm [3] "television." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1262241/television-technology> [4] http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/J/html J/jenkinschar/jenkinschar.htm [5] Thomas Streissguth, "Communications: Sending the Message", Oliver Press, Inc., 1997, p104-105. http://books.google.com/books ?id=YAf1UqOy9kcC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=C harles+Francis+Jenkins+may+19+1922&sourc e=web&ots=4fgBJlRleZ&sig=AeO7vUVl-YRerSI DzuHYs3Syxes&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&r esnum=2&ct=result#PPA105,M1 | Washington, D.C., USA.3 |
[1] Motion Pictures by Ether Waves - August 1925 ''Popular Radio'' Article (Courtesy John Hauser) PD/Corel source: http://www.tvhistory.tv/1925-Aug -Popular-Radio-P107a.JPG [2] From ''Animated Pictures'' By Charles Francis Jenkins Charles Francis Jenkins PD/Corel source: http://books.google.com/books?id =uJYFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA138&dq=C+Francis+Jenk ins&as_brr=1&ei=tjLdSLjvOJfStQPK2rGRCg#P PP6,M1 |
77 YBN [09/03/1923 AD] 4 5 6 | 4860) Acids are defined as substances that lose a hydrogen ion in solution and bases as substances that accept a hydrogen ion in solution.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, "Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der Säuren und Basen.", Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique, 42 (1923), p718–728. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/recl.19230420815/abstract {Bronsted_19230504.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p670-671. 3. ^ "Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/80949/Johannes-Nicolaus-Bronsted>. 4. ^ Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, "Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der Säuren und Basen.", Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique, 42 (1923), p718–728. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/recl.19230420815/abstract {Bronsted_19230504.pdf} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p670-671. {1923} 6. ^ "Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/80949/Johannes-Nicolaus-Bronsted>. {1923} MORE INFO [1] "Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-ni colaus-br-nsted-1 [2] "Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Ni colaus_Br%C3%B8nsted [3] Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, “The Activity Coefficients of Ions in Very Dilute Solutions.”, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 46 (1924), p555–573. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs /10.1021/ja01668a006 | (University of Copenhagen) Copenhagen, Denmark3 |
[1] Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, ''Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der Säuren und Basen.'', Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique, 42 (1923), p718–728. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/recl.19230420815/abstract COPYRIGH TED source: Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, "Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der Säuren und Basen.", Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique, 42 (1923), p718–728. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/recl.19230420815/abstract [2] Brønsted, Johannes Nicolaus Courtesy of the Royal Danish Embassy; photograph, Elfelt, Copenhagen UNKNOWN source: http://media-2.web.britannica.co m/eb-media/07/6907-004-FB988F4E.jpg |
77 YBN [09/10/1923 AD] 4 | 5104) The mass of a light particle (or "atom of light") is calculated to be less than 10-50 grams.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Louis De Broglie, " Ondes et quanta", Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 177 (1923) pp.507. {Broglie_Louis_De_19230910.pdf} {09/10/1923} 2. ^ Louis De Broglie,"Waves and quanta", Nature, 112, 540-540 (13 October 1923). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v112/n2815/abs/112540a0.html Engli sh version (is shorter than French paper of same title) 3. ^ Lacki, Jan. "Broglie, Louis (Victor Pierre Raymond) De." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 19. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 409-415. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905527&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ Louis De Broglie, "Ondes et quanta", Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 177 (1923) pp.507. {Broglie_Louis_De_19230910.pdf} {09/10/1923} MORE INFO [1] L. De Broglie, "Matière et lumière" ("Matter and Light"), 1937. http://books.google.com/books?id= iGq4AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Matter%20and%20Light% 22&source=gbs_book_other_versions | (brother Maurice's lab) Paris, France (verify)3 |
[1] Description Broglie Big.jpg Louis de Broglie Date 1929(1929) Source http://www.physics.umd.edu/courses/ Phys420/Spring2002/Parra_Spring2002/HTMP ages/whoswho.htm Author Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) the MacTutor website states the following: ''We believe that most of the images are in the public domain and that provided you use them on a website you are unlikely to encounter any difficulty.'' Other versions Derivative works of this file: * 10 Quantum Mechanics Masters.jpg http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ history/PictDisplay/Broglie.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/Broglie_Big.jpg |
77 YBN [1923 AD] 3 | 4216) The consumer movie camera.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/hist oryOfKodak/1878.jhtml?pq-path=2217/2687/ 2695/2699 2. ^ http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/hist oryOfKodak/1878.jhtml?pq-path=2217/2687/ 2695/2699 3. ^ http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/hist oryOfKodak/1878.jhtml?pq-path=2217/2687/ 2695/2699 {1923} MORE INFO [1] "George Eastman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-east man [2] "George Eastman." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-east man [3] "George Eastman." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University Press, 2005. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-east man [4] "George Eastman." The Reader's Companion to American History, Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors, published by. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-east man [5] "George Eastman." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 186. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 27 Jan. 2010 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20> [6] Eastman's gelatin film patent #306,594 http://www.google.com/patents? id=5KFEAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [7] http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/hist oryOfKodak/eastmanTheMan.jhtml [8] "Eastman, George." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 27 Jan. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9031 830> [9] Eastman's October 5, 1884 patent. http://www.google.com/patents?i d=9edJAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4& source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q= &f=false [10] "George Eastman." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-east man [11] Reichenbach's Eastman celluloid patent #417,202 http://www.google.com/patents? id=Bh1wAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [12] Carl W. Ackerman, "George Eastman: Founder of Kodak and the Photography Business", 1930. http://books.google.com/books?id= BG2zCYDzdlkC&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false [13] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p552-553 | (Eastman Kodak Company) NJ, USA2 |
[1] George Eastman PD source: http://www.born-today.com/btpix/ eastman_george.jpg [2] * Photo of en:George Eastman from the en:United States Library of Congress * Digital ID: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.29290 * http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/ggbain /29200/29290v.jpg Licensing: * From Loc: ''No known copyright restrictions''. Part of Bain News Service collection. * Given subjects death in 1932 it seems likely that it's pre-1923. Or if not then it seems extremely unlikely its copyright was renewed. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/ec/GeorgeEastman2.jpg |
77 YBN [1923 AD] 6 7 8 | 4927) An electronic theory of acids and bases: an acid is defined as an electron-pair acceptor and a base as an electron-pair donor.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/338142/Gilbert-N-Lewis>. 2. ^ Lewis, Gilbert N. "Acids and bases." Journal of the Franklin Institute 226.3 (1938): 293-313. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/journal/00160032/226/3 {Lewis_ac ids_and_bases_19380520.pdf} 3. ^ Lewis, "Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules", 1923, p142. http://books.google.com/books?id= 36zQAAAAMAAJ AND http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt? id=uc1.b35072;view=1up;seq=5 {Lewis_Val ence_1923.pdf} 4. ^ Lewis, Gilbert N. "Acids and bases." Journal of the Franklin Institute 226.3 (1938): 293-313. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/journal/00160032/226/3 {Lewis_ac ids_and_bases_19380520.pdf} 5. ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Oct. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/338142/Gilbert-N-Lewis>. 6. ^ Lewis, "Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules", 1923, p142. http://books.google.com/books?id= 36zQAAAAMAAJ AND http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt? id=uc1.b35072;view=1up;seq=5 {Lewis_Val ence_1923.pdf} 7. ^ Lewis, Gilbert N. "Acids and bases." Journal of the Franklin Institute 226.3 (1938): 293-313. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/journal/00160032/226/3 {Lewis_ac ids_and_bases_19380520.pdf} 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p656-657. {1938} MORE INFO [1] "Gilbert N. Lewis." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-new ton-lewis [2] "Gilbert N. Lewis." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 29 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-new ton-lewis [3] "Lewis, Gilbert Newton." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 289-294. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902598&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [4] "Gilbert Newton Lewis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_New ton_Lewis [5] http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/ PortraitsHH_Detail.asp?HH_Lname=Lewis [6] Lewis, "Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules", 1923 http://books.google.com/books?id=3 6zQAAAAMAAJ&q=Valence+and+the+Structure+ of+Atoms+and+Molecules&dq=Valence+and+th e+Structure+of+Atoms+and+Molecules&hl=en &ei=jlvLTKjIF4mosQORwrmNDg&sa=X&oi=book_ result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwA A [7] GN Lewis, "THE ATOM AND THE MOLECULE.", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1916 - ACS Publications http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja02261a002 | (University of California at Berkeley) Berkeley, California, USA4 5 |
[1] Lewis, ''Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules'', 1923, p142. http://books.google.com/books?id= 36zQAAAAMAAJ AND http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt? id=uc1.b35072;view=1up;seq=5 {Lewis_Val ence_1923.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: Lewis, "Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules", 1923, p142. http://books.google.com/books?id= 36zQAAAAMAAJhttp://babel.hathitrust.org/ cgi/pt?id=uc1.b35072;view=1up;seq=5 [2] [t Notice the similarity to Rutherford] Gilbert Newton Lewis 1875-1946 UNKNOWN source: http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Po rtraits/images/lewisc.jpg |
77 YBN [1923 AD] 9 | 5000) The ultracentrifuge.1 2 3 4 A centrifuge {SeN-Tre-FUJ5 } can force colloidal {Ku-lOED-L6 } particles to settle out of a liquid, and can be used to determine molecule size and mass.7 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p697-698. 2. ^ "electrophoresis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/electrophor esis 3. ^Svedberg, Kolloid-Z., Zsigmondy-Festschrift, 1925, p. 53. 4. ^ The Svedberg, Robin Fåhraeus, "A NEW METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF THE PROTEINS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1926, 48 (2), pp 430–438 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/1 0.1021/ja01413a019 {Svedberg_Theodor_19250804.pdf} 5. ^ "centrifuge." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 23 Jun. 2013. entrifuge>. 6. ^ "colloidal." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 23 Jun. 2013. olloidal>. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p697-698. 8. ^ "electrophoresis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/electrophor esis 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p697-698. {1923} | (University of Uppsala) Upsala, Sweden8 |
[1] Theodor Svedberg Older than 70 years PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/92/The-svedberg-1.jpg |
76 YBN [08/??/1924 AD] 5 | 4896) A light ray device that can disable vehicles and burn people.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ " "Death Ray" is Carried by Shafts of Light", Popular Mechanics, Aug 1924, p189. http://books.google.com/books?id= 4toDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=popul ar+mechanics+death+ray&source=bl&ots=_k8 o3ZPfp0&sig=FBRNsl5KMsn40BSmKmNKNqmLLWU& hl=en&ei=2DEBTZO9DoK-sQOjz-25Ag&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved =0CCYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false 2. ^ "Man's Most Terrible Invention", Popular Science, Vol. 105, No. 2, Aug 1924, p33. http://books.google.com/books?id=t ikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA33 3. ^ Barwell, Ernest H. G. The Death Ray Man: The Biography of Grindell Matthews, Inventor and Pioneer. London: Hutchinson, 1943. Print. {Death_Ray_Man_Grindell_Matthews_1943. pdf} 4. ^ " "Death Ray" is Carried by Shafts of Light", Popular Mechanics, Aug 1924, p189. http://books.google.com/books?id= 4toDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=popul ar+mechanics+death+ray&source=bl&ots=_k8 o3ZPfp0&sig=FBRNsl5KMsn40BSmKmNKNqmLLWU& hl=en&ei=2DEBTZO9DoK-sQOjz-25Ag&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved =0CCYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false 5. ^ " "Death Ray" is Carried by Shafts of Light", Popular Mechanics, Aug 1924, p189. http://books.google.com/books?id= 4toDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=popul ar+mechanics+death+ray&source=bl&ots=_k8 o3ZPfp0&sig=FBRNsl5KMsn40BSmKmNKNqmLLWU& hl=en&ei=2DEBTZO9DoK-sQOjz-25Ag&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved =0CCYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false {08/1924} | Chicago, Illinois, USA4 |
[1] Barwell, Ernest H. G. The Death Ray Man: The Biography of Grindell Matthews, Inventor and Pioneer. London: Hutchinson, 1943. Print. COPYRIGHTED source: Barwell, Ernest H. G. The Death Ray Man: The Biography of Grindell Matthews, Inventor and Pioneer. London: Hutchinson, 1943. Print. [2] Image from '' ''Death Ray'' is Carried by Shafts of Light'', Popular Mechanics, Aug 1924, p189. COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =4toDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=popu lar+mechanics+death+ray&source=bl&ots=_k 8o3ZPfp0&sig=FBRNsl5KMsn40BSmKmNKNqmLLWU &hl=en&ei=2DEBTZO9DoK-sQOjz-25Ag&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ve d=0CCYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false |
76 YBN [1924 AD] 7 | 3614) Photographs are sent over the phone wire.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "telephone and telephone system." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/585993/telephone>. 2. ^ "Pictures By Wire Sent With Success for the First Time", New York Times, May 20, 1924 3. ^ "Electrical transmission of pictures", Electrical World, Volume 83, June 14, 1924, p1223. 4. ^ "Photos sent over telephone wires are accurately reproduced.", Popular Mechanics, Volume 42, August 1924, p187. books.google.com/books?id=4toDAAA AMBAJ&pg=PA187 5. ^ "telephone and telephone system." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/585993/telephone>. 6. ^ http://www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputati on/timeline/24fax.html 7. ^ "telephone and telephone system." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/585993/telephone>. {1924} | Cleveland, OH, (to NYC, NY), USA5 6 |
[1] ''Photos sent over telephone wires are accurately reproduced.'', Popular Mechanics, Volume 42, August 1924, p187. books.google.com/books?id=4toDAAA AMBAJ&pg=PA187 UNKNOWN source: books.google.com/books?id=4toDAA AAMBAJ&pg=PA187 [2] ''Photos sent over telephone wires are accurately reproduced.'', Popular Mechanics, Volume 42, August 1924, p187. books.google.com/books?id=4toDAAA AMBAJ&pg=PA187 UNKNOWN source: books.google.com/books?id=4toDAA AAMBAJ&pg=PA187 |
76 YBN [1924 AD] 4 | 4696) Tissue taken from one amphibian embryo and grafted onto another is shown to assume the character of the host, losing its original nature.1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "Hans Spemann." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-speman n 2. ^ "Hans Spemann." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-speman n 3. ^ "Hans Spemann." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-speman n 4. ^ "Hans Spemann." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-speman n {1924} MORE INFO [1] "Spemann, Hans." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 28 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9069 062> [2] "Hans Spemann". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Speman n [3] Hans Spemann, "Embryonic Development and Induction", 1938 Note: all but the last of Spemann's works are translated into English in this book. http://books.google.com/books?id= 4cJoPAAACAAJ&dq=Embryonic+Development+an d+Induction&hl=en&ei=qA9STPaHCNCMnQe1xaC 2Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum =2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1935/spemann-bio.html | (University of Freiburg) Breisgau, Germany2 3 |
[1] Hans Spemann [t verify] UNKNOWN source: http://www.nndb.com/people/309/0 00127925/hans-spemann.jpg [2] Hans Spemann UNKNOWN source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1935/spemann.jpg |
75 YBN [01/01/1925 AD] 6 7 | 5060) Spiral nebulae are proven to be other galaxies containing stars, and to be very far away, by determining the distance of Cepheid variable stars.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p720-722. 2. ^ Hubble, E. P., "Cepheids in spiral nebulae", The Observatory, Vol. 48, p. 139-142 (1925). http://articles.adsabs.harvard. edu/full/1925Obs....48..139H from: Hub ble, Publications of the American Astronomical Society V5, 1925, p261. {Hubble_Edwin_19240101.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p720-722. 4. ^ Hubble, E. P., "Cepheids in spiral nebulae", The Observatory, Vol. 48, p. 139-142 (1925). http://articles.adsabs.harvard. edu/full/1925Obs....48..139H from: Hub ble, Publications of the American Astronomical Society V5, 1925, p261. {Hubble_Edwin_19240101.pdf} 5. ^ Berendzen, R. & Hoskin, M., "Hubble's Announcement of Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae", Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 10, No. 504, p. 425-440 (1967). http://articles.adsabs.harvard. edu//full/1971ASPL...10..425B/0000437.00 0.html 6. ^ Berendzen, R. & Hoskin, M., "Hubble's Announcement of Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae", Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 10, No. 504, p. 425-440 (1967). http://articles.adsabs.harvard. edu//full/1971ASPL...10..425B/0000437.00 0.html {01/01/1925} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p720-722. {1924} MORE INFO [1] Edwin Powell Hubble, "The realm of the nebulae", 1936. http://books.google.com/books?id= kgiXdDGLpFUC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=hubbl e+1925+american+astronomical&source=bl&o ts=jvr9ucBYoh&sig=0zvGhy7ZruZatNAYgEZ4fS jD9DE&hl=en&ei=6y4fTdPNOJG0sAPI7YiwCg&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved =0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false | (Mount Wilson) Mount Wilson, California, USA5 |
[1] The first image of H335H shows the glass side of the photographic plate, on which Hubble marked novae and, eventually, the first Cepheid in ink. The next two images show the emulsion side of the plate at two contrasts, with Hubble's writing of plate information at the top (Plate ID, M31, 45 min exposure on plate of type Seed 30, seeing of 3+ on Mt Wilson scale, date, and hour angle of 2 hr 8 min East at the end of the exposure). NONCOMMERCIAL USE source: http://obs.carnegiescience.edu/s ites/obs.carnegiescience.edu/files/pictu res/H335H_glass_0670_27_wm.jpg [2] Hubble's Famous M31 VAR! plate On the night of October 5-6, 1923, Carnegie astronomer Edwin P. Hubble took a plate of the Andromeda Galaxy (Messier 31) with the Hooker 100-inch telescope of the Mount Wilson Observatory. This plate, with identification number H335H (''Hooker plate 335 by Hubble''), is famous for having led to his discovery of the first Cepheid variable star in M31, which established beyond any doubt that M31 was a separate galaxy from our own. Shown here are three images of Plate H335H as well as three images of a similar plate, H331H, which Hubble took the night before. The letters N on Plate H335H mark Novae, stars marked by Hubble as new when compared with earlier plates. The first Cepheid variable discovered has its letter N crossed out and is marked ''VAR!'', showing that Hubble originally thought it was a nova, but eventually discovered that it varied in brightness like a Cepheid. The first image of H335H shows the glass side of the photographic plate, on which Hubble marked novae and, eventually, the first Cepheid in ink. The next two images show the emulsion side of the plate at two contrasts, with Hubble's writing of plate information at the top (Plate ID, M31, 45 min exposure on plate of type Seed 30, seeing of 3+ on Mt Wilson scale, date, and hour angle of 2 hr 8 min East at the end of the exposure). The first image of H335H shows the glass side of the photographic plate, on which Hubble marked novae and, eventually, the first Cepheid in ink. The next two images show the emulsion side of the plate at two contrasts, with Hubble's writing of plate information at the top (Plate ID, M31, 45 min exposure on plate of type Seed 30, seeing of 3+ on Mt Wilson scale, date, and hour angle of 2 hr 8 min East at the end of the exposure). COPYRIGHT: The above images are all copyright protected. Downloads for inspection, scientific and historical work are free. However, any reproduction in commercial products (including books) must be licensed by Carnegie Observatories and will be assessed a permission fee. For permission to use any of these images in a commercial product, please contact John Grula NONCOMMERICAL USE source: http://obs.carnegiescience.edu/s ites/obs.carnegiescience.edu/files/pictu res/H335H_emuls_0681_38_wm.jpg |
75 YBN [04/04/1925 AD] 3 | 4754) Hydrogen nuclei are called "protons".1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Disintegration of Atomic Nuclei", Nature, April 4 1925, 115, pp493-4. 2. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Disintegration of Atomic Nuclei", Nature, April 4 1925, 115, pp493-4. 3. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Disintegration of Atomic Nuclei", Nature, April 4 1925, 115, pp493-4. {04/04/1925} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=o EwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the +Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnw X4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20t he%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665 [15] Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false [16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902 [17] Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw &hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false [18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation [19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id= ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+e manations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 &ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2 0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thor ium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false [20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag ser 6, v 561-76 1903 [21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208 [22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id= g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3 [25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688 [26] Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, 03/07/1911, pp18-20 [27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag, March 1914, s6, v27, pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Che m-History/Rutherford-1914.html [28] "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [29] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8 [30] Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61 [31] Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87 [32] Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms Backerian Lecture", The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920, pp374-400 [33] Ernest Rutherford, "The Disintegration of Elements by α-Particles", Nature, March 10, 1921, 107, p41 [34] Ernest Rutherford, "Artificial Disintegration of the Elements", Proceedings of the Physical Society, August 1924, 36, pp417-22 [35] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p729-730 | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2 |
[1] Description Ernest Rutherford2.jpg English: Cropped Image:Ernest_Rutherford.jpg Date 2007-01-26 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Sadi Carnot at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/57/Ernest_Rutherford2.jp g [2] Ernest Rutherford (young) Image courtesy of www.odt.co.nz UNKNOWN source: https://thescienceclassroom.wiki spaces.com/file/view/ernest_rutherford_1 122022732.jpg/103032081 |
75 YBN [06/06/1925 AD] 4 5 6 | 5024) The refraction of x-rays in glass is proven visually.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Manne Siegbahn." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/manne-siegb ahn 2. ^ M Siegbahn, "La réflexion et la réfraction des rayons X", Journal de Physique et le Radium, 1925. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/j pa-00205211/en/ {Siegbahn_Manne_ajp-jph ysrad_1925_6_7_228_0_19250606.pdf} http ://jphysrad.journaldephysique.org/index. php?option=com_article&access=standard&I temid=129&url=/articles/jphysrad/abs/192 5/07/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0/jphysrad_1 925__6_7_228_0.html 3. ^ M Siegbahn, "La réflexion et la réfraction des rayons X", Journal de Physique et le Radium, 1925. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/j pa-00205211/en/ {Siegbahn_Manne_ajp-jph ysrad_1925_6_7_228_0_19250606.pdf} http ://jphysrad.journaldephysique.org/index. php?option=com_article&access=standard&I temid=129&url=/articles/jphysrad/abs/192 5/07/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0/jphysrad_1 925__6_7_228_0.html 4. ^ M Siegbahn, "La réflexion et la réfraction des rayons X", Journal de Physique et le Radium, 1925. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/j pa-00205211/en/ {Siegbahn_Manne_ajp-jph ysrad_1925_6_7_228_0_19250606.pdf} http ://jphysrad.journaldephysique.org/index. php?option=com_article&access=standard&I temid=129&url=/articles/jphysrad/abs/192 5/07/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0/jphysrad_1 925__6_7_228_0.html {06/06/1925} 5. ^ "Manne Siegbahn." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/manne-siegb ahn {1925} 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p707-708. {1924} MORE INFO [1] "Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/543192/Karl-Manne-Georg-Siegbahn> [2] Manne Siegbahn, Einar Friman, "On an X-ray vacuum spectrograph", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 32, Issue 191, 1916, Pages 494 – 496 [3] Manne Siegbahn, "Precision-measurements in the X-ray spectra.", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 37, Issue 222, 1919, Pages 601 – 612 [4] Manne Siegbahn, "Precision-measurements in the X-ray spectra. Part II", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 38, Issue 227, 1919, Pages 639 – 646 [5] Manne Siegbahn; A. B. Leide, "LXIV. Precision-measurements in the X-ray spectra. Part III", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 38, Issue 227, 1919, Pages 647 – 651 [6] Elis Hjalmar, "LIX. Precision-measurements in the X-ray spectra. Part IV.—K-series, the elements Cu—Na", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 41, Issue 244, 1921, Pages 675 – 681 [7] Siegbahn, Spectroscopy of X-rays (1925) [8] Manne Siegbahn, Einar Friman, "On the high-frequency spectra (L-series) of the elements tantalum-uranium", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, Volume 32, Issue 187 July 1916 , pages 39 - 49 [9] M. Siegbahn, "Relations between the K and L Series of the High-Frequency Spectra", Nature, Volume 96, Issue 2416, pp. 676 (1916). http://www.nature.com/nature/jo urnal/v96/n2416/abs/096676b0.html [10] E Bäcklin, M Siegbahn, “Semi-optical” lines in the X-ray spectra, Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 49, Issue 292, 1925, Pages 752 – 753 | (University of Uppsala) Uppsala, Sweden3 |
[1] Figures 2 and 3: M Siegbahn, ''La réflexion et la réfraction des rayons X'', Journal de Physique et le Radium, 1925. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/j pa-00205211/en/ {Siegbahn_Manne_ajp-jph ysrad_1925_6_7_228_0_19250606.pdf} http ://jphysrad.journaldephysique.org/index. php?option=com_article&access=standard&I temid=129&url=/articles/jphysrad/abs/192 5/07/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0/jphysrad_1 925__6_7_228_0.html source: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ docs/00/20/52/11/PDF/ajp-jphysrad_1925_6 _7_228_0.pdf [2] The image of Swedish physicist, and Nobel laureate Manne Siegbahn (1886-1978) Source This image has been downloaded http://www.nndb.com/people/559/000099262 / Date circa 1924. uploaded: 19:27, 25 December 2008 (UTC) COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/e/ec/Manne_Siegbahn.jpg |
75 YBN [07/13/1925 AD] 5 | 5059) A color image electronic scanning camera.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Vladimir Zworykin (filed 1925, patented 1928). "Television System". Patent No. 1,691,324,. United States Patent Office. http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=m Z9KAAAAEBAJ. Retrieved 2009-07-28. 2. ^ "Vladimir Kosma Zworykin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/658633/Vladimir-Kosma-Zworykin>. 3. ^ Vladimir Zworykin (filed 1925, patented 1928). "Television System". Patent No. 1,691,324,. United States Patent Office. http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=m Z9KAAAAEBAJ. Retrieved 2009-07-28. 4. ^ "Vladimir Kosma Zworykin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/658633/Vladimir-Kosma-Zworykin>. 5. ^ Vladimir Zworykin (filed 1925, patented 1928). "Television System". Patent No. 1,691,324,. United States Patent Office. http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=m Z9KAAAAEBAJ. Retrieved 2009-07-28. {07/13/1925} MORE INFO [1] "Vladimir K. Zworykin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vladimir-zw orykin [2] VK Zworykin, "Electric high-frequency signaling apparatus", US Patent 1,484,049, 1924 http://www.google.com/patents?hl=e n&lr=&vid=USPAT1484049&id=vBFCAAAAEBAJ&o i=fnd&dq=zworykin&printsec=abstract#v=on epage&q=zworykin&f=false | (Westinghouse Electric Corporation) |
[1] Figure from Zworykin 1925 patent PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =mZ9KAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [2] Screenshot of Vladimir K. Zworykin from the documentary film the Story of Television Date 1956 and later Source Screenshot from the Story of Television from the Prelinger Archives in the Internet Archive Author Produced by Ganz (William J.) Co. and Radio Corporation of America (RCA) Film is in the Public Domain PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/30/Zworykin_docgrab.jpg |
75 YBN [10/22/1925 AD] 10 | 5292) The transistor or solid-state electronic switch and amplifier.5 6 This is the first non-vacuum tube (solid state) electronic switch and amplifier, also known as a "field-effect transistor"7 and the first millimeter size electronic switch.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bllilienfeld.htm 2. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28, 1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id= uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false 3. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bllilienfeld.htm 4. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28, 1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id= uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false 5. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bllilienfeld.htm 6. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28, 1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id= uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false 7. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bllilienfeld.htm 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28, 1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id= uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false 10. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28, 1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id= uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false {10/22/1925} MORE INFO [1] "Julius Lilienfeld". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Lili enfeld [2] Julius Lilienfeld, "Amplifier for Electronic Circuits", Patent number: 1877140, Filing date: Dec 8, 1928, Issue date: Sep 13, 1932 http://www.google.com/patents?id=j vhAAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse [3] Julius Lilienfeld, "Device for Controlling Electric Current", Patent number: 1900018, Filing date: Mar 28, 1928, Issue date: Mar 7 1933. http://www.google.com/patents?id= 52BQAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false [4] Julius Lilienfeld, "Rectifying Apparatus for Alternating Current", Patent number: 1611653, Filing date: Mar 27, 1926, Issue date: Dec 21, 1926. http://www.google.com/patents?id= L7RrAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false [5] Julius Lilienfeld, "Electrical Condenser Device", Patent number: 1906691, Filing date: Mar 28, 1928, Issue date: May 1933. http://www.google.com/patents?id= SoZlAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false | Brooklyn, New York City, New York, USA9 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, ''METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS'', US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28, 1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id= uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [2] Source: scanned passport photo Rationale: Photographer died >70yrs ago. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/5/59/Julius_Edgar_Lilienfeld_%2 81881-1963%29.jpg |
74 YBN [01/26/1926 AD] 3 | 6264) A system of television is demonstrated publicly.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/res ources/tvhistory/baird.shtml {01/26/1926} 2. ^ http://www.helensburghheroes.com/heroes/ john_logie_baird 3. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/res ources/tvhistory/baird.shtml {01/26/1926} MORE INFO [1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p76 [2] "John Logie Baird." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/49348/John-Logie-Baird> | (Royal Institution) London, England2 |
[1] Description John Logie Baird working on his transmitting station in his laboratory. Source Hulton Getty. Copy from Eye of the World Date c 1926 Author Unknown COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/c/c6/John_Logie_Baird%2C_Appara tus.jpg [2] John Logie Baird UNKNOWN source: http://www.helensburghheroes.com /files/baird.jpg |
74 YBN [03/06/1926 AD] 6 | 5165) The concept of molecular orbitals.1 2 3 Atomic orbitals are thought to become molecular orbitals, extending over two or more atoms in the molecule.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Robert S. Mulliken, "The Assignment of Quantum Numbers for Electrons in Molecules. I", Phys. Rev. 32, 186–222 (1928) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v32/i 2/p186_1 {Mulliken_Robert_19280430.pdf} 2. ^ "Friedrich Hund." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/276471/Friedrich-Hund>. 3. ^ F. Hund, "Zur Deutung einiger Erscheinungen in den Molekelspektren" ("To explain some phenomena in the Molecular Spectra."), Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 9-10, 657-67. http://www.springerlink.com/con tent/pg425m73j6k1vp3r/ 4. ^ "Robert Sanderson Mulliken." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-sand erson-mulliken 5. ^ F. Hund, "Zur Deutung einiger Erscheinungen in den Molekelspektren" ("To explain some phenomena in the Molecular Spectra."), Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 9-10, 657-67. http://www.springerlink.com/con tent/pg425m73j6k1vp3r/ 6. ^ F. Hund, "Zur Deutung einiger Erscheinungen in den Molekelspektren" ("To explain some phenomena in the Molecular Spectra."), Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 9-10, 657-67. http://www.springerlink.com/con tent/pg425m73j6k1vp3r/ {03/06/1926} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p752-753 [2] Robert S. Mulliken, "THE SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES BY THERMAL AND PRESSURE DIFFUSION", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1922, 44 (5), pp 1033–1051. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja01426a015 [3] "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966". Nobelprize.org. 23 Jan 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1966/ [4] Simões, Ana. "Mulliken, Robert Sanderson." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 23. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 209-214. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w | (University of Göttingen) Göttingen, Germany5 |
[1] Description Hund,Friedrich 1920er Göttingen.jpg English: Friedrich Hund, Göttingen in the twenties Deutsch: Friedrich Hund, Göttingen in den 20er Jahren Date 1920er Jahre Source Own work Author GFHund GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b7/Hund%2CFriedrich_1920 er_G%C3%B6ttingen.jpg [2] Description Mulliken Hund 1929 Chicago.jpg English: Robert Mulliken and Friedrich Hund, 1929 at Chicago Deutsch: Robert Mulliken und Friedrich Hund, 1929 in Chicago Date 1929(1929) Source Own work Author GFHund GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9e/Mulliken_Hund_1929_Ch icago.jpg |
74 YBN [03/16/1926 AD] 3 4 5 | 4968) The first flight of a liquid fuel rocket engine.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>. 2. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>. 3. ^ Goddard, “Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95, no. 3 (1936) Reprinted in: Goddard, "Rockets" (New York, 1946). {Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf} {03/16/1926} 4. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>. {03/16/1926} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p688-689. {1926} MORE INFO [1] "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-godd ard [2] "Goddard, Robert Hutchings." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 433-434. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901665&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Robert Goddard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Godd ard [4] Goddard, “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes”, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919) Reprinted in: Goddard, "Rockets" (New York, 1946). {Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf} [5] U.S. Patent 1,102,653 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1102 653 [6] U.S. Patent 1,103,503 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents? vid=1103503 [7] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427 | (Aunt Effie's Farm) Auburn, Massachusetts, USA2 |
[1] Plate from: Goddard, “Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95, no. 3 (1936) Reprinted in: Goddard, ''Rockets'' (New York, 1946). {Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf} UNKNOWN source: Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf [2] English: Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-1945). Dr. Goddard has been recognized as the father of American rocketry and as one of the pioneers in the theoretical exploration of space. Robert Hutchings Goddard, born in Worcester, Massachusetts, on October 5, 1882, was theoretical scientist as well as a practical engineer. His dream was the conquest of the upper atmosphere and ultimately space through the use of rocket propulsion. Dr. Goddard, died in 1945, but was probably as responsible for the dawning of the Space Age as the Wrights were for the beginning of the Air Age. Yet his work attracted little serious attention during his lifetime. However, when the United States began to prepare for the conquest of space in the 1950's, American rocket scientists began to recognize the debt owed to the New England professor. They discovered that it was virtually impossible to construct a rocket or launch a satellite without acknowledging the work of Dr. Goddard. More than 200 patents, many of which were issued after his death, covered this great legacy. Date 0 Unknown date 0000(0000-00-00) Source Great Images in NASA Description http://dayton.hq.nasa.gov/I MAGES/LARGE/GPN-2002-000131.jpg PD source: Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf |
74 YBN [09/16/1926 AD] 7 8 | 5114) The space between ultra-violet and x-ray spectral lines is bridged (around 10 nm).1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dauvillier, A. "Spectrographic Junction between the X-ray Region and the Extreme Ultra-Violet." Nature 118 (1926): 551. {Dauvillier_Alexandre_19260916.pdf } 2. ^ Dauvillier, A. "La spectrographie des rayons X de grande longueur d'onde. S�ries N et O, et jonction avec l'ultraviolet extr�me." J. phys. radium 8.1 (1927): 1-12. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/d ocs/00/20/52/77/PDF/ajp-jphysrad_1927_8_ 1_1_0.pdf {Dauvillier_A_19261023.pdf} 3. ^ T. H. OSGOOD, "Soft X-ray Spectra", Nature 119, 817-817 (04 June 1927) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v119/n3005/abs/119817b0.html {Osgood_TH_19270411.pdf} 4. ^ T. H. Osgood, "X-Ray Spectra of Long Wave-Length", Phys. Rev. 30, 567–573 (1927). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v30/i5/p567_1 {Osgood_TH_19270801.pdf } 5. ^ Dauvillier, A. "Spectrographic Junction between the X-ray Region and the Extreme Ultra-Violet." Nature 118 (1926): 551. {Dauvillier_Alexandre_19260916.pdf } 6. ^ T. H. Osgood, "X-Ray Spectra of Long Wave-Length", Phys. Rev. 30, 567–573 (1927). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v30/i5/p567_1 {Osgood_TH_19270801.pdf } 7. ^ Dauvillier, A. "La spectrographie des rayons X de grande longueur d'onde. S�ries N et O, et jonction avec l'ultraviolet extr�me." J. phys. radium 8.1 (1927): 1-12. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/d ocs/00/20/52/77/PDF/ajp-jphysrad_1927_8_ 1_1_0.pdf {Dauvillier_A_19261023.pdf} 8. ^ T. H. Osgood, "X-Ray Spectra of Long Wave-Length", Phys. Rev. 30, 567–573 (1927). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v30/i5/p567_1 {Osgood_TH_19270801.pdf } {08/01/1927} MORE INFO [1] A. Compton, "The Corpuscular Properties of Light", Rev. Mod. Phys. V1, I1, p74–89 (1929) http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/ v1/i1/p74_1 [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1927/compton-lecture.pdf [3] A. H. Compton and R. L. Doan, "X-Ray Spectra from a Ruled Reflection Grating", PNAS 1925 V11 (I10) p598-601. http://www.pnas.org/content/1 1/10/598.full.pdf+html?sid=b32d2ed9-9fe5 -47ce-93b4-6e4248df2927 [4] A. Compton, "The Spectrum of Scattered X-Rays", Phys. Rev. V22, I5, p409–413 (1923) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v22/i5/p409_1 [5] A. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements", Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i 5/p483_1 [6] A. Compton, "The wave-length of hard gamma rays", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 41, Issue 245, 1921, Pages 770 – 777 [7] "Compton, Arthur Holly." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 366-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900965&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [8] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p735-736 [9] A. Compton, "The total reflexion of X-rays", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 45, Issue 270, 1923, Pages 1121 – 1131 | (Laboratoire de Recherches Physiques) Paris, France5 |(University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA6 |
[1] Dauvillier, A. ''La spectrographie des rayons X de grande longueur d'onde. Séries N et O, et jonction avec l'ultraviolet extrême.'' J. phys. radium 8.1 (1927): 1-12. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/d ocs/00/20/52/77/PDF/ajp-jphysrad_1927_8_ 1_1_0.pdf {Dauvillier_A_19261023.pdf} UNKNOWN source: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ docs/00/20/52/77/PDF/ajp-jphysrad_1927_8 _1_1_0.pdf [2] T. H. OSGOOD, ''Soft X-ray Spectra'', Nature 119, 817-817 (04 June 1927) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v119/n3005/abs/119817b0.html {Osgood_TH_19270411.pdf} COPYRIGHTED AND Thomas H. Osgood former Professor and Chair of the Michigan State University Physics Department. UNKNOWN source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v119/n3005/abs/119817b0.htmlhttp:// www.pa.msu.edu/alumni/awards/Osgood-1.jp g |
74 YBN [1926 AD] 4 5 | 4309) The concept of satellites and space stations.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p567-568. 2. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/blrocketTsiolkovsky.htm 3. ^ "Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 482-484. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Apr. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830904380&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/blrocketTsiolkovsky.htm 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p567-568. {1920} MORE INFO [1] "Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Apr. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9073 615> | Kaluga, Russia3 (presumably) |
[1] From Konstantin Tsiolkovsky’s 1933 paper “Album of Space Travel”, drawings of cosmonauts on a spacewalk. It looks like they’re attached with phone cords. UNKNOWN source: http://enigmaland.tumblr.com/ima ge/5771967930 [2] {ULSF: Note that this is from a later work of 1933} Konstantin Tsiolkovsky’s drawing of an astronaut in a space suit using an airlock. From his 1933 paper “Album of Space Travel” UNKNOWN source: http://fyeahcosmonauts.tumblr.co m/image/5181057859 |
74 YBN [1926 AD] 3 | 4871) Helium is solidified.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Willem Hendrik Keesom." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 05 Nov. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/314161/Willem-Hendrik-Keesom>. 2. ^ "Willem Hendrik Keesom." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 05 Nov. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/314161/Willem-Hendrik-Keesom>. 3. ^ "Willem Hendrik Keesom." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 05 Nov. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/314161/Willem-Hendrik-Keesom>. {1926} MORE INFO [1] "Willem Hendrik Keesom". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Hend rik_Keesom | (University of Leiden) Leiden, Netherlands2 |
[1] Willem Hendrik Keesom (1876-1956) UNKNOWN source: http://www.knaw.nl/waals/images/ Keesom_portret.jpg |
74 YBN [1926 AD] 4 | 5072) X-rays are found to greatly increase the rate of genetic mutation.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p726-727. 2. ^ HJ Muller, "The Production of Mutations by X-Rays", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1928 September; 14(9): 714–726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1085688/pdf/pnas01821-0038.pdf {Muller_Hermann_19270424.pdf} 3. ^ "Hermann Joseph Muller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/396855/Hermann-Joseph-Muller>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p726-727. {1926} MORE INFO [1] "Hermann Joseph Muller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-jos eph-muller [2] HJ Muller,"The measurement of gene mutation rate in Drosophila, its high variability, and its dependence upon temperature", Genetics, 1928 http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprin t/13/4/279.pdf [Muller_Hermann_19271025 .pdf} | (University of Texas) Austin, Texas, USA3 |
[1] Hermann Joseph Muller The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 was awarded to Hermann J. Muller ''for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation''. COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/muller .jpg |
73 YBN [03/03/1927 AD] 6 7 8 | 4957) Electron beams are "diffracted" using a single crystal of nickel.1 2 3 Electron beam particle intervals are found to be equivalent to x-rays (100 pm).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ C. DAVISSON & L. H. GERMER, "The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel", Nature 119, 558-560 (16 April 1927) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 119/n2998/abs/119558a0.html {Davisson_C linton_19270416.pdf} 2. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1937/davisson-lecture.pdf 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p685. 4. ^ C. DAVISSON & L. H. GERMER, "The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel", Nature 119, 558-560 (16 April 1927) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 119/n2998/abs/119558a0.html {Davisson_C linton_19270416.pdf} 5. ^ C. DAVISSON & L. H. GERMER, "The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel", Nature 119, 558-560 (16 April 1927) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 119/n2998/abs/119558a0.html {Davisson_C linton_19270416.pdf} 6. ^ C. DAVISSON & L. H. GERMER, "The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel", Nature 119, 558-560 (16 April 1927) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 119/n2998/abs/119558a0.html {Davisson_C linton_19270416.pdf} {03/03/1927} 7. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1937/davisson-lecture.pdf {1927} 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p685. {1925} MORE INFO [1] "Clinton Joseph Davisson." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/152874/Clinton-Joseph-Davisson> [2] "Davisson, Clinton Joseph." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 597-598. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830901093&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Clinton Joseph Davisson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Jos eph_Davisson [4] C. J. Davisson and C. J. Calbick, "Electron Lenses", Phys. Rev. 42, 580–580 (1932) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v42/i4/p580_1 [5] C. J. Davisson and L. H. Germer, "A Test for Polarization of Electron Waves by Reflection", Phys. Rev. 33, 760–772 (1929) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v33/i 5/p760_1 [6] C. J. Davisson and L. H. Germer, "Reflection of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1928 April; 14(4): 317–322 [7] Davisson, C. J., "The Scattering of Electrons by Crystals", The Scientific Monthly, Volume 28, Issue 1, pp. 41-51. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/19 29SciMo..28...41D [8] Francis X. Dercum, "On the Nature of Thought and Its Limitation", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 68, No. 4 (1929), pp. 275-302. http://www.jstor.org/stable/98 4341 [9] Davisson and Germer, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 14, 317 (1928). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc /articles/PMC1085484/ | (Bell Telephone Laboratories) New York City, New York, USA5 |
[1] Image of page 1 of article: C. DAVISSON & L. H. GERMER, ''The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel'', Nature 119, 558-560 (16 April 1927) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 119/n2998/abs/119558a0.html {Davisson_C linton_19270416.pdf} COPYRIGHTED AND Image of page 2 of article: C. DAVISSON & L. H. GERMER, ''The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel'', Nature 119, 558-560 (16 April 1927) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 119/n2998/abs/119558a0.html {Davisson_C linton_19270416.pdf} COPYRIGHTED AND Clinton Joseph Davisson (left; 1881-1958) and Lester Halbert Germer (right; 1896-1971) in 1927. UNKNOWN source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v119/n2998/pdf/119558a0.pdfhttp://w ww.scientific-web.com/en/Physics/Biograp hies/images/DavissonGermer1.jpg [2] Clinton Davisson.jpg English: Clinton Davisson Date 1937(1937) Source http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ physics/laureates/1937/davisson-bio.html Author Nobel foundation Permission (Reusing this file) Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse Public domain PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/00/Clinton_Davisson.jpg |
73 YBN [05/21/1927 AD] 2 | 5291) A human crosses the Atlantic Ocean by plane (in 33 1/2 hours).1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p786. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p786. {05/20/1972-05/21/1927} |
[1] Description LindberghStLouis.jpg Charles Lindbergh, with Spirit of St. Louis in background Date 31 May 1927(1927-05-31) Source US-LibraryOfCongress-BookLogo.svg This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3a23920. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. العربية source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/38/LindberghStLouis.jpg | |
73 YBN [12/12/1927 AD] 4 | 5113) The name "photon" is suggested for the light quantum.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p735-736. 2. ^ A. Compton, "X-rays as a branch of optics", 12/12/1927. http://nobelprize.org/nobel _prizes/physics/laureates/1927/compton-l ecture.pdf {Compton_Arthur_19271212.pdf} 3. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1927/compton-bio.html 4. ^ A. Compton, "X-rays as a branch of optics", 12/12/1927. http://nobelprize.org/nobel _prizes/physics/laureates/1927/compton-l ecture.pdf {Compton_Arthur_19271212.pdf} MORE INFO [1] A. Compton, "The Corpuscular Properties of Light", Rev. Mod. Phys. V1, I1, p74–89 (1929) http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/ v1/i1/p74_1 [2] A. Compton, "The Spectrum of Scattered X-Rays", Phys. Rev. V22, I5, p409–413 (1923) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v22/i5/p409_1 [3] A. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements", Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i 5/p483_1 [4] A. Compton, "The wave-length of hard gamma rays", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 41, Issue 245, 1921, Pages 770 – 777 [5] A. Compton, "The total reflexion of X-rays", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 45, Issue 270, 1923, Pages 1121 – 1131 [6] "Compton, Arthur Holly." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 366-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900965&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [7] A. H. Compton and R. L. Doan, "X-Ray Spectra from a Ruled Reflection Grating", PNAS 1925 V11 (I10) p598-601. http://www.pnas.org/content/1 1/10/598.full.pdf+html?sid=b32d2ed9-9fe5 -47ce-93b4-6e4248df2927 | (University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA3 |
[1] A. Compton, ''X-rays as a branch of optics'', 12/12/1927. http://nobelprize.org/nobel _prizes/physics/laureates/1927/compton-l ecture.pdf {Compton_Arthur_19271212.pdf} COPYRIG HTED AND [2] Arthur Holly Compton COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/physics/laureates/1927/compton-lectur e.pdfhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ physics/laureates/1927/compton.jpg [2] Figure 3 from: A. Compton, ''A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements'', Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i 5/p483_1 {Compton_Arthur_19221213.pdf} PD source: http://prola.aps.org/pdf/PR/v21/ i5/p483_1 |
73 YBN [1927 AD] 3 | 4947) Sleep is induced in cats using electrodes directly connected to the brain.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Akert K., "Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) and His Contribution to Neuroscience", Journal of the history of the neurosciences 0964-704X. ^ Akert (1999) volume: 8 issue: 3 page: 248. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/cont ent/tandf/jhin/1999/00000008/00000003/ar t00004 {Hess_Rudolf_contributions_1999. pdf} 2. ^ "Walter Rudolf Hess." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-rudo lf-hess 3. ^ Akert K., "Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) and His Contribution to Neuroscience", Journal of the history of the neurosciences 0964-704X. ^ Akert (1999) volume: 8 issue: 3 page: 248. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/cont ent/tandf/jhin/1999/00000008/00000003/ar t00004 {Hess_Rudolf_contributions_1999. pdf} {1927} MORE INFO [1] "Walter Rudolf Hess." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 27 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/264128/Walter-Rudolf-Hess> [2] Hardcastle, Valerie Gray. "Hess, Walter Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 21. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 302-306. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905745&v=2.1&u=&it=r&p=GVR L&sw=w [3] "Walter Rudolf Hess". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudo lf_Hess [4] Walter Rudolf Hess, The Biology of Mind (1964) | (University of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland2 |
[1] Walter Rudolf Hess (March 17, 1881 – August 12, 1973), Swiss physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for mapping the areas of the brain involved in the control of internal organs Source http://www.nndb.com/people/271/0001 28884/walter-hess.jpg Article Walter Rudolf Hess Portion used Entire Low resolution? Yes Purpose of use It is only being used to illustrate the article in question UNKNOWN source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/2/27/Walter_Rudolf_Hess.jpg |
72 YBN [02/16/1928 AD] 4 5 | 5052) The "Raman effect": that light with visible frequencies reflected (or scattered) off of some substances can change frequency.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ C. V. RAMAN., K. S. KRISHNAN, "A New Type of Secondary Radiation", Nature 121, 501-502 (1928). http://www.nature.com/physics/l ooking-back/raman/index.html {Raman_Cha ndrasekhara_19280216.pdf} 2. ^ C. V. RAMAN., K. S. KRISHNAN, "A New Type of Secondary Radiation", Nature 121, 501-502 (1928). http://www.nature.com/physics/l ooking-back/raman/index.html {Raman_Cha ndrasekhara_19280216.pdf} 3. ^ "Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 31 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/490449/Sir-Chandrasekhara-Venkata-Rama n>. 4. ^ C. V. RAMAN., K. S. KRISHNAN, "A New Type of Secondary Radiation", Nature 121, 501-502 (1928). http://www.nature.com/physics/l ooking-back/raman/index.html {Raman_Cha ndrasekhara_19280216.pdf} {02/16/1928} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p717-718. {1928} MORE INFO [1] C. V. RAMAN, "A Change of Wave-length in Light Scattering", Nature V121, p619 (21 April 1928) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v121/n3051/pdf/121619b0.pdf [2] CV Raman, NSN Nath, "The diffraction of waves by high frequency sound waves. I, II", Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci, 1935 http://www.optics.rochester.edu/wo rkgroups/opt256/raman.pdf | (University of Calcutta) Calcutta, India2 3 |
[1] C. V. RAMAN & K. S. KRISHNAN, ''The optical analogue of the Compton effect'', Nature 121, p711 (05 May 1928) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v121/n3053/abs/121711a0.html {Raman _Chandrasekhara_19280322.pdf} COPYRIGHT ED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v121/n3053/pdf/121711a0.pdf [2] Figure 1 from: [1] Description The image of Indian physicist C. V. Raman (1888-1970). Source This image has been downloaded from http://www.nndb.com/people/724/000099427 /. Date uploaded: 15:58, 7 August 2007 (UTC) Author prabhnoor COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/c/c1/CVRaman.jpg |
72 YBN [06/11/1928 AD] 3 | 5789) The first rocket powered plane.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Shayler, D.J., and I.A. Moule. Women in Space: Following Valentina. Springer London, Limited, 2005. Springer Praxis Books, p114. http://books.google.com/books?id= pKENlNUWPEwC&pg=PA114 2. ^ Shayler, D.J., and I.A. Moule. Women in Space: Following Valentina. Springer London, Limited, 2005. Springer Praxis Books, p114. http://books.google.com/books?id= pKENlNUWPEwC&pg=PA114 3. ^ Shayler, D.J., and I.A. Moule. Women in Space: Following Valentina. Springer London, Limited, 2005. Springer Praxis Books, p114. http://books.google.com/books?id= pKENlNUWPEwC&pg=PA114 MORE INFO [1] http://www.rexresearch.com/lippisch/lipp isch.htm [2] Video of Ente: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4_6P5ue2 g4 | Wasserkuppe (one of the Rhone mountains), Germany2 |
[1] Description RRG Raketen-Ente Deutsches Segelflugmuseum 02 2009-05-31.jpg Deutsch: RRG Raketen-Ente: Frontansicht Date Source Own work Author Martin.bergner Permission (Reusin g this file) See below. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/04/RRG_Raketen-Ente_Deut sches_Segelflugmuseum_02_2009-05-31.jpg [2] Alexander Lippisch in ''Life'' COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.rexresearch.com/lippi sch/50505022.jpg |
72 YBN [07/22/1928 AD] 3 | 5830) The first scientific pregnancy test.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek, "Die Schwangerschaftsdiagnose aus dem Harn Durch Nachweis des Hypophysenvorderlappenhormons", Journal of Molecular Medicine, Volume 7, Number 30, 1404-1411, DOI: 10.1007/BF01749963 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/k44141013t594541/ Engli sh: "The solubility of lead sulfide and lead chromate, the diagnosis of pregnancy from the urine detectable by the anterior pituitary" {Zondek_Bernhard_19280722.pd f} 2. ^ S. Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek, "Die Schwangerschaftsdiagnose aus dem Harn Durch Nachweis des Hypophysenvorderlappenhormons", Journal of Molecular Medicine, Volume 7, Number 30, 1404-1411, DOI: 10.1007/BF01749963 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/k44141013t594541/ Engli sh: "The solubility of lead sulfide and lead chromate, the diagnosis of pregnancy from the urine detectable by the anterior pituitary" {Zondek_Bernhard_19280722.pd f} 3. ^ S. Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek, "Die Schwangerschaftsdiagnose aus dem Harn Durch Nachweis des Hypophysenvorderlappenhormons", Journal of Molecular Medicine, Volume 7, Number 30, 1404-1411, DOI: 10.1007/BF01749963 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/k44141013t594541/ Engli sh: "The solubility of lead sulfide and lead chromate, the diagnosis of pregnancy from the urine detectable by the anterior pituitary" {Zondek_Bernhard_19280722.pd f} {07/22/1928} | (Aus der Universitats-Frauenklinik der Charite zu Berlin) Berlin, Germany2 |
[1] S. Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek, ''Die Schwangerschaftsdiagnose aus dem Harn Durch Nachweis des Hypophysenvorderlappenhormons'', Journal of Molecular Medicine, Volume 7, Number 30, 1404-1411, DOI: 10.1007/BF01749963 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/k44141013t594541/ Engli sh: ''The solubility of lead sulfide and lead chromate, the diagnosis of pregnancy from the urine detectable by the anterior pituitary'' {Zondek_Bernhard_19280722.p df} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/k44141013t594541/ |
72 YBN [1928 AD] 4 | 6265) The infrared (or heat) movie camera;1 2 which can see through fog and make visible images of heat.3 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/res ources/tvhistory/baird.shtml 2. ^ Sheldon and Grisewood, "Television To-Day and To-Morrow", 1930. {Television_To-Day_And_To-Morrow_ 1930.pdf} 3. ^ Sheldon and Grisewood, "Television To-Day and To-Morrow", 1930. {Television_To-Day_And_To-Morrow_ 1930.pdf} 4. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/res ources/tvhistory/baird.shtml {by 1928} MORE INFO [1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p76 [2] "John Logie Baird." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/49348/John-Logie-Baird> [3] http://www.helensburghheroes.com/heroes/ john_logie_baird [4] "television." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1262241/television-technology> [5] Moseley and Chapple, "Television Present Methods of Picture Transmission", 1929 | London, England (verify) |
[1] Sheldon and Grisewood, ''Television To-Day and To-Morrow'', 1930. {Television_To-Day_And_To-Morrow_ 1930.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: Sheldon and Grisewood, "Television To-Day and To-Morrow", 1930. [2] Description John Logie Baird working on his transmitting station in his laboratory. Source Hulton Getty. Copy from Eye of the World Date c 1926 Author Unknown COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/c/c6/John_Logie_Baird%2C_Appara tus.jpg |
72 YBN [1928 AD] 3 | 6266) The first regular television broadcasts.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "television." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1262241/television-technology>. 2. ^ http://www.ge.com/innovation/timeline/in dex.html 3. ^ http://www.ge.com/innovation/timeline/in dex.html {1928} | (General Electric, WGY) Schenectady, New York, USA2 |
[1] Television 1927 UNKNOWN source: http://www.ge.com/innovation/tim eline/index.html |
71 YBN [01/17/1929 AD] 3 4 | 5061) The radial velocities of other galaxies are found to be linearly related to distance; the more distant the galaxy, the higher the radial velocity.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ E Hubble, "A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1929 March 15; 15(3): 168-173. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC522427/ {Hubble_Edwin_19290117.pd f} 2. ^ E Hubble, "A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1929 March 15; 15(3): 168–173. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC522427/ {Hubble_Edwin_19290117.pd f} 3. ^ E Hubble, "A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1929 March 15; 15(3): 168–173. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC522427/ {Hubble_Edwin_19290117.pd f} {01/17/1929} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p720-722. {1929} MORE INFO [1] Hubble, E. P., "Cepheids in spiral nebulae", The Observatory, Vol. 48, p. 139-142 (1925). http://articles.adsabs.harvard. edu/full/1925Obs....48..139H from: Hub ble, Publications of the American Astronomical Society V5, 1925, p261 [2] Berendzen, R. & Hoskin, M., "Hubble's Announcement of Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae", Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 10, No. 504, p. 425-440 (1967). http://articles.adsabs.harvard. edu//full/1971ASPL...10..4245B/0000437.0 00.html [3] Edwin Powell Hubble, "The realm of the nebulae", 1936. http://books.google.com/books?id= kgiXdDGLpFUC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=hubbl e+1925+american+astronomical&source=bl&o ts=jvr9ucBYoh&sig=0zvGhy7ZruZatNAYgEZ4fS jD9DE&hl=en&ei=6y4fTdPNOJG0sAPI7YiwCg&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved =0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Edwin Hubble, "The Realm of the Nebulae", 1936 | (Mount Wilson) Mount Wilson, California, USA2 |
[1] [t Notice how the ''hump'' or ''bell'' of the spectrum, the region of most intensity, of the galacitc spectra, appears to stay centered for each galaxy- it doesn't shift in either direction - in my mind, the phenomenon appears to be more of a scaling or magnifying back of emission lines not a shifting right or left.] From Edwin Hubble, ''The Realm of the Nebulae'', 1936. COPYRIGHTED source: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/full/1931ApJ....74...43H [2] Figure 1 from: E Hubble, ''A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae'', Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1929 March 15; 15(3): 168–173. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC522427/ {Hubble_Edwin_19290117.pd f} COPYRIGHTED source: Edwin Hubble, "The Realm of the Nebulae", 1936. |
71 YBN [04/22/1929 AD] 7 8 9 | 4781) The electroencephalograph (or EEG).1 2 3 Oscillations of the electric potential on the surface of the head are recognized and displayed graphically.4 Changes in potential due to muscle movements are also detected.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "electroencephalography." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 31 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9032 300>. 2. ^ Berger, "Über das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen.", Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87: 527-570. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/u1r1122ww6x285w6/ {Berger_Hans_19 29_cr.pdf} 3. ^ Hans Berger, tr: Pierre Gloor, "Hans Berger on the Electroencephalogram of Man", 1969. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p644. 5. ^ Hans Berger, tr: Pierre Gloor, "Hans Berger on the Electroencephalogram of Man", 1969. 6. ^ Berger, "Über das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen.", Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87: 527-570. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/u1r1122ww6x285w6/ {Berger_Hans_19 29_cr.pdf} 7. ^ Berger, "Über das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen.", Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87: 527-570. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/u1r1122ww6x285w6/ {Berger_Hans_19 29_cr.pdf} {04/19/1929} 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p644. {1929} 9. ^ "electroencephalography." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 31 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9032 300>. {1929} MORE INFO [1] "Hans Berger". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Berger | (University of Jena) Jena, Germany6 |
[1] Figure 4 from: Berger, ''Über das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen.'', Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87: 527-570. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/u1r1122ww6x285w6/fulltext.pdf [2] Hans Berger UNKNOWN source: http://www.psychiatrie.uniklinik um-jena.de/img/Psychiatrie_/Startseite/G eschichte/Personen/640/UKJ_Psy_Hist_Pers _Berger-Hans_07.jpg |
71 YBN [08/23/1929 AD] 3 4 | 6500) Direct neuron writing to the eye screen; a point on the occipital region of the human brain is electrically stimulated and the human sees a small spot of light.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ FOERSTER, 0tfrid. (1929). Beiträge zur Pathophysiologie der Sehbahn und der Sehsphare. J. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, Leipzig. 39, 463-485. http://books.google.com/books?id=PSXlA AAAMAAJ {Foerster_19290823.pdf} 2. ^ G. Brindley, W. Lewin (1968). "The sensation produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex". Journal of Physiology 196: 479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/ 196/2/479.full.pdf 3. ^ FOERSTER, 0. (1929). Beiträge zur Pathophysiologie der Sehbahn und der Sehsphare. J. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, Leipzig. 39, 463-485. http://books.google.com/books?id=PSXlA AAAMAAJ {Foerster_19290823.pdf} 4. ^ G. Brindley, W. Lewin (1968). "The sensation produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex". Journal of Physiology 196: 479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/ 196/2/479.full.pdf |
[1] (translated from German) Location and extent of sclerotic scar in case 2 on the Konvexitiit. •. • 19 points of the field, from the en eye movement to the right and Flammenskotome were achieved. · - · - · - · - · Exzisionslinie. [1] FOERSTER, 0tfrid. (1929). Beiträge zur Pathophysiologie der Sehbahn und der Sehsphare. J. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, Leipzig. 39, 463-485. http://books.google.com/books?id=PSXlA AAAMAAJ {Foerster_19290823.pdf} COPYRI GHTED AND (translated from German) Shrapnel injury of the left occipital lobe FOERSTER, 0tfrid. (1929). Beiträge zur Pathophysiologie der Sehbahn und der Sehsphare. J. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, Leipzig. 39, 463-485. http://books.google.com/books?id=PSXlA AAAMAAJ {Foerster_19290823.pdf} COPYRI GHTED AND Otfrid Foerster UNKNOWN source: http://books.google.com/books?id =PSXlAAAAMAAJ http://books.google.com/b ooks?id=PSXlAAAAMAAJ http://ars.els-cdn .com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0361923098001 245-gr2.jpg [2] (translated from German) Location and extent of sclerotic scar in case 2 on the Konvexitiit. •. • 19 points of the field, from the en eye movement to the right and Flammenskotome were achieved. · - · - · - · - · Exzisionslinie. [1] FOERSTER, 0tfrid. (1929). Beiträge zur Pathophysiologie der Sehbahn und der Sehsphare. J. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, Leipzig. 39, 463-485. http://books.google.com/books?id=PSXlA AAAMAAJ {Foerster_19290823.pdf} COPYRI GHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =PSXlAAAAMAAJ | |
70 YBN [02/??/1930 AD] 3 | 5009) "Extragalactic nebulae" are renamed "galaxies".1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ H. Shapley, "The Super-Galaxy Hypothesis.", H Shapley - Harvard College Observatory Circular, 1930. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 30HarCi.350....1S {Shapley_Harlow_19300 2xx.pdf} 3. ^ H. Shapley, "The Super-Galaxy Hypothesis.", H Shapley - Harvard College Observatory Circular, 1930. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 30HarCi.350....1S {Shapley_Harlow_19300 2xx.pdf} {02/1930} MORE INFO [1] Shapley, "Remarks on the Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe", Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919), 311–336. http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OA AAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on +the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Univers e&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5So sAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result &resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Re marks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false [2] "parsec." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/parsec [3] Shapley, H., "On the Nature and Cause of Cepheid Variation", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 40, 1914, p.448. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 914ApJ....40..448S | (Harvard College Observatory) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA2 |
[1] * Harlow Shapley's observations placed the Sun about 25,000 light years from the center of our home Galaxy. * Photo credit: National Academies UNKNOWN source: http://www.cosmotography.com/ima ges/dark_matter_gallery/HarlowShapley.jp g |
70 YBN [08/19/1930 AD] 3 | 5177) Artificial radiation is induced by accelerating protons and molecules into lead and beryllium using a voltage of 280 kV.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811 (Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 496 {Cockcroft_John_19300819.pdf} 2. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811 (Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 496 {Cockcroft_John_19300819.pdf} 3. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811 (Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 496 {Cockcroft_John_19300819.pdf} {08/19/1930} MORE INFO [1] "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcr oft [2] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walt on [3] H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66, (1920) [4] J. D. COCKCROFT and E. T. S. WALTON, “Experiments with High Velocity Ions,” Proc. Roy. SOC. London, Series A 136, 619, (1932) [5] "Cockcroft, John Douglas." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 328-331. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2 |
[1] Sir John Douglas Cockcroft COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/cockcro ft_postcard.jpg [2] Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/walton_ postcard.jpg |
70 YBN [10/10/1930 AD] 14 | 5268) The circular particle accelerator (the cyclotron) in which an electromagnetic field accelerates and deflects the path of ions into circles.7 8 9 10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ E. O. Lawrence and N. E. Edlefsen, "On the Production of High Speed protons", Science, 72, No. 1867, 376 (1930). {Lawrence_Ernest_19301010.pdf} 2. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE ACCELERATION OF IONS, Patent 1948384, Filed: 01/26/1932. http://www.google.com/paten ts?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT1948384&id=egdOAAA AEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=EO+Lawrence&printsec=abs tract#v=onepage&q&f=false {Lawrence_Ernest_19320126.pdf} 3. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and David H. Sloan, "The Production of High Speed Canal Rays without the Use of High Voltages", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Jan. 15, 1931), pp. 64-70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/8607 4 {Lawrence_Ernest_19301215.pdf} 4. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and David H. Sloan, "The Production of Heavy High Speed ions Without the Use of High Voltages", Phys. Rev. 38, 2021–2032 (1931). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v38/i11/p2021_1 {Lawrence_Ernest_1931 1019.pdf} 5. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and M. Stanley Livingston, "The Production of High Speed Protons Without the Use of High Voltages"Phys. Rev. 38, 834–834 (1931). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v38/i4/p834_1 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p780-781. 7. ^ E. O. Lawrence and N. E. Edlefsen, "On the Production of High Speed protons", Science, 72, No. 1867, 376 (1930). {Lawrence_Ernest_19301010.pdf} 8. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE ACCELERATION OF IONS, Patent 1948384, Filed: 01/26/1932. http://www.google.com/paten ts?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT1948384&id=egdOAAA AEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=EO+Lawrence&printsec=abs tract#v=onepage&q&f=false {Lawrence_Ernest_19320126.pdf} 9. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and David H. Sloan, "The Production of High Speed Canal Rays without the Use of High Voltages", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Jan. 15, 1931), pp. 64-70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/8607 4 {Lawrence_Ernest_19301215.pdf} 10. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and David H. Sloan, "The Production of Heavy High Speed ions Without the Use of High Voltages", Phys. Rev. 38, 2021–2032 (1931). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v38/i11/p2021_1 {Lawrence_Ernest_1931 1019.pdf} 11. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and M. Stanley Livingston, "The Production of High Speed Protons Without the Use of High Voltages"Phys. Rev. 38, 834–834 (1931). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v38/i4/p834_1 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p780-781. 13. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and David H. Sloan, "The Production of High Speed Canal Rays without the Use of High Voltages", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Jan. 15, 1931), pp. 64-70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/8607 4 {Lawrence_Ernest_19301215.pdf} 14. ^ E. O. Lawrence and N. E. Edlefsen, "On the Production of High Speed protons", Science, 72, No. 1867, 376 (1930). {Lawrence_Ernest_19301010.pdf} {10/10/1930} MORE INFO [1] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939". Nobelprize.org. 6 Feb 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1939/ [2] Ernest O. Lawrence, "The Ionization of Atoms by Electron Impact", Phys. Rev. 28, 947–961 (1926). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v28/i5/p947_1 [3] Ernest O. Lawrence and J. W. Beams, "On the Nature of Light", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1927 April; 13(4): 207–212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC1084928/ [4] Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, "The Photoelectric Effect in Potassium Vapour as a Function of the Frequency of Light.", Thesis (PH.D.)--YALE UNIVERSITY, 1925.Source: American Doctoral Dissertations, Source code: L1925., page: 0094 [5] John H. Lawrence, Paul C. Aebersold, and Ernest O. Lawrence, "Comparative Effects of X-Rays and Neutrons on Normal and Tumor Tissue", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1936 September; 22(9): 543–557. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1076813/ [6] John H. Lawrence and Ernest O. Lawrence, "The Biological Action of Neutron Rays", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Feb. 15, 1936), pp. 124-133. http://www.jstor.org/stable/86 398 | (University of California) Berkeley, California, USA13 |
[1] Figures 1-4 from: Ernest O. Lawrence, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE ACCELERATION OF IONS, Patent 1948384, Filed: 01/26/1932. http://www.google.com/paten ts?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT1948384&id=egdOAAA AEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=EO+Lawrence&printsec=abs tract#v=onepage&q&f=false {Lawrence_Ernest_19320126.pdf} UNKNOW N source: http://www.google.com/patents?hl =en&lr=&vid=USPAT1948384&id=egdOAAAAEBAJ &oi=fnd&dq=EO+Lawrence&printsec=abstract #v=onepage&q&f=false [2] Ernest Orlando Lawrence UNKNOWN source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Uhse4P aiRAY/TF7dj-zaM1I/AAAAAAAAAGw/6lxKVLTfhs M/s320/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence.jpg |
70 YBN [10/23/1930 AD] 6 7 8 | 5077) Very penetrating radiation is found to be emitted from beryllium bombarded with alpha particles, which will be shown later to be neutrons.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p727-728. 2. ^ W Bothe, "The Nature of the Penetrating Radiation", nature 123, 638-638 (27 April 1929. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v123/n3104/abs/123638a0.html 3. ^ W Bothe, W. KOLHÖRSTER, "Eine Kern-γ-Strahlung bei leichten Elementen", Naturwissenschaften, 1930 http://www.springerlink.com/index/ u7g05k4310132743.pdf "A nuclear γ-radiation in light elements" 4. ^ W. Bothe,H. Becker, “Kunstliche Erregung von Kern-γ-Strahlen”, Zertschrift für Physik, 66 (1930), 289–306 "Artificial excitation of nuclear γ-rays" http://www.springerlink.com/in dex/r3g8x8558826u77j.pdf {Bothe_Walther _19301023.pdf} 5. ^ "Bothe, Walther Wilhelm Georg." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 337-339. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900555&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 6. ^ W. Bothe,H. Becker, “Kunstliche Erregung von Kern-γ-Strahlen”, Zertschrift für Physik, 66 (1930), 289–306 "Artificial excitation of nuclear γ-rays" http://www.springerlink.com/in dex/r3g8x8558826u77j.pdf {Bothe_Walther _19301023.pdf} {10/23/1930} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p727-728. {1930} 8. ^ "Walther Bothe." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/walther-bot he {1930} MORE INFO [1] W Bothe, "Die Streuabsorption der Elektronenstrahlen", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, 1929 - Springer http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/w6547570xm23t365/ "The absorption of the scattered electron" | (University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany5 |
[1] W. Bothe,H. Becker, “Kunstliche Erregung von Kern-γ-Strahlen”, Zertschrift für Physik, 66 (1930), 289–306 ''Artificial excitation of nuclear γ-rays'' http://www.springerlink.com/i ndex/r3g8x8558826u77j.pdf {Bothe_Walthe r_19301023.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/r3g8x8558826u77j/fulltext.pdf [2] Figures 4 and 5 from: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 was divided equally between Max Born ''for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction'' and Walther Bothe ''for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith''. COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/physics/laureates/1954/bothe.jpg |
70 YBN [1930 AD] 4 | 6578) Women gain the right to vote in most major nations.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "woman suffrage". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/646779/woman-suffrage>. 2. ^ "woman suffrage". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/646779/woman-suffrage>. 3. ^ "woman suffrage". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/646779/woman-suffrage>. 4. ^ "woman suffrage". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/646779/woman-suffrage>. |
[1] Description English: Rose Sanderson Women's suffragists demonstrate in February 1913. The triangular pennants read ''VOTES FOR WOMEN''. The negative is labeled ''ROSE SANDERSON'', the woman holding the trumpet. An adjacent photograph in the series (LC-DIG-ggbain-12482) contains a flyer labeled ''COME AND WATCH SUFFRAGE SPREAD'' that identifies the event as one sponsored by the National Suffrage Association. MEDIUM: 1 negative : glass ; 5 × 7 in. or smaller. Русский: Роуз Сандерсон Демонстрация суфражисток в феврале 1913 г. На треугольном вымпеле читается надпись «ГОЛОСОВАНИЕ - ЖЕНЩИНАМ». Негатив снимка помечен словами «Роуз Сандерсон», это имя женщины, держащей трубу. Date 10 February 1913 Source Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ggbain-12483 (digital file from original negative), archival TIFF version (23 MiB), color level (pick white point), cropped, and converted to JPEG with the GIMP 2.6.1, image quality 88. Author Bain News Service. Photographer unknown. Permission No known restrictions on publication. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rose-Sanderson- Votes-for-Women.jpeg/1280px-Rose-Sanders on-Votes-for-Women.jpeg [2] {ULSF: Women protesting} PD source: http://politic365.com/wp-content /blogs.dir/1/files/2010/08/bellinghamsuf fragists-1024x738.jpg | |
69 YBN [05/29/1931 AD] 3 | 5299) The theory that an anti-electron, and anti-proton may exist with the same mass, but opposite charge as an electron and proton, and the theory that a light particle is a sphere that can collide with other light particles.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ P. A. M. Dirac, "Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 133, No. 821 (Sep. 1, 1931), pp. 60-72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/9563 9 {Dirac_Paul_19310529.pdf} 2. ^ P. A. M. Dirac, "Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 133, No. 821 (Sep. 1, 1931), pp. 60-72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/9563 9 {Dirac_Paul_19310529.pdf} 3. ^ P. A. M. Dirac, "Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 133, No. 821 (Sep. 1, 1931), pp. 60-72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/9563 9 {Dirac_Paul_19310529.pdf} {05/29/1931} MORE INFO [1] Paul Dirac, "Quantum Theory of the Electron" (1928) [2] Paul Dirac, "The Principles of Quantum Mechanics" (1930; 3rd ed. 1947) [3] P. A. M. Dirac, "The Fundamental Equations of Quantum Mechanics", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A December 1, 1925 109:642-653. http://rspa.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/109/752/642.citatio n and http://www.jstor.org/stable/9444 1?&Search=yes&searchText=Equations&searc hText=Mechanics&searchText=Quantum&searc hText=Fundamental&searchText=dirac&list= hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch %3Facc%3Don%26Query%3DThe%2BFundamental% 2BEquations%2Bof%2BQuantum%2BMechanics%2 Bdirac%26gw%3Djtx%26acc%3Don%26prq%3DThe %2BFundamental%2BEquations%2Bof%2BQuantu m%2BMechanics%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D2 5%26wc%3Don%26acc%3Don&prevSearch=&item= 25&ttl=1019&returnArticleService=showFul lText [4] P. A. M. Dirac, "On the Annihilation of Electrons and Protons", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1930), 26: 361-375. http://journals.cambridge.org/ action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&a id=2040316 [5] P. A. M. Dirac, "The basis of statistical quantum mechanics", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1929), 25: 62-66. http://journals.cambridge.org/ac tion/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid =2024364 [6] Dirac, P. A. M., "The Proton.", Nature, Volume 126, Issue 3181, pp. 605-606 (1930). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 930Natur.126..605D | (St. John's College, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England2 |
[1] P. A. M. Dirac, ''Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field'', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 133, No. 821 (Sep. 1, 1931), pp. 60-72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/9563 9 {Dirac_Paul_19310529.pdf} COPYRIGHTED AND © Peter Lofts Photography/ National Portrait Gallery, London Paul Dirac,1902-1984 Founder (with others) of the disciplines of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. Bristol-born theoretical physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics (with Erwin Shrodinger) for 'the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory' in 1933. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/9563 9 http://mshed.org/media/10756785/38148 _fullimage-n_p363(8)_201302041118.jpg [2] P. A. M. Dirac, ''Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field'', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 133, No. 821 (Sep. 1, 1931), pp. 60-72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/9563 9 {Dirac_Paul_19310529.pdf} COPYRIGHTED AND © Peter Lofts Photography/ National Portrait Gallery, London Paul Dirac,1902-1984 Founder (with others) of the disciplines of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. Bristol-born theoretical physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics (with Erwin Shrodinger) for 'the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory' in 1933. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/9563 9 http://mshed.org/media/10756785/38148 _fullimage-n_p363(8)_201302041118.jpg |
69 YBN [09/10/1931 AD] 18 | 5446) The electron microscope, which uses magnetic fields to focus electron beams similar to how a lens focuses light beams.9 10 11 12 13 14 This microscope is a "transmission electron microscope" (or TEM) which transmits electrons through the specimen.15 16 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am 10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf} 2. ^ M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI: 10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/ {Rusk a_Ernst_19320616.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p820-821. 4. ^ "Ernst Ruska." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernst-ruska 5. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am 10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf} 6. ^ M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI: 10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/ {Rusk a_Ernst_19320616.pdf} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p820-821. 8. ^ "Ernst Ruska." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernst-ruska 9. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am 10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf} 10. ^ M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI: 10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/ {Rusk a_Ernst_19320616.pdf} 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p820-821. 12. ^ "Ernst Ruska." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernst-ruska 13. ^ http://ernst.ruska.de/daten_e/mainframe_ e.html 14. ^ Max Knoll, et al, "Electron Microscope", Patent number: 2131536 Filing date: Jun 23, 1934, Issue date: Sep 27, 1938 http://www.google.com/patents?hl=e n&lr=&vid=USPAT2131536&id=g4VhAAAAEBAJ&o i=fnd&dq=knoll+m&printsec=abstract#v=one page&q=knoll%20m&f=false 15. ^ Knoll, Max (1935). "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 16: 467–475. 16. ^ Jeremy, B., M. Michael, and T. Rosemary. Under the Microscope: a Hidden World Revealed. Cambridge University Press, 1987. http://books.google.com/books?id= 30A5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA189 17. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am 10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf} 18. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am 10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf} {09/10/1931} MORE INFO [1] E. Ruska u. M. Knoll, Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389, 448, 1931 [2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". Nobelprize.org. 5 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1986/ [3] Ernst Ruska, "Über eine Berechnungsmethode des Kathodenstrahloszillographen auf Grund der experimentell gefundenen Abhängigkeit des Schreibfleckdurchmessers von der Stellung der Konzentrierspule.", Studienarbeit Technische Hochschule Berlin, Lehrstuhl für Hochspannungstechnik, eingereicht am 10.5.1929. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q001/q001.html [4] E. Ruska und M. Knoll, "Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle Elektronenstrahlen.", Z. techn. Physik 12 (1931) 389-400 und 448, eingegangen am 28.4.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q003/q003.html | (Technischen Hochschule/Technical University) Berlin, Germany17 |
[1] Figure 2 from: M. Knoll und E. Ruska, ''Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.'', Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am 10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf} UNKNOWN source: http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de /bibliographie/q004/q004.html [2] Ernst Ruska, 1939 UNKNOWN source: http://www.siemens.com/history/p ool/perseunlichkeiten/wissenschaftler/ru ska_1939.jpg |
69 YBN [10/03/1931 AD] 6 7 | 5161) The first synthetic rubber: neoprene.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Wallace Carothers." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/wallace-car others 2. ^ Wallace H. Carothers, Ira. Williams, Arnold M. Collins, James E. Kirby, "ACETYLENE POLYMERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. II. A NEW SYNTHETIC RUBBER: CHLOROPRENE AND ITS POLYMERS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53 (11), pp 4203–4225. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja01362a042 {Carothers_Wallac e_19311003.pdf} 3. ^ "Wallace Carothers." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/wallace-car others 4. ^ Wallace H. Carothers, Ira. Williams, Arnold M. Collins, James E. Kirby, "ACETYLENE POLYMERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. II. A NEW SYNTHETIC RUBBER: CHLOROPRENE AND ITS POLYMERS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53 (11), pp 4203–4225. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja01362a042 {Carothers_Wallac e_19311003.pdf} 5. ^ "Wallace Hume Carothers." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/96637/Wallace-Hume-Carothers>. 6. ^ Wallace H. Carothers, Ira. Williams, Arnold M. Collins, James E. Kirby, "ACETYLENE POLYMERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. II. A NEW SYNTHETIC RUBBER: CHLOROPRENE AND ITS POLYMERS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53 (11), pp 4203–4225. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja01362a042 {Carothers_Wallac e_19311003.pdf} {10/03/1931} 7. ^ "Wallace Carothers." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/wallace-car others {1931} | ( E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company) Wilmington, Delaware, USA5 |
[1] Wallace Carothers. Carothers demonstrating a piece of his new synthetic rubber in laboratory. AP IMAGES. Wallace Carothers COPYRIGHTED source: http://listverse.files.wordpress .com/2007/10/carothers.jpg |
69 YBN [1931 AD] 3 | 5054) Vitamin A is synthesized.1 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p718. 2. ^ "Paul Karrer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 31 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/312666/Paul-Karrer>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p718. {1931} | (Chemical Institute) Zürich, Switzerland2 |
[1] Description Paul Karrer (21 April 1889 – 18 June 1971), Swiss organic chemist. Photograph taken August 7, 1933. Source Bettmann/CORBIS Article Paul Karrer Portion used Entire Low resolution? Yes COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/4/43/Paul_Karrer.jpg |
68 YBN [02/17/1932 AD] 6 7 | 5086) The neutron is identified and distinguished from a hydrogen atom as having slightly less mass.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. Chadwick, "The Existence of a Neutron", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 136, No. 830 (Jun. 1, 1932), pp. 692-708. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 816 {Chadwick_James_19320510.pdf} 2. ^ J. Chadwick, "Possible Existence of a Neutron", Nature, vol 129, 1932, p312. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 129/n3252/pdf/129312a0.pdf {Chadwick_Ja mes_19320217.pdf} 3. ^ J. Chadwick, "The Existence of a Neutron", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 136, No. 830 (Jun. 1, 1932), pp. 692-708. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 816 {Chadwick_James_19320510.pdf} 4. ^ J. Chadwick, "Possible Existence of a Neutron", Nature, vol 129, 1932, p312. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 129/n3252/pdf/129312a0.pdf {Chadwick_Ja mes_19320217.pdf} 5. ^ "Chadwick, James." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 143-148. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 6. ^ J. Chadwick, "Possible Existence of a Neutron", Nature, vol 129, 1932, p312. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 129/n3252/pdf/129312a0.pdf {Chadwick_Ja mes_19320217.pdf} {possible neutron:) 02/17/1932} 7. ^ J. Chadwick, "The Existence of a Neutron", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 136, No. 830 (Jun. 1, 1932), pp. 692-708. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 816 {Chadwick_James_19320510.pdf} {full report: 05/10/1932} MORE INFO [1] J. Chadwick and M. Goldhaber, "The Nuclear Photoelectric Effect", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 151, No. 873 (Sep. 2, 1935), pp. 479-493. http://www.jstor.org/stable/96 561 [2] J Chadwick, M. Goldhaber, "Disintegration by slow neutrons", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, (1935), 31: 612-616. http://journals.cambridge.org/ abstract_S0305004100013621 [3] J Chadwick, "The Scattering of α-Particles in Helium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 128, No. 807 (Jul. 1, 1930), pp. 114-122. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 449 [4] J. Chadwick, P. M. S. Blackett and G. P. S. Occhialini, "Some Experiments on the Production of positive Electrons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 144, No. 851 (Mar. 1, 1934), pp. 235-249 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935587 [5] J Chadwick, "The charge on the atomic nucleus and the law of force", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, V40 (1920), 734-746 [6] Chadwick, J., Russell, A. S., "The Excitation of γ -Rays by the α -Rays of Ionium and Radiothorium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Volume 88, Issue 602, pp. 217-229. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93 322 [7] "radiothorium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiothoriu m [8] J Chadwick, "An attempt to detect a neutral particle of small mass", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1934), 30: 59-61. http://journals.cambridge.org/ac tion/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid =1735460 | (Cavendish Lab University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England5 |
[1] Figure 1 from: J. Chadwick, ''The Existence of a Neutron'', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 136, No. 830 (Jun. 1, 1932), pp. 692-708. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 816 {Chadwick_James_19320510.pdf} {full report: 05/10/1932} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfp lus/95816.pdf?acceptTC=true [2] Description Chadwick.jpg en:James Chadwick Date ~1935 (original photograph), 2007-08-11 (original upload date) Source Transfered from en.wikipedia. Original source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html COP YRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c2/Chadwick.jpg |
68 YBN [03/01/1932 AD] 3 | 5342) The electric potential created in a single neuron in the eye of a horse-shoe crab when light contacts the retina is measured; around 0.5 millivolts.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H. KEFFER HARTLINE AND C. H. GRAHAM, "NERVE IMPULSES FROM SINGLE RECEPTORS IN THE EYE", JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY, V1, Num 2, 1932, p227. Reprinted in: American Journal of Physiology, January 1938 vol. 121 no. 2 400-415. http://ajplegacy.physiology.or g/content/121/2/400.full.pdf+html {Hart line_Haldan_19320301.pdf} 2. ^ H. KEFFER HARTLINE AND C. H. GRAHAM, "NERVE IMPULSES FROM SINGLE RECEPTORS IN THE EYE", JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY, V1, Num 2, 1932, p227. Reprinted in: American Journal of Physiology, January 1938 vol. 121 no. 2 400-415. http://ajplegacy.physiology.or g/content/121/2/400.full.pdf+html {Hart line_Haldan_19320301.pdf} 3. ^ H. KEFFER HARTLINE AND C. H. GRAHAM, "NERVE IMPULSES FROM SINGLE RECEPTORS IN THE EYE", JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY, V1, Num 2, 1932, p227. Reprinted in: American Journal of Physiology, January 1938 vol. 121 no. 2 400-415. http://ajplegacy.physiology.or g/content/121/2/400.full.pdf+html {Hart line_Haldan_19320301.pdf} {03/01/1932} | (University of Pennsylvania) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA2 |
[1] Figure 1 from: H. KEFFER HARTLINE AND C. H. GRAHAM, ''NERVE IMPULSES FROM SINGLE RECEPTORS IN THE EYE'', JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY, V1, Num 2, 1932. Reprinted in: American Journal of Physiology, January 1938 vol. 121 no. 2 400-415. http://ajplegacy.physiology.or g/content/121/2/400.full.pdf+html {Hart line_Haldan_19320301.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/ content/121/2/400.full.pdf+html [2] Haldan Keffer Hartline Nobel photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1967/hartline.jpg |
68 YBN [04/16/1932 AD] 12 | 5182) Atomic fission and the first nuclear transformation by protons: Lithium atoms are split by protons under 125 kilovolts into two Helium atoms.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcr oft 2. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} 3. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcr oft 4. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} 5. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcr oft 6. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} 7. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcr oft 8. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} 9. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcr oft 10. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} 11. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} 12. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} {04/16/1932} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walt on [2] H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66, (1920) [3] H Greinacher, "Erzeugung einer Gleichspannung vom veilfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformer" Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins, des Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitätswerke, V11, p59-66, 1920 [4] Joe W. Kwan, Oscar A. Anderson, Louis L. Reginato, Michael C. Vella, Simon S. Yu, Electrostatic Quadrupole DC Accelerators for BNCT Applications, 04/1994 [5] "Heinrich Greinacher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Gr einacher [6] http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_pag e/84410/s_name/greinacherh [7] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811 (Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 496 [8] Henry A. Barton, "Comparison of protons and electrons in the excitation of x-rays by impact Original Research Article", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 209, Issue 1, January 1930, Pages 1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/scie nce?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4G H&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_ alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig= search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_it em&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=& view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1 &_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1 a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a [9] "Cockcroft, John Douglas." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 328-331. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [10] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951". Nobelprize.org. 24 Jan 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1951/ [11] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Artificial Production of Fast Protons", nature 129, 242-242 (13 February 1932. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v129/n3250/abs/129242a0.html [12] J. D. COCKCROFT , C. W. GILBERT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Production of Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons", nature 133, 328-328 (03 March 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v133/n3357/abs/133328a0.html [13] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8 30/619.full.pdf+html [14] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8 30/619.full.pdf+html | (Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England11 |
[1] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , ''Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons'', Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} COPYRIGHTED AND Enest S Walton, Lord Rutherford and John Cockcroft: 1932 UNKNOWN source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.htmlhttp:// www.aip.org/history/exhibits/lawrence/im ages/epa-12.jpg [2] Enest S Walton, Lord Rutherford and John Cockcroft: 1932 UNKNOWN source: http://www.aip.org/history/exhib its/lawrence/images/epa-12.jpg |
68 YBN [05/08/1932 AD] 3 | 5386) A light source from outside the solar system is found to emit radio frequencies of light.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jansky, Karl G., "Radio Waves from Outside the Solar System", Nature, Volume 132, Issue 3323, pp. 66 (1933). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 933Natur.132...66J {Jansky_Karl_1932050 8.pdf} 2. ^ Jansky, Karl G., "Radio Waves from Outside the Solar System", Nature, Volume 132, Issue 3323, pp. 66 (1933). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 933Natur.132...66J {Jansky_Karl_1932050 8.pdf} 3. ^ Jansky, Karl G., "Radio Waves from Outside the Solar System", Nature, Volume 132, Issue 3323, pp. 66 (1933). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1 933Natur.132...66J {Jansky_Karl_1932050 8.pdf} {05/08/1932} MORE INFO [1] Jansky, Karl G., "Directional Studies of Atmospherics at High Frequencies", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 1932, V20, p1920. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/full/2005ASPC..345....3J | (Bell Telephone Laboratories) New York City, New York, USA2 |
[1] figure 1 from: Jansky, KG, ''Electrical phenomena that apparently are of interstellar origin.'', Popular Astronomy, 41, 548-55. (1935) http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi -bin/nph-journal_query?volume=41&plate_s elect=NO&page=548&plate=&cover=&journal= PA... {Jansky_Karl_19330914.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cgi-bin/nph-journal_query?volume=41&p late_select=NO&page=548&plate=&cover=&jo urnal=PA... [2] He built an antenna, pictured here, designed to receive radio waves at a frequency of 20.5 MHz (wavelength about 14.5 meters). It was mounted on a turntable that allowed it to rotate in any direction, earning it the name ''Jansky's merry-go-round''. By rotating the antenna, one could find what the direction was to any radio signal. After recording signals from all directions for several months, Jansky identified three types of static: 1. nearby thunderstorms, 2. distant thunderstorms, and 3. a faint steady hiss of unknown origin. Jansky spent over a year investigating the third type of static. It rose and fell once a day, leading Jansky to think at first that he was seeing radiation from the Sun. UNKNOWN source: http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/ima ges/jansky1.gif |
68 YBN [06/15/1932 AD] 3 | 5183) A variety of elements are disintegrated using high-speed protons, for example Fluorine into Oxygen and Sodium into Neon.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. II. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A July 1, 1932 137:229-242; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0133 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/137/8 31/229.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4 270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 {Cockcroft_John_19320615.pdf} 2. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. II. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A July 1, 1932 137:229-242; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0133 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/137/8 31/229.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4 270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 {Cockcroft_John_19320615.pdf} 3. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. II. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A July 1, 1932 137:229-242; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0133 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/137/8 31/229.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4 270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 {Cockcroft_John_19320615.pdf} {06/15/1932} MORE INFO [1] "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcr oft [2] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walt on [3] H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66, (1920) [4] J. D. COCKCROFT and E. T. S. WALTON, “Experiments with High Velocity Ions,” Proc. Roy. SOC. London, Series A 136, 619, (1932) [5] H Greinacher, "Erzeugung einer Gleichspannung vom veilfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformer" Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins, des Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitätswerke, V11, p59-66, 1920 [6] Joe W. Kwan, Oscar A. Anderson, Louis L. Reginato, Michael C. Vella, Simon S. Yu, Electrostatic Quadrupole DC Accelerators for BNCT Applications, 04/1994 [7] "Heinrich Greinacher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Gr einacher [8] http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_pag e/84410/s_name/greinacherh [9] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811 (Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 496 [10] Henry A. Barton, "Comparison of protons and electrons in the excitation of x-rays by impact Original Research Article", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 209, Issue 1, January 1930, Pages 1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/scie nce?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4G H&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_ alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig= search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_it em&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=& view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1 &_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1 a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a [11] "Cockcroft, John Douglas." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 328-331. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [12] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951". Nobelprize.org. 24 Jan 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1951/ [13] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Artificial Production of Fast Protons", nature 129, 242-242 (13 February 1932. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v129/n3250/abs/129242a0.html [14] J. D. COCKCROFT , C. W. GILBERT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Production of Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons", nature 133, 328-328 (03 March 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v133/n3357/abs/133328a0.html [15] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html [16] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8 30/619.full.pdf+html [17] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. III. The Disintegration of Lithium, Boron, and Carbon by Heavy Hydrogen Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A May 1, 1934 144:704-720; doi:10.1098/rspa.1934.0078 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/144/8 53/704.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4 270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 [18] J. D. Cockcroft, C. W. Gilbert, and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. IV. The Production of Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons and Diplons", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A January 1, 1935 148:225-240; doi:10.1098/rspa.1935.0015 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/148/8 63/225.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4 270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 [19] J. D. Cockcroft and W. B. Lewis, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. V. Further Experiments on the Disintegration of Boron", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A March 2, 1936 154:246-261; doi:10.1098/rspa.1936.0049 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/154/8 81/246.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4 270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 [20] J. D. Cockcroft and W. B. Lewis, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. VI. The Disintegration of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen by Deuterons", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A March 2, 1936 154:261-279; doi:10.1098/rspa.1936.0050 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/154/8 81/261.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4 270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 | (Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2 |
[1] Figure 1 from: [2] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, ''Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. II. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons'', Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A July 1, 1932 137:229-242; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0133 http://rspa. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/137/8 31/229.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4 270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 {Cockcroft_John_19320615.pdf} source: http://rspa.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/137/831/229.full.pdf+html ?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a38 5 [2] Sir John Douglas Cockcroft COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/cockcro ft_postcard.jpg |
68 YBN [08/02/1932 AD] 6 | 5381) The positive electron (the positron) is identified using a cloud chamber.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable Positives", Science, 1932, V76, (pp. 238-239). http://www.jstor.org/stable/1 658257 {Anderson_Carl_D_19320901.pdf} 2. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Positive Electron", Phys. Rev. 43, 491 (1933). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v43/i6/p491_1 {Anderson_Carl_19330228 .pdf} 3. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable Positives", Science, 1932, V76, (pp. 238-239). http://www.jstor.org/stable/1 658257 {Anderson_Carl_D_19320901.pdf} 4. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Positive Electron", Phys. Rev. 43, 491 (1933). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v43/i6/p491_1 {Anderson_Carl_19330228 .pdf} 5. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Positive Electron", Phys. Rev. 43, 491 (1933). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v43/i6/p491_1 {Anderson_Carl_19330228 .pdf} 6. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Positive Electron", Phys. Rev. 43, 491 (1933). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v43/i6/p491_1 {Anderson_Carl_19330228 .pdf} {08/02/1932} | (California Institute of Technology) Pasadena, California5 |
[1] Figure 1: Carl D. Anderson, ''The Positive Electron'', Phys. Rev. 43, 491 (1933). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v43/i6/p491_1 {Anderson_Carl_19330228 .pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v43/i6/p491_1 [2] Carl David Anderson searching for mesons. From LBNL archives, dated 1937. from en:Image:Carl anderson.1937.jpeg 2005-10-28 04:46:20 . . Salsb PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9e/Carl_anderson.1937.jp g |
68 YBN [1932 AD] 3 | 6261) Plastic magnetic recording tape.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p71. 2. ^ http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/a bout-basf/history/1925-1944/index 3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p71. {1932} | (BASF) Ludwigshafen, Germany2 |
[1] Sensation at the 1935 Berlin Radio Fair: The magnetophone developed by AEG with the new magnetic tape from Ludwigshafen. UNKNOWN source: http://www.basf.com/group/corpor ate/en/function/conversions:/publish/con tent/about-basf/history/1925-1944/images /Magnetophon.jpg [2] English: German Radio Station TORN.FU.G. Approx. 1939. Together with tape recorder Ton Sb, it formed a basic radio station of the regimental control link. Transmitter power was 2 watts, wavelength range 85 - 120 meters (2.5 to 3.5 MHz). As Red Army radio stations (RAF, RB, RCB etc.) operated in this frequency band also, in combination with multifunction tape unit it was used for radio intelligence and spreading of false information. Military History Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps, Saint Petersburg. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%93%D0%95%D0 %A0%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90% D0%AF_%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%94%D0%98%D0%9E%D0% A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AF_T ORN.FU.G._%28%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%29 .jpg/1252px-%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9C%D0% 90%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%AF_%D0%A0% D0%90%D0%94%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9 0%D0%9D%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AF_TORN.FU.G._%28 %D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%29.jpg |
67 YBN [03/??/1933 AD] 4 | 4164) The speed of light in a vacuum is measured.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Mysterious Variation in Speed of Light", Popular Science Monthly, March 1934, p25 http://books.google.com/books?id=GS gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25&dq=michelson+speed+li ght+date:1933-1934&lr=&as_brr=1#v=onepag e&q=michelson%20speed%20light%20date%3A1 933-1934&f=false 2. ^ AA Michelson, FG Pease, F Pearson, "Measurement of the velocity of light in a partial vacuum", The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 82, 1935, p26. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/193 5ApJ....82...26M 3. ^ AA Michelson, FG Pease, F Pearson, "Measurement of the velocity of light in a partial vacuum", The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 82, 1935, p26. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/193 5ApJ....82...26M 4. ^ AA Michelson, FG Pease, F Pearson, "Measurement of the velocity of light in a partial vacuum", The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 82, 1935, p26. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/193 5ApJ....82...26M {frmo 09/1929-03/1933 results reported in 1935} MORE INFO [1] "Albert Abraham Michelson." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-abra ham-michelson [2] "Albert Abraham Michelson." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 07 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-abra ham-michelson [3] "Albert Abraham Michelson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Abra ham_Michelson [4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1907/michelson-bio.html [5] Albert Michelson, "Interference phenomena in a new form of refractometer", Philosophical magazine. 1882, volume: 13 issue: 81 page: 236 http://books.google.com/books?id=4J AOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236&dq=intitle:philosoph ical+intitle:Magazine+date:1882-1882+int erference#v=onepage&q=intitle%3Aphilosop hical%20intitle%3AMagazine%20date%3A1882 -1882%20interference&f=false and http://books.google.com/books?id=HP cQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editio ns:0ocaawEfuqDVXP3-kAaE4N&lr=#v=onepage& q=michelson&f=false [6] Albert A. Michelson, "The relative motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous ether", The American Journal of Science, Volume 122, 1881, p120. http://books.google.com/books?id= S_kQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:0ocaawEfuqDVXP3-kAaE4N&lr=#v=onepag e&q=michelson&f=false [7] Albert Michelson, "Studies in Optics", Chicago Universityt Press, 1927, p156 [8] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p478 [9] "Michelson, A.A.." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052 478> [10] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p530-531 [11] George FitzGerald, "The Ether and the Earth's Atmosphere.", Science, Vol 13, Num 328, 1889, p390. http://books.google.com/books?id= 8IQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=intitle:science +date:1889-1889#v=onepage&q=michelson&f= false [12] Hendrik Lorentz, "The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Ether", Versl. K. Akad. W. Amsterdam, 1, 74, 1892 [13] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p543-544 [14] Albert Michelson, "Interference Phenomena in a new Form of Refractometer", Philosophical Magazine, 1882, p236. http://books.google.com/books?id= 4JAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236&dq=intitle:philoso phical+intitle:Magazine+date:1882-1882+i nterference#v=onepage&q=intitle%3Aphilos ophical%20intitle%3AMagazine%20date%3A18 82-1882%20interference&f=false [15] Albert Michelson and Edward Morley, "On a Method of making the Wave-length of Sodium Light the actual and practical standard of length", American Journal of Science, V134, 1887, p427. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0_kQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:0ocaawEfuqDVXP3-kAaE4N&lr=#v=onepag e&q=michelson&f=false [16] "Michelson, Albert Abraham." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 371-374. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 6 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GV RL&u=univca20> [17] Albert-A. MICHELSON, "Comparaison du mètre international avec la longueur d'onde de la lumière du cadmium.", Comptes Rendus, v116, 1893, p790. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ bpt6k30724.r=michelson.f792.langEN tran slation from French: Albert Michelson, "Comparison of the International Metre with the Wave-Length of the Light of Cadmium.", Astronomy and astro-physics, Volume 12, 1893. http://books.google.com/books?id= _iKKbuNsc34C&pg=RA2-PA556&dq=michelson+d ate:1893-1893#v=onepage&q=&f=false [18] http://books.google.com/books?id=wjrOAAA AMAAJ&pg=PA134&dq=michelson+betelgeuse+d ate:1920-1920#v=onepage&q=michelson%20be telgeuse%20date%3A1920-1920&f=false [19] A. A. Michelson, "On the Application of Interference Methods To Astronomical Measurements", proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol 6, 1920, p474. http://books.google.com/books?id= OxYLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA474&dq=michelson+date: 1920-1920#v=snippet&q=betelgeuse&f=false [20] A. A. Michelson and F. G. Pease, "Measurement of the diameter of α Orionis with the interferometer", The Astrophysical Journal, vol 53, p49. http://books.google.com/books?id=v Y0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA56&dq=betelgeuse+as trophysical+journal+date:1920-1921#v=one page&q=betelgeuse&f=false [21] A. A. Michelson and Henry G. Gale, "The Rigidity of the Earth", The Astrophysical Journal, v50, p330. http://books.google.com/books?id= HhvOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA330&dq=michelson+water +level&lr=#v=onepage&q=michelson%20water %20level&f=false [22] John L. Coontz, "Find Mysterious Error in Speed of Light", Popular Science Monthly, 12/1932, p36. http://books.google.com/books?id=i igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=michelson+speed+l ight+date:1932-1934&lr=&as_brr=1#v=onepa ge&q=michelson%20speed%20light%20date%3A 1932-1934&f=false [23] Froome and Essen, "The Velocity of Light and Radio Waves", 1969, p v-vi [24] Froome and Essen, "The Velocity of Light and Radio Waves", 1969, p51 [25] Essen, L. and Gordon-Smith, A. C. (1945) J. IEE, 92, Part III A, Num 9, p1374 [26] Smith, Franklin, Whiting (1947) JIEE, 94, Part III, p391 [27] Aslakson, Nature, v64, 1949a, p711 [28] Froome and Essen, "The Velocity of Light and Radio Waves", 1969, p75-80 | Irvine, CA, USA3 |
[1] Figure from 1935 paper in Astrophysical Journal COPYRIGHTED AND [2] from 1933 Popular Science COPYRIGHTED AND [4] Albert Michelson (verify) Photo made in 1887 PD source: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cache/seri/ApJ../0082/600/0000029.000 .gifhttp://books.google.com/books?id=GSg DAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs _navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://b ooks.google.com/books?id=OxYLAAAAYAAJ&pg =PA474&dq=michelson+date:1920-1920#v=sni ppet&q=betelgeuse&f=false [2] Figure from 1935 paper in Astrophysical Journal COPYRIGHTED source: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/cache/seri/ApJ../0082/600/0000029.000 .gif |
67 YBN [07/30/1933 AD] 4 5 6 | 5069) Frequency modulation (or FM) radio communication.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p725-726. 2. ^ Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1,941,066, 1933 http://www.google.com/patents/abou t?id=uyFoAAAAEBAJ&dq=1941066 3. ^ Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1,941,066, 1933 http://www.google.com/patents/abou t?id=uyFoAAAAEBAJ&dq=1941066 4. ^ Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1,941,066, 1933 http://www.google.com/patents/abou t?id=uyFoAAAAEBAJ&dq=1941066 {07/30/1933} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p725-726. {1939} 6. ^ "Edwin H. Armstrong." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/35567/Edwin-H-Armstrong>. {1933} MORE INFO [1] "Regenerative circuit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerativ e_circuit [2] Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1,113,149, Wireless receiving system, 1914. http://www.google.com/patents?vid =1113149 [3] "superheterodyne reception." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/574335/superheterodyne-reception> [4] Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1,342,885, Method of receiving high frequency oscillation, 1922. http://www.google.com/patents?id= EZpBAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false | New York City, New York, USA3 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1,941,066, 1933 http://www.google.com/patents/abou t?id=uyFoAAAAEBAJ&dq=1941066 PD source: http://www.google.com/patents/ab out?id=uyFoAAAAEBAJ&output=text [2] Edwin Howard Armstrong, Radio Engineer COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.todaysengineer.org/20 08/Dec/images/history-pic.jpg |
66 YBN [01/29/1934 AD] 4 5 6 | 5192) The first chemical proof of atomic transmutation and atomic fusion.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Joliot, Frédéric." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 151-157. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 24 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902211&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ Curie, Ir�ne, and Fr�d�ric Joliot. "S�paration chimique des nouveaux radio�l�ments �metteurs d��lectrons positifs." Comptes rendus 198 (1934): 559-561. http://archive.org/details/Com ptesRendusAcademieDesSciences0198 {Comp tesRendusAcadmieDesSciences-Tome198-Janv ier-juin1934_text.pdf} 3. ^ F. Joliot, "Les nouveaux radioéléments. Preuves chimiques des transmutations", Journal de chimie physique, 31 (1934), 611. {Joliot_Frederic_19341114.pdf} 4. ^ Curie, Ir�ne, and Fr�d�ric Joliot. "S�paration chimique des nouveaux radio�l�ments �metteurs d��lectrons positifs." Comptes rendus 198 (1934): 559-561. http://archive.org/details/Com ptesRendusAcademieDesSciences0198 {Comp tesRendusAcadmieDesSciences-Tome198-Janv ier-juin1934_text.pdf} 5. ^ "Joliot-Curie, Irène." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 157-159. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 24 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902212&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {01/15/1934} 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p771-772,758-759. {1934} MORE INFO [1] "Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1353203/Frederic-and-Irene-Joliot-Curi e> [2] I. Curie, F. Joliot, "Artificially Produced Radioelements", Joint Conference of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, and the Physical Society, 1 (Cambridge, 1934) | (Radium Institute) Paris, France3 |
[1] Figure from: I. Curie, F. Joliot, ''Un nouveau type de radioactivé'', Comptes rendus, V198 (1934), p254. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ bpt6k31506/f254.image {Curie_Irene_Joli ot_Frederic_19340115.pdf} source: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148 /bpt6k31506/f254.image [2] Chemical equation from; I. Curie, F. Joliot, ''Un nouveau type de radioactivé'', Comptes rendus, V198 (1934), p254. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ bpt6k31506/f254.image {Curie_Irene_Joli ot_Frederic_19340115.pdf} source: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148 /bpt6k31506/f254.image |
66 YBN [03/09/1934 AD] 8 | 4755) The atomic fusion of two Hydrogen atoms into a Helium atom.4 5 6 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 10 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ Ernest Rutherford, Marcus Oliphant, Paul Hartek, "Transmutation Effects observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Nature, March 17, 1934, 133, p413. www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n33 59/abs/133407a0.html/abs/133413a0.html AND http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-Histo ry/Rutherford-1934a/Rutherford-1934a.htm l {Rutherford_19340309.pdf} 3. ^ M. L. E. Oliphant, P. Harteck and Lord Rutherford, "Transmutation Effects Observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 144, No. 853 (May 1, 1934), pp. 692-703 http://www.jstor.org/stable/293 5553 {Oliphant_Marcus_19340414.pdf} 4. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 10 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 5. ^ Ernest Rutherford, Marcus Oliphant, Paul Hartek, "Transmutation Effects observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Nature, March 17, 1934, 133, p413. www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n33 59/abs/133407a0.html/abs/133413a0.html AND http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-Histo ry/Rutherford-1934a/Rutherford-1934a.htm l {Rutherford_19340309.pdf} 6. ^ M. L. E. Oliphant, P. Harteck and Lord Rutherford, "Transmutation Effects Observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 144, No. 853 (May 1, 1934), pp. 692-703 http://www.jstor.org/stable/293 5553 {Oliphant_Marcus_19340414.pdf} 7. ^ Ernest Rutherford, Marcus Oliphant, Paul Hartek, "Transmutation Effects observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Nature, March 17, 1934, 133, p413. www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n33 59/abs/133407a0.html/abs/133413a0.html AND http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-Histo ry/Rutherford-1934a/Rutherford-1934a.htm l {Rutherford_19340309.pdf} 8. ^ Ernest Rutherford, Marcus Oliphant, Paul Hartek, "Transmutation Effects observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Nature, March 17, 1934, 133, p413. www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n33 59/abs/133407a0.html/abs/133413a0.html AND http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-Histo ry/Rutherford-1934a/Rutherford-1934a.htm l {Rutherford_19340309.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth erford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id= wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id= utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org .nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id= ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/ Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=o EwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the +Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnw X4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20t he%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665 [15] Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q= rutherford&f=false [16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902 [17] Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw &hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false [18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation [19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id= ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+e manations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 &ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2 0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thor ium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false [20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag ser 6, v 561-76 1903 [21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208 [22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id= xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id= g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3 [25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688 [26] Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, 03/07/1911, pp18-20 [27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag, March 1914, s6, v27, pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Che m-History/Rutherford-1914.html [28] "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [29] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8 [30] Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61 [31] Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87 [32] Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms Backerian Lecture", The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920, pp374-400 [33] Ernest Rutherford, "The Disintegration of Elements by α-Particles", Nature, March 10, 1921, 107, p41 [34] Ernest Rutherford, "Artificial Disintegration of the Elements", Proceedings of the Physical Society, August 1924, 36, pp417-22 [35] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p729-730 [36] Ernest Rutherford, "Disintegration of Atomic Nuclei", Nature, April 4 1925, 115, pp493-4 [37] Rutherford, Wynn-Williams, Lewis, Bowden, "Analysis of α-Rays by an Annular Magnetic Field", Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 139, 1933, pp617-37 [38] Oliphant, Rutherford, "Experiments on the Transmutation of Elements by Protons, Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 141, 1933, pp259-81 [39] Oliphant, Harteck, Rutherford, "Transmutation Effects observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 144, 1934, pp692-703 | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England7 |
[1] Figures 4, 5 and 6 from Oliphant, Harteck, Rutherford, ''Transmutation Effects observed with Heavy Hydrogen'', Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 144, 1934, pp692-703. COPYRIGHTED source: Oliphant, Harteck, Rutherford, "Transmutation Effects observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 144, 1934, pp692-703. [2] Description Ernest Rutherford2.jpg English: Cropped Image:Ernest_Rutherford.jpg Date 2007-01-26 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Sadi Carnot at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/57/Ernest_Rutherford2.jp g |
66 YBN [03/19/1934 AD] 3 4 | 5210) Supernovas are distinguished from ordinary novas.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p761-762. 2. ^ W. Baade and F. Zwicky, "On Super-Novae", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1934 May; 20(5): 254–259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC1076395/pdf/pnas01745-00 06.pdf {Zwicky_Fritz_19340319.pdf} 3. ^ W. Baade and F. Zwicky, "On Super-Novae", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1934 May; 20(5): 254–259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC1076395/pdf/pnas01745-00 06.pdf {Zwicky_Fritz_19340319.pdf} {03/19/1934} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p761-762. {1934} | (Mount Wilson Observatory) Mount Wilson, California, USA2 |
[1] W. Baade and F. Zwicky, ''On Super-Novae'', Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1934 May; 20(5): 254–259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC1076395/pdf/pnas01745-00 06.pdf {Zwicky_Fritz_19340319.pdf} COP YRIGHTED AND Zwicky and Baade UNKNOWN source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC1076395/pdf/pnas01745-0006.p dfhttp://admin.sathyasaibaba.hu/spaw/upl oads/images/_quest_of_infinity/part_04/z wicky_baade_.png [2] Zwicky and Baade UNKNOWN source: http://admin.sathyasaibaba.hu/sp aw/uploads/images/_quest_of_infinity/par t_04/zwicky_baade_.png |
66 YBN [05/??/1934 AD] 8 9 | 5275) Atomic fission of uranium by neutrons.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ E Fermi, F Rasetti, "Sulla possibilità di produrre elementi di numero atomico maggiore di 92", Ric. Sci., 1934, p452,536. E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, 0. DAgostino, F. Rasetti, E. Segre, Rie. Sci. 5(1) (1934) 452; 2. ^ Enrico Fermi, "Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92", Nature 133, 898-899 (16 June 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html {Ferm i_Enrico_19340616.pdf} 3. ^ "Enrico Fermi - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1938/fermi-lecture.html {F ermi_Enrico_19381212.pdf} 4. ^ E Fermi, F Rasetti, "Sulla possibilità di produrre elementi di numero atomico maggiore di 92", Ric. Sci., 1934, p452,536. E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, 0. DAgostino, F. Rasetti, E. Segre, Rie. Sci. 5(1) (1934) 452; 5. ^ Enrico Fermi, "Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92", Nature 133, 898-899 (16 June 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html {Ferm i_Enrico_19340616.pdf} 6. ^ "Enrico Fermi - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1938/fermi-lecture.html {F ermi_Enrico_19381212.pdf} 7. ^ Enrico Fermi, "Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92", Nature 133, 898-899 (16 June 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html {Ferm i_Enrico_19340616.pdf} {06/16/1934} 8. ^ E Fermi, F Rasetti, "Sulla possibilità di produrre elementi di numero atomico maggiore di 92", Ric. Sci., 1934, p452,536. E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, 0. DAgostino, F. Rasetti, E. Segre, Rie. Sci. 5(1) (1934) 452; {05/1934} 9. ^ Enrico Fermi, "Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92", Nature 133, 898-899 (16 June 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html {Ferm i_Enrico_19340616.pdf} {06/16/1934} MORE INFO [1] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938". Nobelprize.org. 7 Feb 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1938/ [2] E Fermi, "Eine statistische Methode zur Bestimmung einiger Eigenschaften des Atoms und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie des periodischen Systems der Elemente", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 48, Numbers 1-2, 73-79. "A statistical method for determining some properties of the atom and its application to the theory of the periodic table of elements" http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/v762582061464612/ [3] E. Fermi, "Zur Quantelung des idealen einatomigen Gases", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 11-12, 902-912. "The quantization of the ideal monatomic gas" http://www.springerlink.com/conten t/k763270092273181/ [4] E. Fermi, "Argomenti pro e contro la ipotesi dei quanti di luce" ("Arguments for and against the hypothesis of quanta of light"), Il Nuovo Cimento (1924-1942), Volume 3, Numbers 1-2, xlvii-liv. http://www.springerlink.com/ content/lm022085605043uh/ [5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p465 [6] E. Fermi, "Magnetic Moments of Atomic Nuclei", Nature 125, 16-16 (04 January 1930) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 125/n3140/abs/125016a0.html [7] E. Fermi, "Quantum Theory of Radiation", Rev. Mod. Phys. 4, 87–132 (1932). http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP /v4/i1/p87_1 [8] E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, B. Pontecorvo, E. Rasetti and E. Segré, La Ricerca Scientifica, 2, No. 12; 1933 [9] "Versuch einer Theorie der β-Strahlen. I ", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 88, Numbers 3-4, 1933, 161-177. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/wq2r06j058382226/ [10] "Chadwick, James." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 143-148. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [11] Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 5, p282 (1934); Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 283, 330 (1934); Amaldi, D'Agostino, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 452, 652, 21 (1934); Fermi, Rasetti and D'Agostino, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 533 (1934); Fermi, 'Nature,' "Radioactivity Induced by Neutron Bombardment" vol. 133, N3368 pp. 757, 898 (1934). See also Fermi, ' Nuovo Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 429 (1934); Amaldi, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Nuovo Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 442 (1934); Amaldi and Segre, 'Nuovo Cim.,' vol.11,. p. 452 (1934); ' D'Agostino ' Gazz. Chim. Ital.,' in press (1934) [12] E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, O. D'Agostino, F. Rasetti and E. Segre, "Artificial Radioactivity Produced by Neutron Bombardment", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 146, No. 857 (Sep. 1, 1934), pp. 483-500 http://www.jstor.org/stable/293 5604 | (University of Rome) Rome, Italy7 |
[1] Enrico Fermi Nobel photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpr essebooks/data/13030/rb/ft700007rb/figur es/ft700007rb_00009.jpg [2] Enrico Fermi from Argonne National Laboratory PD source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/physics/laureates/1938/fermi.jpg |
66 YBN [07/11/1934 AD] 3 | 4248) The theory of particle beams as weapons that can destroy planes and kill millions of people without a trace in an instant.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934, p. 18, c. 1 http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Art icles/jul_11_1934a.htm {Tesla_articles. pdf} 2. ^ "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934, p. 18, c. 1 http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Art icles/jul_11_1934a.htm {Tesla_articles. pdf} 3. ^ "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934, p. 18, c. 1 http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Art icles/jul_11_1934a.htm {Tesla_articles. pdf} {07/11/1934} MORE INFO [1] "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071 814> [2] "Nikola Tesla." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesl a [3] "Nikola Tesla." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesl a [4] "Nikola Tesla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesl a [5] "commutator." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 23 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/commutator [6] list of Tesla's patents: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/m ore/317ntcp.htm [7] Tesla Patent 334,823 Commutator For Dynamo-Electric machines http://www.google.com/patents? id=Tm1BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [8] Tesla Patent 336,961 REGULATOR FOR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES http://www.google.com/patents? id=jk5EAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [9] Tesla patent 391,968 10/12/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id= z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false [10] Tesla patent 11/30/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id= 0JFhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false [11] http://www.teslauniverse.com/timeline-18 61?PHPSESSID=3ejd9q8tm4gpsn4np06imifoe5; #goto-1883 [12] "magnetic flux density." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-fi eld-density [13] "magnetic flux." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-fl ux [14] Tesla Patent 381968 10/12/1887 http://www.google.com/patent s?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom =4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage &q=&f=false [15] New York Times, 11 July 1935, p 23, c.8 [16] New York Herald Tribune, 11 September 1932 [17] Tesla patent 382280 10/12/1887 Electrical Transmission of Power http://www.google.com/patents?id= 1ipiAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f =false [18] Tesla Patent 454622 files 04/25/1891 System of Electric Lighting http://www.google.com/patents? id=wmBOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4 &source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q =&f=false [19] Tesla coil music http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s ne_uI2Yq4 [20] "Tesla coil". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil [21] http://www.pbs.org/tesla/index.html | (Hotel New Yorker) New York City, NY, USA2 |
[1] ''Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam''', New York Times, July 11, 1934, p. 18, c. 1 http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Art icles/jul_11_1934a.htm {Tesla_articles. pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://static.neatorama.com/imag es/2010-03/tesla-death-beam.jpg [2] Image from Tesla's 1891 patent #454622 System of Electric Lighting PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =wmBOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=& f=false |
66 YBN [08/18/1934 AD] 7 | 5087) The first atomic fission caused by light particles:1 Gamma rays disintegrate a deuterium atom (an isotope of hydrogen containing one proton and one neutron2 ).3 4 From this the mass of a neutron is estimated to be more than a hydrogen atom.5 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ LEO SZILARD, T. A. CHALMERS, "Detection of Neutrons Liberated from Beryllium by Gamma Rays: a New Technique for Inducing Radioactivity", Nature 134, 494-495 (29 September 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v134/n3387/pdf/134494b0.pdf and http://www.nature.com/physics/looki ng-back/szilard/index.html {Szilard_Leo _19340917.pdf} 2. ^ "deuterium>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "deuterium." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 19 May. 2013. euterium>. 3. ^ J Chadwick, M Goldhaber, "A Nuclear Photo-effect: Disintegration of the Diplon by γ-Rays", Volume 134 Number 3381 p237. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v134/n3381/pdf/134237a0.pdf {Chadwick_James_19340818.pdf} 4. ^ J. Chadwick and M. Goldhaber, "The Nuclear Photoelectric Effect", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 151, No. 873 (Sep. 2, 1935), pp. 479-493. http://www.jstor.org/stable/96 561 {Chadwick_James_19350802.pdf} 5. ^ J Chadwick, M Goldhaber, "A Nuclear Photo-effect: Disintegration of the Diplon by γ-Rays", Volume 134 Number 3381 p237. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v134/n3381/pdf/134237a0.pdf {Chadwick_James_19340818.pdf} 6. ^ "Chadwick, James." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 143-148. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 7. ^ J Chadwick, M Goldhaber, "A Nuclear Photo-effect: Disintegration of the Diplon by γ-Rays", Volume 134 Number 3381 p237. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v134/n3381/pdf/134237a0.pdf {Chadwick_James_19340818.pdf} {08/18/1934} MORE INFO [1] J. Chadwick, "The Existence of a Neutron", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 136, No. 830 (Jun. 1, 1932), pp. 692-708. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 816 [2] J Chadwick, M. Goldhaber, "Disintegration by slow neutrons", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, (1935), 31: 612-616. http://journals.cambridge.org/ abstract_S0305004100013621 [3] J Chadwick, "The Scattering of α-Particles in Helium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 128, No. 807 (Jul. 1, 1930), pp. 114-122. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95 449 [4] J. Chadwick, P. M. S. Blackett and G. P. S. Occhialini, "Some Experiments on the Production of positive Electrons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 144, No. 851 (Mar. 1, 1934), pp. 235-249 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935587 [5] J Chadwick, "The charge on the atomic nucleus and the law of force", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, V40 (1920), 734-746 [6] Chadwick, J., Russell, A. S., "The Excitation of γ -Rays by the α -Rays of Ionium and Radiothorium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Volume 88, Issue 602, pp. 217-229. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93 322 [7] "radiothorium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiothoriu m [8] "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [9] J. Chadwick, "Possible Existence of a Neutron", Nature, vol 129, 1932, p312. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 129/n3252/pdf/129312a0.pdf [10] J Chadwick, "An attempt to detect a neutral particle of small mass", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1934), 30: 59-61. http://journals.cambridge.org/ac tion/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid =1735460 | (Cavendish Lab University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England6 |
[1] Description Chadwick.jpg en:James Chadwick Date ~1935 (original photograph), 2007-08-11 (original upload date) Source Transfered from en.wikipedia. Original source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html COP YRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c2/Chadwick.jpg [2] Description Goldhaber,Maurice 1937.jpg English: Maurice Goldhaber, probable 1937 on the occasion of an colloquy with Nobel Price winners. Deutsch: Maurice Goldhaber, vermutlich 1937 anläßlich eines Kolloquims mit Nobelpreisträgern. Date 1937(1937) Source Own work Author GFHund GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/48/Goldhaber%2CMaurice_1 937.jpg |
66 YBN [12/04/1934 AD] 5 | 5126) That a heavier isotope tends to react more slowly than a lighter isotope is used to build up quantities of rare isotopes.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p739-740. 2. ^ Harold C. Urey, Lotti J. Greiff, "Isotopic Exchange Equilibria", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57 (2), pp 321–327. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/ 10.1021/ja01305a026 {Urey_Harold_193412 04.pdf} 3. ^ Harold C. Urey, F. G. Brickwedde, and G. M. Murphy, "A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2", Physical Review, 39 (1932), 164. http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v39/i 1/p164_1 and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/urey .html {Urey_Harold_19311205.pdf} {12/05/1931} 4. ^ "Harold Clayton Urey." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 18 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/harold-c-ur ey 5. ^ Harold C. Urey, F. G. Brickwedde, and G. M. Murphy, "A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2", Physical Review, 39 (1932), 164. http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v39/i 1/p164_1 and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/urey .html {Urey_Harold_19311205.pdf} {12/05/1931} MORE INFO [1] H. C. Urey, “Natural System of Atomic Nuclei”, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 53 (1931), 2872 [2] H. C. Urey and Charles A. Bradley. Jr., “On the Relative Abundances of Isotopes,” Physical Review, 38 (1931), 718–724 [3] H. C. Urey, C. F. G. Brickwedde and G. M. Murphy, “A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2 and its Concentration,” Physical Review, 40 (1932), 1–15. http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103 /PhysRev.40.1 [4] "Urey, Harold Clayton." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 18. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 943-948. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905374&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [5] HC Urey, "Atoms, molecules and quanta", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 37 (1931), 506-507. http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1931- 37-07/S0002-9904-1931-05170-3/home.html [6] HC Urey, "The separation and properties of the isotopes of hydrogen", Science, Volume 78, Issue 2034, pp. 566-571. http://www.jstor.org/stable/16 59134?origin=ads [7] Edward W. Washburn and Harold C. Urey, "Concentration of the H2 Isotope of Hydrogen by the Fractional Electrolysis of Water", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1932 July; 18(7): 496–498. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1076263/ [8] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1934/ [9] A. Ruark and Harold Urey, "Atoms, Molecules, and Quanta", (New York, 1930) | (Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA3 4 |
[1] Harold Clayton Urey The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934 was awarded to Harold C. Urey ''for his discovery of heavy hydrogen''. COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/urey. jpg |
66 YBN [1934 AD] 6 7 | 5356) Cherenkov {Cu-reN-KoF1 } radiation: blue light is found emitted by various liquids bombarded by gamma rays.2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cherenkov." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jun. 2013. herenkov>. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p801. 3. ^ "Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pavel-aleks eyevich-cherenkov 4. ^ PA Cherenkov, "The visible glow of pure liquids under the action of gamma-rays", Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Sov. Phys. Dokl., V2, p451, 1934 5. ^ "Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pavel-aleks eyevich-cherenkov 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p801. {1934} 7. ^ "Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pavel-aleks eyevich-cherenkov {1934} MORE INFO [1] I Tamm, “Kogerentnoe izluchenie bystrogo elektrona v srede” (“Coherent Radiation of Fast Electrons Passing Through Matter”), Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 14, no. 3 (1937), 107 – 112 [2] I Tamm, I. M. Frank and P. A. Cherenkov, "Svechenie chistykh zhidkostey pod deystviem bystrykh elektronov" ("Luminenscence of Pure Liquids Under the Influence of Fast Electrons"), Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, Seria fiz. (1938), nos. 1 – 2, 29 | (Lebedev Institute of Physics) Moscow, (Soviet Union now) Russia5 |
[1] English: Pavel A. Cherenkov Русский: Павел Алексеевич Черенков Date 1958(1958) Source http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ physics/laureates/1958/cerenkov-bio.html Author Nobel foundation PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cerenkov.jpg/22 0px-Cerenkov.jpg |
65 YBN [02/??/1935 AD] 5 | 5162) The artificial silk: nylon.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Furukawa, Yasu. "Carothers, Wallace Hume." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 20. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 47-50. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905560&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 2. ^ Julian W. Hill, Wallace H. Carothers, "Cyclic and Polymeric Formals", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57 (5), pp 925–928 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/1 0.1021/ja01308a045 {Caruthers_Wallace_1 9350321.pdf} 3. ^ Wallace Hume Carothers, patent 2130948 "Synthetic Fiber" http://www.google.com/patents?hl =en&lr=&vid=USPAT2130948&id=crtfAAAAEBAJ &oi=fnd&dq=W+Carothers+diamine&printsec= abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false 4. ^ "Wallace Hume Carothers." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/96637/Wallace-Hume-Carothers>. 5. ^ Furukawa, Yasu. "Carothers, Wallace Hume." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 20. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 47-50. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905560&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {02/1935} MORE INFO [1] Wallace H. Carothers, Julian W. Hill, "STUDIES OF POLYMERIZATION AND RING FORMATION. XII. LINEAR SUPERPOLYESTERS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1932, 54 (4), pp 1559–1566. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja01343a048 [2] Wallace H. Carothers, Ira. Williams, Arnold M. Collins, James E. Kirby, "ACETYLENE POLYMERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. II. A NEW SYNTHETIC RUBBER: CHLOROPRENE AND ITS POLYMERS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53 (11), pp 4203–4225. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja01362a042 | (E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company) Wilmington, Delaware, USA4 |
[1] Wallace Carothers. Carothers demonstrating a piece of his new synthetic rubber in laboratory. AP IMAGES. Wallace Carothers COPYRIGHTED source: http://listverse.files.wordpress .com/2007/10/carothers.jpg |
65 YBN [10/22/1935 AD] 6 7 | 5451) The scanning electron microscope (SEM), a device that moves a focused electron beam in rows and columns over the surface of an object, and receives both the electrons scattered by the object and the secondary electrons produced by it.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Knoll, Max, "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 1935, 16: 467–475. {Knoll_Max_19351022.pdf} English: "C harging potential and secondary emission of bodies under electron irradiation" 2. ^ M. Knoll and R. Theile, "Elektronenabtaster zur Strukturabbildung von Oberflächen und dünnen Schichten", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 113, Numbers 3-4, 260-280, DOI: 10.1007/BF01341357 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/g17gt38328152704/ {Knol l_Max_19390503.pdf} English: "Charging potential and secondary emission of bodies under electron irradiation" 3. ^ "Scanning electron microscope." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/scanning-el ectron-microscope 4. ^ "scanning electron microscope." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/scanning-el ectron-microscope 5. ^ Knoll, Max, "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 1935, 16: 467–475. {Knoll_Max_19351022.pdf} English: "C harging potential and secondary emission of bodies under electron irradiation" 6. ^ Knoll, Max, "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 1935, 16: 467–475. {Knoll_Max_19351022.pdf} English: "C harging potential and secondary emission of bodies under electron irradiation" {10/22/1935} 7. ^ Knoll, Max, "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 1935, 16: 467–475. {Knoll_Max_19351022.pdf} English: "C harging potential and secondary emission of bodies under electron irradiation" MORE INFO [1] E. Ruska u. M. Knoll, Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389, 448, 1931 [2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". Nobelprize.org. 5 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1986/ [3] Ernst Ruska, "Über eine Berechnungsmethode des Kathodenstrahloszillographen auf Grund der experimentell gefundenen Abhängigkeit des Schreibfleckdurchmessers von der Stellung der Konzentrierspule.", Studienarbeit Technische Hochschule Berlin, Lehrstuhl für Hochspannungstechnik, eingereicht am 10.5.1929. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q001/q001.html [4] E. Ruska und M. Knoll, "Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle Elektronenstrahlen.", Z. techn. Physik 12 (1931) 389-400 und 448, eingegangen am 28.4.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q003/q003.html [5] "Microscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope [6] M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am 10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html [7] M. Knoll, J. Kugler, "Subjective Light Pattern Spectroscopy in the Encephalographic Frequency Range", Nature, V184, N4701, 12/05/1959, p1823-1824. http://www.nature.com/natur e/journal/v184/n4701/pdf/1841823a0.pdf | (Technischen Hochschule/Technical University) Berlin, Germany5 (presumably) |
[1] Knoll, Max, ''Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper''. Zeitschrift für technische Physik 1935, 16: 467–475. {Knoll_Max_19351022.pdf} English: '' Charging potential and secondary emission of bodies under electron irradiation'' COPYRIGHTED source: [2] Max Knoll (1897-1969) UNKNOWN source: http://ernst.ruska.de/daten_d/pe rsonen/personen_archiv/knoll_max/_grafik en/img.knoll1967.gif |
65 YBN [11/19/1935 AD] 3 | 5498) The theory that when an electric current is passed into a nerve, an electric potential increases until a threshold voltage is reached, and "excitation" occurs.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ A. V. Hill, "Excitation and Accommodation in Nerve", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 119, No. 814 (Feb. 1, 1936), pp. 305-355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/81 869 {Hill_Archibald_Vivian_19351119.pdf } 2. ^ A. V. Hill, "Excitation and Accommodation in Nerve", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 119, No. 814 (Feb. 1, 1936), pp. 305-355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/81 869 {Hill_Archibald_Vivian_19351119.pdf } 3. ^ A. V. Hill, "Excitation and Accommodation in Nerve", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 119, No. 814 (Feb. 1, 1936), pp. 305-355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/81 869 {Hill_Archibald_Vivian_19351119.pdf } {11/19/1935} MORE INFO [1] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1922/hill.html | (University College) London, England2 |
[1] Figure 1 from: A. V. Hill, ''Excitation and Accommodation in Nerve'', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 119, No. 814 (Feb. 1, 1936), pp. 305-355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/81 869 {Hill_Archibald_Vivian_19351119.pdf } COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/8186 9 [2] Figure 2 from: A. V. Hill, ''Excitation and Accommodation in Nerve'', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 119, No. 814 (Feb. 1, 1936), pp. 305-355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/81 869 {Hill_Archibald_Vivian_19351119.pdf } COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/8186 9 |
65 YBN [1935 AD] 4 | 4786) An artificial heart.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p473. 2. ^ "Alexis Carrel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carr el 3. ^ "Alexis Carrel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carr el 4. ^ "Alexis Carrel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carr el {1935} MORE INFO [1] "Carrel, Alexis." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 8 Sept. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9020 489> [2] "Alexis Carrel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carr el [3] Quoted in Andrés Horacio Reggiani. Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy (French historical studies, 25:2 Spring 2002), p. 339. Also quoted in French by Didier Daeninckx in Quand le négationnisme s’invite à l’université., on Amnistia.net website [4] Quoted in Szasz, Thomas. The Theology of Medicine New York: Syracuse University Press, 1977 [5] Carrel A, Guthrie CC., "Functions of a transplanted kidney, Science 1905;22:473 http://www.sciencemag.org/c gi/reprint/22/563/473.pdf?ijkey=3fd812ba 500b7242d35bdbf85fd806af00b43325 [6] Carrel, The Surgery of Blood Vessels, Bull., Johns Hopkins Hosp, 1907, v18, p18 [7] Theodore Tuffier and Alexis Carrel, "PATCHING AND SECTION OF THE PULMONARY ORIFICE OF THE HEART", J Exp Med 1914 20:3-8. Published July 1, 1914, doi:10.1084/jem.20.1.3 http://jem.rupress.org/content/20/1/3. full.pdf+html | (The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) New York City, New York, USA2 3 |
[1] Description Alexis Carrel 02.jpg French surgeon and biologist Alexis Carrel (1873-1944) Date Unknown Source US-LibraryOfCongress-BookLogo.svg This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID ggbain.34418. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. العربية source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9e/Alexis_Carrel_02.jpg |
65 YBN [1935 AD] 4 | 6627) Polyethylene is synthesized;1 2 the most widely used plastic on Earth.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "major industrial polymers." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 27 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/468698/industrial-polymers>. 2. ^ Fawcett, E. W. "Polymerisation of ethylene.", General Discussion, Trans. Faraday Soc 32 (1936): p119. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ar ticlelanding/1936/tf/tf9363200115 {Fawc ett_Polyethylene_1936.pdf} 3. ^ "polyethylene (PE)." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 27 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/468511/polyethylene>. 4. ^ "major industrial polymers." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 27 Apr. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/468698/industrial-polymers>. |
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene A ND http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyeth ylene GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eth ylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyet hylene [2] Description English: Photo of a pillbox made from the first pound of polythene made and then presented to Frank Bebbington in 1936 Date June 2011 Source Photo by user:geni Author Geni Permission (Reusing this file) GFDL CC-BY-SA GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fb/First_polythene_pillb ox.JPG | |
64 YBN [03/11/1936 AD] 3 | 5496) Muscle contraction (in crabs) can be varied in strength by changing the frequency of electrical current pulses on the nerve connected to the muscle.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Bernhard Katz, "Neuromuscular Transmission in Crabs", Journal of Physiology, 1936, p199 http://jp.physoc.org/content/87/3/ 199.full.pdf {Katz_Bernhard_19360311.pd f} 3. ^ Bernhard Katz, "Neuromuscular Transmission in Crabs", Journal of Physiology, 1936, p199 http://jp.physoc.org/content/87/3/ 199.full.pdf {Katz_Bernhard_19360311.pd f} {03/11/1936} MORE INFO [1] Bernhard Katz, "Multiple Response to Constant Current in Frog's Medullated Nerve", Journal of Physiology, 1936, p239 | (University College) London, England2 |
[1] Bernard Katz Nobel Prize photograph COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1970/katz.jpg |
64 YBN [08/17/1936 AD] 3 | 5336) Neutrons are "diffracted" with crystals of Magnesium oxide. A neutron beam is shown to have a wavelength of 160 pm, similar to x-rays.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dana P. Mitchell and Philip N. Powers, "Bragg Reflection of Slow Neutrons", Phys. Rev. 50, 486–487 (1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v50/i5/p486_2 {Mitchell_Dana_19360817 .pdf} 2. ^ Dana P. Mitchell and Philip N. Powers, "Bragg Reflection of Slow Neutrons", Phys. Rev. 50, 486–487 (1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v50/i5/p486_2 {Mitchell_Dana_19360817 .pdf} 3. ^ Dana P. Mitchell and Philip N. Powers, "Bragg Reflection of Slow Neutrons", Phys. Rev. 50, 486–487 (1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v50/i5/p486_2 {Mitchell_Dana_19360817 .pdf} {08/17/1936} MORE INFO [1] E. Fermi, "Argomenti pro e contro la ipotesi dei quanti di luce" ("Arguments for and against the hypothesis of quanta of light"), Il Nuovo Cimento (1924-1942), Volume 3, Numbers 1-2, xlvii-liv. http://www.springerlink.com/ content/lm022085605043uh/ [2] E. Fermi, "Zur Quantelung des idealen einatomigen Gases", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 11-12, 902-912. "The quantization of the ideal monatomic gas" http://www.springerlink.com/conten t/k763270092273181/ [3] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p447 [4] E Fermi, "Eine statistische Methode zur Bestimmung einiger Eigenschaften des Atoms und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie des periodischen Systems der Elemente", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 48, Numbers 1-2, 73-79. "A statistical method for determining some properties of the atom and its application to the theory of the periodic table of elements" http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/v762582061464612/ [5] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938". Nobelprize.org. 7 Feb 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1938/ [6] E. Fermi, "Sulla quantizzazione del gas perfetto monoatomico", Ren. Lincei, 3, 1926, p145-149. reprinted in: Enrico Fermi, "Enrico Fermi, Collected Papers", V1, p178 [7] E. Fermi, W. J. Sturm, and R. G. Sachs, "The Transmission of Slow Neutrons through Microcrystalline Materials", Phys. Rev. 71, 589–594 (1947). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v71/i9/p589_1 [8] O. Halpern, M. Hamermesh, and M. H. Johnson, "The Passage of Neutrons Through Crystals and Polycrystals", Phys. Rev. 59, 981–996 (1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v59/i12/p981_1 | (Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA2 |
[1] Dana P. Mitchell and Philip N. Powers, ''Bragg Reflection of Slow Neutrons'', Phys. Rev. 50, 486-487 (1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v50/i5/p486_2 {Mitchell_Dana_19360817 .pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v50/i5/p486_2 [2] http://www.atomicheritage.org/mediawiki/ images/3/34/Fermi_Dunning_Mitchell_Colum bia_Cyclotron_%28AIP%29.jpg UNKNOWN source: http://www.atomicheritage.org/me diawiki/images/3/34/Fermi_Dunning_Mitche ll_Columbia_Cyclotron_%28AIP%29.jpg |
64 YBN [1936 AD] 4 5 | 5422) A virus is cultured in vitro; in human embryonic nervous tissue.1 2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Sabin, "Cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in vitro in human embryonic nervous tissue", Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, (1936) volume: 31 page: 357. 2. ^ "Albert Bruce Sabin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/515055/Albert-Bruce-Sabin>. 3. ^ "Albert Bruce Sabin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/515055/Albert-Bruce-Sabin>. 4. ^ Sabin, "Cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in vitro in human embryonic nervous tissue", Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, (1936) volume: 31 page: 357. 5. ^ "Albert Bruce Sabin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/515055/Albert-Bruce-Sabin>. {1936} | (Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research) New York City, New York, USA3 |
[1] Albert Bruce Sabin UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag es/showFullWatermarked.html/H419079-Albe rt_Bruce_Sabin-SPL.jpg?id=724190079 |
63 YBN [03/17/1937 AD] 4 | 5471) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is detected in a virus.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ F. C. Bawden and N. W. Pirie, "The Isolation and some Properties of Liquid Crystalline Substances from Solanaceous Plants Infected with Three Strains of Tobacco Mosaic Virus", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 123, No. 832 (Aug. 3, 1937), pp. 274-320. http://www.jstor.org/stable/82 116 {Bawden_Frederick_19370317.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p827-828. 3. ^ F. C. Bawden and N. W. Pirie, "The Isolation and some Properties of Liquid Crystalline Substances from Solanaceous Plants Infected with Three Strains of Tobacco Mosaic Virus", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 123, No. 832 (Aug. 3, 1937), pp. 274-320. http://www.jstor.org/stable/82 116 {Bawden_Frederick_19370317.pdf} 4. ^ F. C. Bawden and N. W. Pirie, "The Isolation and some Properties of Liquid Crystalline Substances from Solanaceous Plants Infected with Three Strains of Tobacco Mosaic Virus", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 123, No. 832 (Aug. 3, 1937), pp. 274-320. http://www.jstor.org/stable/82 116 {Bawden_Frederick_19370317.pdf} {03/17/1937} | (Rothamsted Experimental Station) Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England3 |
[1] * Buy a print of this image * License this image Sir Frederick Charles Bawden by Walter Bird bromide print, 1967 8 1/8 in. x 6 1/8 in. (205 mm x 156 mm) NPG x163955 UNKNOWN source: http://images.npg.org.uk/790_500 /6/8/mw109368.jpg |
63 YBN [04/??/1937 AD] 4 | 6268) The turbo jet engine1 : a gas combustion engine that propels air vehicles by hot exhaust gases from fuel burned with drawn in air.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sir Frank Whittle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/642958/Sir-Frank-Whittle>. 2. ^ "jet engine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/jet-engine 3. ^ "Frank Whittle." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-whitt le 4. ^ "Frank Whittle." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-whitt le {04/1937} | (British Thomson-Houston works) Rugby, England3 |
[1] Whittle W2/700 Engine. Frank Whittle developed the first turbojet engine with enough operating thrust to power an aircraft in 1939. The W2 was the second, more powerful, version of a flight-ready turbojet engine developed by Whittle. The W2/700 engine flew in the Gloster E.28/39, the first British aircraft to fly with a turbojet engine, and the Gloster Meteor. Photographed Farnborough, 22-Jan-06. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fc/Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2 -700.JPG [2] Description Frank Whittle adjusts a slide rule while seated at his desk at the Ministry of Aircraft Production. Date 30 December 1943 Source IWMLondonThumbnail.jpg This is photograph No. CH 11867 from the Imperial War Museum Collections. Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Author British Government PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/df/Frank_Whittle_CH_0118 67.jpg |
63 YBN [05/14/1937 AD] 6 | 5548) The first transuranium elements. Elements 93 through 96 are identified from the collision of neutrons with uranium.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ L. Meitner, O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, " Über die Umwandlungsreihen des Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 3-4, 249-270, DOI: 10.1007/BF01340321 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/r861050u50u85l00/ {Hahn _Otto_19370514.pdf} English: "On the conversion of the uranium series, produced by neutron irradiation" 2. ^ "Otto Hahn - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1944/hahn-lecture.html { Hahn_Otto_19461213.pdf} 3. ^ L. Meitner, O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, " Über die Umwandlungsreihen des Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 3-4, 249-270, DOI: 10.1007/BF01340321 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/r861050u50u85l00/ {Hahn _Otto_19370514.pdf} English: "On the conversion of the uranium series, produced by neutron irradiation" 4. ^ "Otto Hahn - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1944/hahn-lecture.html { Hahn_Otto_19461213.pdf} 5. ^ L. Meitner, O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, " Über die Umwandlungsreihen des Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 3-4, 249-270, DOI: 10.1007/BF01340321 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/r861050u50u85l00/ {Hahn _Otto_19370514.pdf} English: "On the conversion of the uranium series, produced by neutron irradiation" 6. ^ L. Meitner, O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, " Über die Umwandlungsreihen des Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 3-4, 249-270, DOI: 10.1007/BF01340321 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/r861050u50u85l00/ {Hahn _Otto_19370514.pdf} English: "On the conversion of the uranium series, produced by neutron irradiation" {05/14/1937} MORE INFO [1] "Lise Meitner." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/373527/Lise-Meitner> [2] "Lise Meitner." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/lise-meitne r-1 [3] "Meitner, Lise." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 260-263. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830902897&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [4] "Lise Meitner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitne r [5] "Otto Robert Frisch". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Robert _Frisch [6] "Frisch, Otto Robert." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 320-322. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905122&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [7] "Otto Robert Frisch." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/220450/Otto-Robert-Frisch> [8] "Otto Robert Frisch." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-robert -frisch-1 [9] "Otto Hahn." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/251675/Otto-Hahn> [10] "Otto Hahn." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-hahn [11] Otto Hahn, "Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran", Naturwissenschaften, Volume 9, Number 5, 84, DOI: 10.1007/BF01491321 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/uhukv60t536j7486/ | (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instute fur Chemie in Berlin-Dahlem) Berlin, Germany5 |
[1] Lise Meitner UNKNOWN source: http://www3.findagrave.com/photo s/2007/278/15166236_119171400954.jpg [2] Otto Hahn UNKNOWN source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/chemistry/laureates/1944/hahn.jpg |
63 YBN [05/22/1937 AD] 16 17 | 5515) The first image of individual atoms. Atoms are visually confirmed to be about 100 pm in size.9 10 The field-emission electron microscope magnifies the tip of a tungsten needle 200,000 times.11 12 13 14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" 2. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>. 3. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" 4. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>. 5. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" 6. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>. 7. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" 8. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>. 9. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" 10. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>. 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p839. 12. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-muell er 13. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" 14. ^ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob =ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVX-46SXSBK-1T&_user= 4422&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F1978&_rdoc=1&_ fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_ sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C0000596 00&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422 &md5=90abdb4ffb2f0d4f68ef1bf267ac94d5&se archtype=a 15. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-muell er 16. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" {05/22/1937} 17. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-muell er {1936} MORE INFO [1] "Erwin Wilhelm Mueller". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Wilhe lm_Mueller | (Siemens and Halske) Berlin, Germany15 |
[1] Figures 2-4 from: ''Fig 2. Tungsten cathode (filament) [011] - Direction in the middle. Fig 3. Tungsten cathode [211] - Direction, almost in the middle. Fig 4. Sphere model with the lattice directions of a cube-based emission tungsten cathode, field of view as Fig 3.'' [2] Erwin W. Müller, ''Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden'', Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: ''Electron microscopic observations of field cathode'' source: http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/h425u71vqh66w886/ [2] COPYRIGHTED source: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/opti cs/timeline/people/antiqueimages/mueller .jpg |
63 YBN [06/30/1937 AD] 16 | 5364) Element 43, the first completely artificial element, the radioactive metal7 technetium {TeKnEsEuM8 } is created by particle collision.9 10 11 12 13 Technetium has no stable isotopes.14 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ "technetium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/technetium 2. ^ "technetium." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 21 Jan. 2013. echnetium>. 3. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43", J. Chem. Phys. 5, 712 (1937). http://link.aip.org/link/jcpsa6 /v5/i9/p712/s1 {Segre_Emilio_19370630.p df} 4. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43. II", J. Chem. Phys. 7, 155 (1939). http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf /servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=J CPSA6000007000003000155000001&idtype=cvi ps&prog=normal {Segre_Emilio_19390110.p df} 5. ^ E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic System of the Elements", The Scientific monthly, (1943), volume: 57 page: 12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/18209 {Se gre_Emilio_194307xx.pdf} 6. ^ "Emilio Segrè." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/segr-emilio -gino 7. ^ "technetium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/technetium 8. ^ "technetium." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 21 Jan. 2013. echnetium>. 9. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43", J. Chem. Phys. 5, 712 (1937). http://link.aip.org/link/jcpsa6 /v5/i9/p712/s1 {Segre_Emilio_19370630.p df} 10. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43. II", J. Chem. Phys. 7, 155 (1939). http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf /servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=J CPSA6000007000003000155000001&idtype=cvi ps&prog=normal {Segre_Emilio_19390110.p df} 11. ^ E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic System of the Elements", The Scientific monthly, (1943), volume: 57 page: 12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/18209 {Se gre_Emilio_194307xx.pdf} 12. ^ "Emilio Segrè." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/segr-emilio -gino 13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p803. 14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p803. 15. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43", J. Chem. Phys. 5, 712 (1937). http://link.aip.org/link/jcpsa6 /v5/i9/p712/s1 {Segre_Emilio_19370630.p df} 16. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43", J. Chem. Phys. 5, 712 (1937). http://link.aip.org/link/jcpsa6 /v5/i9/p712/s1 {Segre_Emilio_19370630.p df} {06/30/1937} MORE INFO [1] "technetium (Tc)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/585354/technetium-Tc> | (Royal University) Polermo, Italy15 |
[1] Description Tc,43.jpg Technetium Date Uploaded 2005-06-01 on af: Source Lapp, Ralph E. and the Editors of Life (1965). Matter: Life Science Library. New York: TIME Incorporated. Author Attributed as a U.S. government image in scanning source PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/40/Tc%2C43.jpg [2] This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons Los Alamos wartime badge photo: Emilio Segrè Source: Los Alamos National Laboratory, http://www.lanl.gov/history/wartime/staf f.shtml PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/71/Emilio_Segre_ID_badge .png |
63 YBN [09/??/1937 AD] 4 5 | 5525) The first radio telescope that has a reflector or radio dish.1 2 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p840-841. 2. ^ "Grote Reber." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/493316/Grote-Reber>. 3. ^ Grote Reber. "Early Radio Astronomy in Wheaton, Illinois." Proc. IRE, 46, 15, 1958. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search /srchabstract.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4065216&q ueryText%3DEarly+Radio+Astronomy+at+Whea ton%2C+Illinoiss*%26openedRefinements%3D *%26searchField%3DSearch+All {Reber_Gro te_19571105.pdf} 4. ^ Grote Reber. "Early Radio Astronomy in Wheaton, Illinois." Proc. IRE, 46, 15, 1958. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search /srchabstract.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4065216&q ueryText%3DEarly+Radio+Astronomy+at+Whea ton%2C+Illinoiss*%26openedRefinements%3D *%26searchField%3DSearch+All {Reber_Gro te_19571105.pdf} {09/1937} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p840-841. {1937} MORE INFO [1] http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_reber. shtml [2] G. Reber and E. H. Conklin, "UHF receivers", Radio, no. 225, pp. 112 1938 [3] G. Reber, "Electric resonance chambers", Communications , vol. 18, pp. 5 1938 [4] G. Reber, "Electromagnetic horns", Communications , vol. 19, pp. 13 1939 [5] G. Reber, Radio, no. 235, pp. 17 1939 [6] G. Reber, "Cosmic static", Proc. Inst. Radio Eng., vol. 28, pp. 68 1940. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_al l.jsp?arnumber=1687092&tag=1 [7] G. Reber, "Solar radiation at 480 Mc/sec.", Nature, vol. 158, pp. 945 1946 [8] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all. jsp?arnumber=1265335 [9] http://www.nrao.edu/archives/Reber/reber _publist.shtml | Wheaton, Illinois, USA3 |
[1] Figure 3: The first ''dish'' radio telescope. Source: Estate of G Reber UNKNOWN source: http://www.atnf.csiro.au/news/ne wsletter/jun05/Reber_ORIGDISHa.jpg [2] Figure 2: Grote Reber as a young man. This picture is copied from ''A Play Entitled the Beginning of Radio Astronomy'', by Grote Reber, in The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol.82, No.3, June 1988, page 93. UNKNOWN source: http://www.atnf.csiro.au/news/ne wsletter/jun05/Reber_YOUNGMAN.jpg |
63 YBN [1937 AD] 7 | 3622) The process of xerography {Zi-roG-ru-FE1 } (or electrophotography2 ), which uses electrostatic charges and heat to copy documents;3 the basis of photocopiers and laser printers.4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "xerography." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 27 Jun. 2013. erography>. 2. ^ http://www.xerox.com/go/xrx/template/019 a.jsp?view=Details&subject=Other+Photos& Xcntry=USA&Xlang=en_US 3. ^ "photocopying machine." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/457786/photocopying-machine>. 4. ^ "photocopying machine." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/457786/photocopying-machine>. 5. ^ "laser printer." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2008. Answers.com 30 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/laser-print er 6. ^ "Chester Carlson." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 30 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/chester-car lson 7. ^ "photocopying machine." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/457786/photocopying-machine>. {1937} MORE INFO [1] "Chester Carlson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Car lson | New York City NY, USA6 |
[1] Astoria 10-22-38 (The first xerographic image) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.xerox.com/images/usa/ en/p/pa_firstimage.jpg [2] Schematic drawing of the xeroxgraphic photocopying process. Vectorization of the image. Original image made by 'Wschneider' on the German wikipedia. 1. Charging: The surface of a cylindrical drum is given an electrostatic charge by either a high voltage wire called a corona wire or a charge roller. The drum is coated with a photoconductive material. A is a semiconductor that becomes conductive when exposed to light. 2. Exposure: A bright lamp illuminates the original document, and the white areas of the original document reflect the light onto the surface of the photoconductive drum. The areas of the drum that are exposed to light (those areas that correspond to white areas of the original document) become conductive and therefore discharge to ground. The area of the drum not exposed to light (those areas that correspond to black portions of the original document) remain negatively charged. The result is a latent electrical image on the surface of the drum. 3. Developing: The toner is positively charged. When it is applied to the drum to develop the image, it is attracted and sticks to the areas that are negatively charged (black areas), just as paper sticks to a toy balloon with a static charge. 4. Transfer: The resulting toner image on the surface of the drum is transferred from the drum onto a piece of paper with a higher negative charge than the drum. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Xerographic_pho tocopy_process_en.svg/309px-Xerographic_ photocopy_process_en.svg.png |
62 YBN [04/??/1938 AD] 4 | 6271) Teflon is invented.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p82. 2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p82. 3. ^ US 2230654, Plunkett, Roy J, "Tetrafluoroethylene polymers", issued 4 February 1941. http://www.google.com/patents?id= S1JQAAAAEBAJ and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc ?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2230654 4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p82. {04/1938} | (E. I. duPont de Nemours & Company) 2 Wilmington, Delaware, USA3 |
[1] US 2230654, Plunkett, Roy J, ''Tetrafluoroethylene polymers'', issued 4 February 1941. http://www.google.com/patents?id= S1JQAAAAEBAJ PD AND ProBake Teflon Platinum Nonstick 12-Cup Muffin Pan from Amazon UNKNOWN AND [2] Polytetrafluoroethylene GNU AND Reena ctment of the 1938 discovery of Teflon. Left to right: Jack Rebok, Robert McHarness, and Roy Plunkett. Courtesy Hagley Museum and Library. UNKNOWN source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =S1JQAAAAEBAJhttp://ecx.images-amazon.co m/images/I/41dpo4IJ3GL._SX450_.jpghttp:/ /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflonhttp://www. chemheritage.org/Images/Main-Images-250x 290/Discover/Themes/Petrochemistry-and-S ynthetic-Polymers/plunkett1.jpg [2] Freshly cooked frozen w:blintzes in a frying pan. Photo taken by me, in the kitchen of my house. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/90/100_0783.JPG/12 80px-100_0783.JPG |
62 YBN [06/16/1938 AD] 10 | 5382) Both positively and negatively charged particles with a mass in between that of an electron and proton,4 5 are identified (from cosmic rays) and given the name "mesotron"6 , which will later be changed to "meson" {meZoN7 }8 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p805-806. 2. ^ Seth H. Neddermeyer and Carl D. Anderson, "Cosmic-Ray Particles of Intermediate Mass", Phys. Rev. 54, 88 (1938). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v54/i1/p88_2 {Anderson_Carl_D_1938061 6.pdf} 3. ^ Seth H. Neddermeyer and Carl D. Anderson, "Nature of Cosmic-Ray Particles", Rev. Mod. Phys. 11, 191 (1939). http://rmp.aps.org/pdf/RMP/v11/ i3-4/p191_1 {Anderson_Carl_D_193910xx.p df} 4. ^ Seth H. Neddermeyer and Carl D. Anderson, "Cosmic-Ray Particles of Intermediate Mass", Phys. Rev. 54, 88 (1938). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v54/i1/p88_2 {Anderson_Carl_D_1938061 6.pdf} 5. ^ Seth H. Neddermeyer and Carl D. Anderson, "Nature of Cosmic-Ray Particles", Rev. Mod. Phys. 11, 191 (1939). http://rmp.aps.org/pdf/RMP/v11/ i3-4/p191_1 {Anderson_Carl_D_193910xx.p df} 6. ^ Robert A. Millikan, "Mesotron as the Name of the New Particle", Phys. Rev. 55, 105 (1939). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v55/i1/p104_1 {Anderson_Carl_D_193812 07.pdf} 7. ^ "meson." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Apr. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/meson 8. ^ Record ID5339. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Positive Electron", Phys. Rev. 43, 491 (1933). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v43/i6/p491_1 {Anderson_Carl_19330228 .pdf} 10. ^ Seth H. Neddermeyer and Carl D. Anderson, "Cosmic-Ray Particles of Intermediate Mass", Phys. Rev. 54, 88 (1938). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v54/i1/p88_2 {Anderson_Carl_D_1938061 6.pdf} {06/16/1938} MORE INFO [1] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936". Nobelprize.org. 22 Feb 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1936/ [2] Carl D. Anderson, "The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable Positives", Science, 1932, V76, (pp. 238-239). http://www.jstor.org/stable/1 658257 [3] Carl D. Anderson and Seth H. Neddermeyer, "Cloud Chamber Observations of Cosmic Rays at 4300 Meters Elevation and Near Sea-Level", Phys. Rev. 50, 263 (1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v50/i4/p263_1 | (California Institute of Technology) Pasadena, California9 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Seth H. Neddermeyer and Carl D. Anderson, ''Cosmic-Ray Particles of Intermediate Mass'', Phys. Rev. 54, 88 (1938). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v54/i1/p88_2 {Anderson_Carl_D_1938061 6.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v54/i1/p88_2 [2] Carl David Anderson searching for mesons. From LBNL archives, dated 1937. from en:Image:Carl anderson.1937.jpeg 2005-10-28 04:46:20 . . Salsb PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/9e/Carl_anderson.1937.jp g |
62 YBN [06/22/1938 AD] 9 | 5448) The first image of a virus is captured.4 5 6 Viruses are confirmed to be about 150 nm in size.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary. de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_ Ernst_19380622.pdf} 2. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary. de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_ Ernst_19380622.pdf} 3. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary. de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_ Ernst_19380622.pdf} 4. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary. de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_ Ernst_19380622.pdf} 5. ^ http://helmut.ruska.de/?page_id=14 6. ^ Record ID5446. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 7. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary. de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_ Ernst_19380622.pdf} 8. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary. de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_ Ernst_19380622.pdf} 9. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary. de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_ Ernst_19380622.pdf} {06/22/1938} MORE INFO [1] E. Ruska u. M. Knoll, Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389, 448, 1931 [2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". Nobelprize.org. 5 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1986/ [3] M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI: 10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/ [4] Ernst Ruska, "Über eine Berechnungsmethode des Kathodenstrahloszillographen auf Grund der experimentell gefundenen Abhängigkeit des Schreibfleckdurchmessers von der Stellung der Konzentrierspule.", Studienarbeit Technische Hochschule Berlin, Lehrstuhl für Hochspannungstechnik, eingereicht am 10.5.1929. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q001/q001.html [5] E. Ruska und M. Knoll, "Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle Elektronenstrahlen.", Z. techn. Physik 12 (1931) 389-400 und 448, eingegangen am 28.4.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q003/q003.html [6] M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am 10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrar y.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html [7] Knoll, Max (1935). "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 16: 467–475 [8] "Microscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope [9] E. Ruska, "Über Fortschritte im Bau und in der Leistung des magnetischen Elektronenmikroskops.", Z. Phys. 87 (1934) 580-602. eingegangen am 12.12.1933. http://ernstruska.digilibra ry.de/bibliographie/q013/q013.html En glish: "On progress in construction and performance of the magnetic electron microscope." [10] "Ernst Ruska." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/513086/Ernst-Ruska> | (Berliner Medizinischen Gesellschaft/Berlin Medical Society) Berlin, Germany8 |
[1] (ubermikroskop) Ultramicroscope image of the virus of ectromelia in the point mouse. Infectious material from the lymph of an infected paw. magnified 20,000x. Figure 1 from: B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, ''Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.'', Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary. de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_ Ernst_19380622.pdf} UNKNOWN source: http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de /bibliographie/q021/q021.html [2] Ernst Ruska, 1939 UNKNOWN source: http://www.siemens.com/history/p ool/perseunlichkeiten/wissenschaftler/ru ska_1939.jpg |
61 YBN [04/30/1939 AD] 13 14 | 5835) The bipedal (or two leg walking) robot.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elek tro1.htm 2. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009, Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublis hing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha rkey_200901xx.pdf} 3. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elek tro1.htm 4. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009, Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublis hing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha rkey_200901xx.pdf} 5. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elek tro1.htm 6. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009, Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublis hing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha rkey_200901xx.pdf} 7. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elek tro1.htm 8. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009, Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublis hing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha rkey_200901xx.pdf} 9. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elek tro1.htm 10. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009, Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublis hing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha rkey_200901xx.pdf} 11. ^ Scott Schaut, Robots of Westinghouse 1924-today, 2006, p91,185. 12. ^ "Elektro". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro 13. ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-histo ry/new-york-worlds-fair-opens {around) 04/30/1939 (opening of World's Fair} 14. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elek tro1.htm {1939 (verify} MORE INFO [1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuyTRbj8Q SA&feature=related [2] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ay225WkU4 Gs&feature=related [3] Scott Schaut, "Robots of Westinghouse, 1924-today", Mansfield, Ohio : Scott Schautt, Mansfield Memorial Museum, 2006 [4] http://www.archive.org/details/middleton _family_worlds_fair_1939 | (Westinghouse Electric Corporation) Mansfield, Ohio, USA11 12 |
[1] Elektro at the 1939 World's Fair UNKNOWN source: http://img.youtube.com/vi/T35A3g _GvSg/0.jpg [2] Inside working of Westinghouse Elektro walking robot UNKNOWN source: http://davidszondy.com/future/ro bot/elektro-interior.jpg |
60 YBN [03/03/1940 AD] 3 | 5462) That uranium-235 produces far more fissions per minute than uranium-238 is demonstrated.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alfred O. Nier, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and A. V. Grosse, "Nuclear Fission of Separated Uranium Isotopes", .Phys. Rev. 57, 546–546 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v57/i6/p546_1 {Dunning_John_Ray_19400 303.pdf} 2. ^ Alfred O. Nier, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and A. V. Grosse, "Nuclear Fission of Separated Uranium Isotopes", .Phys. Rev. 57, 546–546 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v57/i6/p546_1 {Dunning_John_Ray_19400 303.pdf} 3. ^ Alfred O. Nier, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and A. V. Grosse, "Nuclear Fission of Separated Uranium Isotopes", .Phys. Rev. 57, 546–546 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v57/i6/p546_1 {Dunning_John_Ray_19400 303.pdf} {03/03/1940} MORE INFO [1] "John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-dunnin g-1st-baron-ashburton | (Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA2 |
[1] Alfred O. Nier, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and A. V. Grosse, ''Nuclear Fission of Separated Uranium Isotopes'', .Phys. Rev. 57, 546–546 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v57/i6/p546_1 {Dunning_John_Ray_19400 303.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v57/i6/p546_1 [2] Description: middle age, three quarter view, suit Date: Unknown Credit: AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives Names: Dunning, John Ray UNKNOWN source: http://photos.aip.org/history/Th umbnails/dunning_john_a2.jpg |
60 YBN [05/28/1940 AD] 4 | 5285) Uranium and thorium are fissioned by γ-rays.1 This is the first fissioning of large atoms with light particles.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ R. O. Haxby, W. E. Shoupp, W. E. Stephens, and W. H. Wells, "Photo-Fission of Uranium and Thorium, Phys. Rev. 58, 92–92 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v58/i1/p92_1 {Wells_W_H_19400528.pdf} 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ R. O. Haxby, W. E. Shoupp, W. E. Stephens, and W. H. Wells, "Photo-Fission of Uranium and Thorium", Phys. Rev. 59, 57–62 (1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v59/i1/p57_1 {Wells_W_H_19400830.pdf} 4. ^ R. O. Haxby, W. E. Shoupp, W. E. Stephens, and W. H. Wells, "Photo-Fission of Uranium and Thorium, Phys. Rev. 58, 92–92 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v58/i1/p92_1 {Wells_W_H_19400528.pdf} {05/28/1940} | (Westinghouse Research Laboratories) East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA3 |
[1] R. O. Haxby, W. E. Shoupp, W. E. Stephens, and W. H. Wells, ''Photo-Fission of Uranium and Thorium, Phys. Rev. 58, 92–92 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v58/i1/p92_1 {Wells_W_H_19400528.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v58/i1/p92_1 [2] R. O. Haxby, W. E. Shoupp, W. E. Stephens, and W. H. Wells, ''Photo-Fission of Uranium and Thorium, Phys. Rev. 58, 92–92 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v58/i1/p92_1 {Wells_W_H_19400528.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v58/i1/p92_1 |
60 YBN [06/14/1940 AD] 3 | 5568) The spontaneous fission of uranium is observed.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p846. 2. ^ Flerov and Petrjak, "Spontaneous Fission of Uranium", Phys. Rev. 58, 89–89 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v58/i1/p89_2 3. ^ Flerov and Petrjak, "Spontaneous Fission of Uranium", Phys. Rev. 58, 89–89 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v58/i1/p89_2 {06/14/1940} | (Physico Technical Institute and Radium Institute) Leningrad, (U.S.S.R. now) Russia2 |
[1] Georgy Nikolaevich FLEROV source: http://159.93.28.88/flnr/history /flerov.jpg |
60 YBN [08/24/1940 AD] 6 7 | 5217) An anti-bacterial form of the fungus Penicillin is found to be effective against at least three kinds of bacteria in mice.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sir Howard Walter Florey." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/howard-walt er-florey 2. ^ E Chain, HW Florey, AD Gardner, NG Heatley, "Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic agent", Lancet, 1940 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2V2F-MY-1&_cd i=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S0140673601087281 &_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_co verDate=08%2F24%2F1940&_sk=997633895&wch p=dGLzVtb-zSkzS&md5=77efee12aba47b15f2f4 b87566fdacd3&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Florey_ Howard_19400824.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p763-764. 4. ^ "Ernst Boris Chain." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernst-boris -chain 5. ^ E Chain, HW Florey, AD Gardner, NG Heatley, "Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic agent", Lancet, 1940 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2V2F-MY-1&_cd i=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S0140673601087281 &_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_co verDate=08%2F24%2F1940&_sk=997633895&wch p=dGLzVtb-zSkzS&md5=77efee12aba47b15f2f4 b87566fdacd3&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Florey_ Howard_19400824.pdf} 6. ^ E Chain, HW Florey, AD Gardner, NG Heatley, "Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic agent", Lancet, 1940 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2V2F-MY-1&_cd i=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S0140673601087281 &_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_co verDate=08%2F24%2F1940&_sk=997633895&wch p=dGLzVtb-zSkzS&md5=77efee12aba47b15f2f4 b87566fdacd3&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Florey_ Howard_19400824.pdf} {08/24/1940} 7. ^ "Sir Howard Walter Florey." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/howard-walt er-florey {1939} | (University of Oxford) Oxford, England5 |
[1] Table from: E Chain, HW Florey, AD Gardner, NG Heatley, ''Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic agent'', Lancet, 1940 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2V2F-MY-1&_cd i=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S0140673601087281 &_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_co verDate=08%2F24%2F1940&_sk=997633895&wch p=dGLzVtb-zSkzS&md5=77efee12aba47b15f2f4 b87566fdacd3&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Florey_ Howard_19400824.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2V2F-MY -1&_cdi=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S0140673601 087281&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_it em&_coverDate=08%2F24%2F1940&_sk=9976338 95&wchp=dGLzVtb-zSkzS&md5=77efee12aba47b 15f2f4b87566fdacd3&ie=/sdarticle.pdf [2] Description Howard Florey, Baron Florey Source http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laur eates/1945/florey-bio.html Article Howard Florey, Baron Florey Portion used Entire photo Low resolution? Yes Purpose of use To identify and illustrate Howard Florey in the article Howard Florey, Baron Florey Replaceable? No; Howard Florey died in 1968. COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/a/a7/Howard_Florey.png |
60 YBN [11/13/1940 AD] 5 | 5524) A circular electron accelerator is built which creates artificial gamma rays.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. W. Kerst, "The Acceleration of Electrons by Magnetic Induction", Phys. Rev. 60, 47–53 (1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v60/i1/p47_1 {Kerst_Donald_William_19 410418.pdf} 2. ^ Donald W. Kerst et al, "MAGNETIC INDUCTION ACCELERATOR", Patent number: 2297305, Filing date: Nov 13, 1940, Issue date: Sep 29, 1942. http://www.google.com/patents?hl= en&lr=&vid=USPAT2297305&id=wk9oAAAAEBAJ& oi=fnd&dq=%22DW+Kerst%22&printsec=abstra ct#v=onepage&q=%22DW%20Kerst%22&f=false 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p840. 4. ^ Donald W. Kerst et al, "MAGNETIC INDUCTION ACCELERATOR", Patent number: 2297305, Filing date: Nov 13, 1940, Issue date: Sep 29, 1942. http://www.google.com/patents?hl= en&lr=&vid=USPAT2297305&id=wk9oAAAAEBAJ& oi=fnd&dq=%22DW+Kerst%22&printsec=abstra ct#v=onepage&q=%22DW%20Kerst%22&f=false 5. ^ Donald W. Kerst et al, "MAGNETIC INDUCTION ACCELERATOR", Patent number: 2297305, Filing date: Nov 13, 1940, Issue date: Sep 29, 1942. http://www.google.com/patents?hl= en&lr=&vid=USPAT2297305&id=wk9oAAAAEBAJ& oi=fnd&dq=%22DW+Kerst%22&printsec=abstra ct#v=onepage&q=%22DW%20Kerst%22&f=false {11/13/1940} | (General Electric Company) Scotia, New York, USA4 |
[1] Figure 4 from: D. W. Kerst, ''The Acceleration of Electrons by Magnetic Induction'', Phys. Rev. 60, 47–53 (1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v60/i1/p47_1 {Kerst_Donald_William_19 410418.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v60/i1/p47_1 [2] Donald W. Kerst (on left) UNKNOWN source: http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/p hotos/kerst2.jpg |
60 YBN [12/02/1940 AD] 3 | 5439) The first color television images are broadcast.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Peter Goldmark." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/goldmark-pe ter-carl 2. ^ "Peter Goldmark." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/goldmark-pe ter-carl 3. ^ "Peter Goldmark." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/goldmark-pe ter-carl {12/02/1940} MORE INFO [1] Peter C. Goldmark, "Television", Patent number: 2329194, Filing date: Jan 9, 1941, Issue date: Sep 14, 1943 http://www.google.com/patents?id=9 dZuAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse [2] Peter C. Goldmark, "COLOR TELEVISION", Patent number: 2435962, Filing date: Nov 20, 1940, Issue date: Feb 17, 1948. http://www.google.com/patents?id= D6lLAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false [3] Peter C. Goldmark, "COLOR TELEVISION", Patent number: 2304081, Filing date: Sep 7, 1940, Issue date: Dec 8, 1942. http://www.google.com/patents?id= 1K9LAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false | (Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.) New York City, New York, USA2 |
[1] From Popular Science, Jul 1941, p65 http://books.google.com/books?id=vy YDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA65 UNKNOWN AND Peter Carl Goldmark 2004 Upper Deck The History of the United States Inventors and Inventions No. II46 UNKNOWN source: http://books.google.com/books?id =vyYDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA65http://www. popsci.com/files/imagecache/photogallery _image/articles/3-Color-TV_0.jpg [2] From Popular Science, Jul 1941, p65 http://books.google.com/books?id=vy YDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA65 UNKNOWN source: http://books.google.com/books?id =vyYDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA65 |
59 YBN [01/23/1941 AD] 5 | 5580) That the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis comes from the water molecule and not from carbon dioxide is proven by using oxygen-18, a stable but rare oxygen isotope.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Samuel Ruben, Merle Randall, Martin Kamen, James Logan Hyde, "Heavy Oxygen (O18) as a Tracer in the Study of Photosynthesis", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1941, 63 (3), pp 877–879. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/ 10.1021/ja01848a512 {Kamen_Martin_D_194 10123.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p848. 3. ^ "Martin David Kamen." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 28 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-davi d-kamen 4. ^ Samuel Ruben, Merle Randall, Martin Kamen, James Logan Hyde, "Heavy Oxygen (O18) as a Tracer in the Study of Photosynthesis", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1941, 63 (3), pp 877–879. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/ 10.1021/ja01848a512 {Kamen_Martin_D_194 10123.pdf} 5. ^ Samuel Ruben, Merle Randall, Martin Kamen, James Logan Hyde, "Heavy Oxygen (O18) as a Tracer in the Study of Photosynthesis", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1941, 63 (3), pp 877–879. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/ 10.1021/ja01848a512 {Kamen_Martin_D_194 10123.pdf} {01/23/1941} MORE INFO [1] S. Ruben, W. Z. Hassid, M. D. Kamen, "Radioactive Carbon in the Study of Photosynthesis", Journal of the American Chemical Society 1939 61 (3), 661-663. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10 .1021/ja01872a034 [2] Samuel Ruben and Martin D. Kamen, "Radioactive Carbon of Long Half-Life", Phys. Rev. 57, 549–549 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v57/i6/p549_1 | (University of California) Berkeley, California, USA4 |
[1] Dr. Martin Kamen - Scientist who discovered radioactive carbon-14 which revolutionized archeology (carbon-14 dating) and laid a foundation for deciphering the chemical processes in plants and animals, but who spent many years ostracized on suspicion that he was a Russian spy (later exonerated), died at age 89. UNKNOWN source: http://lifeinlegacy.com/2002/090 7/KamenMartin.jpg |
59 YBN [02/24/1941 AD] 3 | 5283) Uranium is fissioned by Alpha-Particles under an electric potential of 32-Mev.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ E. Fermi and E. Segrè , "Fission of Uranium by Alpha-Particles", Phys. Rev. 59, 680–681 (1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v59/i8/p680_2 {Fermi_Enrico_19410224. pdf} 2. ^ E. Fermi and E. Segrè , "Fission of Uranium by Alpha-Particles", Phys. Rev. 59, 680–681 (1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v59/i8/p680_2 {Fermi_Enrico_19410224. pdf} 3. ^ E. Fermi and E. Segrè , "Fission of Uranium by Alpha-Particles", Phys. Rev. 59, 680–681 (1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v59/i8/p680_2 {Fermi_Enrico_19410224. pdf} {02/24/1941} MORE INFO [1] E. Fermi, "Argomenti pro e contro la ipotesi dei quanti di luce" ("Arguments for and against the hypothesis of quanta of light"), Il Nuovo Cimento (1924-1942), Volume 3, Numbers 1-2, xlvii-liv. http://www.springerlink.com/ content/lm022085605043uh/ [2] E. Fermi, "Zur Quantelung des idealen einatomigen Gases", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 11-12, 902-912. "The quantization of the ideal monatomic gas" http://www.springerlink.com/conten t/k763270092273181/ [3] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p447 [4] E Fermi, "Eine statistische Methode zur Bestimmung einiger Eigenschaften des Atoms und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie des periodischen Systems der Elemente", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 48, Numbers 1-2, 73-79. "A statistical method for determining some properties of the atom and its application to the theory of the periodic table of elements" http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/v762582061464612/ [5] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938". Nobelprize.org. 7 Feb 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1938/ [6] E. Fermi, "Sulla quantizzazione del gas perfetto monoatomico", Ren. Lincei, 3, 1926, p145-149. reprinted in: Enrico Fermi, "Enrico Fermi, Collected Papers", V1, p178 [7] R. O. Haxby, W. E. Shoupp, W. E. Stephens, and W. H. Wells, "Photo-Fission of Uranium and Thorium", Phys. Rev. 59, 57–62 (1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v59/i1/p57_1 | (University of California) Berkeley, California, USA2 |
[1] E. Fermi and E. Segrè , ''Fission of Uranium by Alpha-Particles'', Phys. Rev. 59, 680–681 (1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v59/i8/p680_2 {Fermi_Enrico_19410224. pdf} COPYRIGHTED AND Enrico Fermi Nobel photo COPYRIGHTED AND This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons Los Alamos wartime badge photo: Emilio Segrè Source: Los Alamos National Laboratory, http://www.lanl.gov/history/wartime/staf f.shtml PD source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v59/i8/p680_2http://nobelprize.org/nobe l_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/fermi.jp ghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ommons/7/71/Emilio_Segre_ID_badge.png [2] Enrico Fermi from Argonne National Laboratory PD source: http://www.osti.gov/accomplishme nts/images/08.gif |
59 YBN [10/08/1941 AD] 5 | 5331) That a sequence of DNA (a gene1 ) controls the production of a particular protein, is proven when X-rays cause a genetic mutation in a bread mold which results in the mold failing to make vitamin B6. This mutation is also shown to be inherited.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "gene." The Oxford Companion to the Body. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2003. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/gene 2. ^ G. W. BEADLE AND E. L. TATUM, "GENETIC CONTROL OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN NEUROSPORA", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1941 November 15; 27(11): 499–506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1078370/ {Beadle_George_19411008. pdf} 3. ^ "George Wells Beadle." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-well s-beadle 4. ^ G. W. BEADLE AND E. L. TATUM, "GENETIC CONTROL OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN NEUROSPORA", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1941 November 15; 27(11): 499–506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1078370/ {Beadle_George_19411008. pdf} 5. ^ G. W. BEADLE AND E. L. TATUM, "GENETIC CONTROL OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN NEUROSPORA", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1941 November 15; 27(11): 499–506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1078370/ {Beadle_George_19411008. pdf} {10/08/1941} | (Stanford University) Stanford, California, USA4 |
[1] George Beadle Nobel photo COPYRIGHTED AND Edward Lawrie Tatum Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1958/beadle.jpghtt p://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine /laureates/1958/tatum.jpg [2] George Beadle Nobel photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1958/beadle.jpg |
59 YBN [1941 AD] 5 | 6648) The plastic polyester.1 2 3 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "polyester." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 21 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/polyester 2. ^ W. T. ASTBURY & C. J. BROWN. "Chemistry of Terylene." Nature 158, 871-871 (14 December 1946) doi:10.1038/158871a0 3. ^ Whinfield, J. R. "Chemistry of Terylene." Nature 158 (1946): 920-931. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v158/n4026/abs/158930a0.html 4. ^ Caron, F., P. Erker, and W. Fischer. Innovations in the European Economy Between the Wars. De Gruyter, 1995, p190. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9xCGZs75b7YC&pg=PA190 5. ^ Caron, F., P. Erker, and W. Fischer. Innovations in the European Economy Between the Wars. De Gruyter, 1995, p190. http://books.google.com/books?id= 9xCGZs75b7YC&pg=PA190 | (Calico Printers' Association, Ltd.) England4 |
[1] Description English: A close-up of a 100% Polyester shirt. I took this picture myself just moments ago. Date 30 August 2004 (original upload date) Source Transferred from ronhjones to Commons by ronhjones. Author Damieng at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/92/Polyester_Shirt%2C_cl ose-up.jpg [2] Description English: Resin-identification-code-1-PETE Date 23 April 2007 (original upload date) Source Own work (Original text: “TotoBaggins (talk) (Uploads)”) - Self made from PNG. Author TotoBaggins at en.wikipedia PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Resin-identific ation-code-1-PETE.svg/1000px-Resin-ident ification-code-1-PETE.svg.png |
58 YBN [03/12/1942 AD] 3 | 5428) The first detailed image of a virus is captured.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. E. Luria and Thomas F. Anderson, "The Identification and Characterization of Bacteriophages with the Electron Microscope", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Apr. 15, 1942), pp. 127-130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/87 648 {Luria_Salvador_Edward_19420312.pdf } 2. ^ S. E. Luria and Thomas F. Anderson, "The Identification and Characterization of Bacteriophages with the Electron Microscope", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Apr. 15, 1942), pp. 127-130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/87 648 {Luria_Salvador_Edward_19420312.pdf } 3. ^ S. E. Luria and Thomas F. Anderson, "The Identification and Characterization of Bacteriophages with the Electron Microscope", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Apr. 15, 1942), pp. 127-130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/87 648 {Luria_Salvador_Edward_19420312.pdf } {03/12/1942} MORE INFO [1] http://helmut.ruska.de/?page_id=14 | (RCA Research Laboratories) Camden, New Jersey, USA2 |
[1] Plate 1 from: S. E. Luria and Thomas F. Anderson, ''The Identification and Characterization of Bacteriophages with the Electron Microscope'', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Apr. 15, 1942), pp. 127-130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/87 648 {Luria_Salvador_Edward_19420312.pdf } EXPLANATION OF PLATE PLATE I 1. Electron micrograph of particles from a high titer suspension of bacteriophage anti-coli PC. X 38,000. 2. Particles from a high titer suspension of bacteriophage anti-coli PC. X 84,000. 3. Escherichia coli from suspension in distilled water. X 17,000. 4. Escherichia coli in suspension of bacteriophage anti-coli PC for ten minutes. X 17,500. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/8764 8 [2] Salvador Edward Luria Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1969/luria.jpg |
58 YBN [11/04/1942 AD] 4 | 5289) The first explicit claim of a planet of a different star; recognized from the movement in photos of the nearby star 61 Cygni.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Strand, K. A., "61 Cygni as a Triple System", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 55, No. 322, p.29-32. http://articles.adsabs.harvard .edu/full/seri/PASP./0055//0000030.000.h tml {Strand_K_A_19421104.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p785. 3. ^ Strand, K. A., "61 Cygni as a Triple System", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 55, No. 322, p.29-32. http://articles.adsabs.harvard .edu/full/seri/PASP./0055//0000030.000.h tml {Strand_K_A_19421104.pdf} 4. ^ Strand, K. A., "61 Cygni as a Triple System", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 55, No. 322, p.29-32. http://articles.adsabs.harvard .edu/full/seri/PASP./0055//0000030.000.h tml {Strand_K_A_19421104.pdf} {11/04/1942} MORE INFO [1] http://theperfectsilence.com/ | (Sproul Observatory, Swartmore University), Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA3 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Strand, K. A., ''61 Cygni as a Triple System'', Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 55, No. 322, p.29-32. http://articles.adsabs.harvard .edu/full/seri/PASP./0055//0000030.000.h tml {Strand_K_A_19421104.pdf} UNKNOWN source: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/full/seri/PASP./0055//0000030.000.htm l [2] Description KajStrand.jpg English: Kaj Aage Gunnar Strand (27 February 1907 - 31 October 2000) was director of the U.S. Naval Observatory from 1963 to 1977. He specialized in astrometry, especially work on double stars and stellar distances. Date 2000(2000) Source http://ad.usno.navy.mil/wds/history /strand.html Author U.S.Navy Permission (Reusing this file) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/59/KajStrand.jpg |
58 YBN [12/02/1942 AD] 12 | 5277) A self-sustained uranium fission reaction.7 8 9 Cadmium rods are slowly withdrawn from a pile of graphite blocks with uranium inside, and the first uranium fission chain reaction becomes self-sustaining, driven only by neutrons spontaneously emitted by uranium.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ E. Fermi, "Work Carried Out by the Physics Division", Report CP-387 for month Ending December 15, 1942. Reprinted in "Enrico Fermi, Collected Papers, v2, 1965, p270. 2. ^ "Experimental production of a Divergent Chain Reaction", American Journal of Physics, 20, 1952, 536-558. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1 /ajpias/v20/i9/p536_s1 {Fermi_Enrico_19 520627.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783. 4. ^ E. Fermi, "Work Carried Out by the Physics Division", Report CP-387 for month Ending December 15, 1942. Reprinted in "Enrico Fermi, Collected Papers, v2, 1965, p270. 5. ^ "Experimental production of a Divergent Chain Reaction", American Journal of Physics, 20, 1952, 536-558. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1 /ajpias/v20/i9/p536_s1 {Fermi_Enrico_19 520627.pdf} 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783. 7. ^ E. Fermi, "Work Carried Out by the Physics Division", Report CP-387 for month Ending December 15, 1942. Reprinted in "Enrico Fermi, Collected Papers, v2, 1965, p270. 8. ^ "Experimental production of a Divergent Chain Reaction", American Journal of Physics, 20, 1952, 536-558. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1 /ajpias/v20/i9/p536_s1 {Fermi_Enrico_19 520627.pdf} 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783. 10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783. 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783. 12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783. {12/02/1942} MORE INFO [1] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938". Nobelprize.org. 7 Feb 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1938/ [2] E Fermi, "Eine statistische Methode zur Bestimmung einiger Eigenschaften des Atoms und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie des periodischen Systems der Elemente", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 48, Numbers 1-2, 73-79. "A statistical method for determining some properties of the atom and its application to the theory of the periodic table of elements" http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/v762582061464612/ [3] E. Fermi, "Zur Quantelung des idealen einatomigen Gases", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 11-12, 902-912. "The quantization of the ideal monatomic gas" http://www.springerlink.com/conten t/k763270092273181/ [4] E. Fermi, "Argomenti pro e contro la ipotesi dei quanti di luce" ("Arguments for and against the hypothesis of quanta of light"), Il Nuovo Cimento (1924-1942), Volume 3, Numbers 1-2, xlvii-liv. http://www.springerlink.com/ content/lm022085605043uh/ [5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p465 [6] E. Fermi, "Magnetic Moments of Atomic Nuclei", Nature 125, 16-16 (04 January 1930) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 125/n3140/abs/125016a0.html [7] E. Fermi, "Quantum Theory of Radiation", Rev. Mod. Phys. 4, 87–132 (1932). http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP /v4/i1/p87_1 [8] E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, B. Pontecorvo, E. Rasetti and E. Segré, La Ricerca Scientifica, 2, No. 12; 1933 [9] "Versuch einer Theorie der β-Strahlen. I ", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 88, Numbers 3-4, 1933, 161-177. http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/wq2r06j058382226/ [10] "Chadwick, James." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 143-148. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [11] Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 5, p282 (1934); Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 283, 330 (1934); Amaldi, D'Agostino, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 452, 652, 21 (1934); Fermi, Rasetti and D'Agostino, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 533 (1934); Fermi, 'Nature,' "Radioactivity Induced by Neutron Bombardment" vol. 133, N3368 pp. 757, 898 (1934). See also Fermi, ' Nuovo Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 429 (1934); Amaldi, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Nuovo Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 442 (1934); Amaldi and Segre, 'Nuovo Cim.,' vol.11,. p. 452 (1934); ' D'Agostino ' Gazz. Chim. Ital.,' in press (1934) [12] E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, O. D'Agostino, F. Rasetti and E. Segre, "Artificial Radioactivity Produced by Neutron Bombardment", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 146, No. 857 (Sep. 1, 1934), pp. 483-500 http://www.jstor.org/stable/293 5604 [13] Enrico Fermi, "Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92", Nature 133, 898-899 (16 June 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html [14] E. Segre (Ed.): "Enrico Fermi: Collected Papers" (Nore e Memorie), University of Chicago Press, Chicago (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Roma) 1962, Vol. 1 , p. 640 [15] E Fermi, "Le ultime particelle costitutive della materia", Societa italiana per il progresso, 1934 [16] Fermi, Amaldi, Pontecorvo, Rasetti, Segre, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 2, p. 280 (1934); [17] E. Amaldi, O. D'Agostino, E. Fermi, B. Pontecorvo, F. Rasetti and E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity Produced by Neutron Bombardment. II", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences Vol. 149, No. 868 (Apr. 10, 1935), pp. 522-558 http://www.jstor.org/stable/963 79 [18] ENRICO FERMI, "Reactions Produced by Neutrons in Heavy Elements", Nature 146, 640-642 (16 November 1940). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v146/n3707/abs/146640a0.html [19] E. Amaldi and E. Fermi, "On the Absorption and the Diffusion of Slow Neutrons", Phys. Rev. 50, 899–928 (1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v50/i10/p899_1 | (University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA11 |
[1] Figure 5 from: ''Experimental production of a Divergent Chain Reaction'', American Journal of Physics, 20, 1952, 536-558. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1 /ajpias/v20/i9/p536_s1 {Fermi_Enrico_19 520627.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/a jpias/v20/i9/p536_s1 [2] Enrico Fermi from Argonne National Laboratory PD source: http://www.osti.gov/accomplishme nts/images/08.gif |
57 YBN [05/25/1943 AD] 5 | 5578) Changes in light absorption spectral lines are used to determine that molecular changes have occurred.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Britton Chance, "The kinetics of the enzyme-substrate compound of peroxidase", Journal of biological chemistry, (1943) volume: 151 issue: 2 page: 553. http://www.jbc.org/content/151/2/553.f ull.pdf+html?sid=d94bc504-c1d4-4a2e-b594 -e33b2c903bf6 {Chance_Britton_19430526. pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p847-848. 3. ^ http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/190 0s/chance_britton.html 4. ^ Britton Chance, "The kinetics of the enzyme-substrate compound of peroxidase", Journal of biological chemistry, (1943) volume: 151 issue: 2 page: 553. http://www.jbc.org/content/151/2/553.f ull.pdf+html?sid=d94bc504-c1d4-4a2e-b594 -e33b2c903bf6 {Chance_Britton_19430526. pdf} 5. ^ Britton Chance, "The kinetics of the enzyme-substrate compound of peroxidase", Journal of biological chemistry, (1943) volume: 151 issue: 2 page: 553. http://www.jbc.org/content/151/2/553.f ull.pdf+html?sid=d94bc504-c1d4-4a2e-b594 -e33b2c903bf6 {Chance_Britton_19430526. pdf} {05/25/1943} MORE INFO [1] "Britton Chance." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/britton-cha nce | (University of Pennsylvania) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA4 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Britton Chance, ''The kinetics of the enzyme-substrate compound of peroxidase'', Journal of biological chemistry, (1943) volume: 151 issue: 2 page: 553. http://www.jbc.org/content/151/2/553.f ull.pdf+html?sid=d94bc504-c1d4-4a2e-b594 -e33b2c903bf6 {Chance_Britton_19430526. pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jbc.org/content/151/2 /553.full.pdf+html?sid=d94bc504-c1d4-4a2 e-b594-e33b2c903bf6 [2] Britton Chance (1913-2010) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.archives.upenn.edu/im g/20060628001bchance200.jpg |
57 YBN [11/01/1943 AD] 5 | 4916) The DNA molecule is recognized as being responsible for the creation and inheritance of structural changes in a body,2 when a DNA molecule is found to change a rough appearing bacteria into a smooth one, which is then passed onto later generations.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Avery, MacLeod and McCarty. “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. Induction of Transformation by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, V79, N2, Feb, 1944, 137–158. http://jem.rupress.org/conte nt/79/2/137.full.pdf {Avery_Oswald_1943 1101.pdf} 2. ^ Avery, MacLeod and McCarty. “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. Induction of Transformation by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, V79, N2, Feb, 1944, 137–158. http://jem.rupress.org/conte nt/79/2/137.full.pdf {Avery_Oswald_1943 1101.pdf} 3. ^ Avery, MacLeod and McCarty. “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. Induction of Transformation by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, V79, N2, Feb, 1944, 137–158. http://jem.rupress.org/conte nt/79/2/137.full.pdf {Avery_Oswald_1943 1101.pdf} 4. ^ Avery, MacLeod and McCarty. “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. Induction of Transformation by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, V79, N2, Feb, 1944, 137–158. http://jem.rupress.org/conte nt/79/2/137.full.pdf {Avery_Oswald_1943 1101.pdf} 5. ^ Avery, MacLeod and McCarty. “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. Induction of Transformation by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, V79, N2, Feb, 1944, 137–158. http://jem.rupress.org/conte nt/79/2/137.full.pdf {Avery_Oswald_1943 1101.pdf} {11/1/1943} MORE INFO [1] "Oswald Avery." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/oswald-aver y [2] "Avery, Oswald T." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 342-343. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830900196&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Oswald Theodore Avery". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Theo dore_Avery [4] Maclyn McCarty and Oswald T. Avery, "STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES: III. AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION OF THE TRANSFORMING SUBSTANCE AND ITS APPLICATION TO PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES II, III, AND VI J Exp Med 1946 83:97-104. Published February 1, 1946, doi:10.1084/jem.83.2.97 http://jem.rupress.org/content/83/2/97 .full.pdf | (Rockefeller Institute, now called Rockefeller University) New York City, New York, USA4 |
[1] EXPLANATION OF PLATE The photograph was made by Mr. Joseph B. Haulenbeek. FIG. 1. Colonies of the R variant (R36A) derived from Pneumococcus Type n. Plated on blood agar from a culture grown in serum broth in the absence of the transforming substance. X 3.5. FIO. 2. Colonies on blood agar of the same cells after induction of transformation during growth in the same medium with the addition of active transforming principle isolated from Type nI pneumococci. The smooth, glistening, mucoid colonies shown are characteristic of Pneumococcus Type In and readily distinguishable from the small, rough colonies of the parent R strain illustrated in Fig. 1. X3.5. Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on December 24, 2010 Published February 1, 1944 COPYRIGHTED source: http://jem.rupress.org/content/7 9/2/137.full.pdf [2] Description Oswald T. Avery portrait 1937.jpg Portrait of Oswald T. Avery, cropped from a Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research staff photograph. Date 1937(1937) Source http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/A/A/ L/P/_/ccaalp_.jpg Author Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) Reproduced with permission of the Rockefeller Archive Center. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/eb/Oswald_T._Avery_portr ait_1937.jpg |
57 YBN [1943 AD] 3 | 4949) That direct electrical stimulation to the brain can cause cats to become enraged or scared is shown.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Akert K., "Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) and His Contribution to Neuroscience", Journal of the history of the neurosciences 0964-704X. ^ Akert (1999) volume: 8 issue: 3 page: 248. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/cont ent/tandf/jhin/1999/00000008/00000003/ar t00004 {Hess_Rudolf_contributions_1999. pdf} 2. ^ "Walter Rudolf Hess." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-rudo lf-hess 3. ^ Akert K., "Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) and His Contribution to Neuroscience", Journal of the history of the neurosciences 0964-704X. ^ Akert (1999) volume: 8 issue: 3 page: 248. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/cont ent/tandf/jhin/1999/00000008/00000003/ar t00004 {Hess_Rudolf_contributions_1999. pdf} {1943} MORE INFO [1] Hardcastle, Valerie Gray. "Hess, Walter Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 21. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 302-306. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905745&v=2.1&u=&it=r&p=GVR L&sw=w [2] "Walter Rudolf Hess". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudo lf_Hess [3] Walter Rudolf Hess, The Biology of Mind (1964) [4] Hess WR, Brügger M (1943): Das subkortikale Zentrum der affektiven Abwehr. Helv Physiol Pharmakol Acta 1: 33-52 [5] Hess WR (1942) Biomotorik als Organisationsproblem. Naturwissenschaft en 30: 441-448, 537- 541. http://www.springerlink.com/ content/r112270005657240/fulltext.pdf | (University of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland2 |
[1] From Hess, 1943 COPYRIGHTED source: http://docserver.ingentaconnect. com/deliver/connect/tandf/0964704x/v8n3/ s4.pdf?expires=1293515670&id=60427856&ti tleid=10598&accname=University+of+Califo rnia&checksum=AD47147550DF109FC08950558A 18A9D3 [2] Walter Rudolf Hess (March 17, 1881 – August 12, 1973), Swiss physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for mapping the areas of the brain involved in the control of internal organs Source http://www.nndb.com/people/271/0001 28884/walter-hess.jpg Article Walter Rudolf Hess Portion used Entire Low resolution? Yes Purpose of use It is only being used to illustrate the article in question UNKNOWN source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/2/27/Walter_Rudolf_Hess.jpg |
55 YBN [07/16/1945 AD] 6 | 5311) The first atomic fission bomb is exploded;3 a plutonium bomb that compares to about 21,000 tons of TNT.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "nuclear weapon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/421827/nuclear-weapon>. 2. ^ "nuclear weapon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/421827/nuclear-weapon>. 3. ^ "nuclear weapon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/421827/nuclear-weapon>. 4. ^ "nuclear weapon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/421827/nuclear-weapon>. 5. ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/col dwar/p7_image.shtml 6. ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/col dwar/p7_image.shtml {07/16/1945} MORE INFO [1] "Manhattan Project." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 08 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/manhattan-p roject [2] "Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Ori on_(nuclear_propulsion) | (Alamogordo Test Range) Jornada del Muerto (Journey of Death) desert, New Mexico, USA5 |
[1] The fully assembled Gadget. PD source: http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/ Usa/Tests/GadgetB1024c10.jpg [2] First uranium-fission explosion ''trinity'' 16 ms after detonation. PD source: http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/ Usa/Tests/Trin2.jpg |
55 YBN [10/08/1945 AD] 7 | 6272) The microwave oven.3 Microwave light frequencies are strongly absorbed by water molecules, and so heat materials containing water.4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs", issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents? id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/text doc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429 2. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs", issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents? id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/text doc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429 3. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs", issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents? id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/text doc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429 4. ^ Physics. LETTS EDUCATIONAL, 2007. Revise GCSE, p57. http://books.google.com/books?id=9 eYqS2Fj76YC&pg=PT58 5. ^ "microwave oven." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/microwave-o ven 6. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs", issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents? id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/text doc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429 7. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs", issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents? id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/text doc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429 {10/08/1945} | (Raytheon Manufacturing Company) Newton, Massachusetts, USA6 |
[1] Figure from: [1] US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., ''Method of treating foodstuffs'', issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents? id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/text doc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429 PD source: www.google.com/patents?id=x_tuAA AAEBAJ [2] Spencer, Percy with Magnetron UNKNOWN source: http://www.raytheon.com/newsroom /photogal/photos/percywithmagnetron_l.jp g |
54 YBN [01/10/1946 AD] 3 4 | 5528) Radio light is reflected off the moon and received back on Earth.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Dewitt, J.H., Jr.; Stodola, E.K.;, "Detection of Radio Signals Reflected from the Moon", Proceedings of the IRE, March 1949, Volume: 37 Issue:3, p229 - 242. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/ab s_all.jsp?arnumber=1697973&tag=1 {Dewit t_John_H_19480311.pdf} 2. ^ http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4218/ch1.htm 3. ^ Dewitt, J.H., Jr.; Stodola, E.K.;, "Detection of Radio Signals Reflected from the Moon", Proceedings of the IRE, March 1949, Volume: 37 Issue:3, p229 - 242. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/ab s_all.jsp?arnumber=1697973&tag=1 {Dewit t_John_H_19480311.pdf} {01/10/1946} 4. ^ http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4218/ch1.htm {01/10/1946} MORE INFO [1] http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch2.htm | Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, USA2 |
[1] Figure 13 from: Dewitt, J.H., Jr.; Stodola, E.K.;, ''Detection of Radio Signals Reflected from the Moon'', Proceedings of the IRE, March 1949, Volume: 37 Issue:3, p229 - 242. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/ab s_all.jsp?arnumber=1697973&tag=1 {Dewit t_John_H_19480311.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/ abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1697973&tag=1 [2] Figure 6 from: Dewitt, J.H., Jr.; Stodola, E.K.;, ''Detection of Radio Signals Reflected from the Moon'', Proceedings of the IRE, March 1949, Volume: 37 Issue:3, p229 - 242. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/ab s_all.jsp?arnumber=1697973&tag=1 {Dewit t_John_H_19480311.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/ abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1697973&tag=1 |
54 YBN [02/??/1946 AD] 4 5 | 5459) ENIAC, the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p823,870. 2. ^ "J. Presper Eckert." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 08 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/j-presper-e ckert 3. ^ "ENIAC." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/183842/ENIAC>. 4. ^ "ENIAC." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/183842/ENIAC>. {02/1946} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p823,870. {1946} MORE INFO [1] "History of computing hardware". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ computing_hardware | (University of Pennsylvania) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA3 |
[1] Description Eniac.jpg en:ENIAC in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Glen Beck (background) and Betty Snyder (foreground) program the ENIAC in BRL building 328 Date c. 1947 to 1955 Source U.S. Army Photo http://ftp.arl.mil/ftp/historic-c omputers PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/4e/Eniac.jpg [2] http://www.fcet.staffs.ac.uk/jdw1/sucfm/ 19071980mauchlyjohnwilliam.jpg UNKNOWN source: http://www.fcet.staffs.ac.uk/jdw 1/sucfm/19071980mauchlyjohnwilliam.jpg |
54 YBN [06/01/1946 AD] 5 | 5472) Radio-carbon dating. That C14 produced by cosmic-ray neutrons, can be used to determine the age of the Earth's atmosphere, surface, and living matter is recognized.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ W. F. Libby, "Atmospheric Helium Three and Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation", Phys. Rev. 69, 671–672 (1946). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v69/i11-12/p671_2 {Libby_Willard_Fran k_19460601.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p829-830. 3. ^ "Willard Frank Libby." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/338917/Willard-Frank-Libby>. 4. ^ W. F. Libby, "Atmospheric Helium Three and Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation", Phys. Rev. 69, 671–672 (1946). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v69/i11-12/p671_2 {Libby_Willard_Fran k_19460601.pdf} 5. ^ W. F. Libby, "Atmospheric Helium Three and Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation", Phys. Rev. 69, 671–672 (1946). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v69/i11-12/p671_2 {Libby_Willard_Fran k_19460601.pdf} {06/01/1946} MORE INFO [1] J. R. Arnold and W. F. Libby, "Age Determinations by Radiocarbon Content: Checks with Samples of Known Age", Science, New Series, Vol. 110, No. 2869 (Dec. 23, 1949), pp. 678-680. http://www.jstor.org/stable/16 77049 | (University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA4 |
[1] Description Willard Frank Libby (December 17, 1908 – September 8, 1980), American physical chemist Source http://www.nndb.com/people/470/000100 170/willard-libby-1-sized.jpg Article Willard Libby Nobel photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/6/66/Willard_Libby.jpg |
54 YBN [08/22/1946 AD] 4 | 5697) Multiple telescopes are used in parallel to observe a larger area.1 2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ M. RYLE & D. D. VONBERG, "Solar Radiation on 175 Mc./s", Nature 158, 339-340 (07 September 1946), doi:10.1038/158339b0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v158/n4010/abs/158339 b0.html {Ryle_Martin_19460822.pdf} 2. ^ M. Ryle, "A New Radio Interferometer and Its Application to the Observation of Weak Radio Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 211, No. 1106 (Mar. 6, 1952), pp. 351-375 http://www.jstor.org/stable/988 50 {Ryle_Martin_19511010.pdf} 3. ^ M. RYLE & D. D. VONBERG, "Solar Radiation on 175 Mc./s", Nature 158, 339-340 (07 September 1946), doi:10.1038/158339b0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v158/n4010/abs/158339 b0.html {Ryle_Martin_19460822.pdf} 4. ^ M. RYLE & D. D. VONBERG, "Solar Radiation on 175 Mc./s", Nature 158, 339-340 (07 September 1946), doi:10.1038/158339b0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v158/n4010/abs/158339 b0.html {Ryle_Martin_19460822.pdf} {08/22/1946} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Martin Ryle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 17 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/514574/Sir-Martin-Ryle> | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3 |
[1] Figures 1 and 2 from: M. RYLE & D. D. VONBERG, ''Solar Radiation on 175 Mc./s'', Nature 158, 339-340 (07 September 1946), doi:10.1038/158339b0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v158/n4010/abs/158339 b0.html {Ryle_Martin_19460822.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v158/n4010/abs/158339b0.html [2] Sir Martin Ryle. Harry Todd—Fox Photos/Archive Photos/Getty Images COPYRIGHTED source: http://media-1.web.britannica.co m/eb-media/56/20956-004-D0293979.jpg |
54 YBN [09/17/1946 AD] 4 | 5742) Sexual reproduction (conjugation) is found in bacteria (E. Coli).1 2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 2. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation>. 3. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 4. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} {09/17/1946} MORE INFO [1] Joshua Lederberg, Luigi L. Cavalli, and Esther M. Lederberg, "Sex Compatibility in Escherichia Coli", Genetics. 1952 November; 37(6): 720–730. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1209583/ [2] Joshua Lederberg and E. L. Tatum, "Sex in Bacteria: Genetic Studies, 1945-1952",Science, New Series, Vol. 118, No. 3059 (Aug. 14, 1953), pp. 169-175. http://www.jstor.org/stable/16 80189 | (Yale University) New Haven, Connecticut, USA3 |
[1] Joshua Lederberg UNKNOWN source: http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=t bn:ANd9GcTip9U51ETe5PA23tMz7X9VOE3pFURQn PV-AHXSb4--tMcozbbL&t=1 [2] Edward Lawrie Tatum Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1958/tatum.jpg |
54 YBN [10/10/1946 AD] 3 | 3848) The first solar spectrum is captured from the upper atmosphere by a rocket which confirms that the atmosphere of Earth absorbs light with ultraviolet frequency.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ E. O. HULBURT, "The Upper Atmosphere of the Earth," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 37, 405-405 (1947) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/jo sa/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-37-6-405 2. ^ E. O. HULBURT, "The Upper Atmosphere of the Earth," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 37, 405-405 (1947) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/jo sa/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-37-6-405 3. ^ E. O. HULBURT, "The Upper Atmosphere of the Earth," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 37, 405-405 (1947) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/jo sa/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-37-6-405 {10/10/1946} MORE INFO [1] Götz Hoeppe, John Stewart, "Why the Sky is Blue" ("Blau: Die Farbe des Himmels",1999), Princeton University Press, 2007, p247-250. http://books.google.com/books ?id=-7inyeQbBjQC&pg=RA1-PA250&dq=chappui s+ozone&ei=P6t_SZ3xLo3qkQTx9KXRBg#PRA1-P A250,M1 | (White Sands proving area) New Mexico, USA2 |
[1] Solar spectra from the V-2 rocket flight of October 10, 1946. PD? source: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/Di rectPDFAccess/1F0674EE-BDB9-137E-C7FE1A8 E4EC33A4E_77185.pdf?da=1&id=77185&seq=0& CFID=25437192&CFTOKEN=60659010 [2] Tenatively assumed temperature-height curves. The short curve was derived from the V-2 pressure data of October 10, 1946. PD? source: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/Di rectPDFAccess/1F0674EE-BDB9-137E-C7FE1A8 E4EC33A4E_77185.pdf?da=1&id=77185&seq=0& CFID=25437192&CFTOKEN=60659010 |
53 YBN [01/10/1947 AD] 6 7 | 5581) Radar is used to see meteor showers, even during daylight.1 2 3 4 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Prentice, J. P. M., Lovell, A. C. B., & Banwell, C. J., "Radio echo observations of meteors", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 107, p.155. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 947MNRAS.107..155P {Lovell_Bernard_1947 0110.pdf} 2. ^ Clegg, J. A., Hughes, V. A., & Lovell, A. C. B., "The Daylight Meteor Streams of 1947 May-August", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 107, p.369 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 47MNRAS.107..369C 3. ^ Lovell, A. C. B., Banwell, C. J., & Clegg, J. A., "Radio echo observations of the Giacobinids meteors, 1946", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 107, p.164. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1947MNRAS.107..164L/0000164.000 .html 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p848. 5. ^ "Bernard Lovell." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bernard-lov ell 6. ^ Prentice, J. P. M., Lovell, A. C. B., & Banwell, C. J., "Radio echo observations of meteors", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 107, p.155. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 947MNRAS.107..155P {Lovell_Bernard_1947 0110.pdf} {01/10/1947} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p848. {1946} | (University of Manchester: Jodrell Bank) Cheshire, England5 |
[1] Figure 3 from: Prentice, J. P. M., Lovell, A. C. B., & Banwell, C. J., ''Radio echo observations of meteors'', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 107, p.155. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 947MNRAS.107..155P {Lovell_Bernard_1947 0110.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 947MNRAS.107..155P [2] Description BernardLovell.jpg English: Sir Bernard Lovell Date Unknown Source http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/gallery/Berna rdLovell.jpg [1] Author Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) ''They are copyright free although we would like credit to be assigned to Jodrell Bank, University of Manchester, if possible somewhere!'' PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b1/BernardLovell.jpg |
53 YBN [06/26/1947 AD] 4 | 5550) Elements 73 (tantalum) through 83 (bismuth) are fissioned with deuterons, helium ions, or neutrons using up to 400 Mev.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ I. Perlman, R. H. Goeckermann, D. H. Templeton, and J. J. Howland, "Fission of Bismuth, Lead, Thallium, Platinum, and Tantalum with High Energy Particles", Phys. Rev. 72, 352–352 (1947). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v72/i4/p352_1 {Howland_J_J_19470626.p df} 2. ^ I. Perlman, R. H. Goeckermann, D. H. Templeton, and J. J. Howland, "Fission of Bismuth, Lead, Thallium, Platinum, and Tantalum with High Energy Particles", Phys. Rev. 72, 352–352 (1947). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v72/i4/p352_1 {Howland_J_J_19470626.p df} 3. ^ I. Perlman, R. H. Goeckermann, D. H. Templeton, and J. J. Howland, "Fission of Bismuth, Lead, Thallium, Platinum, and Tantalum with High Energy Particles", Phys. Rev. 72, 352–352 (1947). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v72/i4/p352_1 {Howland_J_J_19470626.p df} 4. ^ I. Perlman, R. H. Goeckermann, D. H. Templeton, and J. J. Howland, "Fission of Bismuth, Lead, Thallium, Platinum, and Tantalum with High Energy Particles", Phys. Rev. 72, 352–352 (1947). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v72/i4/p352_1 {Howland_J_J_19470626.p df} {06/26/1947} | (University of California) Berkeley, California, USA3 |
[1] I. Perlman, R. H. Goeckermann, D. H. Templeton, and J. J. Howland, ''Fission of Bismuth, Lead, Thallium, Platinum, and Tantalum with High Energy Particles'', Phys. Rev. 72, 352–352 (1947). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v72/i4/p352_1 {Howland_J_J_19470626.p df} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v72/i4/p352_1 |
53 YBN [08/31/1947 AD] 5 | 5582) Radio echos are captured off of an Aurora Borealis.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ A. C. B. LOVELL , J. A. CLEGG & C. D. ELLYETT, "Radio Echoes from the Aurora Borealis", nature 160, 372-372 (13 September 1947), doi:10.1038/160372a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v160/n4063/abs/160372 a0.html {Lovell_Bernard_19470831.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p848. 3. ^ "Bernard Lovell." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bernard-lov ell 4. ^ A. C. B. LOVELL , J. A. CLEGG & C. D. ELLYETT, "Radio Echoes from the Aurora Borealis", nature 160, 372-372 (13 September 1947), doi:10.1038/160372a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v160/n4063/abs/160372 a0.html {Lovell_Bernard_19470831.pdf} 5. ^ A. C. B. LOVELL , J. A. CLEGG & C. D. ELLYETT, "Radio Echoes from the Aurora Borealis", nature 160, 372-372 (13 September 1947), doi:10.1038/160372a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v160/n4063/abs/160372 a0.html {Lovell_Bernard_19470831.pdf} {08/31/1947} MORE INFO [1] Lovell, A. C. B., Banwell, C. J., & Clegg, J. A., "Radio echo observations of the Giacobinids meteors, 1946", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 107, p.164. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1947MNRAS.107..164L/0000164.000 .html [2] Clegg, J. A., Hughes, V. A., & Lovell, A. C. B., "The Daylight Meteor Streams of 1947 May-August", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 107, p.369 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 47MNRAS.107..369C [3] Prentice, J. P. M., Lovell, A. C. B., & Banwell, C. J., "Radio echo observations of meteors", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 107, p.155. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 947MNRAS.107..155P | (University of Manchester: Jodrell Bank) Cheshire, England3 4 |
[1] {ULSF: todo: was this telescope, or even a radio dish used to make this measurement?} A. C. B. LOVELL , J. A. CLEGG & C. D. ELLYETT, ''Radio Echoes from the Aurora Borealis'', nature 160, 372-372 (13 September 1947), doi:10.1038/160372a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v160/n4063/abs/160372 a0.html {Lovell_Bernard_19470831.pdf} COPYRIGHTED AND Description BernardLovell.jpg English: Sir Bernard Lovell Date Unknown Source http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/gallery/Berna rdLovell.jpg Author Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) ''They are copyright free although we would like credit to be assigned to Jodrell Bank, University of Manchester, if possible somewhere!'' PD AND The Lovell Telescope. Credit: Anthony Holloway, Jodrell Bank COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v160/n4063/abs/160372a0.html http: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons /b/b1/BernardLovell.jpghttp://www.jodrel lbank.manchester.ac.uk//multimedia/image s/library/Lovell9_1024x768.jpg [2] Figure 3 from: Prentice, J. P. M., Lovell, A. C. B., & Banwell, C. J., ''Radio echo observations of meteors'', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 107, p.155. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 947MNRAS.107..155P {Lovell_Bernard_1947 0110.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 947MNRAS.107..155P |
53 YBN [10/14/1947 AD] 3 | 5603) An airplane moves faster than the speed of sound in air.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p895-896. 2. ^ "Chuck Yeager." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/652364/Chuck-Yeager>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p895-896. {1014/1947} | (over Rogers Dry Lake) Edwards, California, USA2 |
[1] Description X-1.jpg English: Under the X1. Date 17:34, 13 July 2010 (UTC) (21 August 2006(2006-08-21) (first version); 13 July 2010(2010-07-13) (last version)) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Logan using CommonsHelper. (Original text : I (350z33 (talk)) created this work entirely by myself.) Author 350z33 (talk). Original uploader was LWF at en.wikipedia. Later version(s) were uploaded by 350z33 at en.wikipedia. Permission (Reusing this file) CC-BY-SA-3.0; Released under the GNU Free Documentation License. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5f/X-1.jpg [2] Description Chuck Yeager.jpg en:Chuck Yeager with en:Bell X-1. Date 2004-02-09 (first version); 2005-04-18 (last version) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Hephaestos at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Triddle at en.wikipedia. Permission (Reusing this file) PD-USGOV-MILITARY. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7a/Chuck_Yeager.jpg |
52 YBN [04/16/1948 AD] 4 5 | 5417) The theory that the atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons arranged in shells.1 2 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Maria G. Mayer, "On Closed Shells in Nuclei.", Physical Review, 2nd ser., 74 (1948), p235–239. http://prola.aps.org/abstra ct/PR/v74/i3/p235_1 {Goeppert-Mayer_Mar ia_19480801.pdf} 2. ^ Maria Goeppert Mayer, "On Closed Shells in Nuclei. II" Physical Review, 75, p1969–1970 (1949) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v75/i12/p1969_1 {Goeppert-Mayer_Maria_ 19490204.pdf} 3. ^ Maria G. Mayer, "On Closed Shells in Nuclei.", Physical Review, 2nd ser., 74 (1948), p235–239. http://prola.aps.org/abstra ct/PR/v74/i3/p235_1 {Goeppert-Mayer_Mar ia_19480801.pdf} 4. ^ Maria G. Mayer, "On Closed Shells in Nuclei.", Physical Review, 2nd ser., 74 (1948), p235–239. http://prola.aps.org/abstra ct/PR/v74/i3/p235_1 {Goeppert-Mayer_Mar ia_19480801.pdf} {04/16/1948} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p813-814,823. {1948} MORE INFO [1] http://alsos.wlu.edu/information.aspx?id =1193&search=Mayer,+Maria+ | (Argonne Laboratory) Argonne, Illinois3 |
[1] Figure 1 from Maria G. Mayer, ''On Closed Shells in Nuclei.'', Physical Review, 2nd ser., 74 (1948), p235–239. http://prola.aps.org/abstra ct/PR/v74/i3/p235_1 {Goeppert-Mayer_Mar ia_19480801.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v74/i3/p235_1 [2] Description Maria Goeppert-Mayer.gif English: Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Nobel laureates in Physics Date Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image: Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.gif Author This file is lacking author information. Permission (Reusing this file) PD-old PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/43/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer. gif |
52 YBN [06/17/1948 AD] 6 7 | 5295) The semiconductor transistor (or solid-state electric switch and amplifier).3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. Bardeen and W. H. Brattain, "The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode", Phys. Rev. 74, 230–231 (1948). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v74/i2/p230_1 {Brattain_William_Barde en_John_19480625.pdf} 2. ^ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, "Three-Electrode Circuit Element Utilizing Semiconductive Materials", Patent number: 2524035, Filing date: Jun 17, 1948, Issue date: Oct 1950. http://www.google.com/patents?id= FDhnAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false 3. ^ J. Bardeen and W. H. Brattain, "The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode", Phys. Rev. 74, 230–231 (1948). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v74/i2/p230_1 {Brattain_William_Barde en_John_19480625.pdf} 4. ^ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, "Three-Electrode Circuit Element Utilizing Semiconductive Materials", Patent number: 2524035, Filing date: Jun 17, 1948, Issue date: Oct 1950. http://www.google.com/patents?id= FDhnAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false 5. ^ J. Bardeen and W. H. Brattain, "The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode", Phys. Rev. 74, 230–231 (1948). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v74/i2/p230_1 {Brattain_William_Barde en_John_19480625.pdf} 6. ^ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, "Three-Electrode Circuit Element Utilizing Semiconductive Materials", Patent number: 2524035, Filing date: Jun 17, 1948, Issue date: Oct 1950. http://www.google.com/patents?id= FDhnAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false {06/17/1948} 7. ^ J. Bardeen and W. H. Brattain, "The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode", Phys. Rev. 74, 230–231 (1948). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v74/i2/p230_1 {Brattain_William_Barde en_John_19480625.pdf} {06/25/1948} MORE INFO [1] "William Shockley." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 13 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-sho ckley [2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956". Nobelprize.org. 13 Feb 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1956/ [3] W. Shockley, "A "try simplest cases" approach to the heredity-poverty-crime problem.", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1967 June; 57(6): 1767–1774. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC224545/ [4] Shockley, William B., "Negro IQ and Heredity." SCHOOL AND SOCIETY, 1968, 96:127-128 | (Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA5 |
[1] Figures from: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, ''Three-Electrode Circuit Element Utilizing Semiconductive Materials'', Patent number: 2524035, Filing date: Jun 17, 1948, Issue date: Oct 1950. http://www.google.com/patents?id= FDhnAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =FDhnAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [2] Description Brattain.jpg English: Walter H. Brattain Date 1956(1956) Source http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ physics/laureates/1956/brattain-bio.html Author Nobel foundation Permission (Reusing this file) Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse Public domain This Swedish photograph is free to use either of these cases: * For photographic works (fotografiska verk), the image is public domain: a) if the photographer died before January 1, 1944, or b) if the photographer is not known, and cannot be traced, and the image was created before January 1, 1944. * For photographic pictures (fotografiska bilder), such as images of the press, the image is public domain if created before January 1, 1969 (transitional regulations 1994). The photographer, if known, should always be attributed. Always provide source information. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c4/Brattain.jpg |
52 YBN [06/21/1948 AD] 4 | 6551) The first computer to run a stored program.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Rául Rojas; Ulf Hashagen (2002). The first computers: history and architectures. MIT Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-262-68137-7. http://books.google. com/books?id=nDWPW9uwZPAC&pg=PA379#v=one page&q&f=false 2. ^ Kilburn, T. "The University of Manchester universal high-speed digital computing machine." Nature 164.4173 (1949): 684-687. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v164/n4173/abs/164684a0.html {Ki lburn_19491022.pdf} 3. ^ Kilburn, T. "The University of Manchester universal high-speed digital computing machine." Nature 164.4173 (1949): 684-687. {Kilburn_19491022.pdf} 4. ^ Rául Rojas; Ulf Hashagen (2002). The first computers: history and architectures. MIT Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-262-68137-7. http://books.google. com/books?id=nDWPW9uwZPAC&pg=PA379#v=one page&q&f=false | (Electrical Engineering Laboratories at the University of Manchester) Manchester, England3 |
source: |
52 YBN [1948 AD] 3 | 6273) The hook and loop fastener (Velcro).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p91. 2. ^ De Mestral, "Separable Fastening Device", Patent number: 3009235, Filing date: May 9, 1958, Issue date: Nov 21, 1961 http://www.google.com/patents?id=m vJkAAAAEBAJ 3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p91. {1948} | Nyon, Switzerland2 |
[1] Figure from: De Mestral, ''Separable Fastening Device'', Patent number: 3009235, Filing date: May 9, 1958, Issue date: Nov 21, 1961 http://www.google.com/patents?id=m vJkAAAAEBAJ PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =mvJkAAAAEBAJ [2] Description English: Velcro hooks. Deutsch: Klettband (Haken). Date 7 March 2010 Source Own work Author Alexander Klink CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Velcro_Hooks.jp g/1280px-Velcro_Hooks.jpg |
51 YBN [07/27/1949 AD] 3 | 6270) The first large passenger jet airplane (or jetliner) flies.1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p79. 2. ^ Green, William and Gordon Swanborough, eds. "Jet Jubilee (Part 1)". Air International, Vol. 12, No. 3, March 1977, pp. 124–131 (Part 2); Air International, Vol. 12, No. 4, April 1977, pp. 171–180. 3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p79. {07/27/1949} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Frank Whittle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/642958/Sir-Frank-Whittle> [2] "Frank Whittle." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-whitt le [3] "jet engine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/303238/jet-engine> [4] "jet engine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/jet-engine | Hatfield, England2 |
[1] Description en:De Havilland Comet, ATP 18376C. Source Imperial War Museum online collection Source by Bzuk 26 November 2010. Date 4 October 1949 Author Photographer: De Havilland photographer for Ministry of Aircraft Production Permission (Reusing this file) British Government Copyright expired (50 years) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/7/77/Comet_Prototype_at_Hatfiel d.jpg [2] Whittle W2/700 Engine. Frank Whittle developed the first turbojet engine with enough operating thrust to power an aircraft in 1939. The W2 was the second, more powerful, version of a flight-ready turbojet engine developed by Whittle. The W2/700 engine flew in the Gloster E.28/39, the first British aircraft to fly with a turbojet engine, and the Gloster Meteor. Photographed Farnborough, 22-Jan-06. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fc/Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2 -700.JPG |
51 YBN [10/10/1949 AD] 4 | 5539) A neutral Meson is identified.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ M. F. Kaplon, B. Peters, and H. L. Bradt, "Evidence for Multiple Meson and γ-Ray Production in Cosmic-Ray Stars", Phys. Rev. 76, 1735–1736 (1949). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v76/i11/p1735_1 {Kaplon_M_F_19491010. pdf} 2. ^ R. E. Marshak, "Remarks on Multiple Meson and Gamma-Ray Production", Phys. Rev. 76, 1736–1736 (1949). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v76/i11/p1736_1 {Kaplon_M_F_19491010. pdf} 3. ^ Eugene Gardner, Walter H. Barkas, F. M. Smith, Hugh Bradner, "Mesons Produced by the Cyclotron", Science, New Series, Vol. 111, No. 2878 (Feb. 24, 1950), pp. 191-197. http://www.jstor.org/stable/16 77433?&Search=yes&searchText=meson&searc hText=neutral&list=hide&searchUri=%2Fact ion%2FdoBasicResults%3Fla%3D%26wc%3Don%2 6acc%3Don%26gw%3Djtx%26Query%3Dmeson%2Bn eutral%26sbq%3Dmeson%2Bneutral%26filter% 3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100000%26si%3D1%2 6jtxsi%3D1%26jcpsi%3D1%26artsi%3D1%26so% 3Dold%26Go.x%3D10%26Go.y%3D8%26Go%3DGo%2 6hp%3D25&prevSearch=&item=15&ttl=174&ret urnArticleService=showFullText {Gardner _Eugene_19500224.pdf} 4. ^ M. F. Kaplon, B. Peters, and H. L. Bradt, "Evidence for Multiple Meson and γ-Ray Production in Cosmic-Ray Stars", Phys. Rev. 76, 1735–1736 (1949). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v76/i11/p1735_1 {Kaplon_M_F_19491010. pdf} {10/10/1949} MORE INFO [1] "Luis Alvarez - Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 24 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1968/alvarez-bio.html http ://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/l aureates/1968/alvarez-bio.html [2] Eugene Gardner and C. M. G. Lattes, "Production of Mesons by the 184-Inch Berkeley Cyclotron", Science, New Series, Vol. 107, No. 2776 (Mar. 12, 1948), pp. 270-271. http://www.jstor.org/stable/16 75815 | (University of Rochester) Rochester, New York, USA |
[1] M. F. Kaplon, B. Peters, and H. L. Bradt, ''Evidence for Multiple Meson and γ-Ray Production in Cosmic-Ray Stars'', Phys. Rev. 76, 1735–1736 (1949). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v76/i11/p1735_1 {Kaplon_M_F_19491010. pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v76/i11/p1735_1 |
51 YBN [11/24/1949 AD] 3 4 | 5228) That antibodies are only formed after birth is demonstrated.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ F. M. BURNET, JOYCE D. STONE AND MAEGARET EDNEY, "THE FAILURE OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO", Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science (1950) 28, 291–298. http://www.nature.com/icb/jo urnal/v28/n3/abs/icb195029a.html {Burne tt_Frank_19491124.pdf} 2. ^ F. M. BURNET, JOYCE D. STONE AND MAEGARET EDNEY, "THE FAILURE OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO", Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science (1950) 28, 291–298. http://www.nature.com/icb/jo urnal/v28/n3/abs/icb195029a.html {Burne tt_Frank_19491124.pdf} 3. ^ F. M. BURNET, JOYCE D. STONE AND MAEGARET EDNEY, "THE FAILURE OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO", Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science (1950) 28, 291–298. http://www.nature.com/icb/jo urnal/v28/n3/abs/icb195029a.html {Burne tt_Frank_19491124.pdf} {11/24/1949} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p769-770. {1949} MORE INFO [1] F. Burnett, "The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity", (1959) [2] F. Burnett, "Immunological Surveillance", (1970) | (Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research) Melbourne, Australia2 |
[1] Description Burnet 2jpg.jpg Sir Frank Macfarlance Burnet, cropped Date 1945(1945) Source Own work by uploader, cropped from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Imag e:Burnet_in_1945.jpg Author Machocarioca Permission (Reusing this file) See below. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/13/Burnet_2jpg.jpg |
50 YBN [01/13/1950 AD] 3 | 5237) The theory that there is a cloud of about 100 billion comets that surrounds our Sun about halfway to the nearest stars.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Oort, J. H., "The structure of the cloud of comets surrounding the Solar System and a hypothesis concerning its origin", Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., vol. 11, p. 91-110 (1950). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1950BAN....11...91O 2. ^ Oort, J. H., "The structure of the cloud of comets surrounding the Solar System and a hypothesis concerning its origin", Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., vol. 11, p. 91-110 (1950). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1950BAN....11...91O 3. ^ Oort, J. H., "The structure of the cloud of comets surrounding the Solar System and a hypothesis concerning its origin", Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., vol. 11, p. 91-110 (1950). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1950BAN....11...91O {01/13/1950} MORE INFO [1] Oort, J. H., "Observational evidence confirming Lindblad's hypothesis of a rotation of the galactic system", Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands, Vol. 3, p.275. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/full/1927BAN.....3..275O/0000275.000. html [2] Oort, J. H., "Investigations concerning the rotational motion of the galactic system together with new determinations of secular parallaxes, precession and motion of the equinox", Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands, Vol. 4, p.79. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/19 27BAN.....4...79O | (Observatory at Leiden) Leiden, Netherlands2 |
[1] Oort, J. H., ''The structure of the cloud of comets surrounding the Solar System and a hypothesis concerning its origin'', Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., vol. 11, p. 91-110 (1950). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 1950BAN....11...91O COPYRIGHTED source: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 950BAN....11...91O [2] Jan Hendrik Oort UNKNOWN source: http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/ biografia/o/fotos/oort.jpg |
50 YBN [03/07/1950 AD] 4 | 5127) That the abundance of the O18 isotope in calcium carbonate varies with the temperature at which it is deposited from water and so can be used to create a temperature history of the past, is recognized.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H. C UREY, H. A LOWENSTAM, S EPSTEIN and C. R McKINNEY, "MEASUREMENT OF PALEOTEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURES OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF ENGLAND, DENMARK, AND THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES", BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, VOL. 62. PP. 399-416, 1 FIG- 1 PL. APRIL 1951. http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/co ntent/62/4/399.full.pdf+html {Urey_Haro ld_19500307.pdf} 2. ^ SAMUEL EPSTEIN, RALPH BUCHSBAUM, HEINZ LOWENSTAM and HAROLD C UREY, "CARBONATE-WATER ISOTOPIC TEMPERATURE SCALE", Geological Society of America Bulletin 1951;62;417-426 http://gsabulletin.gsap ubs.org/content/62/4/417.abstract {Urey _Harold_19500308.pdf} 3. ^ H. C UREY, H. A LOWENSTAM, S EPSTEIN and C. R McKINNEY, "MEASUREMENT OF PALEOTEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURES OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF ENGLAND, DENMARK, AND THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES", BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, VOL. 62. PP. 399-416, 1 FIG- 1 PL. APRIL 1951. http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/co ntent/62/4/399.full.pdf+html {Urey_Haro ld_19500307.pdf} 4. ^ H. C UREY, H. A LOWENSTAM, S EPSTEIN and C. R McKINNEY, "MEASUREMENT OF PALEOTEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURES OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF ENGLAND, DENMARK, AND THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES", BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, VOL. 62. PP. 399-416, 1 FIG- 1 PL. APRIL 1951. http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/co ntent/62/4/399.full.pdf+html {Urey_Haro ld_19500307.pdf} {03/07/1950} MORE INFO [1] H. C. Urey, “Natural System of Atomic Nuclei”, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 53 (1931), 2872 [2] H. C. Urey and Charles A. Bradley. Jr., “On the Relative Abundances of Isotopes,” Physical Review, 38 (1931), 718–724 [3] H. C. Urey, C. F. G. Brickwedde and G. M. Murphy, “A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2 and its Concentration,” Physical Review, 40 (1932), 1–15. http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103 /PhysRev.40.1 [4] "Urey, Harold Clayton." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 18. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 943-948. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905374&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [5] HC Urey, "Atoms, molecules and quanta", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 37 (1931), 506-507. http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1931- 37-07/S0002-9904-1931-05170-3/home.html [6] HC Urey, "The separation and properties of the isotopes of hydrogen", Science, Volume 78, Issue 2034, pp. 566-571. http://www.jstor.org/stable/16 59134?origin=ads [7] Edward W. Washburn and Harold C. Urey, "Concentration of the H2 Isotope of Hydrogen by the Fractional Electrolysis of Water", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1932 July; 18(7): 496–498. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1076263/ [8] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1934/ [9] A. Ruark and Harold Urey, "Atoms, Molecules, and Quanta", (New York, 1930) [10] Harold C. Urey, F. G. Brickwedde, and G. M. Murphy, "A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2", Physical Review, 39 (1932), 164. http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v39/i 1/p164_1 and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/urey .html [11] Harold C. Urey, Lotti J. Greiff, "Isotopic Exchange Equilibria", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57 (2), pp 321–327. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/ 10.1021/ja01305a026 [12] Thomas Ivan Taylor and Harold C. Urey, "Fractionation of the Lithium and Potassium Isotopes by Chemical Exchange with Zeolites", J. Chem. Phys. 6, 429 (1938). http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/j cpsa6/v6/i8/p429_s1 | (University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA3 |
[1] Plate 1 from: H. C UREY, H. A LOWENSTAM, S EPSTEIN and C. R McKINNEY, ''MEASUREMENT OF PALEOTEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURES OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF ENGLAND, DENMARK, AND THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES'', BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, VOL. 62. PP. 399-416, 1 FIG- 1 PL. APRIL 1951. http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/co ntent/62/4/399.full.pdf+html {Urey_Haro ld_19500307.pdf} UNKNOWN source: http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/c ontent/62/4/399.full.pdf [2] Harold Clayton Urey The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934 was awarded to Harold C. Urey ''for his discovery of heavy hydrogen''. COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/urey. jpg |
50 YBN [03/15/1950 AD] 4 | 5553) The fission of medium weight elements (copper, bromine, silver, and tin) by protons using 70 million electron volts.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Roger E. Batzel and Glenn T. Seaborg, "Fission of Medium Weight Elements", Phys. Rev. 79, 528-528 (1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v79/i3/p528_1 {Seaborg_Glenn_T_195006 14.pdf} 2. ^ Roger E. Batzel and Glenn T. Seaborg, "Fission of Medium Weight Elements", Phys. Rev. 79, 528-528 (1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v79/i3/p528_1 {Seaborg_Glenn_T_195006 14.pdf} 3. ^ S. G. Thompson, K. Street, Jr., A. Ghiorso, and G. T. Seaborg, "Element 98", Phys. Rev. 78, 298-299 (1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v78/i3/p298_2 {Seaborg_Glenn_T_195003 15.pdf} 4. ^ S. G. Thompson, K. Street, Jr., A. Ghiorso, and G. T. Seaborg, "Element 98", Phys. Rev. 78, 298-299 (1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v78/i3/p298_2 {Seaborg_Glenn_T_195003 15.pdf} {03/15/1950} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p842-843 [2] "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951". Nobelprize.org. 25 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1951/ [3] "Glenn T. Seaborg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 25 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/530808/Glenn-T-Seaborg> [4] J. J. Livingood and G. T. Seaborg, "Radioactive Iodine Isotopes", Phys. Rev. 53, 1015–1015 (1938). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v53/i12/p1015_2 [5] http://scholar.google.com/scholar?start= 0&q=author:%22GT+seaborg%22&hl=en&as_sdt =0,5&as_ylo=1920&as_yhi=1942 [6] J. J. Livingood and G. T. Seaborg, "A Table of Induced Radioactivities", Rev. Mod. Phys. 12, 30–46 (1940). http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP /v12/i1/p30_1 [7] J. W. Gofman and G. T. Seaborg, "Production and properties of U232 and Pa232", Paper No. 19.14, The Transuranium Elements, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1949, National Nuclear Energy Series, Division IV, Vol 14B. http://www.osti.gov/energycitation s/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5696929 [8] Enrico Fermi, "Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92", Nature 133, 898-899 (16 June 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html [9] "Enrico Fermi - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1938/fermi-lecture.html [10] "Glenn T. Seaborg - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1951/seaborg-lecture.html [11] L. Meitner, O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, " Über die Umwandlungsreihen des Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 3-4, 249-270, DOI: 10.1007/BF01340321 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/r861050u50u85l00/ Eng lish: "On the conversion of the uranium series, produced by neutron irradiation" [12] Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur C. Wahl, "The Chemical Properties of Elements 94 and 93", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1948, 70 (3), pp 1128–1134. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja01183a076 [13] G. T. Sepborg, Ea M. McMillan, J. W. Kennedy, and A. C. Wahl, Phys. Rev., 69, 366 (1946) (submitted January 28, 1941) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v69/i 7-8/p366_2 [14] G. T. Seaborg, A. C. Wahl and J. W. Kennedy, Physical Review, 69, 367 (1946) (submitted March 7, 1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v69/i7-8/p367_1 [15] Glenn T. Seaborg and Joseph G. Hamilton, "The Production of Elements 95 and 96", Science New Series, Vol. 102, No. 2657 (Nov. 30, 1945), p. 556. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1673521 [16] S. G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, and G. T. Seaborg, "Element 97", Phys. Rev. 77, 838–839 (1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v77/i6/p838_2 | (University of California) Berkeley, California, USA3 |
[1] Description Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron.gif English: Photograph shows the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, in August, 1939. The machine was the most powerful atom-smasher in the world at the time. It had started operating early in the year. During the period of the photograph Dr. Edwin M. McMillan was doing the work which led to the discovery of neptunium (element 93) a year later. The instrument was used later by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg and his colleagues for the discovery of element 94 (plutonium) early in 1941. Subsequently, other transuranium elements were discovered with the machine, as well as many radioisotopes, including carbon-14. For their work, Drs. Seaborg and McMillan shared the Nobel Prize in 1951. The machine was used for the ''long bombardments'' which produced the first weighable and visible quantities of plutonium, which was used at Chicago by Seaborg and his colleagues to work out the method for separating plutonium on an industrial scale at the Hanford, Washington, plutonium pro... Русский: Фотография показывает 60-дюймовый циклотрон в университете Лаборатории California Lawrence Radiation, Беркли, в августе 1939. Машина была самым сильным ускорителем частиц в мире в то время. Date 1939(1939) Source National Archives logo.svg This image is available from the Archival Research Catalog of the National Archives and Records Administration under the ARC Identifier 558594. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. US-NARA-ARC-Logo.svg Author Department of Energy. Office of Public Affairs PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/72/Berkeley_60-inch_cycl otron.gif [2] Description Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron.gif English: Photograph shows the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, in August, 1939. The machine was the most powerful atom-smasher in the world at the time. It had started operating early in the year. During the period of the photograph Dr. Edwin M. McMillan was doing the work which led to the discovery of neptunium (element 93) a year later. The instrument was used later by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg and his colleagues for the discovery of element 94 (plutonium) early in 1941. Subsequently, other transuranium elements were discovered with the machine, as well as many radioisotopes, including carbon-14. For their work, Drs. Seaborg and McMillan shared the Nobel Prize in 1951. The machine was used for the ''long bombardments'' which produced the first weighable and visible quantities of plutonium, which was used at Chicago by Seaborg and his colleagues to work out the method for separating plutonium on an industrial scale at the Hanford, Washington, plutonium pro... Русский: Фотография показывает 60-дюймовый циклотрон в университете Лаборатории California Lawrence Radiation, Беркли, в августе 1939. Машина была самым сильным ускорителем частиц в мире в то время. Date 1939(1939) Source National Archives logo.svg This image is available from the Archival Research Catalog of the National Archives and Records Administration under the ARC Identifier 558594. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. US-NARA-ARC-Logo.svg Author Department of Energy. Office of Public Affairs PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/72/Berkeley_60-inch_cycl otron.gif |
50 YBN [04/26/1950 AD] 3 | 5542) Negatively charged mesons are shown to disintegrate atoms.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Menon, Muirhead, Rochat, "Nuclear Reactions produced by Slow Negative π Mesons.", Philosophical Magazine, S7, V41, N317, June 1950, p583. {Rochat_O_19500426.pdf} 2. ^ Menon, Muirhead, Rochat, "Nuclear Reactions produced by Slow Negative π Mesons.", Philosophical Magazine, S7, V41, N317, June 1950, p583. {Rochat_O_19500426.pdf} 3. ^ Menon, Muirhead, Rochat, "Nuclear Reactions produced by Slow Negative π Mesons.", Philosophical Magazine, S7, V41, N317, June 1950, p583. {Rochat_O_19500426.pdf} {04/26/1950} | (University of Bristol) Bristol, England2 |
[1] Menon, Muirhead, Rochat, ''Nuclear Reactions produced by Slow Negative π Mesons.'', Philosophical Magazine, S7, V41, N317, June 1950, p583. {Rochat_O_19500426.pdf} COPYRIGH TED source: Menon, Muirhead, Rochat, "Nuclear Reactions produced by Slow Negative π Mesons.", Philosophical Magazine, S7, V41, N317, June 1950, p583. |
50 YBN [09/11/1950 AD] 6 | 5555) The atomic fusion of large atoms.2 Accelerated carbon-12 ions collide and fuse with Aluminum-27 to produce Chlorine-34, and with Gold-197 to produce Astatine-205 {aSTe-TEN3 }.4 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ J. F. Miller, J. G. Hamilton, T. M. Putnam, H. R. Haymond, and G. B. Rossi, "Acceleration of Stripped C12 and C13 Nuclei in the Cyclotron", Phys. Rev. 80, 486–486 (1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v80/i3/p486_1 {Rossi_G_B_19500911.pdf } 2. ^ J. F. Miller, J. G. Hamilton, T. M. Putnam, H. R. Haymond, and G. B. Rossi, "Acceleration of Stripped C12 and C13 Nuclei in the Cyclotron", Phys. Rev. 80, 486–486 (1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v80/i3/p486_1 {Rossi_G_B_19500911.pdf } 3. ^ "astatine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/astatine 4. ^ J. F. Miller, J. G. Hamilton, T. M. Putnam, H. R. Haymond, and G. B. Rossi, "Acceleration of Stripped C12 and C13 Nuclei in the Cyclotron", Phys. Rev. 80, 486–486 (1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v80/i3/p486_1 {Rossi_G_B_19500911.pdf } 5. ^ J. F. Miller, J. G. Hamilton, T. M. Putnam, H. R. Haymond, and G. B. Rossi, "Acceleration of Stripped C12 and C13 Nuclei in the Cyclotron", Phys. Rev. 80, 486–486 (1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v80/i3/p486_1 {Rossi_G_B_19500911.pdf } 6. ^ J. F. Miller, J. G. Hamilton, T. M. Putnam, H. R. Haymond, and G. B. Rossi, "Acceleration of Stripped C12 and C13 Nuclei in the Cyclotron", Phys. Rev. 80, 486–486 (1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v80/i3/p486_1 {Rossi_G_B_19500911.pdf } {09/11/1950} MORE INFO [1] Luis W. Alvarez et al, "TWO-ELEMENT VARIABLE-POWER SPHERICAL LENS", Patent number: 3305294, Filing date: Dec 3, 1964, Issue date: Feb 21, 1967 http://www.google.com/patents?hl=e n&lr=&vid=USPAT3305294&id=3sRwAAAAEBAJ&o i=fnd&dq=%22LW+alvarez%22+lens&printsec= abstract#v=onepage&q=%22LW%20alvarez%22% 20lens&f=false [2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968". Nobelprize.org. 20 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1968/ [3] Luis W. Alvarez and Robert Cornog, "He3 in Helium", Phys. Rev. 56, 379–379 (1939). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v56/i4/p379_2 | (University of California) Berkeley, California, USA5 |
[1] J. F. Miller, J. G. Hamilton, T. M. Putnam, H. R. Haymond, and G. B. Rossi, ''Acceleration of Stripped C12 and C13 Nuclei in the Cyclotron'', Phys. Rev. 80, 486–486 (1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v80/i3/p486_1 {Rossi_G_B_19500911.pdf } COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v80/i3/p486_1 [2] Description LWA Picture Final.jpg English: Head Photo of Luis W Alvarez Date 1968(1968) Source http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ physics/laureates/1968/alvarez.html Aut hor Nobel Foundation PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6e/LWA_Picture_Final.jpg |
50 YBN [1950 AD] 5 | 5298) That viruses can be coded in bacteria DNA is shown.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ LWOFF, A. 1951 "Conditions de l'efficacité inductrice du rayonnement ultra-violet chez une bactérie lysogène." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, 81, 370-388. 2. ^ "André Michel Lwoff." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 14 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/andre-micha el-lwoff 3. ^ André Lwoff, "Lysogeny", Bacteriol Rev. 1953 December; 17(4): 269–337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC180777/ 4. ^ LWOFF, A. 1951 "Conditions de l'efficacité inductrice du rayonnement ultra-violet chez une bactérie lysogène." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, 81, 370-388. 5. ^ "André Lwoff - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 14 Feb 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1965/lwoff-bio.html {1950} MORE INFO [1] LWOFF, A. 1952 "Cycle du bacteriophage chez une bacterie lysogone.", Bull. World Health Organization, 6, 249-263. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC2554171/ | (Institut Pasteur) Paris, France4 |
[1] André Michel Lwoff Nobel photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1965/lwoff.jpg |
49 YBN [11/11/1951 AD] 3 | 6274) Moving images are recorded on magnetic tape (videotape).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Tape Recording Used by Filmless 'Camera'," New York Times, Nov. 12, 1951, p. 21. 2. ^ Eric D. Daniel, C. Denis Mee, and Mark H. Clark (eds.), Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years, IEEE Press, 1998, p. 141. ISBN 0-07-041275-8 3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p94. {1951} MORE INFO [1] http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/blvideo.htm [2] Stolaroff, Myron J. "Magnetic recording system." U.S. Patent No. 2,563,882. 14 Aug. 1951 [3] Camras, Marvin. "CAMRAS." U.S. Patent No. 2,585,913. 19 Feb. 1952 [4] Nmungwun, Aaron F. Video Recording Technology: Its Impact on Media and Home Entertainment. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1989. Print | Los Angeles, California, USA |
[1] Nmungwun, Aaron F. Video Recording Technology: Its Impact on Media and Home Entertainment. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1989. Print. p119. {Nmungwun_Video_1989.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: Nmungwun, Aaron F. Video Recording Technology: Its Impact on Media and Home Entertainment. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1989. Print. p119. [2] English: A reel of 2'' Quadruplex (aka 2'' Quad) videotape dating from the mid-1970s, compared with a modern-day miniDV digital videocassette for size comparison. From w:en http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:2-inc h_Quad_Tape_Reel_with_miniDV_cassette.jp g Author: w:en:User:Misternuvistor GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b9/2-inch_Quad_Tape_Reel _with_miniDV_cassette.jpg |
49 YBN [12/20/1951 AD] 6 7 | 5444) The first atomic fission reactor to produce electricity.1 2 The heat from uranium fission heats water to make steam which drives an electrical generator.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 factsheet, Idaho National Laboratory http://www.inl.gov/factsheet s/ebr-1.pdf 2. ^ "Fifty years ago in December: Atomic reactor EBR-I produced first electricity", American Nuclear Society Nuclear news, November 2001. http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines /nn/docs/2001-11-2.pdf 3. ^ Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 factsheet, Idaho National Laboratory http://www.inl.gov/factsheet s/ebr-1.pdf 4. ^ "Experimental Breeder Reactor I#cite note-factsheet-2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimenta l_Breeder_Reactor_I#cite_note-factsheet- 2 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 factsheet, Idaho National Laboratory http://www.inl.gov/factsheet s/ebr-1.pdf {12/20/1951} 7. ^ "Fifty years ago in December: Atomic reactor EBR-I produced first electricity", American Nuclear Society Nuclear news, November 2001. http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines /nn/docs/2001-11-2.pdf {12/20/1951} MORE INFO [1] http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book= biomems&page=wzinn.html [2] "Walter Henry Zinn." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 04 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/657413/Walter-Henry-Zinn> [3] "breeder reactor." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 05 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/breeder-rea ctor [4] "Walter Henry Zinn." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-henr y-zinn [5] WH Zinn, "Introduction to nuclear engineering", American Journal of Physics, January 1955 Volume 23, Issue 1, pp. 74. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpi as/v23/i1/p74_s1 [6] W. H. ZINN, "FAST NEUTRON REACTION SYSTEM", Patent number: 2975117, Filing date: Jan 9, 1947, Issue date: Mar 14, 1961. http://www.google.com/patents?id= xJhUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false [7] W. H. ZINN, "POWER REACTOR", Patent number: 2841545, Filing date: Jun 15, 1954, Issue date: Jul 1, 1958. http://www.google.com/patents/abo ut?id=5n1MAAAAEBAJ&dq=zinn+w | (Experimental Breeder Reactor-1) Arco, Idaho4 (verify5 ) |
[1] The first production of usable nuclear electricity in Idaho National Laboratory occured in December 20, 1951, when four light bulbs were lit with electricity generated from the EBR-1 reactor. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/ac/First_four_nuclear_li t_bulbs.jpeg [2] Description Ebr-1.zdv.jpg Photo of Experimental Breeder Reactor Number One (EBR-1). Date Source http://www.inel.gov/featurestories/ images/ebr-1.jpg Author PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/43/Ebr-1.zdv.jpg |
49 YBN [1951 AD] 5 | 5876) That some genes can turn on or off another gene, and can control the rate at which a gene is switched on and off is discovered.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Barbara McClintock, "CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION AND GENIC EXPRESSION", Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1951 16: 13-47; http://symposium.cshlp.org/conte nt/16/13.full.pdf+html 2. ^ "Barbara McClintock." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/barbara-mcc lintock 3. ^ "Barbara McClintock." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/barbara-mcc lintock 4. ^ Barbara McClintock, "CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION AND GENIC EXPRESSION", Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1951 16: 13-47; http://symposium.cshlp.org/conte nt/16/13.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Barbara McClintock, "CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION AND GENIC EXPRESSION", Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1951 16: 13-47; http://symposium.cshlp.org/conte nt/16/13.full.pdf+html MORE INFO [1] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobelprize.org. 4 Jun 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1983/ [2] L. F. Randolph and B. McClintock, "Polyploidy in Zea Mays L.", The American Naturalist, Vol. 60, No. 666 (Jan. - Feb., 1926), pp. 99-102 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2456 317 | (Carnegie Institute of Washington) Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA4 |
[1] McClintock, Barbara Portrait Born: 1902 AD Died: 1992 AD, at 90 years of age. UNKNOWN source: http://www.s9.com/images/portrai ts/19876_McClintock-Barbara.jpg |
48 YBN [11/01/1952 AD] 3 | 5470) The first hydrogen fusion bomb is exploded.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "nuclear weapon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/421827/nuclear-weapon>. 2. ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/hbo mb/page_13.shtml 3. ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/hbo mb/page_13.shtml {11/01/1952} MORE INFO [1] Video of test: http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules. php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=184 and http://www.archive.org/details/Operati onIVY1952 | (Elugelab Island in the Enewatak Atoll of the) Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean2 |
[1] The MIKE test PD source: http://www.atomicarchive.com/His tory/hbomb/images/mike_test_s.jpg [2] Edward Teller UNKNOWN source: http://www.atomicarchive.com/His tory/coldwar/images/teller_edward_s.jpg |
48 YBN [1952 AD] 4 5 | 5123) The most distant galaxies are estimated to be 5 to 6 billion light years away.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p737-739. 2. ^ W Baade, "A revision of the extra-galactic distance scale", Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, 1952, p397-398. {Baade_Walter_1952xxxx.pdf} 3. ^ Richardson, R. S., "A New Asteroid with Smallest Known Mean Distance", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 61, No. 361, p.162. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1949PASP...61..162R/0000162.000 .html {Baade_Walter_19490626.pdf} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p737-739. {1952} 5. ^ W Baade, "A revision of the extra-galactic distance scale", Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, 1952, p397-398. {Baade_Walter_1952xxxx.pdf} MORE INFO [1] Baade, W., "NGC 147 and NGC 185, Two New Members of the Local Group of Galaxies", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 100, p.147. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 944ApJ...100..147B [2] Baade, W., "Nova Ophiuchi of 1604 AS a Supernova.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 97, p.119. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1943ApJ....97..119B/0000119.000 .html [3] Baade, W., "The Resolution of Messier 32, NGC 205, and the Central Region of the Andromeda Nebula.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 100, p.137. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 944ApJ...100..137B | (Mount Wilson Observatory) Mount Wilson, California, USA3 |
[1] From Huntington Library, San Marino, California. UNKNOWN source: http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs /mercury/31_04/images/baade.jpg |
47 YBN [02/26/1953 AD] 5 | 5397) The Perseus, Orion, and Sagittarius arms of the Milky Way Galaxy are identified.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "William Wilson Morgan." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-wil son-morgan 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p809. 3. ^ Morgan, W. W., Whitford, A. E., & Code, A. D., "Studies in Galactic Structure. I. a Preliminary Determination of the Space Distribution of the Blue Giants.", Astrophysical Journal, 1953, vol. 118, p.318. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 953ApJ...118..318M 4. ^ Morgan, W. W., Whitford, A. E., & Code, A. D., "Studies in Galactic Structure. I. a Preliminary Determination of the Space Distribution of the Blue Giants.", Astrophysical Journal, 1953, vol. 118, p.318. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 953ApJ...118..318M 5. ^ Morgan, W. W., Whitford, A. E., & Code, A. D., "Studies in Galactic Structure. I. a Preliminary Determination of the Space Distribution of the Blue Giants.", Astrophysical Journal, 1953, vol. 118, p.318. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 953ApJ...118..318M {02/26/1953} | (Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago) Williams Bay, Wisconsin, USA4 |
[1] William Wilson Morgan January 3, 1906 — June 21, 1994 UNKNOWN source: http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/ photo/wmorgan.JPG |
47 YBN [04/02/1953 AD] 24 | 5660) The double helix structure of DNA is understood.13 14 15 The DNA molecule is a double helix made of a sugar-phosphate backbone, with the connected nitrogenous bases (adenine {aDN-EN16 }, thymine {tI-mEN17 }, cytosine {SITe-SEN18 } or guanine {GWo-nEN19 }) extending toward the center of the helix from each of the two backbones. The double helix form requires that an adenine can only pair with a thymine, and a cytosine can only pair with a guanine. The process of copying (replication) can now be explained as the two strands of the double helix being unwound, and each single helix then serves as a model for its complement.20 21 22 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/ bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887. 3. ^ "Francis Harry Compton Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>. 4. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/ bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887. 6. ^ "Francis Harry Compton Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>. 7. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/ bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887. 9. ^ "Francis Harry Compton Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>. 10. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/ bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} 11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887. 12. ^ "Francis Harry Compton Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>. 13. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/ bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} 14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887. 15. ^ "Francis Harry Compton Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>. 16. ^ "adenine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/adenine 17. ^ "thymine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/thymine 18. ^ "cytosine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytosine 19. ^ "guanine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/guanine 20. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887. 21. ^ "Francis Harry Compton Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>. 22. ^ "Maurice Wilkins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/maurice-wil kins 23. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/ bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} 24. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/ bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} {04/02/1953} | (Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England23 |
[1] Figure 1 from: J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, ''Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid'', Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html {Crick_ Francis_Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html [2] Francis Harry Compton Crick UNKNOWN source: http://scientistshowtell.wikispa ces.com/file/view/FrancisHarryComptonCri ck2.jpg/39149552/FrancisHarryComptonCric k2.jpg |
47 YBN [05/29/1953 AD] 5 | 5700) A human reaches the top of Mount Everest, the highest point of Earth (9000 meters or 29,000 feet- 5 miles up).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.870-871. 2. ^ "Sir Edmund Hillary." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 17 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/265867/Sir-Edmund-Hillary>. 3. ^ "Mount Everest." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/mount-evere st 4. ^ "Sir Edmund Hillary." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 17 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/265867/Sir-Edmund-Hillary>. 5. ^ "Sir Edmund Hillary." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 17 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/265867/Sir-Edmund-Hillary>. {05/29/1953} | Mount Everest, border between Nepal and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.3 4 |
[1] Title: Tenzing Norgay on the summit Date: May 29, 1953 Origin: Edmund Hillary Information: Tenzing Norgay on the summit of Mount Everest at 11.30 am. Tenzing waves his ice-axe on which are strung the flags of the United Nations, Britain, India and Nepal. TenzingonSummit.jpg (300 × 443 pixels, file size: 116 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Tenzing Norgay achieves the summit of Mt. Everest, May 29, 1953. Photograph taken by Edmund Hillary. Copyright Royal Geographic Society and taken from http://www.unlockingthearchives.rgs.org/ themes/everest/gallery/resource/?id=216 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.unlockingthearchives. rgs.org/resources/images/ten-on-summit-e nlarged.jpg [2] Sir Edmund Hillary was a famous mountain climber from Auckland. After climbing Mount Everest he helped build schools in Nepal. UNKNOWN source: http://ourkiwirolemodels.wikispa ces.com/file/view/3797.jpg/163780247/379 7.jpg |
46 YBN [01/21/1954 AD] 5 | 5230) The first nuclear powered submarine is launched.1 2 The fuel supply of uranium lasts for months without the need to surface to recharge batteries.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "USS Nautilus." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2002. Answers.com 31 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/uss-nautilu s-1839 2. ^ http://www.ussnautilus.org/nautilus/inde x.shtml 3. ^ "USS Nautilus." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2002. Answers.com 31 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/uss-nautilu s-1839 4. ^ http://www.ussnautilus.org/nautilus/inde x.shtml 5. ^ "USS Nautilus." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2002. Answers.com 31 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/uss-nautilu s-1839 {01/21/1954} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p770-771 | Thames River, Connecticut, USA4 |
[1] Nautilus in NYC UNKNOWN source: http://www.subguru.com/nautilus/ Nautilus_in_NYC.jpg [2] Cross section of USS Nautilus UNKNOWN source: http://www.subguru.com/nautilus/ nautilus_cross-section.gif |
46 YBN [05/05/1954 AD] 33 34 | 5649) The MASER (which stands for "microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation").25 26 27 28 29 30 A beam of ammonia molecules emerges through a hole, passes through an electrostatic field into a cavity with an oscillating electric potential at the molecular transition frequency. This causes microwave light to be emitted by the molecules in the cavity which then induces the transition to light emission in the molecules entering the cavity causing self-sustained oscillations with a very stable frequency. So the MASER can be used as a very stable oscillator (or atomic clock), as an amplifier of microwaves near a molecular resonance, and as a microwave spectrometer.31 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 2. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v99/i4/p1264_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf} 3. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101, 47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English: 4. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English: 5. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP 1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf} 6. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>. 7. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 8. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v99/i4/p1264_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf} 9. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101, 47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English: 10. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English: 11. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP 1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf} 12. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>. 13. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 14. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v99/i4/p1264_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf} 15. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101, 47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English: 16. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English: 17. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP 1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf} 18. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>. 19. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 20. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v99/i4/p1264_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf} 21. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101, 47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English: 22. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English: 23. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP 1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf} 24. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>. 25. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 26. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v99/i4/p1264_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf} 27. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101, 47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English: 28. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English: 29. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP 1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf} 30. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>. 31. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 32. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 33. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} {first publication:) 05/05/1954} 34. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>. {12/1953} MORE INFO [1] "Charles Hard Townes." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-tow nes [2] K. Shimoda, T. C. Wang, and C. H. Townes, "Further Aspects of the Theory of the Maser", Phys. Rev. 102, 1308 (1956). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v102/i5/p1308_1 [3] "Charles H. Townes - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 4 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1964/townes-lecture.html { Townes_Charles_Hard_19641211.pdf} [4] T. S. Jaseja, A. Javan, J. Murray, and C. H. Townes, "Test of Special Relativity or of the Isotropy of Space by Use of Infrared Masers", Phys. Rev. 133, A1221 (1964). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v133/i5A/pA1221_1 | (Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA32 |
[1] Figures 1 and 2 from: J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, ''Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3'', Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v95/i1/p282_1 [2] Charles Hard Townes Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/physics/laureates/1964/townes.jpg |
46 YBN [10/21/1954 AD] 3 | 5250) A single neuron is made to fire by electrical stimulation (direct neuron writing).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ ARAKI, T. & OTANI, T. (1955). "Response of single motoneurons to direct stimulation in toad's spinal cord." J. Neurophysiol. 18, 472-485. http://jn.physiology.org/conte nt/18/5/472.full.pdf+html?sid=0ddda869-c 8ac-4438-b023-aabdae748ef4 {Araki_Tatsu nosuke_19541021.pdf} 2. ^ ARAKI, T. & OTANI, T. (1955). "Response of single motoneurons to direct stimulation in toad's spinal cord." J. Neurophysiol. 18, 472-485. http://jn.physiology.org/conte nt/18/5/472.full.pdf+html?sid=0ddda869-c 8ac-4438-b023-aabdae748ef4 {Araki_Tatsu nosuke_19541021.pdf} 3. ^ ARAKI, T. & OTANI, T. (1955). "Response of single motoneurons to direct stimulation in toad's spinal cord." J. Neurophysiol. 18, 472-485. http://jn.physiology.org/conte nt/18/5/472.full.pdf+html?sid=0ddda869-c 8ac-4438-b023-aabdae748ef4 {Araki_Tatsu nosuke_19541021.pdf} {10/21/1954} MORE INFO [1] Granit R., "The components of the retinal action potential in mammals and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve.", J Physiol. 1933 Feb 8;77(3):207-39. http://jp.physoc.org/co ntent/77/3/207.long [2] R. Granit, Sensory Mechanisms of the Retina (1947) [3] R. Granit, "The Visual Pathway" (1962) [4] Colour receptors of the frog's retina [5] RAGNAR GRANIT, "The Spectral Properties of the Visual Receptors of the Cat", Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Volume 5, Issue 2-3, pages 219–229, April 1943. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do i/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02050.x/abs tract [6] RAGNAR GRANIT AND P. O. THERMAN., "EXCITATION AND INHIBITION IN THE RETINA AND IN THE OPTIC NERVE.", J Physiol, 1935, p359 [7] RAGNAR GRANIT, A. MUNSTERHJELM AND M. ZEWI, "THE RELATION BETWEEN CONCENTRATION OF VISUAL PURPLE AND RETINAL SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT DURING DARK ADAPTATION", J. Physiol. (1939) 96, 31-44 [8] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". Nobelprize.org. 5 Feb 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1967/ [9] R Granit, "Principles and technique of the electrophysiological analysis of colour reception with the aid of microelectrodes", Upsala läkareförenings förhandlingar : Acta societatis medicorum Upsaliensis. 1 45, 161-177, 1939 [10] ARAKI T, OTANI T, FURUKAWA T., "The electrical activities of single motoneurones in toad's spinal cord, recorded with intracellular electrodes.", Japan J Physiol. 1953 Dec 15;3(4):254-67 [11] R. GRANIT, D. KERNELL AND G. K. SHORTESS, "QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF REPETITIVE FIRING OF MAMMALIAN MOTONEURONES, CAUSED BY INJECTED CURRENTS", J. Physiol. (1963), 168, pp. 911-931. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm c/articles/PMC1359475/ | (Kyoto University) Kyoto, Japan2 |
[1] Figure 1 from: ARAKI, T. & OTANI, T. (1955). ''Response of single motoneurons to direct stimulation in toad's spinal cord.'' J. Neurophysiol. 18, 472-485. http://jn.physiology.org/conte nt/18/5/472.full.pdf+html?sid=0ddda869-c 8ac-4438-b023-aabdae748ef4 {Araki_Tatsu nosuke_19541021.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://jn.physiology.org/content /18/5/472.full.pdf+html?sid=0ddda869-c8a c-4438-b023-aabdae748ef4 [2] Figure 2 from: ARAKI, T. & OTANI, T. (1955). ''Response of single motoneurons to direct stimulation in toad's spinal cord.'' J. Neurophysiol. 18, 472-485. http://jn.physiology.org/conte nt/18/5/472.full.pdf+html?sid=0ddda869-c 8ac-4438-b023-aabdae748ef4 {Araki_Tatsu nosuke_19541021.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://jn.physiology.org/content /18/5/472.full.pdf+html?sid=0ddda869-c8a c-4438-b023-aabdae748ef4 |
46 YBN [1954 AD] 8 | 5323) Progesterone {PrO-JeSTe-rON1 }, a female hormone2 , is found to prevent ovulation (discharge of an ovum or ovule from the ovary3 ) in humans.4 This leads to the first birth control pill for humans.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "progesterone." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/progesteron e 2. ^ "progesterone." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 May. 2013. rogesterone>. 3. ^ "Ovulation." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ovulation-2 4. ^ "Gregory Goodwin Pincus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gregory-goo dwin-pincus 5. ^ "Gregory Goodwin Pincus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gregory-goo dwin-pincus 6. ^ Pincus G, Rock J, Garcia CR, Rice-Wray E, Paniagua M, Rodgriquez I (1958). "Fertility control with oral medication". Am J Obstet Gynecol, June 1958, 75 (6): 1333–46. {Pincus_Gregory_195806xx.pdf } 7. ^ PINCUS G, CHANG MC., "The effects of progesterone and related compounds on ovulation and early development in the rabbit.", Acta physiologica latino americana, 1953;3(2-3):177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm .nih.gov/pubmed/13138262 {Pincus_Gregor y_1953xxxx.pdf} 8. ^ "Gregory Goodwin Pincus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gregory-goo dwin-pincus {1954} MORE INFO [1] Gregory Pincus, "SOME EFFECTS OF PROGESTERONE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS UPON REPRODUCTION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN MAMMALS",Acta Endocrinologica, 1956, Vol 23, 4 Suppl, S18-S36 http://www.eje-online.org/cgi/c ontent/abstract/23/4_Suppl/S18 | (Worchester Foundation for Experimental Biology) Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, USA7 |
[1] Gregory Pincus (1903-1967) performed studies in animals to confirm the contraceptive effects of norethinodrel. His data were used to justify human research using the same chemical. He collaborated closely with the obstetrician John Rock, and was supported financially and politically by Katherine Dexter McCormick, Margaret Sanger and other birth control activists. [t 1967 seems a very early death - probably galvanized by violent antipleasurists.] UNKNOWN source: http://www.br-online.de/bildung/ databrd/ms26.htm/ms26b11.jpg |
45 YBN [08/22/1955 AD] 7 | 5710) Radioimmunoassay {rADE-O-iMye-nO-aSA1 }: a method to measure tiny amounts of substances by comparing the quantity of binding of a radiolabeled substance to an antibody.2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "radioimmunoassay." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/radioimmuno assay 2. ^ "radioimmunoassay." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/radioimmuno assay 3. ^ Solomon A. Berson, Rosalyn S. Yalow, Arthur Bauman, Marcus A. Rothschild, Katharina Newerly, "INSULIN-I" METABOLISM IN HUMAN SUBJECTS: DEMONSTRATION OF INSULIN BINDING GLOBULIN IN THE CIRCULATION OF INSULIN TREATED SUBJECTS", J. Clin. Invest. 1956; 35(2):170. http://www.jci.org/articles/ view/103262/version/1 {Yalow_Rosalyn_Su ssman_19550822.pdf} {08/22/1955} 4. ^ "Rosalyn S. Yalow." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/651417/Rosalyn-S-Yalow>. 5. ^ "Rosalyn Yalow - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1977/yalow-lecture.html { Yalow_Rosalyn_19771208.pdf} 6. ^ Solomon A. Berson, Rosalyn S. Yalow, Arthur Bauman, Marcus A. Rothschild, Katharina Newerly, "INSULIN-I131 METABOLISM IN HUMAN SUBJECTS: DEMONSTRATION OF INSULIN BINDING GLOBULIN IN THE CIRCULATION OF INSULIN TREATED SUBJECTS", J. Clin. Invest. 1956; 35(2):170. http://www.jci.org/articles/ view/103262/version/1 {Yalow_Rosalyn_Su ssman_19550822.pdf} 7. ^ Solomon A. Berson, Rosalyn S. Yalow, Arthur Bauman, Marcus A. Rothschild, Katharina Newerly, "INSULIN-I" METABOLISM IN HUMAN SUBJECTS: DEMONSTRATION OF INSULIN BINDING GLOBULIN IN THE CIRCULATION OF INSULIN TREATED SUBJECTS", J. Clin. Invest. 1956; 35(2):170. http://www.jci.org/articles/ view/103262/version/1 {Yalow_Rosalyn_Su ssman_19550822.pdf} {08/22/1955} MORE INFO [1] Solomon A. Berson, Rosalyn S. Yalow, Sidney S. Schreiber, Joseph Post, "TRACER EXPERIMENTS WITH I131 LABELED HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN: DISTRIBUTION AND DEGRADATION STUDIES", J. Clin. Invest. 1953; 32(8):746. http://www.jci.org/articles/ view/102789/citation | (Veterans Administration Hospital) Bronx, New York, USA6 |
[1] Figure 4 from: ''Rosalyn Yalow - Nobel Lecture''. Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1977/yalow-lecture.html { Yalow_Rosalyn_19771208.pdf} COPYRIGHTED AND Rosalyn Yalow preparing the ''atomic cocktail,'' a radio-iodine mixture used in thyroid diagnostic procedures, 1948, source: Radioisotope Unit, Veterans Administration Hospital, Bronx, New York. UNKNOWN source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1977/yalow-lecture .htmlhttp://timeline.aps.org/images/post ers/55_2a.jpg [2] Figure 4 from: ''Rosalyn Yalow - Nobel Lecture''. Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1977/yalow-lecture.html { Yalow_Rosalyn_19771208.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1977/yalow-lecture .html |
45 YBN [10/24/1955 AD] 5 6 | 5366) The antiproton is identified by the impact of very high speed protons on copper atoms.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis, "Observation of Antiprotons", Phys. Rev. 100, 947–950 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v100/i3/p947_1 {Segre_Emilio_19551024 .pdf} 2. ^ Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis, "Observation of Antiprotons", Phys. Rev. 100, 947–950 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v100/i3/p947_1 {Segre_Emilio_19551024 .pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p803,873-874. 4. ^ Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis, "Observation of Antiprotons", Phys. Rev. 100, 947–950 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v100/i3/p947_1 {Segre_Emilio_19551024 .pdf} 5. ^ Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis, "Observation of Antiprotons", Phys. Rev. 100, 947–950 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v100/i3/p947_1 {Segre_Emilio_19551024 .pdf} {10/24/1955} 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p803, 873-874. {1955} MORE INFO [1] "Emilio Segrè." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/segr-emilio -gino [2] E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic System of the Elements", The Scientific monthly, (1943), volume: 57 page: 12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/18209 [3] "technetium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/technetium [4] "technetium." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/technetium [5] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959". Nobelprize.org. 21 Feb 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1959/ [6] Seidel, Robert. "Segrè, Emilio Gino." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 24. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 407-411. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 Feb. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830906083&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [7] C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43", J. Chem. Phys. 5, 712 (1937). http://link.aip.org/link/jcpsa6 /v5/i9/p712/s1 [8] C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43. II", J. Chem. Phys. 7, 155 (1939). http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf /servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=J CPSA6000007000003000155000001&idtype=cvi ps&prog=normal [9] Corson, D. R.; MacKenzie, K. R.; Segrè, E. "Artificially Radioactive Element 85". Phys. Rev. 1940, 58: 672–678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.58 .672 [10] O. Chamberlain, W. W. Chupp, G. Goldhaber, E. Segrè, C. Wiegand, E. Amaldi, G. Baroni, C. Castagnoli, C. Franzinetti and A. Manfredini, "On the observation of an antiproton star in emulsion exposed at the bevatron", Il Nuovo Cimento (1955-1965), Volume 3, Number 2, 447-467, DOI: 10.1007/BF02745430. http://www.springer link.com/content/74740076316k6m36/ | (University of California) Berkeley, California, USA4 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis, ''Observation of Antiprotons'', Phys. Rev. 100, 947–950 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v100/i3/p947_1 {Segre_Emilio_19551024 .pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v100/i3/p947_1 [2] Description Segre.jpg English: Emilio Segrè Date 1959(1959) Source http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ physics/laureates/1959/segre-bio.html A uthor Nobel foundation PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/41/Segre.jpg |
44 YBN [03/??/1956 AD] 7 8 9 | 5688) A bacteria enzyme is found to synthesize DNA molecules using nucleotides and ATP. This enzyme will be isolated and named "polymerase".1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ BESSMAN MJ, KORNBERG A, LEHMAN IR, SIMMS ES., "Enzymic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid.", Biochim Biophys Acta. 1956 Jul;21(1):197-8. http://www.sciencedire ct.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B73G9 -47KPCGY-PM&_user=4422&_coverDate=07%2F3 1%2F1956&_alid=1720717197&_rdoc=2&_fmt=h igh&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rs lt_list_item&_cdi=11521&_sort=r&_st=13&_ docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600 &_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&m d5=b9049e182c61588c11e9dd3d40c56311&sear chtype=a {Kornberg_Arthur_19560502.pdf} 2. ^ A. KORNBERG, I. R. LEHMAN AND E. S. SIMMS, "Polydesoxyribonucleotide synthesis by enzymes from Escherichia coli.", Federation Proceedings, 15 (1956) 291. {Kornberg_Arthur_195603xx.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.866. 4. ^ "Arthur Kornberg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 16 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/322505/Arthur-Kornberg>. 5. ^ A. KORNBERG, I. R. LEHMAN AND E. S. SIMMS, "Polydesoxyribonucleotide synthesis by enzymes from Escherichia coli.", Federation Proceedings, 15 (1956) 291. {Kornberg_Arthur_195603xx.pdf} 6. ^ BESSMAN MJ, KORNBERG A, LEHMAN IR, SIMMS ES., "Enzymic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid.", Biochim Biophys Acta. 1956 Jul;21(1):197-8. http://www.sciencedire ct.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B73G9 -47KPCGY-PM&_user=4422&_coverDate=07%2F3 1%2F1956&_alid=1720717197&_rdoc=2&_fmt=h igh&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rs lt_list_item&_cdi=11521&_sort=r&_st=13&_ docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600 &_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&m d5=b9049e182c61588c11e9dd3d40c56311&sear chtype=a {Kornberg_Arthur_19560502.pdf} 7. ^ A. KORNBERG, I. R. LEHMAN AND E. S. SIMMS, "Polydesoxyribonucleotide synthesis by enzymes from Escherichia coli.", Federation Proceedings, 15 (1956) 291. {Kornberg_Arthur_195603xx.pdf} {03/1956} 8. ^ BESSMAN MJ, KORNBERG A, LEHMAN IR, SIMMS ES., "Enzymic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid.", Biochim Biophys Acta. 1956 Jul;21(1):197-8. http://www.sciencedire ct.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B73G9 -47KPCGY-PM&_user=4422&_coverDate=07%2F3 1%2F1956&_alid=1720717197&_rdoc=2&_fmt=h igh&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rs lt_list_item&_cdi=11521&_sort=r&_st=13&_ docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600 &_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&m d5=b9049e182c61588c11e9dd3d40c56311&sear chtype=a {Kornberg_Arthur_19560502.pdf} {05/02/1956} 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.866. {1956} | (Washington University) Saint Louis, Missouri, USA5 6 |
[1] Arthur Kornberg Nobel Prize photograph COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1959/kornberg.jpg |
44 YBN [12/03/1956 AD] 4 | 5703) The first solid maser (also the first multi-level and continuous maser).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H. E. D. Scovil, G. Feher, and H. Seidel, "Operation of a Solid State Maser", Phys. Rev. 105, 762–763 (1957). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v105/i2/p762_1 {Seidel_Harold_1956120 3.pdf} 2. ^ J. O. Artman, N. Bloembergen, and S. Shapiro, "Operation of a Three-Level Solid-State Maser at 21 cm", Phys. Rev. 109, 1392–1393 (1958). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v109/i4/p1392_1 {Bloembergen_Nicolaas _19571226.pdf} 3. ^ H. E. D. Scovil, G. Feher, and H. Seidel, "Operation of a Solid State Maser", Phys. Rev. 105, 762–763 (1957). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v105/i2/p762_1 {Seidel_Harold_1956120 3.pdf} 4. ^ H. E. D. Scovil, G. Feher, and H. Seidel, "Operation of a Solid State Maser", Phys. Rev. 105, 762–763 (1957). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v105/i2/p762_1 {Seidel_Harold_1956120 3.pdf} {12/03/1956} MORE INFO [1] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981". Nobelprize.org. 18 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1981/ [2] "Nicolaas Bloembergen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 18 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/nicolaas-bl oembergen | (Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA3 |
[1] Figure 1 from: H. E. D. Scovil, G. Feher, and H. Seidel, ''Operation of a Solid State Maser'', Phys. Rev. 105, 762–763 (1957). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v105/i2/p762_1 {Seidel_Harold_1956120 3.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v105/i2/p762_1 [2] Figure 2 from: H. E. D. Scovil, G. Feher, and H. Seidel, ''Operation of a Solid State Maser'', Phys. Rev. 105, 762–763 (1957). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v105/i2/p762_1 {Seidel_Harold_1956120 3.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v105/i2/p762_1 |
44 YBN [1956 AD] 4 | 5408) Sound reflection is used to show that the mid-Atlantic ridge is a mountain range extending throughout the oceans of the world and is some 64,000 km (or 40,000 miles) long.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Maurice Ewing." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/maurice-ewi ng 2. ^ Kendall Hunt,, "BSCS science & technology: Investigating earth systems", 2005, p258 http://books.google.com/books?id=d nJL9kVhCa8C&pg=PA258-IA2&lpg=PA258-IA2&d q=first+image+of+mountains+on+ocean+floo r+Heezen&source=bl&ots=sdkQaLM5Mk&sig=Hh BQAb9gvoboOT76OEQKJLcNYvI&hl=en&ei=3dC8T f-fNZS4sAPG1bHZBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct =result&resnum=1&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepa ge&q&f=false 3. ^ "Maurice Ewing." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/maurice-ewi ng 4. ^ "Maurice Ewing." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/maurice-ewi ng {1956} MORE INFO [1] "Ewing, William Maurice." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 275-279. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Feb. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905107&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] WM Ewing, CL Pekeris…, "Propagation of sound in the ocean", 1948 - Geological Society of America [3] CL Pekeris, WM Ewing, "Propagation of sound in the ocean: Explosion sounds in shallow water...", 1948 - Geological Society of America | (Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA3 |
[1] William Maurice Ewing UNKNOWN source: http://lh4.ggpht.com/_gNIHS1PHL1 Q/SO941XFj4CI/AAAAAAAAATk/tMf7NRc0kIU/50 0.jpg |
43 YBN [01/16/1957 AD] 4 | 5711) Transfer RNA (T-RNA) is identified.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mahlon B. Hoagland, Mary Louise Stephenson, Jesse F. Scott, Liselotte I. Hecht, and Paul C. Zamecnikm "A SOLUBLE RIBONUCLEIC ACID INTERMEDIATE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS", J. Biol. Chem. 1958 231: 241-257. http://intl.jbc.org/content/231/1 {Ho agland_Mahlon_Bush_19570927.pdf} 2. ^ "transfer RNA (tRNA)." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/602542/transfer-RNA>. 3. ^ Mahlon B. Hoagland, Paul C. Zamecnik, Mary L. Stephenson, "Intermediate reactions in protein biosynthesis", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1957, V24, p215-216. http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/journal/00063002 4. ^ Mahlon B. Hoagland, Paul C. Zamecnik, Mary L. Stephenson, "Intermediate reactions in protein biosynthesis", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1957, V24, p215-216. http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/journal/00063002 {01/16/1957} MORE INFO [1] M. B. Hoagland, E. B. Keller, and P. C. Zamecnik, J. Biol. Chem., 218, 345, 1956 [2] Robert W. Holley, "An Alanine-dependent, Ribonuclease-inhibited Conversion of AMP to ATP, and its Possible Relationship to Protein Synthesis", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79 (3), pp 658–662 DOI: 10.1021/ja01560a040 http://pubs.acs.org /doi/abs/10.1021/ja01560a040 | (Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital) Boston, Massachusetts, USA3 |
[1] Mahlon B. Hoagland, Mary Louise Stephenson, Jesse F. Scott, Liselotte I. Hecht, and Paul C. Zamecnikm ''A SOLUBLE RIBONUCLEIC ACID INTERMEDIATE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS'', J. Biol. Chem. 1958 231: 241-257. http://intl.jbc.org/content/231/1 {Ho agland_Mahlon_Bush_19570927.pdf} COPYRI GHTED source: http://intl.jbc.org/content/231/ 1 [2] Description Peptide syn.png English: illustration of tRNA building peptide chain Date 1 March 2009(2009-03-01) Source Own work Author Boumphreyfr Permission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0f/Peptide_syn.png |
43 YBN [10/04/1957 AD] 8 | 5486) The first human-made satellite.5 An 83-kg (or 184-pound) aluminum sphere that carries four antennas, reaches an Earth orbit with an apogee (farthest point from Earth) of 940 km (or 584 miles), and circles Earth every 96 minutes.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/561534/Sputnik>. 2. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/561534/Sputnik>. 3. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/561534/Sputnik>. 4. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/561534/Sputnik>. 5. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/561534/Sputnik>. 6. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/561534/Sputnik>. 7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1957-001B 8. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/561534/Sputnik>. {10/04/1957} | (Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam) Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.7 |
[1] Description Sputnik asm.jpg English: A replica of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite in the world to be put into outer space: the replica is stored in the National Air and Space Museum. فارسی: مدل ماهواره اسپوتنیک-۱، نخستین ماهواره فضایی جهان Suomi: Sputnik 1:n, maailman ensimmäinen ihmisen laukaiseman Maata kiertävän keinotekoisen satelliittin, jäljennös. Date 2004(2004) Source http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database /MasterCatalog?sc=1957-001B Author NSSDC, NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg |
43 YBN [11/03/1957 AD] 4 | 5487) The first animal to orbit Earth; a dog.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/561534/Sputnik>. 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1957-002A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1957-002A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1957-002A {11/03/1957} MORE INFO [1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1957-001B | (Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.3 |
[1] Sputnik 2 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/sputnik2_vsm.jpg [2] Description Sputnik asm.jpg English: A replica of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite in the world to be put into outer space: the replica is stored in the National Air and Space Museum. فارسی: مدل ماهواره اسپوتنیک-۱، نخستین ماهواره فضایی جهان Suomi: Sputnik 1:n, maailman ensimmäinen ihmisen laukaiseman Maata kiertävän keinotekoisen satelliittin, jäljennös. Date 2004(2004) Source http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database /MasterCatalog?sc=1957-001B Author NSSDC, NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg |
43 YBN [1957 AD] 3 | 6502) Direct neuron writing to hearing using an implanted electric device; the first cochlear implants.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Djourno A, Eyries C. 1957. Prothese auditive par excitation electrique a distance du nerf sensoriel a l’aide d’un bobinage inclus a demeure. Presse médicale 35:14–17. 2. ^ Humayun, Mark S., et al. "Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis." Vision research 43.24 (2003): 2573-2581. http://midas.inrf.uci.edu/gr oups/bats/uploads/Xsense/Weiland_AnnRevB ioEng_2005.pdf 3. ^ Djourno A, Eyries C. 1957. Prothese auditive par excitation electrique a distance du nerf sensoriel a l’aide d’un bobinage inclus a demeure. Presse médicale 35:14–17. |
[1] Figure 1. Intraorbital X-ray of bilateral cochlear implants in a child. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence/article/pii/S0957583906000789#gr1 [2] Illustration of cochlear implant from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders at the National Institutes of Health. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/cb/Cochlear_implant.jpg | |
42 YBN [01/09/1958 AD] 7 | 5772) The "Mössbauer {moS-BoUR1 } effect": when atoms are in a crystalline lattice, the lattice prevents them from recoiling, and so the atoms can emit and absorb gamma radiation of the same exact frequency (resonantly). This phenomenon allows highly precise measurements of frequency.2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Mössbauer." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 29 Jun. 2013. össbauer>. 2. ^ Rudolf L. Mössbauer, "Kernresonanzfluoreszenz von Gammastrahlung in Ir191", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 151, Number 2, 124-143 http://www.springerlink.com/con tent/p4335870w53k7834/ {Mossbauer_Rudol f_Ludwig_19580109.pdf} English: "Nuclear resonance fluorescence of gamma radiation in Ir191" 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.887-888. 4. ^ "Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/393799/Rudolf-Ludwig-Mossbauer>. 5. ^ "Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 09 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/rudolf-ludw ig-mossbauer-german-physicist 6. ^ Rudolf L. Mössbauer, "Kernresonanzfluoreszenz von Gammastrahlung in Ir191", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 151, Number 2, 124-143 http://www.springerlink.com/con tent/p4335870w53k7834/ {Mossbauer_Rudol f_Ludwig_19580109.pdf} English: "Nuclear resonance fluorescence of gamma radiation in Ir191" 7. ^ Rudolf L. Mössbauer, "Kernresonanzfluoreszenz von Gammastrahlung in Ir191", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 151, Number 2, 124-143 http://www.springerlink.com/con tent/p4335870w53k7834/ {Mossbauer_Rudol f_Ludwig_19580109.pdf} English: "Nuclear resonance fluorescence of gamma radiation in Ir191" {01/09/1958} MORE INFO [1] Mössbauer, Rudolf L., "Kernresonanzabsorption von Gammastrahlung in Ir191", Naturwissenschaften, 1958-01-01, V45, I22, p538. http://www.springerlink.com/conte nt/ph36815q8k930060/ [2] Rudolf L. Mössbauer and Werner H. Wiedemann, "Kernresonanzabsorption nicht Doppler-verbreiterter Gammastrahlung in Re187", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei Volume 159, Number 1, 33-48. http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/p405hj776261p63v/ English: "Nuclear magnetic resonance absorption without Doppler-broadened gamma radiation in Re187" [3] Mössbauer, "Recoilless resonance absorption of gamma quanta in solids", Soviet physics. Uspekhi (1961) volume: 4 issue: 6 page: 866 http://iopscience.iop.org/0038-5670 /3/6/R05/pdf/PHU_3_6_R05.pdf [4] P B Moon, "Resonant Nuclear Scattering of Gamma-Rays: Theory and Preliminary Experiments", Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section A Volume 64 Number 1, p76. (1950) http://iopscience.iop.org/0370-1 298/64/1/311 {Moon_Philip_Burton_195008 02.pdf} | (Institut fur Physik im Max-Planck-Institut fur medizinische Forschung {Institute of Physics at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research}) Heidelberg, Germany6 |
[1] Description Mossbauer.jpg English: Rudolf Mössbauer Date 1961(1961) Source http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ physics/laureates/1961/mossbauer-bio.htm l Author Nobel foundation COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e2/Mossbauer.jpg |
42 YBN [05/01/1958 AD] 7 | 5608) A high intensity of corpuscular radiation temporarily trapped in the Earth's magnetic field is discovered. These layers will come to be called the magnetosphere {maG-nE-Tu-SFER1 } or the "Van Allen" radiation belts.2 3 4 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "magnetosphere." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 29 Jun. 2013. agnetosphere>. 2. ^ JAMES A. VAN ALLEN, LOUIS A. FRANK, "Radiation Around the Earth to a Radial Distance of 107,400 km.", Nature 183, 430-434 (14 February 1959) doi:10.1038/183430a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v183/n4659/pdf/183430 a0.pdf {Van_Allen_James_Alfred_19590214.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p850-852. 4. ^ Van Allen, J. A., paper presented at joint meeting of National Academy of Sciences and American Physical Society on May 1, 1958. 5. ^ JAMES A. VAN ALLEN, LOUIS A. FRANK, "Radiation Around the Earth to a Radial Distance of 107,400 km.", Nature 183, 430-434 (14 February 1959) doi:10.1038/183430a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v183/n4659/pdf/183430 a0.pdf {Van_Allen_James_Alfred_19590214.pdf} 6. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=NMk3adg qfawC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=may+1958+joi nt+meeting+american+physical+society&sou rce=bl&ots=hT0DTimGKV&sig=NaTG_FyNBx85ny M23OULhn-l0WA&hl=en&ei=4LySTZmxMYa-sQOjt 7m4Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resn um=8&sqi=2&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f =false 7. ^ JAMES A. VAN ALLEN, LOUIS A. FRANK, "Radiation Around the Earth to a Radial Distance of 107,400 km.", Nature 183, 430-434 (14 February 1959) doi:10.1038/183430a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v183/n4659/pdf/183430 a0.pdf {Van_Allen_James_Alfred_19590214.pdf} {05/01/1958} MORE INFO [1] Timeline: http://www.astronautix.com/astros/vanall en.htm [2] http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/rockoon.h tm [3] J. A. Van Allen and H. E. Tatel, "The Cosmic-Ray Counting Rate of a Single Geiger Counter from Ground Level to 161 Kilometers Altitude", Phys. Rev. 73, 245 (1948). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v73/i3/p245_1 [4] J. A. Van Allen and S. F. Singer, "On the Primary Cosmic-Ray Spectrum", Phys. Rev. 78, 819 (1950) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v78/i6/p819_1 [5] L. H. Meredith, M. B. Gottlieb, and J. A. Van Allen, "Direct Detection of Soft Radiation above 50 Kilometers in the Auroral Zone", Phys. Rev. 97, 201 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v97/i1/p201_1 [6] Annual report - National Academy of Sciences, By National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), National Research Council (U.S.), National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine (U.S.), 1958. http://books.google.com/books?id= 30QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA91&dq=%22van+allen %22&hl=en&ei=41yUTc7pAoPCsAPR-tTMBQ&sa=X &oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0 CEQQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=%22van%20allen% 22&f=false | (National Academy of Science and American Physical Society joint meeting) Washington, D. C., USA5 6 |
[1] Figure 5 from: JAMES A. VAN ALLEN, LOUIS A. FRANK, ''Radiation Around the Earth to a Radial Distance of 107,400 km.'', Nature 183, 430-434 (14 February 1959) doi:10.1038/183430a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v183/n4659/pdf/183430 a0.pdf {Van_Allen_James_Alfred_19590214.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v183/n4659/pdf/183430a0.pdf [2] Figure 4 from: J. A. Van Allen and H. E. Tatel, ''The Cosmic-Ray Counting Rate of a Single Geiger Counter from Ground Level to 161 Kilometers Altitude'', Phys. Rev. 73, 245 (1948). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v73/i3/p245_1 {Van_Allen_James_Alfred _19471016.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v78/i6/p819_1 |
42 YBN [08/01/1958 AD] 17 | 5606) The first atomic explosion in empty space and first rocket launched atomic explosion.11 12 13 14 15 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/14162962/High- altitude-nuclear-explosions-HANE 2. ^ http://www.astronautix.com/sites/johslan d.htm 3. ^ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Test s/Hardtack1.html 4. ^ Operation Hardtack final report: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=we b&cd=5&ved=0CC4QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww w.hss.energy.gov%2FHealthSafety%2FIHS%2F marshall%2Fcollection%2Fdata%2Fihp2a%2F1 028_a.pdf&rct=j&q=hardtack%20yucca%20apr il%201958%20site%3Agov%20first&ei=00GUTf S6GJH6sAP4_Mi3BQ&usg=AFQjCNGK3bPUO2I9Vq0 85Kvryl8BnQKxBA&cad=rja 5. ^ Video of Hardtack Teak explosion: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBxpHNCDf ZQ 6. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/14162962/High- altitude-nuclear-explosions-HANE 7. ^ http://www.astronautix.com/sites/johslan d.htm 8. ^ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Test s/Hardtack1.html 9. ^ Operation Hardtack final report: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=we b&cd=5&ved=0CC4QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww w.hss.energy.gov%2FHealthSafety%2FIHS%2F marshall%2Fcollection%2Fdata%2Fihp2a%2F1 028_a.pdf&rct=j&q=hardtack%20yucca%20apr il%201958%20site%3Agov%20first&ei=00GUTf S6GJH6sAP4_Mi3BQ&usg=AFQjCNGK3bPUO2I9Vq0 85Kvryl8BnQKxBA&cad=rja 10. ^ Video of Hardtack Teak explosion: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBxpHNCDf ZQ 11. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/14162962/High- altitude-nuclear-explosions-HANE 12. ^ http://www.astronautix.com/sites/johslan d.htm 13. ^ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Test s/Hardtack1.html 14. ^ Operation Hardtack final report: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=we b&cd=5&ved=0CC4QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww w.hss.energy.gov%2FHealthSafety%2FIHS%2F marshall%2Fcollection%2Fdata%2Fihp2a%2F1 028_a.pdf&rct=j&q=hardtack%20yucca%20apr il%201958%20site%3Agov%20first&ei=00GUTf S6GJH6sAP4_Mi3BQ&usg=AFQjCNGK3bPUO2I9Vq0 85Kvryl8BnQKxBA&cad=rja 15. ^ Video of Hardtack Teak explosion: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBxpHNCDf ZQ 16. ^ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Test s/Hardtack1.html 17. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/14162962/High- altitude-nuclear-explosions-HANE {08/01/1958} MORE INFO [1] "Hardtack Teak". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtack_Te ak | (Johnson Island) Pacific Ocean16 |
[1] Hardtack Teak test PD source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P BxpHNCDfZQ |
42 YBN [1958 AD] 5 | 6550) The integrated circuit (or IC).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>. 2. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>. 3. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>. 4. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>. 5. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>. | (Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor)4 |
[1] First Integrated Circuit - Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit at Texas Instruments in 1958. Comprised of only a transistor and other components on a slice of germanium, Kilby's invention, 7/16-by-1/16-inches in size, revolutionized the electronics industry. The roots of almost every electronic device we take for granted today can be traced back to Dallas more than 40 years ago. source: http://www.ti.com/corp/graphics/ press/image/print/co1034.tif |
41 YBN [01/03/1959 AD] 4 | 5596) The first ship to pass the moon.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-012A 2. ^ http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries /news/2008/10/dayintech_1007# 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-012A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-012A {01/03/1959} MORE INFO [1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lun ar/lunarussr.html | (Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.3 |
[1] Luna 1 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/luna1_vsm.jpg [2] Luna 1 Spacecraft PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/plane tary/image/luna-1.jpg |
41 YBN [01/27/1959 AD] 4 | 5672) The Earth is found to be slightly pear shaped from the motion of a 1 kg (or 3 pound) satellite.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. A. O'Keefe, Ann Eckels, R. K. Squires, "Vanguard Measurements Give Pear-Shaped Component of Earth's Figure", New Series, Vol. 129, No. 3348 (Feb. 27, 1959), pp. 565-566 http://www.jstor.org/stable/175 7833 {O_Keefe_John_Aloysius_19590127.pd f} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.862. 3. ^ Obituary: John Aloysius O'Keefe, 1917(sic)-2000 Rubincam, David P.; Lowman, Paul D. Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, vol. 32, no. 4, p. 1683-1684 http://articles.adsabs.harvar d.edu/full/2000BAAS...32.1683R 4. ^ J. A. O'Keefe, Ann Eckels, R. K. Squires, "Vanguard Measurements Give Pear-Shaped Component of Earth's Figure", New Series, Vol. 129, No. 3348 (Feb. 27, 1959), pp. 565-566 http://www.jstor.org/stable/175 7833 {O_Keefe_John_Aloysius_19590127.pd f} {01/27/1959} |
[1] Vanguard 1 satellite PD source: http://ecoble.com/wp-content/upl oads/2008/04/vanguard1_nasm_lg.jpg [2] O'Keefe John Aloysius UNKNOWN source: http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/po rtraits/candidates/okeefe_john.jpg | |
41 YBN [04/??/1959 AD] 6 | 5787) Signals from life of other stars are searched for.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Frank Drake, "Project Ozma", Physics today, (1961) volume: 14 issue: 4 page: 40 http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/serv let/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PHTOAD0 00014000004000040000001&idtype=cvips&gif s=yes {Drake_Frank_196104xx.pdf} 2. ^ "Frank Drake." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-drake 3. ^ "Drake equation." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 16 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/drake-equat ion 4. ^ "Frank Drake." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-drake 5. ^ Frank Drake, "Project Ozma", Physics today, (1961) volume: 14 issue: 4 page: 40 http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/serv let/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PHTOAD0 00014000004000040000001&idtype=cvips&gif s=yes {Drake_Frank_196104xx.pdf} 6. ^ "Frank Drake." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-drake {04/1959} MORE INFO [1] "Frank Donald Drake". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Donal d_Drake [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.892 [3] "Drake equation." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 16 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/drake-equat ion [4] http://www.lifeinuniverse.org/Drakeequat ion-07-02.html | (National Radio Astronomy Observatory) Green Bank, West Virginia, USA4 5 |
[1] Frank Drake UNKNOWN source: http://www.bigear.org/CSMO/Image s/CS09/cs09p09s.jpg |
41 YBN [09/14/1959 AD] 8 | 5597) A ship impacts the moon of Earth.5 The moon is shown to have no significant magnetic field or radiation belts.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-014A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-014A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-014A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-014A 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-014A 6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-014A 7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-014A 8. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-014A {09/14/1959} MORE INFO [1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-012A [2] http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries /news/2008/10/dayintech_1007# [3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lun ar/lunarussr.html | (Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.7 |
[1] Luna 2 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/plane tary/image/luna_2.jpg [2] Luna 1 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/luna1_vsm.jpg |
41 YBN [10/18/1959 AD] 3 | 5598) The first pictures of the far-side of the moon of Earth.1 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1959-008A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1959-008A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1959-008A {by 10/18/1959} MORE INFO [1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-012A [2] http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries /news/2008/10/dayintech_1007# [3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lun ar/lunarussr.html [4] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-014A | (Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan (U.S.S.R.)2 |
[1] First image of the far side of the Moon Earth's Moon The Luna 3 spacecraft returned the first views ever of the far side of the Moon. The first image was taken at 03:30 UT on 7 October at a distance of 63,500 km after Luna 3 had passed the Moon and looked back at the sunlit far side. The last image was taken 40 minutes later from 66,700 km. A total of 29 photographs were taken, covering 70% of the far side. The photographs were very noisy and of low resolution, but many features could be recognized. This is the first image returned by Luna 3, taken by the wide-angle lens, it showed the far side of the Moon was very different from the near side, most noticeably in its lack of lunar maria (the dark areas). The right three-quarters of the disk are the far side. The dark spot at upper right is Mare Moscoviense, the dark area at lower left is Mare Smythii. The small dark circle at lower right with the white dot in the center is the crater Tsiolkovskiy and its central peak. The Moon is 3475 km in diameter and north is up in this image. (Luna 3-1) PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgca t/hires/lu3_1.gif [2] Luna 3 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/luna_3.jpg |
41 YBN [11/05/1959 AD] 5 | 191) A device inside the body is controlled remotely; a radio controlled artificial heart pacemaker.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New Engl J Med 1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/do i/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905 2. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New Engl J Med 1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/do i/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905 3. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New Engl J Med 1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/do i/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905 4. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New Engl J Med 1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/do i/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905 5. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New Engl J Med 1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/do i/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905 | (Yale University School of Medicine) New Haven, New Jersey, USA4 |
[1] Figure 3 from: Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New Engl J Med 1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/do i/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905 COPYR IGHTED source: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1 056/NEJM195911052611905 [2] Figure 1 from: Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New Engl J Med 1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/do i/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905 COPYR IGHTED source: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1 056/NEJM195911052611905 |
41 YBN [12/07/1959 AD] 3 | 5372) An X-ray telescope.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ RICCARDO GIACCONI and BRUNO ROSSI, "A 'Telescope' for Soft X-Ray Astronomy", Journal of Geophysical Research, V65, N2, Feb 1960, http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1960/ JZ065i002p00773.shtml {Rossi_Bruno_1959 1207.pdf} 2. ^ RICCARDO GIACCONI and BRUNO ROSSI, "A 'Telescope' for Soft X-Ray Astronomy", Journal of Geophysical Research, V65, N2, Feb 1960, http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1960/ JZ065i002p00773.shtml {Rossi_Bruno_1959 1207.pdf} 3. ^ RICCARDO GIACCONI and BRUNO ROSSI, "A 'Telescope' for Soft X-Ray Astronomy", Journal of Geophysical Research, V65, N2, Feb 1960, http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1960/ JZ065i002p00773.shtml {Rossi_Bruno_1959 1207.pdf} {12/07/1959} MORE INFO [1] Bruno Rossi, "On the Magnetic Deflection of Cosmic Rays", Phys. Rev. 36, 606 (1930). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v36/i3/p606_1 [2] Bruno Rossi, "Directional Measurements on the Cosmic Rays Near the Geomagnetic Equator", Phys. Rev. 45, 212 (1934). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v45/i3/p212_1 [3] Bruno Rossi, "Absorptionsmessungen der durchdringenden Korpuskularstrahlung in einem Meter Blei", Naturwissenschaften, Volume 20, Number 4, 65, DOI: 10.1007/BF01503771. http://www.springer link.com/content/qww043l2h7811222/ "Abs orption measurements of particle radiation penetrating in a meter of lead." [4] Clark, George W. "Rossi, Bruno Benedetto." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 24. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 280-285. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830906055&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [5] G. Shearer, "The X-ray Microscope", British Journal of Radiology, (1936), 9, p30-37. http://bjr.birjournals.org/cgi/ content/abstract/9/97/30 | (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA2 |
[1] Figure 1 from: RICCARDO GIACCONI and BRUNO ROSSI, ''A 'Telescope' for Soft X-Ray Astronomy'', Journal of Geophysical Research, V65, N2, Feb 1960, http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1960/ JZ065i002p00773.shtml {Rossi_Bruno_1959 1207.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref /1960/JZ065i002p00773.shtml [2] Bruno Benedetto Rossi April 13, 1905 — November 21, 1993 UNKNOWN source: http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/ photo/brossi.JPG |
40 YBN [01/23/1960 AD] 4 5 | 4992) Humans reach around 11 km (or 7 miles) below sea level.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p694-695. 2. ^ "Auguste Piccard." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/459310/Auguste-Piccard>. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p694-695. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p694-695. {01/23/1960} 5. ^ "Piccard, Auguste." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 597-598. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 29 Dec. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830903405&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {01/23/1960} MORE INFO [1] "Auguste Piccard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/auguste-pic card | Marianas Trench of the Pacific Ocean3 |
[1] Español: Batiscafo Trieste. from en wikipedia. The Bathyscaphe Trieste is hoisted out of the water in a tropical port, circa 1958-59, soon after her purchase by the Navy. Photography was released by the U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory, San Diego, California. (U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph.) Photo #NH 96801: U.S. Navy Bathyscaphe Trieste (1958-1963). Source : U.S. Naval Historical Center PD AND Description AugustePiccardandPaulKipfer.jpg Englis h: Paul Kipfer and August Piccard prepare to enter the stratosphere in a pressurized gondola lifted by a hydrogen filled balloon on May 27th, 1931. Date May 27th, 1931. 2007-10-24 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Storkk using CommonsHelper. CC AND Title: Auguste Piccard People in the image: * Piccard, Auguste Prof.: Physiker, Ballonfahrer, Stratosphären- und Tiefseeforscher, Schweiz August 1932(1932-08) Source Deutsches Bundesarchiv (German Federal Archive), Bild 102-13738 Author Unknown CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/36/Bathyscaphe_Trieste.j pghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/1/17/AugustePiccardandPaulKipfer .jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi a/commons/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-137 38%2C_Auguste_Piccard.jpg [2] Español: Batiscafo Trieste. from en wikipedia. The Bathyscaphe Trieste is hoisted out of the water in a tropical port, circa 1958-59, soon after her purchase by the Navy. Photography was released by the U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory, San Diego, California. (U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph.) Photo #NH 96801: U.S. Navy Bathyscaphe Trieste (1958-1963). Source : U.S. Naval Historical Center PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/36/Bathyscaphe_Trieste.j pg |
40 YBN [03/09/1960 AD] 9 | 5774) Light is proven to have mass. Gravity is shown to change the frequency of light proving that the speed of light is not constant.4 5 6 The Mössbauer effect is used (with radioactive Iron-57) to show that the wavelength of a beam of light with gamma wavelength is increased (or red-shifted) as the beam is sent from the top floor of a tower to the basement. This is because of the stronger gravity field at the basement which is closer to the center of Earth.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ T. E. Cranshaw, J. P. Schiffer, and A. B. Whitehead, "Measurement of the Gravitational Red Shift Using the M�ssbauer Effect in Fe57", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 163-164 (1960). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL /v4/i4/p163_1 {Whitehead_A_B_19600127.p df} 2. ^ H. J. Hay, J. P. Schiffer*, T. E. Cranshaw, and P. A. Egelstaff, "Measurement of the Red Shift in an Accelerated System Using the M�ssbauer Effect in Fe57", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 165-166 (1960) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i4/ p165_1 {Whitehead_A_B_2_19600127.pdf} 3. ^ R. V. Pound and G. A. Rebka, Jr., "Apparent Weight of Photons", Phys. Rev. Letters, 4 (1960) 337. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4 /i7/p337_1 {Rebka_Glen_Anderson_jr_1960 0309.pdf} 4. ^ T. E. Cranshaw, J. P. Schiffer, and A. B. Whitehead, "Measurement of the Gravitational Red Shift Using the M�ssbauer Effect in Fe57", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 163-164 (1960). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL /v4/i4/p163_1 {Whitehead_A_B_19600127.p df} 5. ^ H. J. Hay, J. P. Schiffer*, T. E. Cranshaw, and P. A. Egelstaff, "Measurement of the Red Shift in an Accelerated System Using the M�ssbauer Effect in Fe57", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 165-166 (1960) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i4/ p165_1 {Whitehead_A_B_2_19600127.pdf} 6. ^ R. V. Pound and G. A. Rebka, Jr., "Apparent Weight of Photons", Phys. Rev. Letters, 4 (1960) 337. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4 /i7/p337_1 {Rebka_Glen_Anderson_jr_1960 0309.pdf} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.887-888. 8. ^ R. V. Pound and G. A. Rebka, Jr., "Apparent Weight of Photons", Phys. Rev. Letters, 4 (1960) 337. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4 /i7/p337_1 {Rebka_Glen_Anderson_jr_1960 0309.pdf} 9. ^ R. V. Pound and G. A. Rebka, Jr., "Apparent Weight of Photons", Phys. Rev. Letters, 4 (1960) 337. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4 /i7/p337_1 {Rebka_Glen_Anderson_jr_1960 0309.pdf} {03/09/1960} MORE INFO [1] Rudolf L. Mössbauer, "Kernresonanzfluoreszenz von Gammastrahlung in Ir191", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 151, Number 2, 124-143 http://www.springerlink.com/con tent/p4335870w53k7834/ English: "Nuclear resonance fluorescence of gamma radiation in Ir191" [2] P B Moon, "Resonant Nuclear Scattering of Gamma-Rays: Theory and Preliminary Experiments", Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section A Volume 64 Number 1, p76. http://iopscience.iop.org/0370-129 8/64/1/311 [3] JASCHA HOFFMAN, "Robert Pound, Physicist Whose Work Advanced Medicine, Is Dead at 90", NY TImes, April 19, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20 /us/20pound.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=130491 7624-dPEMK8cOyCU8ikOVg6k5pA | (Harvard University) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA8 |
[1] [t Note that this is from Hay, et al, and not from Pound and Rebka] Figure 1 from: H. J. Hay, J. P. Schiffer*, T. E. Cranshaw, and P. A. Egelstaff, ''Measurement of the Red Shift in an Accelerated System Using the Mössbauer Effect in Fe57'', Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 165–166 (1960) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i4/ p165_1 {Whitehead_A_B_2_19600127.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/ v4/i4/p165_1 [2] Catalog #: Rebka Glen C1 Rebka, Glen A. Jr.; Pound, Robert Vivian Date: circa 1965 COPYRIGHTED source: http://photos.aip.org/history/Th umbnails/rebka_glen_c1.jpg |
40 YBN [04/19/1960 AD] 6 | 5665) An x-ray photograph of the Sun.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Blake, R. L., Chubb, T. A., Friedman, H., & Unzicker, A. E., "Interpretation of X-Ray Photograph of the Sun.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 137, p.3. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu //full/1963ApJ...137....3B/0000003.000.h tml {Friedman_Herbert_19620829.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.861. 3. ^ "Herbert Friedman." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley . Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/herbert-fri edman 4. ^ Gursky, H., "Obituary: Herbert Friedman, 1916-2000", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, vol. 32, no. 4, p. 1665-1666. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/fu ll/2000BAAS...32.1665G 5. ^ Blake, R. L., Chubb, T. A., Friedman, H., & Unzicker, A. E., "Interpretation of X-Ray Photograph of the Sun.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 137, p.3. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu //full/1963ApJ...137....3B/0000003.000.h tml {Friedman_Herbert_19620829.pdf} 6. ^ Blake, R. L., Chubb, T. A., Friedman, H., & Unzicker, A. E., "Interpretation of X-Ray Photograph of the Sun.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 137, p.3. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu //full/1963ApJ...137....3B/0000003.000.h tml {Friedman_Herbert_19620829.pdf} {04/19/1960} MORE INFO [1] "Herbert Friedman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/herbert-fri edman [2] Friedman, H., "Ultraviolet and X Rays from the Sun", Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 1, p.59. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.ed u//full/1963ARA%26A...1...59F/0000059.00 0.html [3] H. Friedman, S. W. Lichtman, and E. T. Byram, "Photon Counter Measurements of Solar X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Light", Phys. Rev. 83, 1025–1030 (1951). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v83/i5/p1025_1 | (U. S. Naval Research Laboratory) Washington, D. C., USA5 |
[1] Figure 4 from: Blake, R. L., Chubb, T. A., Friedman, H., & Unzicker, A. E., ''Interpretation of X-Ray Photograph of the Sun.'', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 137, p.3. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu //full/1963ApJ...137....3B/0000003.000.h tml {Friedman_Herbert_19620829.pdf} COPYR IGHTED source: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du//full/1963ApJ...137....3B/0000003.000 .html [2] FRIEDMAN (Herbert)(1916-2000) UNKNOWN source: http://www.aip.org/history/newsl etter/spring2001/images/friedman_lg.jpg |
40 YBN [04/22/1960 AD] 9 | 5768) The LASER (which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation"). Light is fed into a ruby cylinder from a flash lamp, and the ruby emits light that is monochromatic (single frequency) and coherent (all the beams are in a single direction). These coherent beams of light can travel thousands of kilometers without spreading very far apart.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11 /p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042 2.pdf} 2. ^ Theodore H. Mainman, "Ruby Laser Systems", Patent number: 3353115, Filing date: Apr 13, 1961, Issue date: Nov 14, 1967 http://www.google.com/patents?id=b -lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse {Maimon_Theodore_Harold_19610413.pdf} 3. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11 /p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042 2.pdf} 4. ^ Theodore H. Mainman, "Ruby Laser Systems", Patent number: 3353115, Filing date: Apr 13, 1961, Issue date: Nov 14, 1967 http://www.google.com/patents?id=b -lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse {Maimon_Theodore_Harold_19610413.pdf} 5. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11 /p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042 2.pdf} 6. ^ Theodore H. Mainman, "Ruby Laser Systems", Patent number: 3353115, Filing date: Apr 13, 1961, Issue date: Nov 14, 1967 http://www.google.com/patents?id=b -lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse {Maimon_Theodore_Harold_19610413.pdf} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.886. 8. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11 /p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042 2.pdf} 9. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11 /p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042 2.pdf} {04/22/1960} MORE INFO [1] Douglas Martin (May 11, 2007). "Theodore Maiman, who built the first laser, dies at 79". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/world/ americas/13iht-obits.1.5685872.html [2] T. H. MAIMAN, "Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby", Nature 187, 493 - 494 (06 August 1960); doi:10.1038/187493a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v187/n4736/abs/187493 a0.html [3] T. H. Maiman, "Stimulated Optical Emission in Fluorescent Solids. I. Theoretical Considerations", Phys. Rev. 123, 1145–1150 (1961) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v123/ i4/p1145_1 [4] T. H. Maiman, R. H. Hoskins, I. J. D'Haenens, C. K. Asawa, and V. Evtuhov, "Stimulated Optical Emission in Fluorescent Solids. II. Spectroscopy and Stimulated Emission in Ruby", Phys. Rev. 123, 1151–1157 (1961) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v123/ i4/p1151_1 [5] "List of laser types". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_las er_types | (Hughes Research Laboratories) Malibu, California8 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Theodore H. Mainman, ''Ruby Laser Systems'', Patent number: 3353115, Filing date: Apr 13, 1961, Issue date: Nov 14, 1967 http://www.google.com/patents?id=b -lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse {Maimon_Theodore_Harold_19610413.pdf} PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =b-lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [2] Description Ted Maiman Holding First Laser.jpg English: Theodore Maiman holding his invention of the world's first laser (invented May 16, 1960) Date 16 May 1983(1983-05-16) Source Template:TRW Author Kathleenfmaiman Permission (Reusi ng this file) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/df/Ted_Maiman_Holding_Fi rst_Laser.jpg |
40 YBN [04/??/1960 AD] 4 | 5073) A logical contradiction in the theory of space and time dilation is identified in that time appears different depending on which of two clocks is viewed as stationary, and the first recognition that spectral line position changes as a result of a change in light source distance.1 2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ H. Dingle, "Relativity and Electromagnetism: An Epistemological Appraisal", Philosophy of Science, 27, p233-253 (1960). http://www.jstor.org/stable/185967 Di ngle_Herbert_196004xx.pdf} 2. ^ H. Dingle "Special Theory of Relativity", Nature 195, 985 - 986 (08 September 1962) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v195/n4845/abs/195985a0.html {Dingl e_Herbert_19620908.pdf} 3. ^ H. Dingle, "Relativity and Electromagnetism: An Epistemological Appraisal", Philosophy of Science, 27, p233-253 (1960). http://www.jstor.org/stable/185967 Di ngle_Herbert_196004xx.pdf} 4. ^ H. Dingle, "Relativity and Electromagnetism: An Epistemological Appraisal", Philosophy of Science, 27, p233-253 (1960). http://www.jstor.org/stable/185967 Di ngle_Herbert_196004xx.pdf} {04/1960} MORE INFO [1] H Dingle, "Science at the Crossroads", 1972 [2] Bok, B. J., "Education in and History of Modern Astronomy", Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol. 4, p.208. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.e du/full/seri/JHA../0004//0000208.000.htm l [3] "Herbert Dingle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Din gle | (University of London) London, England3 |
[1] H. Dingle, ''Relativity and Electromagnetism: An Epistemological Appraisal'', Philosophy of Science, 27, p233-253 (1960). http://www.jstor.org/stable/185967 [D ingle_Herbert_196004xx.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1859 67 [Dingle_Herbert_196004xx.pdf} [2] H. Dingle, ''Relativity and Electromagnetism: An Epistemological Appraisal'', Philosophy of Science, 27, p233-253 (1960). http://www.jstor.org/stable/185967 [D ingle_Herbert_196004xx.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1859 67 [Dingle_Herbert_196004xx.pdf} |
40 YBN [08/12/1960 AD] 6 | 5485) The first passive communication satellite.1 Stations on the surface of Earth send and receive data from the satellite, a mylar polyester balloon.2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p533. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p833-834. 3. ^ "John Robinson Pierce." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/459821/John-Robinson-Pierce>. 4. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegall ery/image_feature_1738.html 5. ^ http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4308/ch6.htm 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p833-834. {08/12/1960} MORE INFO [1] Russell H. Varian and Sigurd F. Varian, "A High Frequency Oscillator and Amplifier", J. Appl. Phys. 10, 321 (1939); doi:10.1063/1.1707311 http://jap.aip.org/resource/1/japiau/v 10/i5/p321_s1 [2] Video news reel of Echo 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NO2Lkm BDle4 | (Launchpad 17) Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA5 |
[1] The Echo I satellite. PD source: http://www.centennialofflight.go v/essay/Dictionary/Echo/DI55G1.jpg [2] Description John Robinson Pierce.jpg English: John Robinson Pierce, the former director of research at AT&T Bell Telephone Laboratories. Born in Des Moines, Iowa in 1910, Pierce was the first to evaluate the various technical options in satellite communications and assess the financial prospects. In 1952, he published an article in Astounding Science Fiction in which he discussed the potential benefits of satellite communications. Coined the term ''transistor'', instrumental in the development of Telstar 1, and wrote science fiction under the nom de plume J.J. Coupling. A few years later, Pierce greatly assisted in the creation of the first artificial communication satellite, ECHO. Pierce died from pneumonia complications on April 2, 2002 at the age of 92. Date Unknown Source Great Images in NASA Description Author NASA Permission (Reusing this file) See below. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/ed/John_Robinson_Pierce. jpg |
40 YBN [08/30/1960 AD] 3 | 5737) The principle of "Computerized axial tomography" (CAT) is described: a thin line of x-rays is used to determine the density of the inside of objects by measuring the difference in x-ray absorption from many angles around an object.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Oldendorf, W. H., "Isolated Flying Spot Detection of Radiodensity Dis-Continuities-Displaying the Internal Structural Pattern of a Complex Object", Bio-Medical Electronics, IRE Transactions on, vol.8, no.1, pp.68-72, Jan. 1961 doi: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322854 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=4322854&isnumber=4322838 {Oldendorf_William_H_19600830.pdf} 2. ^ Oldendorf, W. H., "Isolated Flying Spot Detection of Radiodensity Dis-Continuities-Displaying the Internal Structural Pattern of a Complex Object", Bio-Medical Electronics, IRE Transactions on, vol.8, no.1, pp.68-72, Jan. 1961 doi: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322854 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=4322854&isnumber=4322838 {Oldendorf_William_H_19600830.pdf} 3. ^ Oldendorf, W. H., "Isolated Flying Spot Detection of Radiodensity Dis-Continuities-Displaying the Internal Structural Pattern of a Complex Object", Bio-Medical Electronics, IRE Transactions on, vol.8, no.1, pp.68-72, Jan. 1961 doi: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322854 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=4322854&isnumber=4322838 {Oldendorf_William_H_19600830.pdf} {08/30/1960} | (University of California Medical Center) Los Angeles, California, USA2 |
[1] Figure 2 from: Oldendorf, W. H., ''Isolated Flying Spot Detection of Radiodensity Dis-Continuities-Displaying the Internal Structural Pattern of a Complex Object'', Bio-Medical Electronics, IRE Transactions on, vol.8, no.1, pp.68-72, Jan. 1961 doi: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322854 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=4322854&isnumber=4322838 {Oldendorf_William_H_19600830.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=4322854&isnumber=4322838 [2] William Henry Oldendorf, MD., 1925 - 1992 UNKNOWN source: http://www.catscanman.net/blog/w p-content/uploads/oldendorf.jpg |
40 YBN [12/28/1960 AD] 10 | 5705) Messenger RNA and the system that regulates protein synthesis in the cell (regulatory genes called "operons") are identified.5 6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchéz, C. & Monod, J. L'opéron: groupe de gènes à expression coordonnée par un opérateur. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 250, 1727–1729 (1960) 2. ^ Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user =4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=17 23143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search& _origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi =6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c& _ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVe rsion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee 4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_F rancois_19601228.pdf} 3. ^ "François Jacob." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 18 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/298935/Francois-Jacob>. 4. ^ "operon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Jan. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/429974/operon>. 5. ^ Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchéz, C. & Monod, J. L'opéron: groupe de gènes à expression coordonnée par un opérateur. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 250, 1727–1729 (1960) 6. ^ Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user =4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=17 23143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search& _origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi =6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c& _ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVe rsion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee 4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_F rancois_19601228.pdf} 7. ^ "François Jacob." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 18 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/298935/Francois-Jacob>. 8. ^ "operon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Jan. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/429974/operon>. 9. ^ Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user =4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=17 23143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search& _origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi =6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c& _ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVe rsion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee 4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_F rancois_19601228.pdf} 10. ^ Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user =4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=17 23143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search& _origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi =6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c& _ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVe rsion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee 4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_F rancois_19601228.pdf} {12/28/1960 (verify - could be earlier in French paper} | (Pasteur Institute) Paris, France9 |
[1] François Jacob, b. 1920 UNKNOWN source: http://www.pasteurfoundation.org /images/Jacob.jpg [2] Jacques Monod, b. 1910 d. 1976 UNKNOWN source: http://www.pasteurfoundation.org /images/Monod.jpg |
40 YBN [12/30/1960 AD] 4 | 5769) The first gas laser (using a mixture of helium and neon).1 2 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ A. Javan, W. R. Bennett, Jr., and D. R. Herriott, "Population Inversion and Continuous Optical Maser Oscillation in a Gas Discharge Containing a He-Ne Mixture", Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 106–110 (1961) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v6/i3/ p106_1 {Herriott_D_R_19601230.pdf} 2. ^ William R. Bennett jr, Ali Javan, "GAS OPTICAL MASER", Patent number: 3149290, Filing date: Dec 28, 1960, Issue date: Sep 15, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=r 2pmAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse 3. ^ A. Javan, W. R. Bennett, Jr., and D. R. Herriott, "Population Inversion and Continuous Optical Maser Oscillation in a Gas Discharge Containing a He-Ne Mixture", Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 106–110 (1961) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v6/i3/ p106_1 {Herriott_D_R_19601230.pdf} 4. ^ A. Javan, W. R. Bennett, Jr., and D. R. Herriott, "Population Inversion and Continuous Optical Maser Oscillation in a Gas Discharge Containing a He-Ne Mixture", Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 106–110 (1961) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v6/i3/ p106_1 {Herriott_D_R_19601230.pdf} {12/30/1960} MORE INFO [1] http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/07/scienc e/07bennett.html | (Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA3 |
[1] Figure 1 from: William R. Bennett jr, Ali Javan, ''GAS OPTICAL MASER'', Patent number: 3149290, Filing date: Dec 28, 1960, Issue date: Sep 15, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=r 2pmAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f alse PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =r2pmAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f =false [2] William R. Bennett jr (verify) UNKNOWN source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_IoU3bE FUwWc/SHH6tjvzGpI/AAAAAAAACWs/MjwSujRgKG w/s400/William%2BR.%2BBennett.jpeg |
40 YBN [12/??/1960 AD] 4 5 6 | 5412) The "seafloor spreading hypothesis": that continents are carried passively on top of the spreading seafloor.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ H.N. Hess, History of ocean basins, Petrologic Studies: A Volume to Honor A. F. Buddington, Geol. Soc. Amer. (1962). http://en.scientificcommons.org /34150114 2. ^ "Hess, Harry Hammond." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 415-420. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Feb. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905159&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/ent ries/bohess.html 4. ^ "Hess, Harry Hammond." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 415-420. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Feb. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830905159&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/1960} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p812-813. {1962} 6. ^ H.N. Hess, History of ocean basins, Petrologic Studies: A Volume to Honor A. F. Buddington, Geol. Soc. Amer. (1962). http://en.scientificcommons.org /34150114 MORE INFO [1] Harry Hammond Hess, "Drowned ancient islands of the Pacific Basin", American Journal of Science, Vol. 244, November 1946, P.772-791; doi:10.2475/ajs.244.11.772. http://www. ajsonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/244/1 1/772 | (Princeton University) Princeton, New Jersey, USA3 |
[1] Princeton University Archives Harry Hammond Hess *32 UNKNOWN source: http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/ 2010/02/03/pages/6388/Hess.jpg |
39 YBN [04/12/1961 AD] 7 | 5601) The first human to orbit the Earth.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1961-012A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1961-012A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1961-012A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1961-012A 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1961-012A 6. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing Site - Monument". http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s _q&hl=en&geocode=&q=51.270682+N,+45.9972 7+E&sll=51.270689,45.997599&sspn=0.00329 6,0.00868&ie=UTF8&ll=51.270716,45.997385 &spn=0.003296,0.00868&t=k&z=17. 7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1961-012A {04/12/1961} MORE INFO [1] "Yury Alekseyevich Gagarin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/223437/Yury-Alekseyevich-Gagarin> [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p895-896 | Saratovskaya oblast, U.S.S.R.6 |
[1] The Vostok 1 capsule as recovered after landing. Currently on display at the RKK Energiya museum in Korolyov CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/7/70/Vostok_1_after_landing.jpg [2] Description Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1 Source Mission photography Portion used Sufficient to show the face of Gagarin in his spacesuit within the capsule Low resolution? yes COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/b/b1/Vostok1.jpg |
39 YBN [08/03/1961 AD] 8 | 5765) The first nucleic acid nucleotide is found to code for a specific amino acid; a synthetic RNA molecule made of a single repeating nucleotide (uridylic acid) {YR-e-Dil-iK1 } makes a protein containing only one amino acid (phenylalanine) {FeNL-aL-u-nEN2 }.3 4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "uridylic acid." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 21 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/uridylic-ac id 2. ^ "phenylalanine." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 21 May. 2013. henylalanine>. 3. ^ Marshall W. Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei, "The Dependence of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis in E. Coli upon Naturally Occurring or Synthetic Polyribonucleotides", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1961 October; 47(10): 1588–1602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC223178/ {Nirenberg_Marshall_W_196 10803.pdf} 4. ^ Samuel H. Barondes and Marshal W. Nirenberg, "Fate of a Synthetic Polynucleotide Directing Cell-Free Protein Synthesis I. Characteristics of Degradation", Science, New Series, Vol. 138, No. 3542 (Nov. 16, 1962), pp. 810-813. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17 09375 {Nirenberg_Marshall_W_19621116.pd f} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.885. 6. ^ "Marshall Warren Nirenberg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 07 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/415902/Marshall-Warren-Nirenberg>. 7. ^ Marshall W. Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei, "The Dependence of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis in E. Coli upon Naturally Occurring or Synthetic Polyribonucleotides", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1961 October; 47(10): 1588–1602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC223178/ {Nirenberg_Marshall_W_196 10803.pdf} 8. ^ Marshall W. Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei, "The Dependence of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis in E. Coli upon Naturally Occurring or Synthetic Polyribonucleotides", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1961 October; 47(10): 1588–1602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC223178/ {Nirenberg_Marshall_W_196 10803.pdf} {08/03/1961} MORE INFO [1] Matthaei, J. H., and M. W. Nirenberg, "The dependence of cell-free protein synthesis in image upon RNA prepared from ribosomes", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 4, 404 (1961). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/B6WBK-4DXKBG4-BY/2/d38f90b32dc95a 88bda87758f55e7cdf [2] Matthaei, J. H., and M. WV. Nirenberg, Fed. Proc., 20, 391 (1961) | (National Institutes of Health) Bethesda, Maryland, USA7 |
[1] Marshall W. Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei, ''The Dependence of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis in E. Coli upon Naturally Occurring or Synthetic Polyribonucleotides'', Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1961 October; 47(10): 1588–1602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC223178/ {Nirenberg_Marshall_W_196 10803.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC223178/ [2] Marshall Warren Nirenberg Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1968/nirenberg.jpg |
39 YBN [12/30/1961 AD] 4 | 5663) That three DNA nucleotides code for one amino acid in a protein is understood.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ F. H. C. CRICK, LESLIE BARNETT, S. BRENNER & R. J. WATTS-TOBIN, "General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins", Nature 192, 1227 - 1232 (30 December 1961); doi:10.1038/1921227a0 http://www.nature .com/nature/journal/v192/n4809/abs/19212 27a0.html {Crick_Francis_Harry_Compton_19611230. pdf} 2. ^ F. H. C. CRICK, LESLIE BARNETT, S. BRENNER & R. J. WATTS-TOBIN, "General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins", Nature 192, 1227 - 1232 (30 December 1961); doi:10.1038/1921227a0 http://www.nature .com/nature/journal/v192/n4809/abs/19212 27a0.html {Crick_Francis_Harry_Compton_19611230. pdf} 3. ^ F. H. C. CRICK, LESLIE BARNETT, S. BRENNER & R. J. WATTS-TOBIN, "General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins", Nature 192, 1227 - 1232 (30 December 1961); doi:10.1038/1921227a0 http://www.nature .com/nature/journal/v192/n4809/abs/19212 27a0.html {Crick_Francis_Harry_Compton_19611230. pdf} 4. ^ F. H. C. CRICK, LESLIE BARNETT, S. BRENNER & R. J. WATTS-TOBIN, "General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins", Nature 192, 1227 - 1232 (30 December 1961); doi:10.1038/1921227a0 http://www.nature .com/nature/journal/v192/n4809/abs/19212 27a0.html {Crick_Francis_Harry_Compton_19611230. pdf} {12/30/1961} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887 | (Cavendish Lab University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England3 |
[1] Figure 1 from: F. H. C. CRICK, LESLIE BARNETT, S. BRENNER & R. J. WATTS-TOBIN, ''General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins'', Nature 192, 1227 - 1232 (30 December 1961); doi:10.1038/1921227a0 http://www.nature .com/nature/journal/v192/n4809/abs/19212 27a0.html {Crick_Francis_Harry_Compton_19611230. pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v192/n4809/abs/1921227a0.html [2] Francis Harry Compton Crick UNKNOWN source: http://scientistshowtell.wikispa ces.com/file/view/FrancisHarryComptonCri ck2.jpg/39149552/FrancisHarryComptonCric k2.jpg |
39 YBN [1961 AD] 4 5 | 5706) The Bacteria Escherichia Coli is shown to have a single chromosome, which is in the shape of a circle.1 2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ JACOB, F.; WOLLMAN, E. L., "Sexuality and the genetics of bacteria.", 1961 pp. xv + 374 pp. http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/196 21605699.html?freeview=true {Wollman_Elie_L_1961xxxx.pdf} 2. ^ François Jacob, Nadine Peyrieras, Michel Morange, "Travaux scientifiques de François Jacob", Odile Jacob, 2002, p573. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0bTvkp5QvwsC&pg=PA537#v=onepage&q&f=fals e 3. ^ JACOB, F.; WOLLMAN, E. L., "Sexuality and the genetics of bacteria.", 1961 pp. xv + 374 pp. http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/196 21605699.html?freeview=true {Wollman_Elie_L_1961xxxx.pdf} 4. ^ François Jacob, Nadine Peyrieras, Michel Morange, "Travaux scientifiques de François Jacob", Odile Jacob, 2002, p573. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0bTvkp5QvwsC&pg=PA537#v=onepage&q&f=fals e {1961} 5. ^ JACOB, F.; WOLLMAN, E. L., "Sexuality and the genetics of bacteria.", 1961 pp. xv + 374 pp. http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/196 21605699.html?freeview=true {Wollman_El ie_L_1961xxxx.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". Nobelprize.org. 18 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1965/ [2] Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchéz, C. & Monod, J. L'opéron: groupe de gènes à expression coordonnée par un opérateur. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 250, 1727–1729 (1960) [3] Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user =4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=17 23143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search& _origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi =6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c& _ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVe rsion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee 4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a [4] http://www.nature.com/milestones/geneexp ression/milestones/articles/milegene02.h tml [5] Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books /NBK21683/ | (Pasteur Institute) Paris, France3 |
[1] Figure 1 from: François Jacob, Nadine Peyrieras, Michel Morange, ''Travaux scientifiques de François Jacob'', Odile Jacob, 2002, p573. http://books.google.com/books?id= 0bTvkp5QvwsC&pg=PA537#v=onepage&q&f=fals e COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =0bTvkp5QvwsC&pg=PA537#v=onepage&q&f=fal se [2] François Jacob, b. 1920 UNKNOWN source: http://www.pasteurfoundation.org /images/Jacob.jpg |
38 YBN [06/16/1962 AD] 5 | 5662) That RNA has a helical structure is recognized.1 2 RNA is usually single-stranded but can fold back on itself to form a double helix as is the case for tRNA and rRNA.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ M. SPENCER, W. FULLER, M. H. F. WILKINS & G. L. BROWN, "Determination of the Helical Configuration of Ribonucleic Acid Molecules by X-Ray Diffraction Study of Crystalline Amino-Acid–transfer Ribonucleic Acid", Nature 194, 1014 - 1020 (16 June 1962); doi:10.1038/1941014a0 http://www.nature .com/nature/journal/v194/n4833/abs/19410 14a0.html {Wilkins_Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_196206 16.pdf} 2. ^ "Maurice Wilkins - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 11 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1962/wilkins-lecture.html {Wilkins_Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_1962121 1.pdf} 3. ^ Batmanian, L., W.W. Batmanian, S. Worrall, and J. Ridge 2011Biochemistry for Health Professionals. Elsevier Australia. p102. http://books.google.com/books?id= IihR3DkZ_fkC&pg=PA102 4. ^ M. SPENCER, W. FULLER, M. H. F. WILKINS & G. L. BROWN, "Determination of the Helical Configuration of Ribonucleic Acid Molecules by X-Ray Diffraction Study of Crystalline Amino-Acid–transfer Ribonucleic Acid", Nature 194, 1014 - 1020 (16 June 1962); doi:10.1038/1941014a0 http://www.nature .com/nature/journal/v194/n4833/abs/19410 14a0.html {Wilkins_Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_196206 16.pdf} 5. ^ M. SPENCER, W. FULLER, M. H. F. WILKINS & G. L. BROWN, "Determination of the Helical Configuration of Ribonucleic Acid Molecules by X-Ray Diffraction Study of Crystalline Amino-Acid–transfer Ribonucleic Acid", Nature 194, 1014 - 1020 (16 June 1962); doi:10.1038/1941014a0 http://www.nature .com/nature/journal/v194/n4833/abs/19410 14a0.html {Wilkins_Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_196206 16.pdf} {06/16/1962} MORE INFO [1] "Maurice Wilkins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/maurice-wil kins [2] "Balantidium." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/balantidium [3] "Balantidium." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/balantidium [4] M. H. F. WILKINS, A. R. STOKES & H. R. WILSON , "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 738. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v171/n4356/pdf/171738a0.pdf [Wilkins_Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_195304 02.pdf} [5] ROSALIND E. FRANKLIN & R. G. GOSLING, "Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 740. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v171/n4356/pdf/171740a0.pdf [6] Pauling, L., and Corey, R. B., Nature, 171, 346 (1953); Proc. U.S. Nat. Acai Sci., 39, 84 (1953) [7] Furberg, S., Acta Chem. Scand., 3, 634 (1952) [8] Chargaff, E., for references see Zamenhof, S., Brawerman, G., and Chargaff, E., Biochim. et Biophys. Acta, 9,402 (1952) [9] 4. Wyatt, G. R.,J. Gen. Physiol, 36, 201 (1952) [10] Astbury, W. T., Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1, Nucleic Acid, 66 (Camb. Univ. Press, 1947) [11] Wilkins, M. H. F., and Randall, J. T, Biochim. et Biophys. Acta, 10, 192 (1953) [12] "James Dewey Watson." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/637603/James-Dewey-Watson> [13] http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/scienc e/19watson.html | (King's College) London, England4 |
[1] figure 7 from: M. SPENCER, W. FULLER, M. H. F. WILKINS & G. L. BROWN, ''Determination of the Helical Configuration of Ribonucleic Acid Molecules by X-Ray Diffraction Study of Crystalline Amino-Acid–transfer Ribonucleic Acid'', Nature 194, 1014 - 1020 (16 June 1962); doi:10.1038/1941014a0 http://www.nature .com/nature/journal/v194/n4833/abs/19410 14a0.html {Wilkins_Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_196206 16.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v194/n4833/abs/1941014a0.html [2] Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/wilkin s_postcard.jpg |
38 YBN [09/24/1962 AD] 7 | 5656) The semiconductor {SeME-KeN-DuK-TR1 } LASER.2 3 4 A forward biased Gallium-Arsenide p-n junction emits a monochromatic microwave light.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "semiconductor." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/semiconduct or 2. ^ Hall, Fenner, Kingsley, Soltys and Carlson, "Coherent Light Emission From GaAs Junctions", Phys. Rev. Letters, 9 (1962) 366. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i9/ p366_1 {Carlson_R_O_19620924.pdf} 3. ^ "Charles H. Townes - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 4 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1964/townes-lecture.html { Townes_Charles_Hard_19641211.pdf} 4. ^ Dupuis, R.; , "An introduction to the development of the semiconductor laser," Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of , vol.23, no.6, pp. 651- 657, Jun 1987 doi: 10.1109/JQE.1987.1073450 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=1073450&isnumber=23107 {Dupuis_Russell_198706xx.pdf} 5. ^ Hall, Fenner, Kingsley, Soltys and Carlson, "Coherent Light Emission From GaAs Junctions", Phys. Rev. Letters, 9 (1962) 366. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i9/ p366_1 {Carlson_R_O_19620924.pdf} 6. ^ Hall, Fenner, Kingsley, Soltys and Carlson, "Coherent Light Emission From GaAs Junctions", Phys. Rev. Letters, 9 (1962) 366. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i9/ p366_1 {Carlson_R_O_19620924.pdf} 7. ^ Hall, Fenner, Kingsley, Soltys and Carlson, "Coherent Light Emission From GaAs Junctions", Phys. Rev. Letters, 9 (1962) 366. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i9/ p366_1 {Carlson_R_O_19620924.pdf} {09/24/1962} MORE INFO [1] J. I. Pankove and M. Massoulie. "Recombination Radiation in a Gallium Arsenide P-N Junction," The Electrochem. Soc., Electronics Div. (Abstracts), vol. 11, pp. 71-75, Spring Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif.; May 6-10, 1962 [2] J. R. Haynes and H. B. Briggs, "Radiation produced in Germanium and Silicon by Electron-Hole Recombination.", Physical Review, vol 86, April-June 1952, p647. http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v86/i 4/p637_1 [3] William E. Bradley, "Electronic Cooling Device and Method For the Fabrication Thereof", Patent number: 2898743, Filing date: Jul 23, 1956, Issue date: Aug 11, 1959. http://www.google.com/patents?id= HEcCAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false [4] Keyes, R.J.; Quist, T.M., "Radiation emitted by gallium arsenide diodes", Electron Devices, IRE Transactions, 1962, Volume: 9 , Issue: 6, 503. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/ srchabstract.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1473258&qu eryText%3Dkeyes+quist%26openedRefinement s%3D*%26sortType%3Dasc_Publication+Year% 26searchField%3DSearch+All | (General Electric Research Laboratory) Schenectady, New York, USA6 |
[1] Figure 2 from: Hall, Fenner, Kingsley, Soltys and Carlson, ''Coherent Light Emission From GaAs Junctions'', Phys. Rev. Letters, 9 (1962) 366. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i9/ p366_1 {Carlson_R_O_19620924.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/ v9/i9/p366_1 [2] Note that this image is from the Nobel prize lecture of Charles Hard Townes and is not in the original paper of Hall, et al.[t] Figure 5 from: ''Charles H. Townes - Nobel Lecture''. Nobelprize.org. 4 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/1964/townes-lecture.html { Townes_Charles_Hard_19641211.pdf} source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/physics/laureates/1964/townes-lecture .html |
38 YBN [10/12/1962 AD] 3 | 5376) X-ray sources from outside the solar system are observed.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Bruno B. Rossi, Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, and Frank R. Paolini, "Evidence for x Rays From Sources Outside the Solar System", Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 439–443 (1962). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL /v9/i11/p439_1 {Rossi_Bruno_19621012.pd f} 2. ^ Bruno B. Rossi, Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, and Frank R. Paolini, "Evidence for x Rays From Sources Outside the Solar System", Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 439–443 (1962). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL /v9/i11/p439_1 {Rossi_Bruno_19621012.pd f} 3. ^ Bruno B. Rossi, Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, and Frank R. Paolini, "Evidence for x Rays From Sources Outside the Solar System", Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 439–443 (1962). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL /v9/i11/p439_1 {Rossi_Bruno_19621012.pd f} {10/12/1962} MORE INFO [1] Bruno Rossi, "On the Magnetic Deflection of Cosmic Rays", Phys. Rev. 36, 606 (1930). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v36/i3/p606_1 [2] Bruno Rossi, "Directional Measurements on the Cosmic Rays Near the Geomagnetic Equator", Phys. Rev. 45, 212 (1934). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P R/v45/i3/p212_1 [3] Bruno Rossi, "Absorptionsmessungen der durchdringenden Korpuskularstrahlung in einem Meter Blei", Naturwissenschaften, Volume 20, Number 4, 65, DOI: 10.1007/BF01503771. http://www.springer link.com/content/qww043l2h7811222/ "Abs orption measurements of particle radiation penetrating in a meter of lead." [4] Clark, George W. "Rossi, Bruno Benedetto." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 24. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 280-285. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id =GALE%7CCX2830906055&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [5] G. Shearer, "The X-ray Microscope", British Journal of Radiology, (1936), 9, p30-37. http://bjr.birjournals.org/cgi/ content/abstract/9/97/30 | (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA2 |
[1] Figure 1 from: RICCARDO GIACCONI and BRUNO ROSSI, ''A 'Telescope' for Soft X-Ray Astronomy'', Journal of Geophysical Research, V65, N2, Feb 1960, http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1960/ JZ065i002p00773.shtml {Rossi_Bruno_1959 1207.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref /1960/JZ065i002p00773.shtml [2] Bruno Benedetto Rossi April 13, 1905 — November 21, 1993 UNKNOWN source: http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/ photo/brossi.JPG |
38 YBN [10/26/1962 AD] 6 | 6201) Laser writing and reading of data. Data is written to and read from plastic film.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System", Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H 9x0AAAAEBAJ 2. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System", Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H 9x0AAAAEBAJ 3. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System", Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H 9x0AAAAEBAJ 4. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System", Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H 9x0AAAAEBAJ 5. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System", Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H 9x0AAAAEBAJ 6. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System", Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H 9x0AAAAEBAJ {10/26/1962} MORE INFO [1] Carl H. Becker, "LASER RECORDER WITH VAPORIZABLE FILM", Patent number: 3314073, Filing date: Oct 20, 1964, Issue date: Apr 11, 1967. http://www.google.com/patents?hl= en&lr=&vid=USPAT3314073 [2] Joseph T. Mcnaney, "SYSTEM FOR EFFECTING TRANSFER OF CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAYS ONTO A RECORD MEDIUM", Patent number: 2898176, Filing date: Aug 26, 1957, Issue date: Aug 4, 1959 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6 DsCAAAAEBAJ [3] David Paul Gregg, "TRANSPARENT RECORDING DISC", Patent number: 3430966, Filing date: Apr 3, 1967, Issue date: Mar 4, 1969. http://www.google.com/patents?id= H6JnAAAAEBAJ [4] Jan van der Veen et al, "Optical recording medium and method of optically recording information thereon", Patent number: 4298975, Filing date: Mar 19, 1979, Issue date: Nov 3, 1981 http://www.google.com/patents?hl=e n&lr=&vid=USPAT4298975&id=IRcCAAAAEBAJ&o i=fnd&dq=laser+recording+philips&printse c=abstract#v=onepage&q=laser%20recording %20philips&f=false [5] Charles M. Goldstein, "Optical Disk Technology and Information", Science, New Series, Vol. 215, No. 4534 (Feb. 12, 1982), pp. 862-868. Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1687481 | (Winston Research Corporation) Los Angeles, California, USA5 |
[1] From: Wayne R. Johnson, ''High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System'', Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H 9x0AAAAEBAJ source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =H9x0AAAAEBAJ |
38 YBN [1962 AD] 4 | 5490) An undersea station where humans live for prolonged periods of time.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.cousteau.org/technology/consh elf 2. ^ "Jacques-Yves Cousteau." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 14 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/140955/Jacques-Yves-Cousteau>. 3. ^ http://www.cousteau.org/technology/consh elf 4. ^ http://www.cousteau.org/technology/consh elf {1962} MORE INFO [1] "aqualung." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 14 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/aqualung-en gineering [2] Emile Gagnon, Jacques Yves Cousteau, "Compressed Gas Container With Reducing Valve and Auxillary Opening Means Therefor", Patent number: 2598248, Filing date: Dec 11, 1946, Issue date: May 27, 1952. Filing Date in France 12/15/1945. http://www.google.com/paten ts?id=L9RnAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoo m=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepag e&q&f=false [3] "SELF-PROPELLED SUBMERSIBLE VESSEL", Patent number: 3103195, Filing date: Jul 12, 1960, Issue date: Sep 10, 1963. http://www.google.com/patents?id= PWdQAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false [4] "Jacques-Yves Cousteau." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/jacques-yve s-cousteau [5] "Continental Shelf Station Two". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental _Shelf_Station_Two | (off coast of) Marseilles, France3 |
[1] ConShelf 2 UNKNOWN source: http://blog.sellsiusrealestate.c om/wp-content/conshelf2.jpg [2] ConShelf 2 UNKNOWN source: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3 556/3470838604_a4cfb0e0eb.jpg |
38 YBN [1962 AD] 3 | 6628) That charged particles are emitted by the Sun in all directions following the lines of force of the Sun's magnetic field is confirmed.1 2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Parker, E. (1959), Extension of the Solar Corona into Interplanetary Space, J. Geophys. Res., 64(11), 1675–1681, doi:10.1029/JZ064i011p01675. http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/1959/J Z064i011p01675.shtml Parker_Eugene_1959 11xx.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.886. 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.886. |
[1] Description English: Mariner 2 was the world's first successful interplanetary spacecraft. Launched August 27, 1962, on an Atlas-Agena rocket, Mariner 2 passed within about 34,000 kilometers (21,000 miles) of Venus, sending back valuable new information about interplanetary space and the Venusian atmosphere. Mariner 2 recorded the temperature at Venus for the first time, revealing the planet's very hot atmosphere of about 500 degrees Celsius (900 degrees Fahrenheit). The spacecraft's solar wind experiment measured for the first time the density, velocity, composition and variation over time of the solar wind. Date - Source http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalo g/PIA04594 Author NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA-JPL) Image ID : PIA04594 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mariner_2_in_sp ace.jpg/1274px-Mariner_2_in_space.jpg | |
37 YBN [03/04/1963 AD] 5 | 5750) Quasars (quasi-stellar radio sources) are identified;1 2 extragalactic objects, starlike in appearance and having spectra with characteristically large redshifts, that are thought to be the most distant and most luminous objects in the universe.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Matthews, T. A. & Sandage, A. R., "Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c 196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 138, p.30, 1963ApJ...138...30M http://adsabs.harva rd.edu/full/1963ApJ...138...30M {Sandag e_Allan_Rex_19630304.pdf} 2. ^ "Allan Rex Sandage." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/522020/Allan-Rex-Sandage>. 3. ^ "quasar." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2011. uasar>. 4. ^ Matthews, T. A. & Sandage, A. R., "Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c 196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 138, p.30, 1963ApJ...138...30M http://adsabs.harva rd.edu/full/1963ApJ...138...30M {Sandag e_Allan_Rex_19630304.pdf} 5. ^ Matthews, T. A. & Sandage, A. R., "Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c 196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 138, p.30, 1963ApJ...138...30M http://adsabs.harva rd.edu/full/1963ApJ...138...30M {Sandag e_Allan_Rex_19630304.pdf} {03/04/1963} MORE INFO [1] "Allan Rex Sandage." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/allan-rex-s andage | (Wilson and Palomar Observatories, Carnegie institute of Washington and California Institute of Technology) Pasadena, California, USA4 |
[1] Figure 2 from: Matthews, T. A. & Sandage, A. R., ''Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c 196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects.'', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 138, p.30, 1963ApJ...138...30M http://adsabs.harva rd.edu/full/1963ApJ...138...30M {Sandag e_Allan_Rex_19630304.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1 963ApJ...138...30M [2] Allan Rex Sandage UNKNOWN source: http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /brucemedalists/sandage/sandage.jpg |
37 YBN [06/16/1963 AD] 3 | 5602) The first woman to orbit the Earth.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Article?anchor=toc9071753". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/587896/Valentina-Tereshkova/587896main /Article?anchor=toc9071753 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1963-023A 3. ^ "Article?anchor=toc9071753". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/587896/Valentina-Tereshkova/587896main /Article?anchor=toc9071753 {06/16/1963} | (Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan (U.S.S.R.)2 |
[1] English: 1963 Soviet Union 10 kopeks stamp. Valentina Tereshkova. Русский: Марка, Советский Союз, 10 копеек, 1963. Валентина Терешкова. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7f/Soviet_Union-1963-Sta mp-0.10._Valentina_Tereshkova.jpg |
36 YBN [07/15/1964 AD] 4 | 5770) A carbon dioxide laser is invented1 ; the most powerful commercial gas laser2 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Patel, C. K. N. (1964). "Continuous-Wave Laser Action on Vibrational-Rotational Transitions of CO2". Physical Review 136 (5A): A1187–A1193. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.136.A1187. http://p rola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v136/i5A/pA1187 _1 2. ^ "laser." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/330874/laser>. 3. ^ Patel, C. K. N. (1964). "Continuous-Wave Laser Action on Vibrational-Rotational Transitions of CO2". Physical Review 136 (5A): A1187–A1193. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.136.A1187. http://p rola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v136/i5A/pA1187 _1 4. ^ Patel, C. K. N. (1964). "Continuous-Wave Laser Action on Vibrational-Rotational Transitions of CO2". Physical Review 136 (5A): A1187–A1193. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.136.A1187. http://p rola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v136/i5A/pA1187 _1 {07/15/1964} MORE INFO [1] C. K. N. Patel, W. R. Bennett, Jr., W. L. Faust, and R. A. McFarlane, "Infrared Spectroscopy Using Stimulated Emission Techniques", Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 102 (1962) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/ v9/i3/p102_1 [2] W. L. Faust, R. A. McFarlane, C. K. N. Patel, and C. G. B. Garrett, "Noble Gas Optical Maser Lines at Wavelengths between 2 and 35 μ", Phys. Rev. 133, A1476 (1964) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v133/i6A/pA1476_1 | (Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA3 |
[1] Fig 1 from: W. L. Faust, R. A. McFarlane, C. K. N. Patel, and C. G. B. Garrett, ''Noble Gas Optical Maser Lines at Wavelengths between 2 and 35 μ'', Phys. Rev. 133, A1476 (1964) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v133/i6A/pA1476_1 {Patel_C_Kumar_N_196 30820.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR /v133/i6A/pA1476_1 [2] C Kumar N Patel UNKNOWN source: http://www.research.ucla.edu/web icons/patel.gif |
36 YBN [12/17/1964 AD] 6 | 5585) That a virus inserts its DNA into the DNA of the host cell which makes the cell a cancer cell that produces more cancer cells is shown.1 2 3 4 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ R. Dulbecco, L. H. Hartwell, and M. Vogt, "INDUCTION OF CELLULAR DNA SYNTHESIS BY POLYOMA VIRUS", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 February; 53(2): 403–410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC219527/ {Dulbecco_Renato_19641217.pdf} 2. ^ Lionel Crawford, Renato Dulbecco, Mike Fried, Luc Montagnier, and Michael Stoker, "CELL TRANSFORMATION BY DIFFERENT FORMS OF POLYOMA VIRUS DNA", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1964 July; 52(1): 148–152. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC300587/ {Dulbecco_Renato_19640511 .pdf} 3. ^ "Renato Dulbecco." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/renato-dulb ecco 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p849. 5. ^ R. Dulbecco, L. H. Hartwell, and M. Vogt, "INDUCTION OF CELLULAR DNA SYNTHESIS BY POLYOMA VIRUS", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 February; 53(2): 403–410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC219527/ {Dulbecco_Renato_19641217.pdf} 6. ^ R. Dulbecco, L. H. Hartwell, and M. Vogt, "INDUCTION OF CELLULAR DNA SYNTHESIS BY POLYOMA VIRUS", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 February; 53(2): 403–410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC219527/ {Dulbecco_Renato_19641217.pdf} {12/17/1964} | (The Salk Institute For Biological Studies) San Diego, California, USA5 |
[1] Renato Dulbecco Nobel prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1975/dulbecco.jpg |
36 YBN [1964 AD] 6 | 3980) The liquid crystal display (LCD),2 which uses less electricity, weighs less, and is thinner than a Cathode Ray Tube display.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ George H. Heilmeier, "Liquid crystal displays: An experiment in interdisciplinary research that worked", vol 23, Num 7, July 1976. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sf x_local?sid=google&auinit=GH&aulast=Heil meier&atitle=Liquid+crystal+displays:+An +experiment+in+interdisciplinary+researc h+that+worked&title=IEEE+transactions+on +electron+devices&volume=23&issue=7&date =1976&spage=780&issn=0018-9383 {Heilmei er_George_LCD_1976.pdf} 2. ^ George H. Heilmeier, "Liquid crystal displays: An experiment in interdisciplinary research that worked", vol 23, Num 7, July 1976. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sf x_local?sid=google&auinit=GH&aulast=Heil meier&atitle=Liquid+crystal+displays:+An +experiment+in+interdisciplinary+researc h+that+worked&title=IEEE+transactions+on +electron+devices&volume=23&issue=7&date =1976&spage=780&issn=0018-9383 {Heilmei er_George_LCD_1976.pdf} 3. ^ George H. Heilmeier, "Liquid crystal displays: An experiment in interdisciplinary research that worked", vol 23, Num 7, July 1976. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sf x_local?sid=google&auinit=GH&aulast=Heil meier&atitle=Liquid+crystal+displays:+An +experiment+in+interdisciplinary+researc h+that+worked&title=IEEE+transactions+on +electron+devices&volume=23&issue=7&date =1976&spage=780&issn=0018-9383 {Heilmei er_George_LCD_1976.pdf} 4. ^ George H. Heilmeier, "Liquid crystal displays: An experiment in interdisciplinary research that worked", vol 23, Num 7, July 1976. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sf x_local?sid=google&auinit=GH&aulast=Heil meier&atitle=Liquid+crystal+displays:+An +experiment+in+interdisciplinary+researc h+that+worked&title=IEEE+transactions+on +electron+devices&volume=23&issue=7&date =1976&spage=780&issn=0018-9383 {Heilmei er_George_LCD_1976.pdf} 5. ^ http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/RC A_Laboratories_at_Princeton,_New_Jersey 6. ^ George H. Heilmeier, "Liquid crystal displays: An experiment in interdisciplinary research that worked", vol 23, Num 7, July 1976. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sf x_local?sid=google&auinit=GH&aulast=Heil meier&atitle=Liquid+crystal+displays:+An +experiment+in+interdisciplinary+researc h+that+worked&title=IEEE+transactions+on +electron+devices&volume=23&issue=7&date =1976&spage=780&issn=0018-9383 {Heilmei er_George_LCD_1976.pdf} {1964} | RCA Labs4 , Princeton, New Jersey, USA5 |
[1] George Heilmeier with LCD 1967 COPYRIGHTED FAIR USE source: http://www.wired.com/images_blog s/gadgetlab/2009/05/heilmeier_with-lcd1. jpg and H Kawamoto, "The history of liquid-crystal displays", Proceedings of the IEEE [0018-9219] Kawamoto (2002) volume: 90 issue: 4 page: 460. and George H. Heilmeier, "Liquid crystal displays: An experiment in interdisciplinary research that worked", vol 23, Num 7, July 1976. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sf x_local?sid=google&auinit=GH&aulast=Heil meier&atitle=Liquid+crystal+displays:+An +experiment+in+interdisciplinary+researc h+that+worked&title=IEEE+transactions+on +electron+devices&volume=23&issue=7&date =1976&spage=780&issn=0018-9383 [2] George Heilmeier COPYRIGHTED ON INTERNET source: http://www.invent.org/2009induct ion/images/George_Heilmeier.jpg |
35 YBN [01/08/1965 AD] 4 | 5719) The first sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid are determined.1 2 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Robert W. Holley, Jean Apgar, George A. Everett, James T. Madison, Mark Marquisee, Susan H. Merrill, John Robert Penswick and Ada Zamir, "Structure of a Ribonucleic Acid", Science, New Series, Vol. 147, No. 3664 (Mar. 19, 1965), pp. 1462-1465. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 1715055 {Holley_Robert_William_19650108.pdf} 2. ^ "Robert William Holley." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/269391/Robert-William-Holley>. 3. ^ Robert W. Holley, Jean Apgar, George A. Everett, James T. Madison, Mark Marquisee, Susan H. Merrill, John Robert Penswick and Ada Zamir, "Structure of a Ribonucleic Acid", Science, New Series, Vol. 147, No. 3664 (Mar. 19, 1965), pp. 1462-1465. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 1715055 {Holley_Robert_William_19650108.pdf} 4. ^ Robert W. Holley, Jean Apgar, George A. Everett, James T. Madison, Mark Marquisee, Susan H. Merrill, John Robert Penswick and Ada Zamir, "Structure of a Ribonucleic Acid", Science, New Series, Vol. 147, No. 3664 (Mar. 19, 1965), pp. 1462-1465. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 1715055 {Holley_Robert_William_19650108.pdf} {01/08/1965} MORE INFO [1] Jean Apgar, Robert W. Holley, and Susan H. Merrill, "Purification of the Alanine-, Valine-, Histidine-, and Tyrosine-acceptor Ribonucleic Acids from Yeast", March 1, 1962 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 237, 796-802. http://www.jbc.org/content/237/3/796.f ull.pdf+html [2] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1968/ [3] "Robert W. Holley." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/holley-robe rt-william | (Cornell University) Ithaca, New York, USA3 |
[1] Figure 2 from: Robert W. Holley, Jean Apgar, George A. Everett, James T. Madison, Mark Marquisee, Susan H. Merrill, John Robert Penswick and Ada Zamir, ''Structure of a Ribonucleic Acid'', Science, New Series, Vol. 147, No. 3664 (Mar. 19, 1965), pp. 1462-1465. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 1715055 {Holley_Robert_William_19650108.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1715 055 [2] ARS scientist Robert Holley won the Nobel Prize in 1968 for leading the team that determined the molecular structure of transfer RNA from concentrated yeast cells. UNKNOWN source: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/20 08/holley080512.jpg |
35 YBN [05/13/1965 AD] 5 | 5797) The finding of "background radiation" and the claim that this supports the "Big Bang" expanding universe theory.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Penzias, A. A. & Wilson, R. W., "A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142, p.419-421. http://articles.adsabs.harva rd.edu/full/1965ApJ...142..419P {Penzia s_Arno_19650513.pdf} 2. ^ Dicke, R. H., Peebles, P. J. E., Roll, P. G., & Wilkinson, D. T., "Cosmic Black-Body Radiation.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142, p.414-419. http://articles.adsabs.harva rd.edu/full/1965ApJ...142..414D {Dicke_ Robert_H_19650507.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.895, 897. 4. ^ Penzias, A. A. & Wilson, R. W., "A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142, p.419-421. http://articles.adsabs.harva rd.edu/full/1965ApJ...142..419P {Penzia s_Arno_19650513.pdf} 5. ^ Penzias, A. A. & Wilson, R. W., "A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142, p.419-421. http://articles.adsabs.harva rd.edu/full/1965ApJ...142..419P {Penzia s_Arno_19650513.pdf} {05/13/1965} | (Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.) Crawford Hill, Holmdel, New Jersey, USA4 |
[1] [t Note that this is from the Dicke, et al, paper and not from the Penzias and Wilson paper which contains no figures.] Figure 1 from: Dicke, R. H., Peebles, P. J. E., Roll, P. G., & Wilkinson, D. T., ''Cosmic Black-Body Radiation.'', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142, p.414-419. http://articles.adsabs.harva rd.edu/full/1965ApJ...142..414D {Dicke_ Robert_H_19650507.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.newgenevacenter.org/0 9_Biography/penzias-wilson.jpg [2] Arno Penzias 1933- /Robert Wilson 1936- UNKNOWN source: http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/ photo/rdicke.JPG |
35 YBN [06/05/1965 AD] 5 6 | 5714) Two "termination" codons (nucleotide triplets1 ) (UAG and UAA) are identified as signals in messenger RNA for terminating a polypeptide chain.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "codon." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/codon 2. ^ S. BRENNER, A. O. W. STRETTON & S. KAPLAN, "Genetic Code: The 'Nonsense' Triplets for Chain Termination and their Suppression", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol 206 No 4988 p994. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v206/n4988/index.html {Kaplan_Samue l_19650605.pdf} 3. ^ Spirin, A.S. Ribosomes. Springer, 1999. Cellular Organelles, p261. http://books.google.com/books?id= Rpu4L98Yd7MC&pg=PA261 4. ^ S. BRENNER, A. O. W. STRETTON & S. KAPLAN, "Genetic Code: The 'Nonsense' Triplets for Chain Termination and their Suppression", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol 206 No 4988 p994. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v206/n4988/index.html {Kaplan_Samue l_19650605.pdf} 5. ^ MARTIN G. WEIGERT & ALAN GAREN, "Base Composition of Nonsense Condons in E. coli: Evidence from Amino-Acid Substitutions at a Tryptophan Site in Alkaline Phosphatase", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol 206 No 4988 p992. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v206/n4988/index.html {Garen_Alan_1 9650605.pdf} {06/05/1965} 6. ^ S. BRENNER, A. O. W. STRETTON & S. KAPLAN, "Genetic Code: The 'Nonsense' Triplets for Chain Termination and their Suppression", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol 206 No 4988 p994. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v206/n4988/index.html {Kaplan_Samue l_19650605.pdf} {06/05/1965} MORE INFO [1] http://books.google.com/books?id=UzYiLVv aNwYC&pg=PA298&lpg=PA298&dq=sydney+brenn er+kaplan+dna&source=bl&ots=79OjKisgG8&s ig=44I6pHU-WqY7dyJKuMfTMpAPu8g&hl=en&ei= M9SzTei3KI66sQPa1M3wCw&sa=X&oi=book_resu lt&ct=result&resnum=6&sqi=2&ved=0CEkQ6AE wBQ | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England4 |
[1] S. BRENNER, A. O. W. STRETTON & S. KAPLAN, ''Genetic Code: The 'Nonsense' Triplets for Chain Termination and their Suppression'', Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol 206 No 4988 p994. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v206/n4988/index.html {Kaplan_Samue l_19650605.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v206/n4988/index.html |
35 YBN [07/14/1965 AD] 6 | 5615) The first ship to reach Mars and to return images of the surface;3 the first images of another planet ever returned from deep space.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1964-077A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1964-077A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1964-077A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1964-077A 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1964-077A 6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1964-077A {07/14/1965} | Planet Mars5 |
[1] Mariner 4 image 8E source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/plane tary/image/mariner4_8e.gif |
35 YBN [1965 AD] 2 | 6276) A head-mounted computer display (for virtual reality).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.zakros.com/ucb/histS99/Notes/ Class6/Class6.html 2. ^ http://www.zakros.com/ucb/histS99/Notes/ Class6/Class6.html {1965} |
[1] Sutherland's head-mounted display earned the nickname the sword of Damocles due to the mass of hardware that was supported from the ceiling above the user's head. UNKNOWN source: http://www.zakros.com/ucb/histS9 9/Notes/Class6/SutherlandHMD2.jpeg [2] Description Ivan Sutherland, at the celebration of his 70th birthday at the Computer History Museum Date 22 May 2008 Source personal camera Author Dick Lyon Permission (Reusing this file) sa-by-sa-3.0 GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/5c/Ivan_Sutherland_at_CH M.jpg | |
34 YBN [02/03/1966 AD] 3 | 5616) The first ship from Earth to make a soft landing on another world (the Moon), and the first ship to return images from the surface of another world.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1966-006A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1966-006A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1966-006A {02/03/1966} | Moon of Earth2 |
[1] Apparently panorama from Luna 9 PD source: http://www.zarya.info/images/Lun a9pan.jpg [2] Luna 9 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/luna-9.jpg |
34 YBN [03/01/1966 AD] 6 | 5613) The first ship to impact a different planet; planet Venus.4 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1965-092A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1965-092A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1965-092A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1965-092A 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1965-092A 6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1965-092A {03/01/1966} | Planet Venus5 |
[1] Venera 3 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/plane tary/image/venera_3.jpg |
34 YBN [04/04/1966 AD] 5 | 5599) The first ship to orbit a body beyond the Earth; the Moon.2 The ship turns around 8000 km (or 5000 miles) from the Moon, fires its rockets to slow down, and enters lunar orbit.3 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1966-027A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1966-027A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1966-027A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1966-027A 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1966-027A {04/04/1966} MORE INFO [1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-012A [2] http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries /news/2008/10/dayintech_1007# [3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lun ar/lunarussr.html [4] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-014A [5] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1959-008A | (Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.4 |
[1] Luna 10 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/luna10.jpg [2] First image of the far side of the Moon Earth's Moon The Luna 3 spacecraft returned the first views ever of the far side of the Moon. The first image was taken at 03:30 UT on 7 October at a distance of 63,500 km after Luna 3 had passed the Moon and looked back at the sunlit far side. The last image was taken 40 minutes later from 66,700 km. A total of 29 photographs were taken, covering 70% of the far side. The photographs were very noisy and of low resolution, but many features could be recognized. This is the first image returned by Luna 3, taken by the wide-angle lens, it showed the far side of the Moon was very different from the near side, most noticeably in its lack of lunar maria (the dark areas). The right three-quarters of the disk are the far side. The dark spot at upper right is Mare Moscoviense, the dark area at lower left is Mare Smythii. The small dark circle at lower right with the white dot in the center is the crater Tsiolkovskiy and its central peak. The Moon is 3475 km in diameter and north is up in this image. (Luna 3-1) PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgca t/hires/lu3_1.gif |
33 YBN [04/03/1967 AD] 3 | 6202) Laser writing to a disk.1 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ David Paul Gregg, "TRANSPARENT RECORDING DISC", Patent number: 3430966, Filing date: Apr 3, 1967, Issue date: Mar 4, 1969. http://www.google.com/patents?id= H6JnAAAAEBAJ 2. ^ David Paul Gregg, "TRANSPARENT RECORDING DISC", Patent number: 3430966, Filing date: Apr 3, 1967, Issue date: Mar 4, 1969. http://www.google.com/patents?id= H6JnAAAAEBAJ 3. ^ David Paul Gregg, "TRANSPARENT RECORDING DISC", Patent number: 3430966, Filing date: Apr 3, 1967, Issue date: Mar 4, 1969. http://www.google.com/patents?id= H6JnAAAAEBAJ {04/03/1967} MORE INFO [1] http://inventors.about.com/od/ofamousinv entions/a/Optical_Disk.htm [2] Bricot, C.; Lehureau, J.C.; Puech, C.; Le Carvennec, F.; , "Optical Readout of Videodisc," Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.CE-22, no.4, pp.304-308, Nov. 1976 doi: 10.1109/TCE.1976.266827 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=4042892&isnumber=4042879 [3] Lou, D.; Zernike, F.; Kenney, G.; Chan, A.; Janssen, P.; McFarlane, R.; Wagner, J.; , "A prototype optical disk recorder," Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of , vol.13, no.9, pp. 827, Sep 1977 doi: 10.1109/JQE.1977.1069481 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=1069481&isnumber=22976 [4] W Barrett, "Developments in optical disc technology and the implications for information storage and retrieval", The British Library Research & Development Reports #5623, 1981 {Barrett_198106xx.pdf} | (Gauss Electrophysics, Inc), Santa Monica, California, USA2 |
[1] Figure from: David Paul Gregg, ''TRANSPARENT RECORDING DISC'', Patent number: 3430966, Filing date: Apr 3, 1967, Issue date: Mar 4, 1969. http://www.google.com/patents?id= H6JnAAAAEBAJ PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =H6JnAAAAEBAJ |
33 YBN [12/03/1967 AD] 3 4 | 5725) The first successful heart transplant.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Barnard, "A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town", SAMJ. South African medical journal, (1967) volume: 41 page: 1271 http://archive.samj.org.za/index.p hp?path=/1967%20VOL%20XLI%20Jul-Dec/Arti cles/12%20December {Barnard_Christiaan_ Neethling.pdf} 2. ^ Barnard, "A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town", SAMJ. South African medical journal, (1967) volume: 41 page: 1271 http://archive.samj.org.za/index.p hp?path=/1967%20VOL%20XLI%20Jul-Dec/Arti cles/12%20December {Barnard_Christiaan_ Neethling.pdf} 3. ^ Barnard, "A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town", SAMJ. South African medical journal, (1967) volume: 41 page: 1271 http://archive.samj.org.za/index.p hp?path=/1967%20VOL%20XLI%20Jul-Dec/Arti cles/12%20December {Barnard_Christiaan_ Neethling.pdf} {12/03/1967} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.877-878. {12/03/1967} | (University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital) Cape Town, South Africa2 |
[1] Description: Image of Christiaan Barnard . Source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=295 13&rendTypeId=4 Rationale for use on wikipedia: 1.No free equivalent exists that would effectively identify the article's subject - no free images have been allocated for this person. 2.The image does not in any way limit the ability of the copyright owners to market or sell their product. 3.The image is only used once and is rendered in low resolution to avoid piracy. 4.The image has been published outside Wikipedia; see source above. 5.The image meets general Wikipedia content requirements and is encyclopedic. 6.The image meets Wikipedia's media-specific policy. 7.The image is used in the article wiki-linked in the section title. 8.No free images have been allocated for this person 9.The image is needed to identify the person for educational purposes in an encyclopedia entry and significantly improves the quality of the article. 10.The image has a brief description that identifies the image, notes the source, and provides attribution to the copyright holder. 11.A replaceable free image for this person is impossible as he/she is deceased COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/1/1d/Christiaan_Barnard.jpg |
33 YBN [1967 AD] 3 | 5341) Tissue compatibility is found to be determined by specific genes.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p557. 2. ^ Snell, "Histocompatibility genes of mice VII. H-13, a new histocompatibility locus in the fifth linkage group", Transplantation, (1967), volume: 5 issue: 3 page: 492. http://journals.lww.com/transplant journal/abstract/1967/05000/histocompati bility_genes_of_mice_vii__h_13,_a_new.11 .aspx {Snell_George_D_19661114.pdf} 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p557. {1967} MORE INFO [1] Snell, "The H-2 locus of the mouse: observations and speculations concerning its comparative genetics and its polymorphism.", Folia biologica, (1968) volume: 14 issue: 5 page: 335 -58 | (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA2 |
[1] George Davis Snell COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1980/snell.jpg |
33 YBN [1967 AD] 3 4 | 5845) The first handheld calculator.1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ http://education.ti.com/educationportal/ sites/US/nonProductSingle/about_press_re lease_news37.html 2. ^ "Texas Instruments." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/texas-instr uments 3. ^ http://education.ti.com/educationportal/ sites/US/nonProductSingle/about_press_re lease_news37.html {1967} 4. ^ "Texas Instruments." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/texas-instr uments {1967} MORE INFO [1] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p567 | (Texas Instruments) Dallas, Texas, USA2 |
[1] TI-2500 ''Datamath'', 1st. version. The first version of the Datamath can be distinguished by the combined CE/D key, which is used to Clear the last Entry and to refresh the Display, which extinguishes, except for the first digit, after the calculator has not been used for about 15 seconds. This version is also the only one which has 6 AA rechargeable cells, see photograph below. UNKNOWN source: http://www.vintagecalculators.co m/assets/images/TI25001_1.JPG |
33 YBN [1967 AD] 2 | 6344) The theory that a chip inside the body could enable radio communication of sound to and from thought.1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Theodore Flicker, "The President's Analyst", Paramount Pictures, 1967. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU a3np4CKC4&feature=player_embedded#! 2. ^ Theodore Flicker, "The President's Analyst", Paramount Pictures, 1967. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU a3np4CKC4&feature=player_embedded#! |
[1] ''The Cerebrum Communicator'' from: source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u Ua3np4CKC4&feature=player_embedded#! | |
32 YBN [01/29/1968 AD] 3 | 6501) Direct neuron writing to the eye screen using an implanted electronic device.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ G. Brindley, W. Lewin (1968). "The sensation produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex". Journal of Physiology 196: 479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/ 196/2/479.full.pdf 2. ^ G. Brindley, W. Lewin (1968). "The sensation produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex". Journal of Physiology 196: 479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/ 196/2/479.full.pdf 3. ^ G. Brindley, W. Lewin (1968). "The sensation produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex". Journal of Physiology 196: 479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/ 196/2/479.full.pdf | (Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge and the Department of Neurological Surgery and Neurology, United Cambridge Hospitals) Cambridge, England2 |
[1] G. Brindley, W. Lewin (1968). ''The sensation produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex''. Journal of Physiology 196: 479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/ 196/2/479.full.pdf UNKNOWN source: G. Brindley, W. Lewin (1968). "The sensation produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex". Journal of Physiology 196: 479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/ 196/2/479.full.pdf |
32 YBN [02/09/1968 AD] 8 | 5739) Pulsars, stars that emit regularly timed bursts of radio light with a small interval, are identified.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ A. HEWISH, S. J. BELL, J. D. H. PILKINGTON, P. F. SCOTT, R. A. COLLINS, "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source", Nature 217, 709-713 (24 February 1968) doi:10.1038/217709a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v217/n5130/abs/217709 a0.html {Hewish_Antony_19680209.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.880-881. 3. ^ "Antony Hewish." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/264514/Antony-Hewish>. 4. ^ A. HEWISH, S. J. BELL, J. D. H. PILKINGTON, P. F. SCOTT, R. A. COLLINS, "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source", Nature 217, 709-713 (24 February 1968) doi:10.1038/217709a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v217/n5130/abs/217709 a0.html {Hewish_Antony_19680209.pdf} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.880-881. 6. ^ "Antony Hewish." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/264514/Antony-Hewish>. 7. ^ A. HEWISH, S. J. BELL, J. D. H. PILKINGTON, P. F. SCOTT, R. A. COLLINS, "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source", Nature 217, 709-713 (24 February 1968) doi:10.1038/217709a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v217/n5130/abs/217709 a0.html {Hewish_Antony_19680209.pdf} 8. ^ A. HEWISH, S. J. BELL, J. D. H. PILKINGTON, P. F. SCOTT, R. A. COLLINS, "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source", Nature 217, 709-713 (24 February 1968) doi:10.1038/217709a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v217/n5130/abs/217709 a0.html {Hewish_Antony_19680209.pdf} {02/09/1968} MORE INFO [1] "Pulsar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar | (Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England7 |
[1] Figure 1 from: A. HEWISH, S. J. BELL, J. D. H. PILKINGTON, P. F. SCOTT, R. A. COLLINS, ''Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source'', Nature 217, 709-713 (24 February 1968) doi:10.1038/217709a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v217/n5130/abs/217709 a0.html {Hewish_Antony_19680209.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v217/n5130/abs/217709a0.html [2] Antony Hewish Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/physics/laureates/1974/hewish.jpg |
32 YBN [02/27/1968 AD] 4 | 5759) A multi-wire solid-state particle detector increases the speed of particle detection.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ G. Charpak, R. Bouclier, T. Bressani, J. Favier, C. Zupancic, "The use of multiwire proportional counters to select and localize charged particles", Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Volume 62, Issue 3, 1 July 1968, Pages 262-268, ISSN 0029-554X, DOI: 10.1016/0029-554X(68)90371-6. http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B73D N-471XD1F-CJ/2/71c9ab633c73f6dbb74ef64e5 72ad93f {Charpak_Georges_19680227.pdf} 2. ^ "Georges Charpak." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/107627/Georges-Charpak>. 3. ^ G. Charpak, R. Bouclier, T. Bressani, J. Favier, C. Zupancic, "The use of multiwire proportional counters to select and localize charged particles", Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Volume 62, Issue 3, 1 July 1968, Pages 262-268, ISSN 0029-554X, DOI: 10.1016/0029-554X(68)90371-6. http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B73D N-471XD1F-CJ/2/71c9ab633c73f6dbb74ef64e5 72ad93f {Charpak_Georges_19680227.pdf} 4. ^ G. Charpak, R. Bouclier, T. Bressani, J. Favier, C. Zupancic, "The use of multiwire proportional counters to select and localize charged particles", Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Volume 62, Issue 3, 1 July 1968, Pages 262-268, ISSN 0029-554X, DOI: 10.1016/0029-554X(68)90371-6. http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B73D N-471XD1F-CJ/2/71c9ab633c73f6dbb74ef64e5 72ad93f {Charpak_Georges_19680227.pdf} {02/27/1968} | (CERN) Geneva, Switzerland3 |
[1] Georges Charpak Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/physics/laureates/1992/charpak _postcard.jpg |
32 YBN [12/24/1968 AD] 3 | 5604) The first humans to orbit the moon.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1968-118A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1968-118A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1968-118A {12/24/1968} | Moon of Earth2 |
[1] Description English: The S-IC first stage of the Apollo 8 Saturn V being erected in the Vertical Assembly Building on February 1, 1968. Date 1 February 1968 Source http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/Histo ry/alsj/a410/ap8-68-HC-70HR.jpg Author NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Apollo_8_first_ stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.j pg/798px-Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Veh icle_Assembly_Building.jpg [2] Description Rollout to the launch pad of the Apollo 8 Saturn V on October 9, 1968. Source http://www.hq.nasa.gov/ office/pao/History/alsj/a410/ap8-KSC-68P C-147.jpg http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office /pao/History/alsj/a410/ap8-KSC-68PC-147H R.jpg (higher resolution 477 KB) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ap8-KSC-68PC-14 7.jpg/1280px-Ap8-KSC-68PC-147.jpg |
31 YBN [03/21/1969 AD] 6 | 5776) The first known structure of an antibody is determined; a protein molecule containing 1330 amino acids.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Gerald M. Edelman, Bruce A. Cunningham, W. Einar Gall, Paul D. Gottlieb, Urs Rutishauser, and Myron J. Waxdal, "THE COVALENT STRUCTURE OF AN ENTIRE γG IMMUNOGLOBULIN MOLECULE", PNAS May 1, 1969 vol. 63 no. 1 78-85 http://www.pnas.org/content/63/1/78.sh ort {Edelman_Gerald Maurice_19690321.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.889. 3. ^ "Gerald Maurice Edelman." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/178959/Gerald-Maurice-Edelman>. 4. ^ Gerald M. Edelman, Bruce A. Cunningham, W. Einar Gall, Paul D. Gottlieb, Urs Rutishauser, and Myron J. Waxdal, "THE COVALENT STRUCTURE OF AN ENTIRE γG IMMUNOGLOBULIN MOLECULE", PNAS May 1, 1969 vol. 63 no. 1 78-85 http://www.pnas.org/content/63/1/78.sh ort {Edelman_Gerald Maurice_19690321.pdf} 5. ^ "Gerald Maurice Edelman." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/178959/Gerald-Maurice-Edelman>. 6. ^ Gerald M. Edelman, Bruce A. Cunningham, W. Einar Gall, Paul D. Gottlieb, Urs Rutishauser, and Myron J. Waxdal, "THE COVALENT STRUCTURE OF AN ENTIRE γG IMMUNOGLOBULIN MOLECULE", PNAS May 1, 1969 vol. 63 no. 1 78-85 http://www.pnas.org/content/63/1/78.sh ort {Edelman_Gerald Maurice_19690321.pdf} {03/21/1969} | (The Rockefeller University) New York City, New York, USA4 5 |
[1] Figure 1 from: [4] Gerald M. Edelman, Bruce A. Cunningham, W. Einar Gall, Paul D. Gottlieb, Urs Rutishauser, and Myron J. Waxdal, ''THE COVALENT STRUCTURE OF AN ENTIRE γG IMMUNOGLOBULIN MOLECULE'', PNAS May 1, 1969 vol. 63 no. 1 78-85 http://www.pnas.org/content/63/1/78.sh ort {Edelman_Gerald Maurice_19690321.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.pnas.org/content/63/1 /78.short [2] Gerald Maurice Edelman Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1972/edelman.jpg |
31 YBN [07/21/1969 AD] 8 | 655) Humans land and walk on the surface of the moon of Earth.5 The first crewed vehicle to land on the Moon. Two humans spend about 21 hours on the moon and return 8 days after lift off.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1969-059C 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1969-059C 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1969-059C 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1969-059C 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1969-059C 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.892. 7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1969-059C 8. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1969-059C {07/21/1969} {Armstrong walks on Moon on:) 07/21/1969} MORE INFO [1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMINSD7Mm T4 | Moon of Earth7 |
[1] ''That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.'' At 10:56 p.m. EDT on July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon. This image was taken from the telecast of the event, watched by over half a billion people around the world. Armstrong composed the quote after landing on the Moon, he had meant to say, ''That's one small step for aman ...''. The pictures were taken by the Apollo lunar surface camera, mounted on one of the LM legs. The black bar running through the center of the picture is an anomaly in the Goldstone ground data system. (NASA photo ID S69-42583) PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/plane tary/lunar/images/a11tvarm.jpg [2] Here Aldrin is unloading the passive seismometer of the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package (EASEP) from the lunar module equipment bay. The white apparatus in the foreground is the 35 mm stereo close-up camera. Beyond the right leg is the solar wind experiment, and beyond that the lunar surface TV camera. The LM legs are wrapped in foil to provide thermal insulation. There is a split rock in the lower right of the frame which is presumably ejecta from a nearby impact crater. (NASA photo ID AS11-40-5931) PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/plane tary/lunar/images/as11_40_5931.jpg |
31 YBN [09/15/1969 AD] 12 | 5753) A DNA molecule is broken with an enzyme; ("restriction enzymes").6 7 8 9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Smith, H. 0. & Wilcox, K. W. (1969). Fed.Proc. 28, 465. 2. ^ Hamilton O. Smith, K. W. Welcox, A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae : I. Purification and general properties, Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 379-391, ISSN 0022-2836, DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X. (http://w ww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W K7-4DM0XG8-4B/2/8311e74ce9394a10f0307ba6 aac6f0d1) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19690915.pd f} 3. ^ Thomas J. Kelly Jr., Hamilton O. Smith, A restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae : II. Base sequence of the recognition site, Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 393-409, ISSN 0022-2836, DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90150-6. (http://w ww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W K7-4DM0XG8-4C/2/e72b69d6b9adac3ce561df0c 581747e3) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19700218.pd f} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.887,893. 5. ^ "Hamilton Othanel Smith." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/549744/Hamilton-Othanel-Smith>. 6. ^ Smith, H. 0. & Wilcox, K. W. (1969). Fed.Proc. 28, 465. 7. ^ Hamilton O. Smith, K. W. Welcox, A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae : I. Purification and general properties, Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 379-391, ISSN 0022-2836, DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X. (http://w ww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W K7-4DM0XG8-4B/2/8311e74ce9394a10f0307ba6 aac6f0d1) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19690915.pd f} 8. ^ Thomas J. Kelly Jr., Hamilton O. Smith, A restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae : II. Base sequence of the recognition site, Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 393-409, ISSN 0022-2836, DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90150-6. (http://w ww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W K7-4DM0XG8-4C/2/e72b69d6b9adac3ce561df0c 581747e3) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19700218.pd f} 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.887,893. 10. ^ "Hamilton Othanel Smith." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/549744/Hamilton-Othanel-Smith>. 11. ^ Hamilton O. Smith, K. W. Welcox, A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae : I. Purification and general properties, Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 379-391, ISSN 0022-2836, DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X. (http://w ww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W K7-4DM0XG8-4B/2/8311e74ce9394a10f0307ba6 aac6f0d1) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19690915.pd f} 12. ^ Hamilton O. Smith, K. W. Welcox, A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae : I. Purification and general properties, Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 379-391, ISSN 0022-2836, DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X. (http://w ww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W K7-4DM0XG8-4B/2/8311e74ce9394a10f0307ba6 aac6f0d1) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19690915.pd f} {09/15/1969} MORE INFO [1] W Arber, and S Linn, "DNA Modification and Restriction", Annual Review of Biochemistry, Vol. 38: 467-500 (Volume publication date July 1969), DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bi.38.070169.002343 htt p://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.114 6/annurev.bi.38.070169.002343 [2] Werner Arber, "Host-controlled modification of bacteriophage", Annual review of microbiology, (1965) volume: 19 issue: 1 page: 365. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/a bs/10.1146/annurev.mi.19.100165.002053 [3] Matthew Meselson and Robert Yuan, "DNA restriction enzyme from E. coli", Nature, (1968) volume: 217 issue: 5134 page: 1110. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v217/n5134/abs/2171110a0.html | (Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine) Baltimore, Maryland, USA11 |
[1] Hamilton O. Smith, K. W. Welcox, A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae : I. Purification and general properties, Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 379-391, ISSN 0022-2836, DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X. (http://w ww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W K7-4DM0XG8-4B/2/8311e74ce9394a10f0307ba6 aac6f0d1) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19690915.pd f} COPYRIGHTED source: (http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/B6WK7-4DM0XG8-4B/2/8311e74 ce9394a10f0307ba6aac6f0d1) [2] Hamilton O. Smith Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/smith_ postcard.jpg |
31 YBN [1969 AD] 3 | 5840) A walking robot that uses pneumatic (air-filled) rubber artificial muscles.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.humanoid.waseda.ac.jp/booklet /kato_4.html 2. ^ http://www.waseda.jp/eng/campus/map.html 3. ^ http://www.humanoid.waseda.ac.jp/booklet /kato_4.html {1969} | (Waseda Univerity) Tokyo, Japan2 |
[1] Introduction of Artificial Muscle Made of Rubber: WAP-1 (1969) The anthropomorphic pneumatically-activated pedipulator WAP-1 was developed. In it, artificial muscles made of rubber were attached as actuators. Planar biped locomotion was realized by teaching-playback control of its artificial muscles. UNKNOWN source: http://www.humanoid.waseda.ac.jp /booklet/photo/WAP-1-1969.jpg |
31 YBN [1969 AD] 8 | 5851) The Internet (people use computers to communicate over the telephone wire network).5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/internet 8. ^ "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet {1969} | (University of California at Los Angeles) Los Angeles, California, USA|(Stanford Research Institute) Stanford, California, USA|(University of California Santa Barbara) Santa Barbara, California, USA|(University of Utah) Salt Lake City, Utah, USA7 |
[1] Map of ARPANET nodes (1970). UNKNOWN source: http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/20 4/8-10/ARPANET-map.jpg [2] Diagram of the first 2 nodes on the ARPANET source: http://www.computerhistory.org/i nternet_history/full_size_images/1969_2- node_map.gif |
30 YBN [01/29/1970 AD] 12 | 5836) The digital electronic camera.7 8 9 The Charged Coupled Device (or CCD); an electronic memory that can be charged by light.10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593. http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol 49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit h_George_E_19700129.pdf} 2. ^ G. F. Amelio, M. F. Tompsett, and G. E. Smith, "Experimental Verification of the Charge Coupled Device Concept", Bell Sys. Tech. J., 49, 593, (1970). http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/b stj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-593.pdf } {Smith_George_E_19700205.pdf} 3. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bldigitalcamera.htm 4. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593. http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol 49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit h_George_E_19700129.pdf} 5. ^ G. F. Amelio, M. F. Tompsett, and G. E. Smith, "Experimental Verification of the Charge Coupled Device Concept", Bell Sys. Tech. J., 49, 593, (1970). http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/b stj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-593.pdf } {Smith_George_E_19700205.pdf} 6. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bldigitalcamera.htm 7. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593. http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol 49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit h_George_E_19700129.pdf} 8. ^ G. F. Amelio, M. F. Tompsett, and G. E. Smith, "Experimental Verification of the Charge Coupled Device Concept", Bell Sys. Tech. J., 49, 593, (1970). http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/b stj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-593.pdf } {Smith_George_E_19700205.pdf} 9. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inven tors/bldigitalcamera.htm 10. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinve ntions/a/CCD.htm 11. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593. http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol 49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit h_George_E_19700129.pdf} 12. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593. http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol 49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit h_George_E_19700129.pdf} {01/29/1970} MORE INFO [1] "Willard S. Boyle - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 29 May 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/2009/boyle-lecture.html {Boyle_Willard_S_20091208.pdf [2] Jeffrey, Davene. "Willard Boyle, Nova Scotian Nobel Prize winner, dies at 86". The Chronicle Herald.ca. http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/12424 28.html. Retrieved 9 May 2011 | (Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA11 |
[1] Figure 7 from: ''George E. Smith - Nobel Lecture''. Nobelprize.org. 29 May 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi cs/laureates/2009/smith-lecture.html {S mith_George_E_20091208.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/physics/laureates/2009/smith-lecture. html [2] Willard Boyle (Property of AT&T Archives) UNKNOWN source: http://www.casca.ca/ecass/issues /2006-me/features/boyle/boyle_files/imag e001.jpg |
30 YBN [06/16/1970 AD] 11 | 5716) Two DNA molecules are combined using an enzyme (ligase {lI-GAS6 }).7 Using this enzyme, the first artificial gene is synthesized from DNA segments; the gene for a tRNA molecule.8 9 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K. KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V. SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA, "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970); doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027 a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pd f} 2. ^ "Har Gobind Khorana." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/316846/Har-Gobind-Khorana>. 3. ^ V. Sgaramella, J. H. van de Sande, and H. G. Khorana, "Studies on Polynucleotides, C. A Novel Joining Reaction Catalyzed by the T4-Polynucleotide Ligase", PNAS November 1, 1970 vol. 67 no. 3 1468-1475 http://www.pnas.org/content/67/3/1468. short {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700831.pdf} 4. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K. KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V. SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA , "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970); doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027 a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pd f} 5. ^ "Har Gobind Khorana." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/316846/Har-Gobind-Khorana>. 6. ^ "ligase." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ligase 7. ^ V. Sgaramella, J. H. van de Sande, and H. G. Khorana, "Studies on Polynucleotides, C. A Novel Joining Reaction Catalyzed by the T4-Polynucleotide Ligase", PNAS November 1, 1970 vol. 67 no. 3 1468-1475 http://www.pnas.org/content/67/3/1468. short {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700831.pdf} 8. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K. KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V. SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA , "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970); doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027 a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pd f} 9. ^ "Har Gobind Khorana." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/316846/Har-Gobind-Khorana>. 10. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K. KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V. SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA , "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970); doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027 a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pd f} 11. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K. KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V. SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA , "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970); doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027 a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pd f} {06/16/1970} MORE INFO [1] "Har Gobind Khorana." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/har-gobind- khorana [2] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1968/ [3] "H. Gobind Khorana - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medic ine/laureates/1968/khorana-lecture.html [4] R. Lohrmann, D. Söll, H. Hayatsu, E. Ohtsuka, H. G. Khorana, "Studies on Polynucleotides. LI. Syntheses of the 64 Possible Ribotrinucleotides Derived from the Four Major Ribomononucleotides", Khorand, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 88, 819 (1966) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1 021/ja00956a039 [5] H.G.Khorana, H.Büchi, T.M. Jacob, H.Kössel, S.A.Narang and E.Ohtsuka, "Studies on Polynucleotides. LXI.' Polynucleotide Synthesis in Relation to the Genetic Code. General Introduction" J. Am.Chem.Soc., 89 (1967) 2154. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.10 21/ja00985a031 [6] H. G. Khorana, Federation Proc., 24, 1473 (1965) [7] H. Kössel, A. R. Morgan and H. G. Khorana, "Studies on polynucleotides: LXXIII. Synthesis in vitro of polypeptides containing repeating tetrapeptide sequences dependent upon DNA-like polymers containing repeating tetranucleotide sequences: Direction of reading of messenger RNA", Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 26, Issue 3, 28 June 1967, Pages 449-475. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4DM1GS1 -13&_user=4422&_coverDate=06%2F28%2F1967 &_alid=1728726947&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_ori g=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_ item&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor =&view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version =1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=4856df 9c96658f9c5733d2b24ae007f7&searchtype=a [8] S. BRENNER, A. O. W. STRETTON & S. KAPLAN, "Genetic Code: The 'Nonsense' Triplets for Chain Termination and their Suppression", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol 206 No 4988 p994. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v206/n4988/index.html [9] MARTIN G. WEIGERT & ALAN GAREN, "Base Composition of Nonsense Condons in E. coli: Evidence from Amino-Acid Substitutions at a Tryptophan Site in Alkaline Phosphatase", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol 206 No 4988 p992. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v206/n4988/index.html [10] "kinase." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/kinase | (University of Wisconsin) Madison, Wisconsin, USA10 |
[1] Figure 1 from: K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K. KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V. SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA , ''Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast'', Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970); doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027 a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pd f} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v227/n5253/abs/227027a0.html [2] Har Gobind Khorana Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/medicine/laureates/1968/khorana.jpg |
30 YBN [09/08/1970 AD] 5 | 5574) A protein with the same amino acid sequence as the human growth hormone is synthesized and displays growth-promoting activity.1 2 3 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Choh Hao Li, Donald Yamashiro, "Synthesis of a protein possessing growth-promoting and lactogenic activities", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92 (26), pp 7608–7609. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja00729a028 {Li_Choh_Hao_1970 0908.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p846-847. 3. ^ http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book= biomems&page=cli.html 4. ^ Choh Hao Li, Donald Yamashiro, "Synthesis of a protein possessing growth-promoting and lactogenic activities", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92 (26), pp 7608–7609. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja00729a028 {Li_Choh_Hao_1970 0908.pdf} 5. ^ Choh Hao Li, Donald Yamashiro, "Synthesis of a protein possessing growth-promoting and lactogenic activities", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92 (26), pp 7608–7609. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ab s/10.1021/ja00729a028 {Li_Choh_Hao_1970 0908.pdf} {09/08/1970} MORE INFO [1] Choh Hao Li, "PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A HIGHLY ACTIVE ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE PREPARATION", Journal of the American Chemical Society 1952 74 (8), 2124-2125. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/ 10.1021/ja01128a526 [2] Anthony L. Levy, Irving I. Geschwind, and Choh Hao Li, "CORTICOTROPINS (ACTH): II. AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF α-CORTICOTROPIN", J. Biol. Chem. 1955 213: 187-196. http://www.jbc.org/content/213/1/187.f ull.pdf+html [3] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p868 [4] Irving I. Geschwind, Choh Hao Li, Livio Barnafi, "ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE OF MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE FROM PORCINE PITUITARY GLANDS", Journal of the American Chemical Society 1956 78 (17), 4494-4495. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/ 10.1021/ja01598a085 [5] Timeline: http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book= biomems&page=cli.html [6] CHOH HAO LI and HAROLD PAPKOFF, "Preparation and Properties of Growth Hormone from Human and Monkey Pituitary Glands", Science, 28 December 1956: 1293-1294. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 1752401 [7] Donald. Yamashiro, Choh Hao. Li, "Adrenocorticotropins. 44. Total synthesis of the human hormone by the solid-phase method.", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95: 1310-15. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja 00785a049 | (University of California) San Francisco, California, USA4 |
[1] Choh Hao Li This image is now in the public domain because its term of copyright has expired in China. According to copyright laws of the People's Republic of China (with legal jurisdiction in the mainland only, excluding Hong Kong and Macao) and the Republic of China (currently with jurisdiction in Taiwan, the Pescadores, Quemoy, Matsu, etc.), all photographs enter the public domain 50 years after they were first published, or if unpublished 50 years from creation, and all non-photographic works enter the public domain fifty years after the death of the creator. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/b/b0/Choh.jpg |
30 YBN [09/24/1970 AD] 3 | 5600) A robotic ship from Earth returns samples from another body (the moon of Earth).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1970-072A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1970-072A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1970-072A {04/04/1966} MORE INFO [1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-012A [2] http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries /news/2008/10/dayintech_1007# [3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lun ar/lunarussr.html [4] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1959-014A [5] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1959-008A [6] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1966-027A | Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.2 |
[1] Luna 10 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/luna10.jpg [2] First image of the far side of the Moon Earth's Moon The Luna 3 spacecraft returned the first views ever of the far side of the Moon. The first image was taken at 03:30 UT on 7 October at a distance of 63,500 km after Luna 3 had passed the Moon and looked back at the sunlit far side. The last image was taken 40 minutes later from 66,700 km. A total of 29 photographs were taken, covering 70% of the far side. The photographs were very noisy and of low resolution, but many features could be recognized. This is the first image returned by Luna 3, taken by the wide-angle lens, it showed the far side of the Moon was very different from the near side, most noticeably in its lack of lunar maria (the dark areas). The right three-quarters of the disk are the far side. The dark spot at upper right is Mare Moscoviense, the dark area at lower left is Mare Smythii. The small dark circle at lower right with the white dot in the center is the crater Tsiolkovskiy and its central peak. The Moon is 3475 km in diameter and north is up in this image. (Luna 3-1) PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgca t/hires/lu3_1.gif |
30 YBN [12/15/1970 AD] 3 | 5617) The first ship to soft land on another planet (Venus) and the first to transmit data after landing.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1970-060A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1970-060A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1970-060A {12/15/1970} | Planet Venus2 |
[1] Venera 7, Interplanetary Explorer, December 1970 Vladimir I U L via Flickr UNKNOWN source: http://www.popsci.com/files/imag ecache/article_image_large/articles/Vene ra.jpeg [2] Venera 7, Interplanetary Explorer, December 1970 Vladimir I U L via Flickr UNKNOWN source: http://www.popsci.com/files/imag ecache/article_image_large/articles/Vene ra.jpeg |
29 YBN [04/19/1971 AD] 3 | 5667) The first orbiting ("space") station.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Salyut program." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/salyut-2 2. ^ http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestati on/salyut1.html 3. ^ "space station." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 11 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/557473/space-station>. {04/19/1971} | (Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.2 (verify) |
[1] Description An extremely rare view of the world's first space station, the Soviet Salyut 1, as seen from the departing Soyuz 11. Source http://www.astronautix.com/graphics /s/sal1foto.jpg Date 30 June 1971 Author Viktor Patsayev COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/c/cc/Salyut_1.jpg [2] Description A view of the Soviet space station Salyut 1, shown with a docked Soyuz 7KT-OK spacecraft. Source http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/saly ut1.jpg (http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro /Part2_26g.html) Date 19 April 1971 Author TsKBEM PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/d/d5/Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_ spacecraft.jpg |
29 YBN [11/14/1971 AD] 7 | 5618) The first ship to orbit another planet (Mars).4 The first global mapping of the surface of Mars and detailed views of the Mars moons.5 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-051A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-051A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-051A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-051A 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-051A 6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-051A 7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-051A {11/14/1971} MORE INFO [1] http://www.astronomy.csdb.cn/ceps/rpif/m ariner9/mariner9_archive.htm | Planet Mars6 |
[1] Mariner 9 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/mariner09.jpg [2] Mariner 9 imagery of Olympus Mons volcano on Mars compared to the eight principal Hawaiian islands at the same scale. (Mariner 9 image mosaic, NASA/JPL) PD source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/fi g38.gif |
29 YBN [11/27/1971 AD] 6 | 5619) A ship impacts Mars.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-045A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-045A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-045A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-045A 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-045A 6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-045D {11/27/1971} | Planet Mars5 |
[1] Mars 3 Lander PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/mars3_lander_vsm.jpg [2] Description Mars3 iki.jpg English: The Mars 3 spacecraft Date Source http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/sp acecraft/mars3_iki.jpg Author NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/13/Mars3_iki.jpg |
29 YBN [11/??/1971 AD] 5 6 | 5844) The first microprocessor and central processing unit (CPU);1 an integrated circuit which contains 2,300 transistors with a clock rate of 740 kHz, has 46 instructions, and uses external RAM and ROM.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p567. 2. ^ http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/h istory/museum-story-of-intel-4004.html 3. ^ http://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/DataShee t/4004_datasheet.pdf 4. ^ Faggin, Federico; Hoff, Marcian E., Jr.; Mazor, Stanley; Shima, Masatoshi (December 1996). "The History of the 4004". IEEE Micro 16 (6): 10–20. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_a ll.jsp?arnumber=546561. 5. ^ Faggin, Federico; Hoff, Marcian E., Jr.; Mazor, Stanley; Shima, Masatoshi (December 1996). "The History of the 4004". IEEE Micro 16 (6): 10–20. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_a ll.jsp?arnumber=546561. {11/1971} 6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p567. {1971} | (Intel Corporation) Santa Clara, California, USA4 |
[1] Description Intel 4004.jpg Italiano: Primo microprocessore Intel, l'it:Intel 4004. Date 2005-12-07 (original upload date) Source Transfered from it.wikipedia Author Original uploader was LucaDetomi at it.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released under the GNU Free Documentation License. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/52/Intel_4004.jpg [2] Description C4004.JPG.jpg Intel 4004 Date 11/06/2006 (upload commons) Source en.wikipedia.org Author Photo by John Pilge. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/27/C4004.JPG.jpg |
29 YBN [12/02/1971 AD] 7 | 5620) The first ship to soft land on planet Mars and return data.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-049F 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-049F 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-049F 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-049F 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-049F 6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-049F 7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1971-049F {12/02/1971} | Planet Mars6 |
[1] Signal from mars-3 Lander UNKNOWN source: http://www.mentallandscape.com/C _Mars03_lander.jpg [2] Mars 3 Lander PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/mars3_lander_vsm.jpg |
29 YBN [12/03/1971 AD] 7 | 5838) Light particle communication using liquid filled glass fiber (fiber optic communication).1 2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Stone, J.; , "Optical transmission loss in liquid-core hollow fibers," Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of , vol.8, no.3, pp. 386- 388, Mar 1972 doi: 10.1109/JQE.1972.1076966 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=1076966&isnumber=23229 {Stone_19711203.pdf} 2. ^ J. Stone, "Optical transmission in liquid-core quartz fibers", Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 239-240 (1972). http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/20/23 9/1 {Stone_J_19711213.pdf} 3. ^ W. A. Gambling, D. N. Payne, and H. Matsumura, "Gigahertz bandwidths in multimode, liquid-core, optical fibre waveguide", Opt. Commun. 6, 317–322 (1972). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/0030401872901459 4. ^ G. J. Ogilvie, R. J. Esdaile, and G. P. Kidd, "Transmission loss of tetrachloroethylene-filled liquid-core-fibre light guide", Electron. Lett. 8, 533–534 (1972). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_al l.jsp?arnumber=4235852&tag=1 5. ^ R. Altkorn, I. Koev, R. P. Van Duyne, and M. Litorja, "Low-loss liquid-core optical fiber for low-refractive-index liquids: fabrication, characterization, and application in Raman spectroscopy", Applied Optics, Vol. 36, Issue 34, pp. 8992-8998 (1997) doi:10.1364/AO.36.008992 http://www.opt icsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?&id=67764 6. ^ Stone, J.; , "Optical transmission loss in liquid-core hollow fibers," Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of , vol.8, no.3, pp. 386- 388, Mar 1972 doi: 10.1109/JQE.1972.1076966 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=1076966&isnumber=23229 {Stone_19711203.pdf} 7. ^ Stone, J.; , "Optical transmission loss in liquid-core hollow fibers," Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of , vol.8, no.3, pp. 386- 388, Mar 1972 doi: 10.1109/JQE.1972.1076966 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=1076966&isnumber=23229 {Stone_19711203.pdf} | (Bell Telephone Laboratories) Holmdel, New Jersey, USA6 |
[1] J. Stone, ''Optical transmission in liquid-core quartz fibers'', Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 239-240 (1972). http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/20/23 9/1 {Stone_J_19711213.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB /20/239/1 |
29 YBN [1971 AD] 4 5 | 5852) The first e-mail (electronic mail) program.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/internet 2. ^ Eberhart, G.M. The Whole Library Handbook 4. American Library Assoc., 2006. Whole Library Handbook, p419. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6jIjcUMP4CcC&pg=PA419 3. ^ Eberhart, G.M. The Whole Library Handbook 4. American Library Assoc., 2006. Whole Library Handbook, p419. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6jIjcUMP4CcC&pg=PA419 4. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/internet {1971} 5. ^ Eberhart, G.M. The Whole Library Handbook 4. American Library Assoc., 2006. Whole Library Handbook, p419. http://books.google.com/books?id= 6jIjcUMP4CcC&pg=PA419 MORE INFO [1] "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet | (Bolt, Beranek, and Newman engineering) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA3 |
[1] Description English: Vector version of 100px Español: Vectorial versión de 100px Simple English: Version of 100px made with vector graphics Date 2007-05-21 (original upload date) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Transfer was stated to be made by User:EdmundEzekielMahmudIsa. Author Original uploader was Yzmo at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Licensed under the GFDL by the author; GFDL-SELF-NO-DISCLAIMERS; Released under the GNU Free Documentation License. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Email.svg/1000p x-Email.svg.png [2] Fue creado por Ray Tomlinson en 1971, aunque no lo consideró un invento importante. Su gran difusión promueve servicios para chequear una cuenta POP desde cualquier navegador. UNKNOWN source: http://www.icesi.edu.co/blogs_es tudiantes/jazminmercadeo/files/2012/01/D ibujo1.png |
28 YBN [07/15/1972 AD] 3 | 5621) A ship passes the meteor belt between Mars and Jupiter.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 3. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/re leases/2003/03_25HQ.html {07/15/1972} | Planet Mars2 |
[1] Pioneer 10 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/pioneer10-11.jpg |
28 YBN [07/31/1972 AD] 10 | 5751) Proteins are synthesized by using a virus to add DNA into bacteria.5 6 This is the beginning of genetic engineering.7 One result of this "recombinant" technology are bacteria that contain the gene for producing the mammalian hormone insulin.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909 http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904 .short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf} 2. ^ "Paul Berg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/61698/Paul-Berg>. 3. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909 http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904 .short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf} 4. ^ "Paul Berg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/61698/Paul-Berg>. 5. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909 http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904 .short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf} 6. ^ "Paul Berg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/61698/Paul-Berg>. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ "Paul Berg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/61698/Paul-Berg>. 9. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909 http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904 .short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf} 10. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909 http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904 .short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf} {07/31/1972} | (Stanford University Medical Center) Stanford, California, USA9 |
[1] Figure 1 from: David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, ''Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli'', PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909 http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904 .short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.pnas.org/content/69/1 0/2904.short [2] Description Paul Berg in 1980.jpg Paul Berg - 1980 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award Winner Date 1980(1980) Source http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CD/B/B/ L/L/ Author Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/88/Paul_Berg_in_1980.jpg |
28 YBN [1972 AD] 4 | 5790) Two streams of high-velocity electrons are collided head on, and electrons are collided with positrons.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/grad/Gr adHandbook/slac.html 2. ^ http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/ 28865 3. ^ http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/ 28865 4. ^ http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/ 28865 {1972} MORE INFO [1] "Burton Richter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 16 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/502853/Burton-Richter> [2] http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/AboutSLAC. aspx | (Stanford University Stanford Linear Accelerator Center {SLAC}) Stanford, California, USA3 |
[1] SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is home to a two-mile linear accelerator—the longest in the world. Originally a particle physics research center, SLAC is now a multipurpose laboratory for astrophysics, photon science, accelerator and particle physics research. Six scientists have been awarded the Nobel Prize for work carried out at SLAC and the future of the laboratory promises to be just as extraordinary. UNKNOWN source: http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/we bimages/slac-aerial.jpg [2] Burton Richter Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/physics/laureates/1976/richter _postcard.jpg |
27 YBN [12/03/1973 AD] 8 | 5622) A ship reaches Jupiter and sends the first close-up images.5 The giant planet's radiation belts and magnetic field are also mapped.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 6. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/re leases/2003/03_25HQ.html 7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 8. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/re leases/2003/03_25HQ.html {12/03/1973} MORE INFO [1] http://www.aerospaceguide.net/pioneer10. html | Planet Jupiter7 |
[1] Description http://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/p142.jpg English: Pioneer 10 Jupiter encounter. Date Source http://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch8. htm Author NASA Permission (Reusing this file) PD source: http://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/p 142.jpg [2] Pioneer 10 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/pioneer10-11.jpg |
26 YBN [03/29/1974 AD] 3 | 5614) The first ship to reach Mercury, to return closeup images, and to use the gravitational pull of one planet (Venus) to reach another planet (Mercury).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1973-085A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1973-085A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1973-085A {03/29/1974} | Planet Mercury2 |
[1] This mosaic of Mercury was taken by the Mariner 10 spacecraft during its approach on 29 March 1974. The mosaic consists of 18 images taken at 42 s intervals during a 13 minute period when the spacecraft was 200,000 km (about 6 hours prior to closest approach) from the planet. source http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery /photogallery-mercury.html, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planeta ry/mercury/mercuryglobe1.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/22/Mercuryglobe1.jpg [2] Artist impression of the Mariner 10 mission. Gravitational slingshot - Mariner 10 was the first spacecraft to make use of a ''gravitational slingshot'' maneuver, using Venus to bend its flight path and bring its perihelion down to the level of Mercury's orbit. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/1/16/Mariner_10_gravitational_s lingshot.jpg |
26 YBN [1974 AD] 9 10 | 5846) The personal computer.5 6 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p577. 2. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/altair 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p577. 4. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/altair 5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p577. 6. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/altair 7. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/altair 8. ^ "Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Instr umentation_and_Telemetry_Systems 9. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/altair {1974} 10. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p577. {1975} | (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA7 8 (verify) |
[1] Description Altair 8800 Computer.jpg Altair 8800 Computer with 8 inch floppy disk system. Circuit boards - left to right 1. Seals 8K Static RAM board 2. MITS floppy disk controller (2 board set) 3. MITS floppy disk controller 4. MITS 16K Dynamic RAM board 5. MITS 16K Dynamic RAM board 6. MITS SIO-2 Dual serial port board 7. Solid State Music PROM board 8. MITS 8080 CPU board Photo taken at the Vintage Computer Festival 7.0 held at the Computer History Museum, Mountain View California. November 6-7, 2004 [1] This was one of Altair systems exhibited by Erik Klein [2] Photo by Michael Holley, November 2004 Nikon E3200 with on camera flash. Touched up in Adobe Photoshop Elements 3.0. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/01/Altair_8800_Computer. jpg |
26 YBN [1974 AD] 3 | 5896) A multi-window computer program with moveable windows.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2005/ 05/gui.ars/3 2. ^ http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2005/ 05/gui.ars/3 3. ^ http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2005/ 05/gui.ars/3 {1974} | (Xerox Palo Alto Research Center) Palo Alto, California, USA2 |
[1] SmallTalk software UNKNOWN source: http://media.arstechnica.com/ima ges/gui/7-AltoST.jpg |
25 YBN [10/20/1975 AD] 11 | 5623) The first ship to orbit and land on Venus, and to transmit the first image from the surface of another planet.7 8 The temperature at the surface is 460°C (or 860°F); atmospheric pressure is 90 times that at the surface of Earth.9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1975-050A 2. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pro file.cfm?MCode=Venera_09 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1975-050A 4. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pro file.cfm?MCode=Venera_09 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1975-050A 6. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pro file.cfm?MCode=Venera_09 7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1975-050A 8. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pro file.cfm?MCode=Venera_09 9. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pro file.cfm?MCode=Venera_09 10. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1975-050A 11. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1975-050A {10/20/1975} | Planet Venus10 |
[1] Image of the surface of Venus from Venera 9 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgca t/hires/v09_lander.gif [2] Venera 9 Descent Craft PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/plane tary/image/venera_9_lander.jpg |
25 YBN [1975 AD] 4 | 6371) An external object is moved by thought (electricity in the brain).3 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ "The Incredible Human Machine", National Geographic (1975) 2. ^ "The Incredible Human Machine", National Geographic (1975) 3. ^ "The Incredible Human Machine", National Geographic (1975) 4. ^ "The Incredible Human Machine", National Geographic (1975) MORE INFO [1] http://news.yahoo.com/paralyzed-woman-us es-her-mind-control-robot-arm-181141007- -finance.html [2] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/439638 7.stm |
[1] todo: change to video from National Geographic ''The Incredible Human Machine'' video Adapted from picture of EEG electrodes and toy train View of EEG electrodes on a model phrenology head M400/0123 Rights Managed Credit: JAMES KING-HOLMES/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/271056/large/M4000123-View_of_EEG_elec trodes_on_a_model_phrenology_head-SPL.jp ghttp://howtobuildamodeltrain.com/wp-con tent/uploads/2011/12/howtobuildamodeltra in1.jpg [2] ''The Incredible Human Machine'', National Geographic (1975) COPYRIGHTED source: http://ecx.images-amazon.com/ima ges/I/51PVRJGKR8L._SL500_AA300_.jpg | |
24 YBN [07/20/1976 AD] 4 | 5624) The first images and soil samples from the surface of Mars.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1975-075C 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1975-075C 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1975-075C 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1975-075C {07/20/1976} MORE INFO [1] Video of Mars rotating: http://www.nasaimages.org/luna/servlet/d etail/NSVS~3~3~9446~109446:Mars-Rotate-- True-Color- | Planet Mars3 |
[1] First Mars Surface Photo Viking 1 first image Collection: NASA Great Images in Nasa Collection Title: First Mars Surface Photo Full Description: The image above is the first photograph ever taken from the surface of Mars. It was taken by the Viking 1 lander shortly after it touched down on Mars on July 20, 1976. Part of footpad #2 can be seen in the lower right corner, with sand and dust in the center of it, probably deposited during landing. The next day, color photographs were also taken on the Martian surface. The primary objectives of the Viking missions, which was composed of two spacecraft, were to obtain high-resolution images of the Martian surface, characterize the structure and composition of the atmosphere and surface, and search for evidence of life on Mars. Date: 07/20/1976 NASA Center: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Subject Category: Planet-Mars Subject Category: Viking-Pathfinder-So journer Keywords: Laboratory Keywords : Jet Keywords: Propulsion Keywords: Viking Keywords: Mars Keywords: P- 17053 Audience: General Public facet_what: Mars facet_what: Viking facet_what: Viking 1 Lander facet_where: Jet Propulsion Laboratory facet_where: Mars facet_wh ere: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) facet_when: July 20, 1976 facet_when: 07-20-1976 facet_whe n_year: 1976 Image #: MarsSurface original_url: http://g rin.hq.nasa… UID: SPD-GRIN-GPN-2003- 00 061 Center: JPL Center Number: MarsSurface GRIN DataBase Number: GPN-2003-00061 Creator-Photogr apher: NASA Original Source: NASA Image ID: 127274 Resolution Size: 5 Format: JP2 Media Type: Image File Name: GPN-2003-00061.jp2 Width: 2973 Height: 1228 PD source: http://www.nasaimages.org/downlo ad.php?mid=nasaNAS~5~5~23140~127274&file =GPN-2003-00061.jpg&src=http%3A%2F%2Fmm0 4.nasaimages.org%2FMediaManager%2Fsrvr%3 Fmediafile%3D%2FSize3%2FnasaNAS-5-NA%2F2 5256%2FGPN-2003-00061.jpg [2] Description Mars Viking 11d128.png Original Caption Released with NASA image: The Viking 1 Lander sampling arm created a number of deep trenches as part of the surface composition and biology experiments on Mars. The digging tool on the sampling arm (at lower center) could scoop up samples of material and deposit them into the appropriate experiment. Some holes were dug deeper to study soil which was not affected by solar radiation and weathering. The trenches in this ESE looking image are in the ''Sandy Flats'' area of the landing site at Chryse Planitia. The boom holding the meteorology sensors is at left. More information can be found at Viking Lander Image 11D128.BLU, Viking Lander Image 11D128.GRN and Viking Lander Image 11D128.RED. Date 2009-01-26; original photos were taken 1977-05-26. Source Own work based on images in the NASA Viking image archive Author ''Roel van der Hoorn (Van der Hoorn)'' Permission (Reusing this file) I used the original 11d128.blu, 11d128.grn and 11d128.red images from the NASA Viking image archive, converted them to .png, manually removed the noise and finally merged them into one image (almost matching true color; see here for the channel mixing process). Except for the conversion, this was all done in Adobe Photoshop CS2. The original files by NASA are in the public domain, and so is this new one. Other versions I created this image as a replacement for the image Viking1mars.jpg (see also: here) It was created by NASA, but the quality is not very high. Using the original pictures from the lander archive resulted in a higher quality image. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1b/Mars_Viking_11d128.pn g |
24 YBN [11/30/1976 AD] 5 | 5695) The complete DNA sequence of a virus is determined;2 a small virus with 5,375 nucleotide pairs which codes for nine different proteins.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Sanger, F., Air, G.M., Barrell, B.G., Brown, N.L., Coulson, A.R., Fiddes, J.C., Hutchison III, C.A., Slocombe, P.M. and Smith, M., 1977. Nature (London) 265, pp. 687–695. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html { Sanger_Frederick_19761130.pdf} 2. ^ Sanger, F., Air, G.M., Barrell, B.G., Brown, N.L., Coulson, A.R., Fiddes, J.C., Hutchison III, C.A., Slocombe, P.M. and Smith, M., 1977. Nature (London) 265, pp. 687–695. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html { Sanger_Frederick_19761130.pdf} 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.868. 4. ^ Sanger, F., Air, G.M., Barrell, B.G., Brown, N.L., Coulson, A.R., Fiddes, J.C., Hutchison III, C.A., Slocombe, P.M. and Smith, M., 1977. Nature (London) 265, pp. 687–695. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html { Sanger_Frederick_19761130.pdf} 5. ^ Sanger, F., Air, G.M., Barrell, B.G., Brown, N.L., Coulson, A.R., Fiddes, J.C., Hutchison III, C.A., Slocombe, P.M. and Smith, M., 1977. Nature (London) 265, pp. 687–695. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html { Sanger_Frederick_19761130.pdf} {11/30/1976} MORE INFO [1] "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958". Nobelprize.org. 17 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1958/ [2] "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobelprize.org. 17 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemi stry/laureates/1980/ [3] F. Sanger, "The free amino groups of insulin", Biochem J. 1945; 39(5): 507–515. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1258275/ [4] "Frederick Sanger." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 17 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-s anger [5] F. Sanger and E. O. P. Thompson, "The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. 1. The identification of lower peptides from partial hydrolysates", Biochem J. 1953 February; 53(3): 353–366. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1198157/ [6] F. Sanger and E. O. P. Thompson, "The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. 2. The investigation of peptides from enzymic hydrolysates", Biochem J. 1953 February; 53(3): 366–374. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1198158/ [7] "insulin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/insulin | (Cambridge University) Cambridge, England4 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Sanger, F., Air, G.M., Barrell, B.G., Brown, N.L., Coulson, A.R., Fiddes, J.C., Hutchison III, C.A., Slocombe, P.M. and Smith, M., 1977. Nature (London) 265, pp. 687–695. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html { Sanger_Frederick_19761130.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html [2] Frederick Sanger Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz es/chemistry/laureates/1958/sanger.jpg |
23 YBN [05/19/1977 AD] 5 | 5771) The first x-ray LASER.1 2 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Ilyukhin, A. A., Peregudov, G. V., Ragozin, E. N., Sobslman, 1.1, and Chirkov, V. A., "Concerning the problem of lasers for the far ultraviolet λ ~500-700 A", 1977, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, 95, 536. http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/14 16/article_21489.shtml {Ilyukhin_A_A_19 770519.pdf} 2. ^ Hagelstein, P.L., "Review of short wavelength lasers", Conference: 9. international conference on atomic physics, Seattle, WA, USA, 23 Jul 1984 http://www.osti.gov/energycitation s/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5780959 {H agelstein_Peter_L_198407xx.pdf} 3. ^ Ilyukhin, A. A., Peregudov, G. V., Ragozin, E. N., Sobslman, 1.1, and Chirkov, V. A., "Concerning the problem of lasers for the far ultraviolet λ ~500-700 A", 1977, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, 95, 536. http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/14 16/article_21489.shtml {Ilyukhin_A_A_19 770519.pdf} 4. ^ http://www.lebedev.ru/en/ 5. ^ Ilyukhin, A. A., Peregudov, G. V., Ragozin, E. N., Sobslman, 1.1, and Chirkov, V. A., "Concerning the problem of lasers for the far ultraviolet λ ~500-700 A", 1977, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, 95, 536. http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/14 16/article_21489.shtml {Ilyukhin_A_A_19 770519.pdf} {05/19/1977} | (P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences) Moscow, U.S.S.R.3 4 |
[1] Figure 4 from: Ilyukhin, A. A., Peregudov, G. V., Ragozin, E. N., Sobslman, 1.1, and Chirkov, V. A., ''Concerning the problem of lasers for the far ultraviolet λ ~500-700 A'', 1977, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, 95, 536. http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/14 16/article_21489.shtml {Ilyukhin_A_A_19 770519.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/ 1416/article_21489.shtml |
23 YBN [1977 AD] 13 | 6312) A self-driving car.7 8 9 10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Tsugawa. “Vision-based Vehicles in Japan: The Machine Vision Systems and Driving Control Systems.” Industrial Electronics, 1993. Conference Proceedings, ISIE’93 - Budapest., IEEE International Symposium On. 1993. 278–285. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/x pl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=26879 5 2. ^ Tsugawa, S.; , "Vision-based vehicles in Japan: machine vision systems and driving control systems," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.41, no.4, pp.398-405, Aug 1994 doi: 10.1109/41.303790 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=303790&isnumber=7476 3. ^ http://www.markelic.de/professional/mile stonesDrivingTable.html 4. ^ Todd Lassa, "Autonomous Car Technology 4Lurches Forward", Motor Trend, June 2011. http://www.motortrend.com/feature s/auto_news/2011/1106_autonomous_car_tec hnology_lurches_forward/viewall.html 5. ^ S. Tsugawa, et al.: An Automobile with Artificial Intelligence, Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp.893-895 (1979). 6. ^ Sadayuki Tsugawa, "A History of Automated Highway Systems in Japan and Future Issues", Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety Columbus, OH, USA. September 22-24, 2008 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/s tamp.jsp?arnumber=04640914 7. ^ S. Tsugawa. “Vision-based Vehicles in Japan: The Machine Vision Systems and Driving Control Systems.” Industrial Electronics, 1993. Conference Proceedings, ISIE’93 - Budapest., IEEE International Symposium On. 1993. 278–285. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/x pl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=26879 5 8. ^ Tsugawa, S.; , "Vision-based vehicles in Japan: machine vision systems and driving control systems," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.41, no.4, pp.398-405, Aug 1994 doi: 10.1109/41.303790 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=303790&isnumber=7476 9. ^ http://www.markelic.de/professional/mile stonesDrivingTable.html 10. ^ Todd Lassa, "Autonomous Car Technology 4Lurches Forward", Motor Trend, June 2011. http://www.motortrend.com/feature s/auto_news/2011/1106_autonomous_car_tec hnology_lurches_forward/viewall.html 11. ^ S. Tsugawa, et al.: An Automobile with Artificial Intelligence, Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp.893-895 (1979). 12. ^ Sadayuki Tsugawa, "A History of Automated Highway Systems in Japan and Future Issues", Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety Columbus, OH, USA. September 22-24, 2008 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/s tamp.jsp?arnumber=04640914 13. ^ Todd Lassa, "Autonomous Car Technology Lurches Forward", Motor Trend, June 2011. http://www.motortrend.com/feature s/auto_news/2011/1106_autonomous_car_tec hnology_lurches_forward/viewall.html | (Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Lab) Japan |
[1] Fig. 2. The vision-based automated vehicle during 1970’s (left) and the image processing: a road scene (right top) and the guard rail detected in the field of view (right bottom). Figure 2 from: Sadayuki Tsugawa, ''A History of Automated Highway Systems in Japan and Future Issues'', Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety Columbus, OH, USA. September 22-24, 2008 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/s tamp.jsp?arnumber=04640914 COPYRIGHTED source: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp /stamp.jsp?arnumber=04640914 |
22 YBN [07/25/1978 AD] 3 | 5810) The successful birth of a human baby after in vitro fertilization.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ P. C. Steptoe and R. G. Edwards, "BIRTH AFTER THE REIMPLANTATION OF A HUMAN EMBRYO", The Lancet Volume 312, Issue 8085, 12 August 1978, Page 366 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0140673678929574 {Edwards_R obert_G_19780812.pdf} 2. ^ P. C. Steptoe and R. G. Edwards, "BIRTH AFTER THE REIMPLANTATION OF A HUMAN EMBRYO", The Lancet Volume 312, Issue 8085, 12 August 1978, Page 366 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0140673678929574 {Edwards_R obert_G_19780812.pdf} 3. ^ P. C. Steptoe and R. G. Edwards, "BIRTH AFTER THE REIMPLANTATION OF A HUMAN EMBRYO", The Lancet Volume 312, Issue 8085, 12 August 1978, Page 366 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0140673678929574 {Edwards_R obert_G_19780812.pdf} {07/25/1978} | (General Hostpial) Oldham, UK2 |
[1] P. C. Steptoe and R. G. Edwards, ''BIRTH AFTER THE REIMPLANTATION OF A HUMAN EMBRYO'', The Lancet Volume 312, Issue 8085, 12 August 1978, Page 366 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0140673678929574 {Edwards_R obert_G_19780812.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence/article/pii/S0140673678929574 [2] P. C. Steptoe and R. G. Edwards, ''BIRTH AFTER THE REIMPLANTATION OF A HUMAN EMBRYO'', The Lancet Volume 312, Issue 8085, 12 August 1978, Page 366 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/S0140673678929574 {Edwards_R obert_G_19780812.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: |
21 YBN [03/05/1979 AD] 3 | 5630) The first close-up images of the moons of Jupiter.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-084A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-084A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-084A {03/05/1979} MORE INFO [1] "Voyager 1". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1 [2] http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/S iomoons.htm | Planet Jupiter2 |
[1] Original Caption Released with Image: VOLCANIC EXPLOSION ON IO: Voyager 1 acquired this image of Io on March 4 at 5:30 p.m. (PST) about 11 hours before closest approach to the Jupiter moon. The distance to Io was about 490,000 kilometers (304,000 miles). An enormous volcanic explosion can be seen silhouetted against dark space over Io's bright limb. The brightness of the plume has been increased by the computer as it is normally extremely faint, whereas the relative color of the plume (greenish white) has been preserved. At this time solid material had been thrown up to an altitude of about 100 miles. This requires an ejection velocity from the volcanic vent of about 1200 miles per hour, material reaching the crest of the fountain in several minutes. The vent area is a complex circular structure consisting of a bright ring about 300 kilometers in diameter and a central region of irregular dark and light patterns. Volcanic explosions similar to this occur on the Earth when magmatic gases expand explosively as material is vented. On Earth water is the major gas driving the explosion. Because Io is thought to be extremely dry, scientists are searching for other gases to explain the explosion. JPL manages and controls the Voyager Project for NASA's Office of Space Science. source:http://photojournal.j pl.nasa.gov/catalog/?IDNumber=PIA01971 TIFF verion:http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ tiff/PIA01971.tif PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e3/Vulcanic_Explosion_on _Io.jpg [2] Description Voyager.jpg Voyager 1 / Voyager 2 English: NASA photograph of one of the two identical Voyager space probes Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 launched in 1977. The 3.7 metre diameter high-gain antenna (HGA) is attached to the hollow ten-sided polygonal body housing the electronics, here seen in profile. The Voyager Golden Record is attached to one of the bus sides. The angled square panel below is the optical calibration target and excess heat radiator. The three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) are mounted end-to-end on the left-extending boom. One of the two planetary radio and plasma wave antenna extends diagonally left and down, the other extends to the rear, mostly hidden here. The compact structure between the RTGs and the HGA are the high-field and low-field magnetometers (MAG) in their stowed state; after launch an Astromast boom extended to 13 metres to distance the low-field magnetometers. The instrument boom extending to the right holds, from left to right: the cosmic ray subsystem (CRS) above and Low-Energy Charged Particle (LECP) detector below; the Plasma Spectrometer (PLS) above; and the scan platform that rotates about a vertical axis. The scan platform comprises: the Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) (largest camera at right); the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) to the right of the UVS; the two Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) vidicon cameras to the left of the UVS; and the Photopolarimeter System (PPS) barely visible under the ISS. Suggested for English Wikipedia:alternative text for images: A space probe with squat cylindrical body topped by a large parabolic radio antenna dish pointing upwards, a three-element radioisotope thermoelectric generator on a boom extending left, and scientific instruments on a boom extending right. A golden disk is fixed to the body. Date Source NASA website http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/ima ge/images/spacecraft/Voyager.jpg Author NASA Permission (Reusing this file) PD-NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/Voyager.jpg |
21 YBN [09/01/1979 AD] 7 | 388) A ship reaches Saturn and sends the first close-up images.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/mission s/archive/pioneer.html 2. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/mission s/archive/pioneer.html 3. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/mission s/archive/pioneer.html 4. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/mission s/archive/pioneer.html 5. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/mission s/archive/pioneer.html 6. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/mission s/archive/pioneer.html 7. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/mission s/archive/pioneer.html {09/01/1979} | Planet Saturn6 |
[1] Pioneer 11 Image of Saturn and Its Moon Titan {ULSF: Titan is at the upper left} The Pioneer 11 spacecraft launched from Cape Canaveral forty years ago, on April 5, 1973. Pioneer 11's path through Saturn's outer rings took it within 21,000 km of the planet, where it discovered two new moons (almost smacking into one of them in September 1979) and a new ''F'' ring. The spacecraft also discovered and charted the magnetosphere, magnetic field and mapped the general structure of Saturn's interior. The spacecraft's instruments measured the heat radiation from Saturn's interior and found that its planet-sized moon, Titan, was too cold to support life. This image from Pioneer 11 shows Saturn and its moon Titan. The irregularities in ring silhouette and shadow are due to technical anomalies in the preliminary data later corrected. At the time this image was taken, Pioneer was 2,846,000 km (1,768,422 miles) from Saturn. › NASA Celebrates Four Decades of Plucky Pioneer 11 Image credit: NASA Ames PD source: http://www.nasa.gov/images/conte nt/739507main_739460main_AC79-9107.3_160 0-1200.jpg [2] Pioneer 10 PD source: http://quest.nasa.gov/sso/cool/p ioneer10/graphics/lasher/slide4.jpg |
20 YBN [09/12/1980 AD] 10 | 6189) The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (or STM).5 6 Individual atoms and molecules of many kinds can be seen.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, "Scanning tunneling microscope", Patent number: 4343993, Filing date: Sep 12, 1980, Issue date: Aug 10, 1982. http://www.google.com/patents?hl= en&lr=&vid=USPAT4343993 2. ^ Heinrich Rohrer - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 27 Aug 2011 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/p hysics/laureates/1986/rohrer-lecture.htm l 3. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy", Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57–61 (1982). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL /v49/i1/p57_1 4. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982); doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/ resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1 5. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, "Scanning tunneling microscope", Patent number: 4343993, Filing date: Sep 12, 1980, Issue date: Aug 10, 1982. http://www.google.com/patents?hl= en&lr=&vid=USPAT4343993 6. ^ Heinrich Rohrer - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 27 Aug 2011 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/p hysics/laureates/1986/rohrer-lecture.htm l 7. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy", Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57–61 (1982). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL /v49/i1/p57_1 8. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982); doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/ resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1 9. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982); doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/ resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1 10. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, "Scanning tunneling microscope", Patent number: 4343993, Filing date: Sep 12, 1980, Issue date: Aug 10, 1982. http://www.google.com/patents?hl= en&lr=&vid=USPAT4343993 {09/12/1980} MORE INFO [1] Gerd Binnig & Heinrich Rohrer, "The Scanning Tunneling Microscope", Scientific American 253, 50 - 56 (1985) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican08 85-50 | (IBM Zurich Research Laboratory) Ruschlikon, Zurich, Switzerland9 (presumably) |
[1] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, ''Scanning tunneling microscope'', Patent number: 4343993, Filing date: Sep 12, 1980, Issue date: Aug 10, 1982. http://www.google.com/patents?hl= en&lr=&vid=USPAT4343993 PD source: http://www.google.com/patents?id =GzgwAAAAEBAJ [2] Figures 2 and 3 from: G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, ''Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy'', Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57–61 (1982). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL /v49/i1/p57_1 COPYRIGHTED source: http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/ v49/i1/p57_1 |
20 YBN [11/12/1980 AD] 4 | 5631) The first close-up images of the moons of Saturn.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-084A 2. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pro file.cfm?Target=Jupiter&MCode=Voyager_1& Display=ReadMore 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-084A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-084A {11/12/1980} MORE INFO [1] "Voyager 1". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1 | Planet Saturn3 |
[1] English: Original Caption Released with Image: Titan's thick haze layer is shown in this enhanced Voyager 1 image taken Nov. 12, 1980 at a distance of 435,000 kilometers (270,000 miles). Voyager images of Saturn's largest moon show Titan completely enveloped by haze that merges with a darker ''hood'' or cloud layer over the north pole. Such a mantle is not present at the south pole. At Voyager's closest approach to Titan on Nov. 11, 1980, spacecraft instruments found that the moon has a substantial atmosphere, far denser than that of Mars and possibly denser than Earth's. The Voyager Project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. Deutsch: Titans Atmosphäre. Fotografiert aus einer Entfernung von 435.000 Kilometern durch Voyager 1, 1980. source: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PI A02238.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c7/Titan%27s_thick_haze_ layer-picture_from_voyager1.jpg [2] Description Voyager 1 - view of Saturn's moon Mimas.jpg English: Original Caption Released with Image: The cratered surface Saturn's moon Mimas is seen in this image taken by Voyager 1 on Nov. 12, 1980 from a range of 425,000 kilometers (264,000 miles). Impact craters made by the infall of cosmic debris are shown; the largest is more than 100 kilometers (62 miles) in diameter and displays a prominent central peak. The smaller craters are abundant and indicate an ancient age for Mimas's surface. The Voyager Project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. Date 12 November 1980(1980-11-12) Source http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ca talog/PIA01968 Author NASA/JPL PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/ea/Voyager_1_-_view_of_S aturn%27s_moon_Mimas.jpg |
19 YBN [04/??/1981 AD] 5 | 6649) Beams of protons and antiprotons are collided head on.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Christine Sutton, "CERN pushes open the door to a new physics", New Scientist, 04/16/1981. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=41GAXuhHkK8C&pg=PA139 2. ^ Christine Sutton, "CERN pushes open the door to a new physics", New Scientist, 04/16/1981. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=41GAXuhHkK8C&pg=PA139 3. ^ "CERN." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 22 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cern 4. ^ "CERN." Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com 22 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cern 5. ^ Christine Sutton, "CERN pushes open the door to a new physics", New Scientist, 04/16/1981. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=41GAXuhHkK8C&pg=PA139 | CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), Geneva, Switzerland2 3 4 |
[1] Christine Sutton, ''CERN pushes open the door to a new physics'', New Scientist, 04/16/1981. http://books.google.com/boo ks?id=41GAXuhHkK8C&pg=PA139 COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =41GAXuhHkK8C&pg=PA139 |
19 YBN [11/12/1981 AD] 3 | 5805) The first reuse of a space craft.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p588. 2. ^ http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasaf act/pads.htm 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p588. {11/12/1981} MORE INFO [1] http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/miss ions/sts-2/mission-sts-2.html [2] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDQpSFasz pY | (Launch Pad 39A) Merritt Island, Florida, USA2 |
[1] NASA Photo ID: S81-39548 File Name: 10060481.jpg Film Type: 70mm Date Taken: 11/15/81 Title: Space Shuttle Columbia OV (101) launching from pad 39A begining STS-2 Description: View of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Columbia from across the water lifting off from Launch Pad 39A to begin STS-2 (39548); Framed by Florida vegtation, the Columbia lifts off from its launch pad (39549). PD source: http://www.ksc.nasa.gov/mirrors/ images/images/pao/STS2/10060481.jpg [2] Description English: Deepcold dyna final 240, author: Dan Roam, source: http://www.deepcold.com Date 12 August 2006 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper. Author Original uploader was Djroam at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released into the public domain (by the author). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/76/Deepcold_dyna_final_2 40.jpg |
18 YBN [03/01/1982 AD] 4 | 5626) The first Venus soil samples and sound recording of another planet.1 2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "Timeline of space exploration". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of _space_exploration 2. ^ http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venera1 1.htm 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1981-106D 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat alog.do?sc=1981-106D {03/01/1982} | Planet Venus3 |
[1] Venera 13 Lander image of the surface of Venus at 7.5 S, 303. E, east of Phoebe Regio. Venera 13 survived on the surface for 2 hours, 7 minutes, long enough to obtain 14 images on 1 March, 1982. This color 170 degree panorama was produced using dark blue, green and red filters and has a resolution of 4 to 5 min. Part of the spacecraft is at the bottom of the image. Flat rock slabs and soil are visible. The true color is difficult to judge because the Venerian atmosphere filters out blue light. The surface composition is similar to terrestrial basalt. On the ground in foreground is a camera lens cover. (Venera 13 Lander, VG00261,262) PD AND * Venera 13 / 14 lander * image source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/Mast erCatalog?sc=1981-106D PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgca t/hires/v13_vg261_262.gifhttp://upload.w ikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Vene ra_13_lander.gif [2] Venera 13 Lander image of the surface of Venus at 7.5 S, 303. E, east of Phoebe Regio. Venera 13 survived on the surface for 2 hours, 7 minutes, long enough to obtain 14 images on 1 March, 1982. This color 170 degree panorama was produced using dark blue, green and red filters and has a resolution of 4 to 5 min. Part of the spacecraft is at the bottom of the image. Flat rock slabs and soil are visible. The true color is difficult to judge because the Venerian atmosphere filters out blue light. The surface composition is similar to terrestrial basalt. On the ground in foreground is a camera lens cover. (Venera 13 Lander, VG00261,262) PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgca t/hires/v13_vg261_262.gif |
17 YBN [06/13/1983 AD] 3 | 5627) The first ship from Earth to fly farther than all known planets of this star system.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pro file.cfm?MCode=Pioneer_10&Display=ReadMo re 2. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pro file.cfm?MCode=Pioneer_10&Display=ReadMo re 3. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pro file.cfm?MCode=Pioneer_10&Display=ReadMo re {06/13/1983} MORE INFO [1] http://www.aerospaceguide.net/pioneer10. html [2] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1972-012A [3] "Timeline of space exploration". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of _space_exploration | Planet Neptune2 |
[1] Pioneer 10 PD source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image /spacecraft/pioneer10-11.jpg |
17 YBN [10/25/1983 AD] 4 | 5811) Humans are shown to be genetically closer to chimpanzees than other primates.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Charles G. Sibley and Jon E. Ahlquist, " The phylogeny of the hominoid primates, as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization", Journal of Molecular Evolution, Volume 20, Number 1, 2-15, DOI: 10.1007/BF02101980 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/g3020651ml536640/ {Ahlq uist_Jon_E_19831025.pdf} 2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p592. 3. ^ Charles G. Sibley and Jon E. Ahlquist, " The phylogeny of the hominoid primates, as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization", Journal of Molecular Evolution, Volume 20, Number 1, 2-15, DOI: 10.1007/BF02101980 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/g3020651ml536640/ {Ahlq uist_Jon_E_19831025.pdf} 4. ^ Charles G. Sibley and Jon E. Ahlquist, " The phylogeny of the hominoid primates, as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization", Journal of Molecular Evolution, Volume 20, Number 1, 2-15, DOI: 10.1007/BF02101980 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/g3020651ml536640/ {Ahlq uist_Jon_E_19831025.pdf} {10/25/1983} | (Yale University) New Haven, Connecticut, USA3 |
[1] Figure 6 from: [1] Charles G. Sibley and Jon E. Ahlquist, '' The phylogeny of the hominoid primates, as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization'', Journal of Molecular Evolution, Volume 20, Number 1, 2-15, DOI: 10.1007/BF02101980 http://www.springerl ink.com/content/g3020651ml536640/ {Ahlq uist_Jon_E_19831025.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.springerlink.com/cont ent/g3020651ml536640/ |
16 YBN [03/10/1984 AD] 10 | 5814) A multicellular organism is "cloned" (genetically identical copies are made).5 6 The nucleus in an ovum is replaced with the nucleus from an embryo cell and reimplanted to produce genetically identical animals (sheep).7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240 http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/conten t/114/10/240.abstract {Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf} 2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594. 3. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240 http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/conten t/114/10/240.abstract {Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf} 4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594. 5. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240 http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/conten t/114/10/240.abstract {Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf} 6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594. 7. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240 http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/conten t/114/10/240.abstract {Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf} 8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594. 9. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240 http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/conten t/114/10/240.abstract {Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf} {03/ 1984} 10. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240 http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/conten t/114/10/240.abstract {Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf} {03/ 1984} {03/10/1984} | (AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology) Cambridge, UK9 |
[1] Figure 3 from: SM Willadsen and RA Godke, ''A simple procedure for the production of identical sheep twins'', Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240 http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/conten t/114/10/240.abstract {Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: |
16 YBN [06/25/1984 AD] 4 | 5815) Copies are made of DNA sequences from an extinct species.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Russell Higuchi, Barbara Bowman, Mary Freiberger, Oliver A. Ryder & Allan C. Wilson, "DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family", Nature, 312, 282 - 284 (15 November 1984); doi:10.1038/312282a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v312/n5991/abs/312282 a0.html {Higuchi_Russell_19840625.pdf} 2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594. 3. ^ Russell Higuchi, Barbara Bowman, Mary Freiberger, Oliver A. Ryder & Allan C. Wilson, "DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family", Nature, 312, 282 - 284 (15 November 1984); doi:10.1038/312282a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v312/n5991/abs/312282 a0.html {Higuchi_Russell_19840625.pdf} 4. ^ Russell Higuchi, Barbara Bowman, Mary Freiberger, Oliver A. Ryder & Allan C. Wilson, "DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family", Nature, 312, 282 - 284 (15 November 1984); doi:10.1038/312282a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v312/n5991/abs/312282 a0.html {Higuchi_Russell_19840625.pdf} {06/25/1984} | (University of California) Berkeley, California, USA3 |
[1] Description Quagga (Equus quagga quagga) is an extinct sub-species of zebra. Mare, London, Regent's Park ZOO. Date 1870 http://books.google.dk/books?id=1 5AsyQ8O2qoC&pg=PA148&dq=london+sondaica+ tigris&hl=da&ei=SlmxTsyqMMHa4QSasv3OAQ&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ve d=0CE0Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=london%20sonda ica%20tigris&f=false Source Scan Author F. York source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/Quagga_photo.jpg |
16 YBN [08/31/1984 AD] 4 5 | 6190) A DNA molecule is imaged at the atomic scale.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ G. Binnig and H. Rohrer, "Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy" in Janta, J. Trends In Physics, 1984 :: Proceedings of the 6th General Conference of the European Physical Society : 27-31 August 1984, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Prague: Union of Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physicists, 1984, p38. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/0 08933716/Home {Binnig_Rohrer_19840831001.pdf} 2. ^ Arscott, P.G., and V.A. Bloomfield. “Scanning tunnelling microscopy of nucleic acids and polynucleotides.” Ultramicroscopy 33.2 (1990) : 127-131. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/article/pii/030439919090015E 3. ^ G. Binnig and H. Rohrer, "Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy" in Janta, J. Trends In Physics, 1984 :: Proceedings of the 6th General Conference of the European Physical Society : 27-31 August 1984, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Prague: Union of Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physicists, 1984, p38. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/0 08933716/Home {Binnig_Rohrer_19840831001.pdf} 4. ^ G. Binnig and H. Rohrer, "Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy" in Janta, J. Trends In Physics, 1984 :: Proceedings of the 6th General Conference of the European Physical Society : 27-31 August 1984, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Prague: Union of Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physicists, 1984, p38. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/0 08933716/Home {08/27/1984-08/31/1984} {Binnig_Rohrer_19840831001.pdf} 5. ^ Driscoll, Robert J., Michael G. Youngquist, and John D. Baldeschwieler. “Atomic-scale imaging of DNA using scanning tunnelling microscopy.” Nature 346.6281 (1990) : 294-296. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v346/n6281/abs/346294a0.html {07/19/1990} {other image)07/19/1990} {other later more detailed image)07/19/1990} MORE INFO [1] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982); doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/ resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1 [2] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, "Scanning tunneling microscope", Patent number: 4343993, Filing date: Sep 12, 1980, Issue date: Aug 10, 1982. http://www.google.com/patents?hl= en&lr=&vid=USPAT4343993 | (IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Switzerland, presented in) Prague, Czechoslovakia3 |
[1] Figure 7 from: G. Binnig and H. Rohrer, ''Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy'' in Janta, J. Trends In Physics, 1984 :: Proceedings of the 6th General Conference of the European Physical Society : 27-31 August 1984, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Prague: Union of Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physicists, 1984, p38. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/0 08933716/Home {Binnig_Rohrer_19840831001.pdf} COPYR IGHTED source: [2] Note these images are from 1990[t] Driscoll, Robert J., Michael G. Youngquist, and John D. Baldeschwieler. “Atomic-scale imaging of DNA using scanning tunnelling microscopy.” Nature 346.6281 (1990) : 294-296. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v346/n6281/abs/346294a0.html COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v346/n6281/abs/346294a0.html |
16 YBN [11/16/1984 AD] 5 | 5813) "Genetic fingerprinting": certain sequences of DNA unique to each organism can be used to identify individual organisms and also to determine family relationships.1 2 3 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Alec J. Jeffreys, Victoria Wilson & Swee Lay Thein, "Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA", Nature 314, 67 - 73 (07 March 1985); doi:10.1038/314067a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v314/n6006/abs/314067 a0.html {Jeffreys_Alec_J_19841116.pdf} 2. ^ A. J. Jeffreys, V. Wilson & S. L. Thein, "Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA", Nature 316, 76 - 79 (04 July 1985); doi:10.1038/316076a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v316/n6023/abs/316076 a0.html 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594. 4. ^ Alec J. Jeffreys, Victoria Wilson & Swee Lay Thein, "Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA", Nature 314, 67 - 73 (07 March 1985); doi:10.1038/314067a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v314/n6006/abs/314067 a0.html {Jeffreys_Alec_J_19841116.pdf} 5. ^ Alec J. Jeffreys, Victoria Wilson & Swee Lay Thein, "Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA", Nature 314, 67 - 73 (07 March 1985); doi:10.1038/314067a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v314/n6006/abs/314067 a0.html {Jeffreys_Alec_J_19841116.pdf} {11/16/1984} | (University of Leicester) Leicester, UK4 |
[1] Figure 5 from: Alec J. Jeffreys, Victoria Wilson & Swee Lay Thein, ''Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA'', Nature 314, 67 - 73 (07 March 1985); doi:10.1038/314067a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v314/n6006/abs/314067 a0.html {Jeffreys_Alec_J_19841116.pdf} source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v314/n6006/abs/314067a0.html [2] Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester. UNKNOWN source: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments /emfpu/genetics/explained/images/AlecJef frey.jpg |
15 YBN [09/20/1985 AD] 15 | 5804) Polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS7 } chain reaction (PCR), a simple technique that allows a specific segment of DNA to be copied billions of times in a few hours.8 9 10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 2. ^ "Kary B. Mullis." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 22 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/396935/Kary-B-Mullis>. 3. ^ Mullis KB "Process for amplifying nucleic acid sequences." U.S. Patent 4,683,202. http://www.google.com/patent s?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4683202&id=fSYMAAAA EBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22KB+Mullis%22+&printsec =abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false 4. ^ Mullis, KB et al. "Process for amplifying, detecting, and/or-cloning nucleic acid sequences." U.S. Patent 4,683,195. http://www.google.com/patent s?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4683195&id=fCYMAAAA EBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22KB+Mullis%22+&printsec =abstract 5. ^ R. K. Saiki et al., "Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia", Science 230, 1350 (1985). http://www.jstor.org/stable/169 6982?origin=JSTOR-pdf {Mullis_Kary_Bank s_19850920.pdf} 6. ^ K. B. Mullis and F. A. Faloona, "Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction", Methods Enzymol. 155, 335 (1987). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/0076687987550236 {Mullis_Kar y_Banks_1987xxxx.pdf} 7. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 8. ^ "Kary B. Mullis." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 22 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/396935/Kary-B-Mullis>. 9. ^ Mullis KB "Process for amplifying nucleic acid sequences." U.S. Patent 4,683,202. http://www.google.com/patent s?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4683202&id=fSYMAAAA EBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22KB+Mullis%22+&printsec =abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false 10. ^ Mullis, KB et al. "Process for amplifying, detecting, and/or-cloning nucleic acid sequences." U.S. Patent 4,683,195. http://www.google.com/patent s?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4683195&id=fCYMAAAA EBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22KB+Mullis%22+&printsec =abstract 11. ^ R. K. Saiki et al., "Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia", Science 230, 1350 (1985). http://www.jstor.org/stable/169 6982?origin=JSTOR-pdf {Mullis_Kary_Bank s_19850920.pdf} 12. ^ K. B. Mullis and F. A. Faloona, "Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction", Methods Enzymol. 155, 335 (1987). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/0076687987550236 {Mullis_Kar y_Banks_1987xxxx.pdf} 13. ^ Mullis KB "Process for amplifying nucleic acid sequences." U.S. Patent 4,683,202. http://www.google.com/patent s?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4683202&id=fSYMAAAA EBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22KB+Mullis%22+&printsec =abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false 14. ^ "Kary Mullis." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/kary-mullis 15. ^ R. K. Saiki et al., "Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia", Science 230, 1350 (1985). http://www.jstor.org/stable/169 6982?origin=JSTOR-pdf {Mullis_Kary_Bank s_19850920.pdf} {09/20/1985} MORE INFO [1] Randall K. Saiki, David H. Gelfand, Susanne Stoffel, Stephen J. Scharf, Russell Higuchi, Glenn T. Horn, Kary B. Mullis, Henry A. Erlich, "Primer-Directed Enzymatic Amplification of DNA with a Thermostable DNA Polymerase", New Series, Vol. 239, No. 4839 (Jan. 29, 1988), pp. 487-491 http://www.jstor.org/stable/170 0278 | (Cetus Corporation) Emeryville, California, USA13 14 |
[1] Figure 2 from: K. B. Mullis and F. A. Faloona, ''Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction'', Methods Enzymol. 155, 335 (1987). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a rticle/pii/0076687987550236 {Mullis_Kar y_Banks_1987xxxx.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence/article/pii/0076687987550236 [2] Kary Banks Mullis Nobel Prize photo COPYRIGHTED source: http://images.nobelprize.org/nob el_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/mulli s_postcard.jpg |
14 YBN [01/24/1986 AD] 12 | 5628) A ship reaches Uranus and sends the first close-up images of the planet, its moons, and its rings.9 10 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 2. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uran us.html 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 4. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uran us.html 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 6. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uran us.html 7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 8. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uran us.html 9. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 10. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uran us.html 11. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 12. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A {01/24/1986} MORE INFO [1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2 | Planet Uranus11 |
[1] Description Uranus.jpg English: NASA photo of Uranus taken by Voyager 2. Caption: This pictures of Uranus was compiled from images recorded by Voyager 2 on January 10, 1986, when the NASA spacecraft was 18 million kilometers (11 million miles) from the planet. The images were obtained by Voyager's narrow-angle camera; the view is toward the planet's pole of rotation, which lies just left of center. The picture has been processed to show Uranus as human eyes would see it from the vantage point of the spacecraft. The dark shading of the upper right edge of the disk is the terminator, or day-night boundary. The blue-green appearance of Uranus results from methane in the atmosphere; this gas absorbs red wavelengths from the incoming sunlight, leaving the predominant bluish color seen here. Images shuttered through different color filters were added and manipulated by computer, greatly enhancing the low-contrast details in the original images. The planet reveals a dark polar hood surrounded by a series of progressively lighter convective bands. The banded structure is real, though exaggerated here. The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Date January 1986(1986-01) Source http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ca talog/PIA01360 Author NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/bb/Uranus.jpg [2] Description Voyager.jpg Voyager 1 / Voyager 2 English: NASA photograph of one of the two identical Voyager space probes Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 launched in 1977. The 3.7 metre diameter high-gain antenna (HGA) is attached to the hollow ten-sided polygonal body housing the electronics, here seen in profile. The Voyager Golden Record is attached to one of the bus sides. The angled square panel below is the optical calibration target and excess heat radiator. The three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) are mounted end-to-end on the left-extending boom. One of the two planetary radio and plasma wave antenna extends diagonally left and down, the other extends to the rear, mostly hidden here. The compact structure between the RTGs and the HGA are the high-field and low-field magnetometers (MAG) in their stowed state; after launch an Astromast boom extended to 13 metres to distance the low-field magnetometers. The instrument boom extending to the right holds, from left to right: the cosmic ray subsystem (CRS) above and Low-Energy Charged Particle (LECP) detector below; the Plasma Spectrometer (PLS) above; and the scan platform that rotates about a vertical axis. The scan platform comprises: the Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) (largest camera at right); the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) to the right of the UVS; the two Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) vidicon cameras to the left of the UVS; and the Photopolarimeter System (PPS) barely visible under the ISS. Suggested for English Wikipedia:alternative text for images: A space probe with squat cylindrical body topped by a large parabolic radio antenna dish pointing upwards, a three-element radioisotope thermoelectric generator on a boom extending left, and scientific instruments on a boom extending right. A golden disk is fixed to the body. Date Source NASA website http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/ima ge/images/spacecraft/Voyager.jpg Author NASA Permission (Reusing this file) PD-NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/Voyager.jpg |
12 YBN [12/14/1988 AD] 7 | 6194) A microscopic electric motor.5 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 2. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 3. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 4. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 5. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 6. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 7. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 {12/11/1988-12/14/1988} | (University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA6 |
[1] Figures 1 from: Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , ''IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors,'' Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 COP YRIGHTED source: URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 [2] Figures 2 from: Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , ''IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors,'' Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 COP YRIGHTED source: URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 |
11 YBN [08/25/1989 AD] 7 | 5629) A ship reaches Neptune and sends the first close-up images of the planet, its moons and rings.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A {08/25/1989} MORE INFO [1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2 | Planet Neptune6 |
[1] A picture of Neptune taken by Voyager 2, showing off the Great Dark Spot which has since disappeared from the planet's surface. Original Caption Released with Image: During August 16 and 17, 1989, the Voyager 2 narrow-angle camera was used to photograph Neptune almost continuously, recording approximately two and one-half rotations of the planet. These images represent the most complete set of full disk Neptune images that the spacecraft will acquire. This picture from the sequence shows two of the four cloud features which have been tracked by the Voyager cameras during the past two months. The large dark oval near the western limb (the left edge) is at a latitude of 22 degrees south and circuits Neptune every 18.3 hours. The bright clouds immediately to the south and east of this oval are seen to substantially change their appearances in periods as short as four hours. The second dark spot, at 54 degrees south latitude near the terminator (lower right edge), circuits Neptune every 16.1 hours. This image has been processed to enhance the visibility of small features, at some sacrifice of color fidelity. The Voyager Mission is conducted by JPL for NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications. Source: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog /PIA00046 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/06/Neptune.jpg [2] Description Voyager.jpg Voyager 1 / Voyager 2 English: NASA photograph of one of the two identical Voyager space probes Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 launched in 1977. The 3.7 metre diameter high-gain antenna (HGA) is attached to the hollow ten-sided polygonal body housing the electronics, here seen in profile. The Voyager Golden Record is attached to one of the bus sides. The angled square panel below is the optical calibration target and excess heat radiator. The three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) are mounted end-to-end on the left-extending boom. One of the two planetary radio and plasma wave antenna extends diagonally left and down, the other extends to the rear, mostly hidden here. The compact structure between the RTGs and the HGA are the high-field and low-field magnetometers (MAG) in their stowed state; after launch an Astromast boom extended to 13 metres to distance the low-field magnetometers. The instrument boom extending to the right holds, from left to right: the cosmic ray subsystem (CRS) above and Low-Energy Charged Particle (LECP) detector below; the Plasma Spectrometer (PLS) above; and the scan platform that rotates about a vertical axis. The scan platform comprises: the Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) (largest camera at right); the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) to the right of the UVS; the two Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) vidicon cameras to the left of the UVS; and the Photopolarimeter System (PPS) barely visible under the ISS. Suggested for English Wikipedia:alternative text for images: A space probe with squat cylindrical body topped by a large parabolic radio antenna dish pointing upwards, a three-element radioisotope thermoelectric generator on a boom extending left, and scientific instruments on a boom extending right. A golden disk is fixed to the body. Date Source NASA website http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/ima ge/images/spacecraft/Voyager.jpg Author NASA Permission (Reusing this file) PD-NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d2/Voyager.jpg |
10 YBN [01/17/1990 AD] 7 | 6191) Individual atoms are moved. An STM is used at low temperatures to form the letters "IBM" in xenon atoms.5 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html 2. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html 3. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html 4. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html 5. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html 6. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html 7. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html {01/17/1990} MORE INFO [1] Driscoll, Robert J., Michael G. Youngquist, and John D. Baldeschwieler. "Atomic-scale imaging of DNA using scanning tunnelling microscopy."� Nature 346.6281 (1990) : 294-296. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v346/n6281/abs/346294a0.html [2] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982); doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/ resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1 | (IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center) San Jose, California, USA6 |
[1] Figures 1 and 2 from: D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, ''Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope'', Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v344/n6266/abs/344524a0.html [2] Figure 3 from: D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, ''Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope'', Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v344/n6266/abs/344524a0.html |
10 YBN [01/29/1990 AD] 5 6 | 6278) A light particle (or optical) computer processor.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p107. 2. ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-8100728. html 3. ^ http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990- 01-30/business/9001080923_1_optical-proc essor-electrons-copper-wires 4. ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-8100728. html 5. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p107. {01/29/1990} 6. ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-8100728. html {01/29/1990} MORE INFO [1] Streibl, N.; Brenner, K.-H.; Huang, A.; Jahns, J.; Jewell, J.; Lohmann, A.W.; Miller, D.A.B.; Murdocca, M.; Prise, M.E.; Sizer, T.; , "Digital optics," Proceedings of the IEEE , vol.77, no.12, pp.1954-1969, Dec 1989 doi: 10.1109/5.48834 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j sp?tp=&arnumber=48834&isnumber=1815 | (AT&T Bell Labs) Holmdel, New Jersey, United States4 |
[1] Figure 3. An array of surface emitting microlasers. From: Ames, Karyn R., and Alan Brenner, editors Frontiers of Supercomputing II: A National Reassessment. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1994 1994. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft0f59n7 3z/ AND http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpress ebooks/view?docId=ft0f59n73z;chunk.id=d0 e2589;doc.view=print UNKNOWN source: http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpr essebooks/data/13030/3z/ft0f59n73z/figur es/ft0f59n73z_00014.jpg [2] Figure 1. One thousand twenty-four optical connections contained within the same area as one electronic connection. From: Ames, Karyn R., and Alan Brenner, editors Frontiers of Supercomputing II: A National Reassessment. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1994 1994. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft0f59n7 3z/ AND http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpress ebooks/view?docId=ft0f59n73z;chunk.id=d0 e2589;doc.view=print UNKNOWN source: http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpr essebooks/data/13030/3z/ft0f59n73z/figur es/ft0f59n73z_00012.jpg |
10 YBN [02/14/1990 AD] 3 | 5632) The first ship to capture an image of the entire star system (Sun and all planets) in one picture.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-084A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-084A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1977-084A {02/14/1990} MORE INFO [1] "Voyager 1". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1 | Outside star system2 |
[1] Description Family portrait (Voyager 1).png English: The ''family portrait'' of the Solar System taken by Voyager 1. This picture consists of 60 frames taken through the Wide Angle and Narrow Angle cameras using the Methane, Violet, Blue, Green, and Clear Filters. Suggested for English Wikipedia:alternative text for images: a set of grey squares trace roughly left to right. A few are labeled with single letters associated with a nearby coloured square. J is near to a square labeled Jupiter; E to Earth; V to Venus; S to Saturn; U to Uranus; N to Neptune. A small spot appears at the centre of each coloured square English: Original Caption Released with Image: The cameras of Voyager 1 on Feb. 14, 1990, pointed back toward the sun and took a series of pictures of the sun and the planets, making the first ever ''portrait'' of our solar system as seen from the outside. In the course of taking this mosaic consisting of a total of 60 frames, Voyager 1 made several images of the inner solar system from a distance of approximately 4 billion miles and about 32 degrees above the ecliptic plane. Thirty-nine wide angle frames link together six of the planets of our solar system in this mosaic. Outermost Neptune is 30 times further from the sun than Earth. Our sun is seen as the bright object in the center of the circle of frames. The wide-angle image of the sun was taken with the camera's darkest filter (a methane absorption band) and the shortest possible exposure (1/125 second) to avoid saturating the camera's vidicon tube with scattered sunlight. The sun is not large as seen from Voyager, only about one-fortieth of the diameter as seen from Earth, but is still almost 8 million times brighter than the brightest star in Earth's sky, Sirius. The result of this great brightness is an image with multiple reflections from the optics in the camera. Wide-angle images surrounding the sun also show many artifacts attributable to scattered light in the optics. These were taken through the clear filter with one second exposures. The insets show the planets magnified many times. Narrow-angle images of Earth, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune were acquired as the spacecraft built the wide-angle mosaic. Jupiter is larger than a narrow-angle pixel and is clearly resolved, as is Saturn with its rings. Uranus and Neptune appear larger than they really are because of image smear due to spacecraft motion during the long (15 second) exposures. From Voyager's great distance Earth and Venus are mere points of light, less than the size of a picture element even in the narrow-angle camera. Earth was a crescent only 0.12 pixel in size. Coincidentally, Earth lies right in the center of one of the scattered light rays resulting from taking the image so close to the sun. Date 14 February 1990(1990-02-14) Source Visible Earth * source: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog /PIA00451 o TIFF version: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/tiff/PI A00451.tif Author NASA, Voyager 1 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3f/Family_portrait_%28Vo yager_1%29.png [2] Description Family portrait (Voyager 1).png English: The ''family portrait'' of the Solar System taken by Voyager 1. This picture consists of 60 frames taken through the Wide Angle and Narrow Angle cameras using the Methane, Violet, Blue, Green, and Clear Filters. Suggested for English Wikipedia:alternative text for images: a set of grey squares trace roughly left to right. A few are labeled with single letters associated with a nearby coloured square. J is near to a square labeled Jupiter; E to Earth; V to Venus; S to Saturn; U to Uranus; N to Neptune. A small spot appears at the centre of each coloured square English: Original Caption Released with Image: The cameras of Voyager 1 on Feb. 14, 1990, pointed back toward the sun and took a series of pictures of the sun and the planets, making the first ever ''portrait'' of our solar system as seen from the outside. In the course of taking this mosaic consisting of a total of 60 frames, Voyager 1 made several images of the inner solar system from a distance of approximately 4 billion miles and about 32 degrees above the ecliptic plane. Thirty-nine wide angle frames link together six of the planets of our solar system in this mosaic. Outermost Neptune is 30 times further from the sun than Earth. Our sun is seen as the bright object in the center of the circle of frames. The wide-angle image of the sun was taken with the camera's darkest filter (a methane absorption band) and the shortest possible exposure (1/125 second) to avoid saturating the camera's vidicon tube with scattered sunlight. The sun is not large as seen from Voyager, only about one-fortieth of the diameter as seen from Earth, but is still almost 8 million times brighter than the brightest star in Earth's sky, Sirius. The result of this great brightness is an image with multiple reflections from the optics in the camera. Wide-angle images surrounding the sun also show many artifacts attributable to scattered light in the optics. These were taken through the clear filter with one second exposures. The insets show the planets magnified many times. Narrow-angle images of Earth, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune were acquired as the spacecraft built the wide-angle mosaic. Jupiter is larger than a narrow-angle pixel and is clearly resolved, as is Saturn with its rings. Uranus and Neptune appear larger than they really are because of image smear due to spacecraft motion during the long (15 second) exposures. From Voyager's great distance Earth and Venus are mere points of light, less than the size of a picture element even in the narrow-angle camera. Earth was a crescent only 0.12 pixel in size. Coincidentally, Earth lies right in the center of one of the scattered light rays resulting from taking the image so close to the sun. Date 14 February 1990(1990-02-14) Source Visible Earth * source: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog /PIA00451 o TIFF version: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/tiff/PI A00451.tif Author NASA, Voyager 1 PD source: |
10 YBN [04/25/1990 AD] 4 | 5828) A telescope is placed in Earth orbit.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://hubble.nasa.gov/ 2. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttl e/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-31.html 3. ^ http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasaf act/pads.htm 4. ^ http://hubble.nasa.gov/ {04/25/1990} | Earth Orbit (Launched from Launch Pad 39B) Merritt Island, Florida, USA2 3 |
[1] Description HST-SM4.jpeg English: The Hubble Space Telescope as seen from the departing Space Shuttle Atlantis, flying STS-125, HST Servicing Mission 4. Date 19 May 2009(2009-05-19) Source http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery /images/shuttle/sts-119/hires/s125e01184 8.jpg Author Ruffnax (Crew of STS-125) Permission (Reusing this file) See below. Other versions Derivative works of this file: * HST-SM4.png PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg [2] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg |
9 YBN [10/29/1991 AD] 8 | 5635) The first ship to reach and send close-up images of an asteroid.4 5 6 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gall ery/top10science-3.cfm 2. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/inde x.cfm 3. ^ "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf 4. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gall ery/top10science-3.cfm 5. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/inde x.cfm 6. ^ "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf 7. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gall ery/top10science-3.cfm 8. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gall ery/top10science-3.cfm {10/29/1991} | Asteroid Gaspra7 (Ida encounter must occur later) |
[1] Description English: Asteroid en:951 Gaspra. Calvin J. Hamilton's website View of the Solar System describes this image as follows: ''This picture Gaspra is a combination of the highest-resolution images and color information obtained by the Galileo spacecraft. The Sun is shining from the right. The subtle color variations on Gaspra's surface have been exaggerated. en:Albedo and color variations are associated with surface en:topography. The bluish areas are regions of slightly higher albedo and tend to be associated with some of the crisper craters and with ridges. The slightly reddish areas, apparently concentrated in low areas, represent regions of somewhat lower albedo. In general, such patterns can be explained in terms of greater exposure of fresher rock in the brighter bluish areas and the accumulation of some en:regolith materials in the darker reddish areas. (Courtesy USGS/NASA/JPL)'' [1] Ελληνικά: Ο 951 Gaspra, ο πρώτος αστεροειδής που φωτογραφήθηκε από κοντά. Date 8 June 1992 Source English: Cropped from TIFF image from [http://www.solarviews.com/cap/ast/gaspr a3.htm Solarviews.com Author English: NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/81/951_Gaspra.jpg [2] The Asteroid 243 Ida and Its Moon Dactyl This color picture is made from images taken from the Galileo spacecraft about 14 minutes before its closest approach to asteroid 243 Ida on August 28, 1993. The range from the spacecraft was about 10,500 kilometers (6,500 miles). The images used are from the sequence in which Ida's moon was originally discovered; the tiny moon is visible to the right of the asteroid. The color is ''enhanced'' in the sense that the CCD camera is sensitive to near infrared wavelengths of light beyond human vision; a ''natural'' color picture of this asteroid would appear mostly gray. PD source: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/gali leo/gallery/images/top10-03.jpg |
9 YBN [1991 AD] 2 | 5857) The World Wide Web is released to the public by way of FTP.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/internet 2. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/internet {1991} MORE INFO [1] "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet |
[1] A geographic map of USENET sites and routes from December 1986. The map was one of the first produced by Brian Reid as part of a decade long USENET monitoring project. For details see the Map of the Month article ''Flowing from site to site'', Mappa.Mundi Magazine, May 2001. UNKNOWN source: http://personalpages.manchester. ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography//atla s/world_usenet_1986_large.gif [2] The NSFNET infrastructure and topology in 1991. (Source : NSFNET postscript maps from ftp://ftp.uu.net/inet/maps/nsfnet/.) ft p://ftp.uu.net/inet/maps/nsfnet/ UNKNOW N source: http://personalpages.manchester. ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography//atla s/nsfnet_t3topo.gif | |
8 YBN [1992 AD] 2 | 5859) The first free videophone program.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Videoconferencing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconfer encing 2. ^ "Videoconferencing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconfer encing {1992} |
[1] Screen capture showing Global Schoolhouse classrooms collaborating via CU-SeeMe (taken by Yvonne Marie Andres) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/c/cf/CU-Schools.GIF [2] Original screen capture of Global Schoolhouse students collaborating via CU-SeeMe taken by Yvonne Marie Andres. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/e/e8/CUcollaboration.gif | |
7 YBN [08/28/1993 AD] 8 9 | 5636) A ship discovers the first known moon of an asteroid.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gall ery/top10science-3.cfm 2. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/inde x.cfm 3. ^ "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf 4. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gall ery/top10science-3.cfm 5. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/inde x.cfm 6. ^ "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf 7. ^ http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/images/ida.html 8. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/jupi ter-timeline.cfm 9. ^ http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/images/ida.html | Asteroid Ida7 |
[1] The Asteroid 243 Ida and Its Moon Dactyl This color picture is made from images taken from the Galileo spacecraft about 14 minutes before its closest approach to asteroid 243 Ida on August 28, 1993. The range from the spacecraft was about 10,500 kilometers (6,500 miles). The images used are from the sequence in which Ida's moon was originally discovered; the tiny moon is visible to the right of the asteroid. The color is ''enhanced'' in the sense that the CCD camera is sensitive to near infrared wavelengths of light beyond human vision; a ''natural'' color picture of this asteroid would appear mostly gray. PD source: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/gali leo/gallery/images/top10-03.jpg [2] Description English: Asteroid en:951 Gaspra. Calvin J. Hamilton's website View of the Solar System describes this image as follows: ''This picture Gaspra is a combination of the highest-resolution images and color information obtained by the Galileo spacecraft. The Sun is shining from the right. The subtle color variations on Gaspra's surface have been exaggerated. en:Albedo and color variations are associated with surface en:topography. The bluish areas are regions of slightly higher albedo and tend to be associated with some of the crisper craters and with ridges. The slightly reddish areas, apparently concentrated in low areas, represent regions of somewhat lower albedo. In general, such patterns can be explained in terms of greater exposure of fresher rock in the brighter bluish areas and the accumulation of some en:regolith materials in the darker reddish areas. (Courtesy USGS/NASA/JPL)'' [1] Ελληνικά: Ο 951 Gaspra, ο πρώτος αστεροειδής που φωτογραφήθηκε από κοντά. Date 8 June 1992 Source English: Cropped from TIFF image from [http://www.solarviews.com/cap/ast/gaspr a3.htm Solarviews.com Author English: NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/81/951_Gaspra.jpg |
7 YBN [1993 AD] 2 | 5858) The first Internet browser.1 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/internet 2. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/internet {1993} MORE INFO [1] "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet |
[1] NCSA Mosaic™ 0.6 beta screenshot source: http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/Projects/mo saic.html Screenshot of NCSA Mosaic 1.0 web browser running on System 7.1 Source UNKNOWN source: http://gladiator.ncsa.illinois.e du/Images/press-images/mosaic.6beta.tif [2] Screenshot taken by User:Ozguy89 Article Mosaic (web browser) Portion used Low resolution? no Purpose of use To identify and illustrate the Mosaic web browser COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/a/a5/NCSAMosaic1.0Mac.png | |
5 YBN [12/07/1995 AD] 6 7 | 396) The first ship to orbit Jupiter.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecra ftDisplay.do?id=1989-084B 2. ^http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecra ftDisplay.do?id=1989-084B 3. ^http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecra ftDisplay.do?id=1989-084B 4. ^http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecra ftDisplay.do?id=1989-084B 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tOrbit.do?id=1989-084B 6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tOrbit.do?id=1989-084B {12/07/1995} 7. ^ http://www.sandia.gov/LabNews/LN02-09-01 /galileo/timeline_story.htm MORE INFO [1] "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf [2] http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gall ery/top10science-3.cfm | Jupiter5 |
[1] Drifting Galileo Date: 18 Oct 1989 Galileo spacecraft atop the inertial upper stage drifts into the blackness of space after deployment from the Space Shuttle Atlantis payload bay during mission STS-34 in October 1989. Image Credit: NASA Credit: NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/ea/Galileo_encounter_wit h_Io.gif [2] The Asteroid 243 Ida and Its Moon Dactyl This color picture is made from images taken from the Galileo spacecraft about 14 minutes before its closest approach to asteroid 243 Ida on August 28, 1993. The range from the spacecraft was about 10,500 kilometers (6,500 miles). The images used are from the sequence in which Ida's moon was originally discovered; the tiny moon is visible to the right of the asteroid. The color is ''enhanced'' in the sense that the CCD camera is sensitive to near infrared wavelengths of light beyond human vision; a ''natural'' color picture of this asteroid would appear mostly gray. PD source: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/mult imedia/gallery/STS34_10063774-browse.jpg |
4 YBN [11/25/1996 AD] 6 | 186) An animal is cloned by replacing the nucleus of an ovum with the nucleus from a somatic cell, and then stimulating the ovum with electrical pulses to start dividing.3 This proves that the DNA of the differentiated somatic cell does not involve an irreversible modification for the embryo to develop.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Wilmut, I. et al. "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells." Nature 385.6619 (1997): 810–813. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810a0.html {Wilmut_19961125.pdf} 2. ^ Wilmut, I. et al. "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells." Nature 385.6619 (1997): 810–813. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810a0.html {Wilmut_19961125.pdf} 3. ^ Wilmut, I. et al. "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells." Nature 385.6619 (1997): 810–813. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810a0.html {Wilmut_19961125.pdf} 4. ^ I. Wilmut, A. E. Schnieke*, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind* & K. H. S. Campbell, "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells", Nature 385, 810 - 813 (27 February 1997); doi:10.1038/385810a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810 a0.html {Wilmut_Ian_19961125.pdf} 5. ^ I. Wilmut, A. E. Schnieke*, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind* & K. H. S. Campbell, "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells", Nature 385, 810 - 813 (27 February 1997); doi:10.1038/385810a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810 a0.html {Wilmut_Ian_19961125.pdf} 6. ^ Wilmut, I. et al. "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells." Nature 385.6619 (1997): 810–813. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810a0.html { Wilmut_19961125.pdf} | (University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute), Roslin Midlothian, UK5 |
[1] Figre 2 from: I. Wilmut, A. E. Schnieke*, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind* & K. H. S. Campbell, ''Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells'', Nature 385, 810 - 813 (27 February 1997); doi:10.1038/385810a0 http://www.nature. com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810 a0.html {Wilmut_Ian_19961125.pdf} source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v385/n6619/abs/385810a0.html [2] Description English: Modified version of Commons image en:Category:Animal testing Date 2008-02-22 (original upload date) (Original text : 22 Feb 08) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia (Original text : Image:Dollyscotland.JPG) Author Origina l uploader was TimVickers at en.wikipedia (Original text : User:Llull on English Wikipedia) Permission (Reusing this file) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dollyscotland_% 28crop%29.jpg/1280px-Dollyscotland_%28cr op%29.jpg |
1 YBN [09/15/1999 AD] | 3887) The first images read directly from neurons.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Garrett B. Stanley, Fei F. Li, and Yang Dan, "Reconstruction of Natural Scenes from Ensemble Responses in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus", The Journal of Neuroscience, September 15, 1999, 19(18):8036-8042. http://www.jneurosci. org/cgi/content/full/19/18/8036 2. ^ Garrett B. Stanley, Fei F. Li, and Yang Dan, "Reconstruction of Natural Scenes from Ensemble Responses in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus", The Journal of Neuroscience, September 15, 1999, 19(18):8036-8042. http://www.jneurosci. org/cgi/content/full/19/18/8036 | (University of California, Berkeley) Berkeley, CA, USA2 |
[1] Figure 2. Reconstruction of natural scenes from the responses of a population of neurons. a, Receptive fields of 177 cells used in the reconstruction. Each receptive field was fitted with a two-dimensional Gaussian function. Each ellipse represents the contour at one SD from the center of the Gaussian fit. Note that the actual receptive fields (including surround) are considerably larger than these ellipses. Red, On center. Blue, Off center. An area of 32 × 32 pixels (0.2°/pixel) where movie signals were reconstructed is outlined in white. The grid inside the white square delineates the pixels. b, Comparison between the actual and the reconstructed images in an area of 6.4 × 6.4° (a, white square). Each panel shows four consecutive frames (interframe interval, 31.1 msec) of the actual (top) and the reconstructed (bottom) movies. Top panel, Scenes in the woods, with two trunks of trees as the most prominent objects. Middle panel, Scenes in the woods, with smaller tree branches. Bottom panel, A face at slightly different displacements on the screen. c, Quantitative comparison between the reconstructed and the actual movie signals. Top, Histogram of temporal correlation coefficients between the actual and the reconstructed signals (both as functions of time) at each pixel. The histogram was generated from 1024 (32 × 32) pixels in the white square. Bottom, Histogram of spatial correlation coefficients between the actual and the reconstructed signals (both as functions of spatial position) at each frame. The histogram was generated from 4096 frames (512 frames per movie; 8 movies). COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jneurosci.org/content /vol19/issue18/images/large/ns1893409002 .jpeg [2] Video from Yang Dan UNKNOWN source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t FdZ9eGTG5A |
1 YBN [09/20/1999 AD] 3 | 5833) Embryonic stem cells transplanted onto spinal cord tissue, are shown to differentiate, integrate with, and promote recovery in the spinal cord of injured rats.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ JOHN W. MCDONALD, XIAO-ZHONG LIU, YUN QU, SU LIU, SHANNON K. MICKEY, DOROTHY TURETSKY, DAVID I. GOTTLIEB, & DENNIS W. CHOI, "Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord", Nature medicine, (1999) volume: 5 issue: 12 page: 1410 http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v 5/n12/full/nm1299_1410.html {Choi_Denni s_W_19990920.pdf} 2. ^ JOHN W. MCDONALD, XIAO-ZHONG LIU, YUN QU, SU LIU, SHANNON K. MICKEY, DOROTHY TURETSKY, DAVID I. GOTTLIEB, & DENNIS W. CHOI, "Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord", Nature medicine, (1999) volume: 5 issue: 12 page: 1410 http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v 5/n12/full/nm1299_1410.html {Choi_Denni s_W_19990920.pdf} 3. ^ JOHN W. MCDONALD, XIAO-ZHONG LIU, YUN QU, SU LIU, SHANNON K. MICKEY, DOROTHY TURETSKY, DAVID I. GOTTLIEB, & DENNIS W. CHOI, "Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord", Nature medicine, (1999) volume: 5 issue: 12 page: 1410 http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v 5/n12/full/nm1299_1410.html {Choi_Denni s_W_19990920.pdf} {09/20/1999} | (Washington University School of Medicine) St. Louis, Missouri, USA2 |
[1] JOHN W. MCDONALD, XIAO-ZHONG LIU, YUN QU, SU LIU, SHANNON K. MICKEY, DOROTHY TURETSKY, DAVID I. GOTTLIEB, & DENNIS W. CHOI, ''Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord'', Nature medicine, (1999) volume: 5 issue: 12 page: 1410 http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v 5/n12/full/nm1299_1410.html {Choi_Denni s_W_19990920.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nm/journal /v5/n12/full/nm1299_1410.html |
0 YAN [02/14/2000 AD] 3 | 5638) A ship orbits an asteroid.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1996-008A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1996-008A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1996-008A {02/14/2000} | Asteroid Eros2 |
[1] Description WholeEros.jpg English: False color view of http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog /PIA02923 Original caption from NASA's Astronomy picture of the day...: Asteroid Eros Reconstructed Credit: NEAR Project, NLR, JHUAPL, Goddard SVS, NASA Explanation: Orbiting the Sun between Mars and Earth, asteroid 433 Eros was visited by the robot spacecraft NEAR-Shoemaker in 2000 February. High-resolution surface images and measurements made by NEAR's Laser Rangefinder (NLR) have been combined into the above visualization based on the derived 3D model of the tumbling space rock. NEAR allowed scientists to discover that Eros is a single solid body, that its composition is nearly uniform, and that it formed during the early years of our Solar System. Mysteries remain, however, including why some rocks on the surface have disintegrated. On 2001 February 12, the NEAR mission drew to a dramatic close as it was crash landed onto the asteroid's surface, surviving well enough to return an analysis of the composition of the surface regolith. In December of 2002, NASA made an unsuccessful attempt to communicate with the spacecraft after it spent 22 months resting on the asteroid's surface. NEAR will likely remain on the asteroid for billions of years as a monument to human ingenuity at the turn of the third millennium. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/25/WholeEros.jpg [2] Description Near Shoemaker.jpg Artist's conception of the NEAR Shoenmaker spacecraft. Originally from the NSSDC website: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/tmp/1996- 008A.html Date 2007-07-12 (original upload date) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Andy120290 at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) PD-LAYOUT; PD-USGOV-NASA. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/27/Near_Shoemaker.jpg |
0 YAN [12/05/2000 AD] 3 | 5823) The human genome is sequenced.1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ J. Craig Venter, et al, "The Sequence of the Human Genome", Science, New Series, Vol. 291, No. 5507 (Feb. 16, 2001), pp. 1304-1351 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 083494 {Venter_J_Craig_20001205.pdf} 2. ^ J. Craig Venter, et al, "The Sequence of the Human Genome", Science, New Series, Vol. 291, No. 5507 (Feb. 16, 2001), pp. 1304-1351 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 083494 {Venter_J_Craig_20001205.pdf} 3. ^ J. Craig Venter, et al, "The Sequence of the Human Genome", Science, New Series, Vol. 291, No. 5507 (Feb. 16, 2001), pp. 1304-1351 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 083494 {Venter_J_Craig_20001205.pdf} {12/05/2000} | (Celera Genomics) Rockville, Maryland, USA (and 13 other locations)2 |
[1] Figure 1 from: J. Craig Venter, et al, ''The Sequence of the Human Genome'', Science, New Series, Vol. 291, No. 5507 (Feb. 16, 2001), pp. 1304-1351 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 083494 {Venter_J_Craig_20001205.pdf} C OPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8f/Craigventer2.jpg [2] Description Craigventer2.jpg J. Craig Venter Date published September 4, 2007 Source A New Human Genome Sequence Paves the Way for Individualized Genomics Gross L PLoS Biology Vol. 5, No. 10, e266 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050266 http ://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?re quest=slideshow&type=figure&doi=10.1371/ journal.pbio.0050266&id=85043 Author Article by Liza Gross, but no photo credit given CC source: |
1 YAN [02/12/2001 AD] 5 | 5639) The first ship to land on an asteroid.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1996-008A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1996-008A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1996-008A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1996-008A 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1996-008A {02/12/2001} | Asteroid Eros4 |
[1] Description Erosregolith.jpg One of the last photos taken by the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft as it landed on the asteroid 433Eros Date 2003(2003) Source NASA Author NASA Permission (Reusing this file) public domain PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a6/Erosregolith.jpg [2] Description WholeEros.jpg English: False color view of http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog /PIA02923 Original caption from NASA's Astronomy picture of the day...: Asteroid Eros Reconstructed Credit: NEAR Project, NLR, JHUAPL, Goddard SVS, NASA Explanation: Orbiting the Sun between Mars and Earth, asteroid 433 Eros was visited by the robot spacecraft NEAR-Shoemaker in 2000 February. High-resolution surface images and measurements made by NEAR's Laser Rangefinder (NLR) have been combined into the above visualization based on the derived 3D model of the tumbling space rock. NEAR allowed scientists to discover that Eros is a single solid body, that its composition is nearly uniform, and that it formed during the early years of our Solar System. Mysteries remain, however, including why some rocks on the surface have disintegrated. On 2001 February 12, the NEAR mission drew to a dramatic close as it was crash landed onto the asteroid's surface, surviving well enough to return an analysis of the composition of the surface regolith. In December of 2002, NASA made an unsuccessful attempt to communicate with the spacecraft after it spent 22 months resting on the asteroid's surface. NEAR will likely remain on the asteroid for billions of years as a monument to human ingenuity at the turn of the third millennium. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/25/WholeEros.jpg |
1 YAN [06/28/2001 AD] 7 | 6192) A microscopic radio chip (an RFID chip).5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902. html 2. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902. html 3. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902. html 4. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902. html 5. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902. html 6. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” " http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/200 1/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010 628.pdf} 7. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” " http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/200 1/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010 628.pdf} {06/28/2001} MORE INFO [1] "World's tiniest RFID tag unveiled", BBC, 02/23/2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/t echnology/6389581.stm [2] http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/ 337 [3] http://www.thelibertyvoice.com/hitachi-d evelops-a-new-rfid-with-embedded-antenna -%C2%B5-chip | (Hitachi) Japan6 |
[1] Hitachi Develops a New RFID with Embedded Antenna µ-Chip --Makes Possible Wireless Links that Work Using Nothing More Than a 0.4mm X 0.4mm Chip, One of the World's Smallest ICs-- A New RFID with Embedded Antenna MU-Chip Tokyo, September 2, 2003-Hitachi, Ltd. (TSE: 6501) today announced that it has developed a new version of its RFID µ-Chip embedding an antenna. When using Hitachi's original µ-Chip, one of the world's smallest RFID ICs measuring only 0.4mm X 0.4mm, an external antenna must be attached to the chip to allow external devices to read the 128-bit ID number stored in its ROM (Read-Only-Memory). This newly developed version, however, features an internal antenna, enabling chips to employ the energy of incoming electrical waves to wirelessly transmit its ID number to a reader. The 0.4mm X 0.4mm chip can thus operate entirely on its own, making it possible to use µ-Chip as RFID IC tags without the need to attach external devices. This breakthrough opens the door to using µ-Chips as RFID IC tags in extremely minute and precise applications that had been impractical until now. For example, the new µ-Chip can be easily embedded in bank notes, gift certificates, documents and whole paper media etc. The µ-Chip, announced by Hitachi in July 2001, is one of the world's smallest IC chips at 0.4mm X 0.4mm. The chip data is recorded in read-only memory during the semiconductor production process, and therefore cannot be rewritten, thus guaranteeing its authenticity. Applications of the µ-Chip include a system for managing the SCM materials on sites, and entrance tickets for Expo 2005 Aichi Japan which opens on March 25, 2005. The primary features of this revolutionary µ-Chip are as follows. (1) A RFID IC chip measuring only 0.4mm X 0.4mm with built-in antenna Despite its extremely small size, this µ-Chip has a built-in antenna to permit contactless communications (at very close proximity) with other devices without using an external antenna. (2) No need for special manufacturing equipment The antenna is formed using bump-metalization technology (used to create the electrical contacts of an IC), a process already widely used by semiconductor manufacturers, thus eliminating any need for specialized equipment. (3) Complete compatibility with conventional µ-Chip With ID numbers and support systems that are fully compatible with those of existing µ-Chip, the new chip is fully compatible with all systems that use current µ-Chip technology. Hitachi plans to develop numerous markets for this chip that take full advantage of its outstanding features. Embedding the chip in securities, identification and other valuable documents such as vouchers offers a highly sophisticated means of preventing counterfeiting. Another high-potential application is agricultural products, where the chips can help ensure the safety of food by providing traceability of ingredients. Additionally, the chips can be embedded in business forms to automate logistics systems and many other business processes. UNKNOWN source: http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews /030902_030902.jpg [2] The world's smallest radio frequency identification tags have been unveiled by Japanese electronics firm Hitachi. The minute devices measure just 0.05mm by 0.05mm (0.002x0.002in) and to the naked eye look like spots of powder. Here the tiny tags can be seen next to a human hair UNKNOWN source: http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/i mages/42606000/jpg/_42606003_tag_203.jpg |
2 YAN [02/16/2002 AD] 6 | 6332) A remote control device emits drugs inside a human body.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Farra, Robert et al. “First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled Drug Delivery Microchip.” Science Translational Medicine (2012): n. pag. http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/ early/2012/02/15/scitranslmed.3003276 2. ^ LAURAN NEERGAARD, "Remote-controlled chip implant delivers bone drug", 02/16/2012 AP article. http://news.yahoo.com/remote-c ontrolled-chip-implant-delivers-bone-dru g-190616595.html 3. ^ Farra, Robert et al. “First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled Drug Delivery Microchip.” Science Translational Medicine (2012): n. pag. http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/ early/2012/02/15/scitranslmed.3003276 4. ^ LAURAN NEERGAARD, "Remote-controlled chip implant delivers bone drug", 02/16/2012 AP article. http://news.yahoo.com/remote-c ontrolled-chip-implant-delivers-bone-dru g-190616595.html 5. ^ Farra, Robert et al. “First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled Drug Delivery Microchip.” Science Translational Medicine (2012): n. pag. http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/ early/2012/02/15/scitranslmed.3003276 6. ^ Farra, Robert et al. “First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled Drug Delivery Microchip.” Science Translational Medicine (2012): n. pag. http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/ early/2012/02/15/scitranslmed.3003276 MORE INFO [1] http://news.yahoo.com/photos/health-1316 123812-slideshow/device-may-someday-allo w-patients-avoid-daily-injections-photo- 191903806.html | (CCBR-SYNARC) Denmark5 |
[1] Plate 1 figures A-C Farra, Robert et al. “First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled Drug Delivery Microchip.” Science Translational Medicine (2012): n. pag. http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/ early/2012/02/15/scitranslmed.3003276 C OPYRIGHTED source: Farra, Robert et al. “First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled Drug Delivery Microchip.” Science Translational Medicine (2012): n. pag. http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/ early/2012/02/15/scitranslmed.3003276 [2] Plate 4 figures A-H Farra, Robert et al. “First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled Drug Delivery Microchip.” Science Translational Medicine (2012): n. pag. http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/ early/2012/02/15/scitranslmed.3003276 C OPYRIGHTED source: |
3 YAN [04/04/2003 AD] 6 | 6195) A nanometer scale electric motor.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ A. M. Fennimore, T. D. Yuzvinsky, Wei-Qiang Han, M. S. Fuhrer, J. Cumings & A. Zettl, “Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) : 408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html 2. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) : 408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html 3. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) : 408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html 4. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) : 408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html 5. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) : 408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html 6. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) : 408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html {04/04/2003} MORE INFO [1] http://www.mpoweruk.com/motorsspecial.ht m | (University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA5 |
[1] Credit: Zettl Research Group LBNL, University of California, Berkley Electric Drives - Special Purpose Motors (Description and Applications) Motor Construction Special purpose designs have been developed to solve a wide range of drive problems. Some common examples are included here. Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) The electronically controlled integrated starter generator used in mild hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combines the automotive starter and alternator into a single machine. The conventional starter is a low speed, high current DC machine, while the alternator is a variable speed 3 phase AC machine. The ISG has four important functions in a hybrid vehicle application It enables the ''start-stop'' function, turning off the engine when the vehicle is stationary saving fuel. It generates the electrical energy to power all the electrical ancillaries. It provides a power boost to assist the engine when required, permitting smaller engines for similar performance. In some configurations it recuperates energy from regenerative braking. In a typical implementation (below), the ISG is a short axis, large diameter ''pancake'' shaped switched reluctance machine mounted directly on the end of the engine crankshaft between the engine and the clutch in the gearbox bell housing. Image source Long, Schofield, Howe, Piron & McClelland ''Design of a Switched Reluctance Machine for Extended Speed Operation'' IMEDC June 2003 The ISG is a bi-directional energy converter acting as a motor when powered by the battery or a generator when driven by the engine. The system voltage in a mild HEV is 42 Volts which means that, for the same cranking power as a 12 Volt machine, the starter current can be reduced. Typical power throughput is between 5kW and 15 kW with a possible peak power of 70 kW for cold cranking.. The brushless ISG design eliminates one rotating machine completely as well as the associated commutator and brushes from the DC machine and the sliprings and brushes from the AC machine. The starter solenoid, the Bendix ring (starter gear) and the pulley or gear drive to the alternator are also no longer needed and because of the higher system voltage, the diameter and weight of the copper cabling is also reduced substantially. The savings however come at a cost. The system must be integrated with several subsystems as follows An AC/DC converter to rectify the generator output voltage. A DC/DC converter to supply the vehicle's electrical power system voltages. Power electronics and software to control the ISG current, voltage, speed, torque and temperature as appropriate. An overall energy management system integrated with the vehicle's engine, battery and brakes. Larger versions of this construction are also used in full hybrid electric vehicles. The switched reluctance machine with its simple rotor of inert iron is very robust, able to operate at high speed and to withstand the harsh operating conditions in the engine compartment. History Outer Rotor Motors There are many designs using this construction, mostly for small sizes. Two examples of low power motors are shown below. High power versions are used for ''in wheel'' automotive applications. Inside Out Motor These are permanent magnet motors with the moving magnets arranged around the periphery of a multi pole fixed stator carrying the field windings. Used for automotive drive systems including in-wheel motors. Low power versions used in small cooling fans and direct drive record player turntables. Toroidal Coil Motor This is an ''inside out'' brushless permanent magnet motor with a toroidal wound stator covered by a cup shaped permanent magnet outer rotor. Because of the low inertia and friction free rotor, the toroidal motor is capable of speeds up to 25,000 RPM. Suitable for low power applications it is used for example to drive the polygonal rotating mirrors which are mounted directly on the rotor in laser printers. Linear Motors In most cases the linear motor can be considered as a conventional rotary motor with both the stator and the rotor split and rolled out flat. The same electromagnetic forces apply and these have been employed in similar classes of AC and DC machines. Except for traction motors the travel of the motor armature is usually quite short. Linear Stepping Motors The most common application is the stepping motor. Stator poles are laid out along the track and excited by windings fed from a pulsed DC source. Permanent magnets forming the armature are held in the carriage. The carriage moves along the track in response to pulses sent to the the stator windings in much the same way as the rotor turns in a brushless DC motor. Closed loop control is possible by mounting a position sensor on the carriage. Despite the elegance of the linear motor, linear motion is more often provided by the less expensive and more mundane method of using a rotary stepping motor driving a lead screw. Maglev Traction Motors The principle of the linear induction motor is used to propel high speed Maglev (Magnetic Levitation) trains which float on a magnetic field created by electromagnets in the trackbed under the train . A separate set of trackside guidance magnets is used to control the lateral position of the train relative to the track. Thus the maglev train uses electromagnetic forces for three different tasks, to suspend, to guide and to propel the train. Maglev trains have been developed in several countries of the world using a variety of configurations. Examples of the essential features are described below. Propulsion The train has no onboard motor. Electromagnets in the trackbed are excited in sequence creating a linear rather than a rotating field. By transformer action, the trackbed coils induce currents in coils on board the train which are used to energise powerful electromagnets. The Lorentz force between the trackbed currents and the the onboard electromagnets causes the magnets to be propelled along by the moving field. The principles involved are very similar to those of the induction motor but with the static and moving parts interchanged. See diagram below. For illustrative purposes the track can be likened to a ladder formed by the unrolled squirrel cage rotor of the induction motor. In this case however it is fixed and it supplies the moving field. Currents are induced in the train's electromagnets which are equivalent to the stator poles of the induction motor but in this case the magnets are free to move. In practical designs the trackbed currents are actually provided in a series of individual coils laid along the track. Levitation Various levitation schemes are used. The force holding the train aloft can be created by the magnetic repulsion between the same electromagnets on the track and the onboard electromagnets in the train which are used for propulsion. The train's levitating magnets are powered by direct current supplied by a battery which is kept charged by an induction generator taking its power from the currents induced by the trackbed coils in the onboard generator coils. In the diagram above, when the magnet is directly above the current carrying conductor as shown, the magnetic forces (north and south poles) from the two adjacent current loops cancel out and there is no lift. If however the magnet is moving very quickly over the coils, it will reach a position over like, repulsive, poles (north poles in the diagram) which are displaced from the attractive south poles so that the net effect is a force repelling the magnet away from the track. This is only possible because the current in the trackbed magnets lags the voltage due to the inductance of the windings, creating a delay in the build up of the balanced field by which time the magnet has moved into the adjacent region where there is a net repulsive force. This effect only happens when the magnet on the train is moving at high speed across the trackbed magnets. Thus the train needs to be in motion for this system to work and the train needs wheels for support as it accelerates from rest and when it is slowing to a halt. Alternatively levitation can be provided by separate windings. The train's levitation magnets protrude from the side of the train and run between pairs of vertically separated electromagnets in guideways at each side of the train, rather than in the trackbed. This arrangement creates an attractive force above the train's magnets combined with a repulsive force beneath the train's magnets to provide the levitating force. Guidance For guidance the train uses magnetic fields provided by a separate set of weaker magnets along each side of the train. Similar in principle to the levitation magnets they are used to control the lateral position of the train relative to the track. Excitation of the trackside magnets is arranged such that only the section under the train is active. As the train moves along the track between sections the current to the previous section is switched off and the current to the next section is switched on pulling the train along. This serves the dual purpose of avoiding losses by energising only the section of track directly under the train and at the same time, since the power to the rest of the track is switched off, it provides security against electric shock to anybody near to the track and avoids the possibility of accidentally short circuiting the system by dropping rubbish onto live conductors. Very high armature currents of thousands of amps or more are involved and some designs use high temperature superconductors ( HTS ) in the onboard magnets, cooled with liquid nitrogen or helium to minimise the resistive losses. As might be expected some sophisticated control systems are needed to keep everything on track. History Axial Field Motors Axial field motors have been developed for applications which require short, flat, ''pancake'' construction. Printed Circuit (PCB) or ''Pancake'' Motor The printed circuit motor is an example of an ironless or coreless motor with several unique features. The pancake construction uses an axial magnetic field to achieve the short flat construction. Radial field PCB motors are also possible. Construction The rotor windings are printed, stamped or welded onto a thin, disc shaped glass fibre circuit board which rotates in the air gap between pairs of permanent magnets arranged around the periphery of the disk. The windings fan out in a series of radial loops around the surface of the disk. The magnets are arranged alternatively north and south so that the magnetic fields in the air gaps of adjacent magnet pairs are in opposite directions. The magnets are held in place by two iron end caps in a compact ''pancake'' shaped block to complete the magnetic circuit. Current is fed to the rotor windings via brushes through precious metal commutator segments printed on the disc. Operating Principle Traditional electric motors have a radial magnetic field or flux with the rotor current flowing axially along the length of the rotor. In typical printed circuit motors the construction is reversed. The magnetic field is axial (oriented along the axis of the machine) and the current flows radially from the axis to the edge of the disc and back again. A tangential force on the disk is created by the current passing through the magnetic fields in the air gaps between the pole pairs of the permanent magnets. So that the return current does not cancel out the effect of the outgoing current, the return wire is physically separated or displaced to one side from the outgoing wire by the width of the magnet. In this way it interacts with the magnetic field of the adjacent magnet which is in the opposite direction and thus reinforces the tangential force on the disk. In many ways it is similar to Faraday's 1831disk or homopolar motor which used a single magnet and was driven by a unidirectional current fed by brushes at the centre and on the periphery of the disk. Applications The printed circuit motor is a very compact and light weight design making it useful in confined spaces. Since the rotor does not have drag a lump of iron around, it has very low inertia and can run up to speed very quickly. Because of the many commutator segments and the low current capability of the windings, the PCB motor is only suitable for low power applications and is not suitable for continuous operation. It is however ideal for servo systems and industrial controls and automotive applications such as electric window winders. Micro-motors (Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems - MEMS) Electrostatic Motor The motor shown below is an example of semiconductor manufacturing technology used to fabricate very small mechanical components. It measures 100 microns across, or about the width of a human hair. Similar in principle to a reluctance motor, it depends on electrostatic attraction, rather than magnetic attraction, between the stator and rotor poles. Because the dimensions are so tiny, very high electric fields can be built up with only a few volts between the motor poles. Fan Long-Shen, Tai Yu-Chong and Richard S. Muller 1989 IC-processed electrostatic micromotors Sensors Actuators 20 41-7 Fan L-S, Tai Y-C and R S Muller 1988 Integrated moveable micromechanical structures for sensors and actuators IEEE Trans. Electron Devices The motor is not assembled from individual components. Instead the components are built up on a semiconductor substrate by masking and etching and a mask-less post-processing release step is performed to etch away sacrificial layers, allowing the structural layers to move and rotate. Micromachined micromotors can be monolithically integrated together with the necessary CMOS drive circuits, containing oscillators, frequency dividers and counters, and transistors for the drive circuit all on one silicon chip. Common uses include defense/munitions applications, computer hard drives, optics, sensors and actuators. History Nano-motors (Nano-ElectroMechanical Systems - NEMS) Electrostatic Motor Even smaller motors have been made using nanotechnology. An example is shown below. It consists of a tiny gold slab rotor, about 100 nm square, mounted on concentric carbon nanotubes. The outer tube carries the rotor, driven by electrostatic electrodes, rotating around an inner tube which acts as a supporting shaft. By applying voltage pulses of up to 5 Volts between the rotor plate and stators, the position, speed and direction of rotation of the rotor can be controlled. It measures about 500 nanometers across, 300 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. UNKNOWN source: http://www.mpoweruk.com/images/n ems.gif [2] Credit: Zettl Research Group LBNL, University of California, Berkley Electric Drives - Special Purpose Motors (Description and Applications) Motor Construction Special purpose designs have been developed to solve a wide range of drive problems. Some common examples are included here. Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) The electronically controlled integrated starter generator used in mild hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combines the automotive starter and alternator into a single machine. The conventional starter is a low speed, high current DC machine, while the alternator is a variable speed 3 phase AC machine. The ISG has four important functions in a hybrid vehicle application It enables the ''start-stop'' function, turning off the engine when the vehicle is stationary saving fuel. It generates the electrical energy to power all the electrical ancillaries. It provides a power boost to assist the engine when required, permitting smaller engines for similar performance. In some configurations it recuperates energy from regenerative braking. In a typical implementation (below), the ISG is a short axis, large diameter ''pancake'' shaped switched reluctance machine mounted directly on the end of the engine crankshaft between the engine and the clutch in the gearbox bell housing. Image source Long, Schofield, Howe, Piron & McClelland ''Design of a Switched Reluctance Machine for Extended Speed Operation'' IMEDC June 2003 The ISG is a bi-directional energy converter acting as a motor when powered by the battery or a generator when driven by the engine. The system voltage in a mild HEV is 42 Volts which means that, for the same cranking power as a 12 Volt machine, the starter current can be reduced. Typical power throughput is between 5kW and 15 kW with a possible peak power of 70 kW for cold cranking.. The brushless ISG design eliminates one rotating machine completely as well as the associated commutator and brushes from the DC machine and the sliprings and brushes from the AC machine. The starter solenoid, the Bendix ring (starter gear) and the pulley or gear drive to the alternator are also no longer needed and because of the higher system voltage, the diameter and weight of the copper cabling is also reduced substantially. The savings however come at a cost. The system must be integrated with several subsystems as follows An AC/DC converter to rectify the generator output voltage. A DC/DC converter to supply the vehicle's electrical power system voltages. Power electronics and software to control the ISG current, voltage, speed, torque and temperature as appropriate. An overall energy management system integrated with the vehicle's engine, battery and brakes. Larger versions of this construction are also used in full hybrid electric vehicles. The switched reluctance machine with its simple rotor of inert iron is very robust, able to operate at high speed and to withstand the harsh operating conditions in the engine compartment. History Outer Rotor Motors There are many designs using this construction, mostly for small sizes. Two examples of low power motors are shown below. High power versions are used for ''in wheel'' automotive applications. Inside Out Motor These are permanent magnet motors with the moving magnets arranged around the periphery of a multi pole fixed stator carrying the field windings. Used for automotive drive systems including in-wheel motors. Low power versions used in small cooling fans and direct drive record player turntables. Toroidal Coil Motor This is an ''inside out'' brushless permanent magnet motor with a toroidal wound stator covered by a cup shaped permanent magnet outer rotor. Because of the low inertia and friction free rotor, the toroidal motor is capable of speeds up to 25,000 RPM. Suitable for low power applications it is used for example to drive the polygonal rotating mirrors which are mounted directly on the rotor in laser printers. Linear Motors In most cases the linear motor can be considered as a conventional rotary motor with both the stator and the rotor split and rolled out flat. The same electromagnetic forces apply and these have been employed in similar classes of AC and DC machines. Except for traction motors the travel of the motor armature is usually quite short. Linear Stepping Motors The most common application is the stepping motor. Stator poles are laid out along the track and excited by windings fed from a pulsed DC source. Permanent magnets forming the armature are held in the carriage. The carriage moves along the track in response to pulses sent to the the stator windings in much the same way as the rotor turns in a brushless DC motor. Closed loop control is possible by mounting a position sensor on the carriage. Despite the elegance of the linear motor, linear motion is more often provided by the less expensive and more mundane method of using a rotary stepping motor driving a lead screw. Maglev Traction Motors The principle of the linear induction motor is used to propel high speed Maglev (Magnetic Levitation) trains which float on a magnetic field created by electromagnets in the trackbed under the train . A separate set of trackside guidance magnets is used to control the lateral position of the train relative to the track. Thus the maglev train uses electromagnetic forces for three different tasks, to suspend, to guide and to propel the train. Maglev trains have been developed in several countries of the world using a variety of configurations. Examples of the essential features are described below. Propulsion The train has no onboard motor. Electromagnets in the trackbed are excited in sequence creating a linear rather than a rotating field. By transformer action, the trackbed coils induce currents in coils on board the train which are used to energise powerful electromagnets. The Lorentz force between the trackbed currents and the the onboard electromagnets causes the magnets to be propelled along by the moving field. The principles involved are very similar to those of the induction motor but with the static and moving parts interchanged. See diagram below. For illustrative purposes the track can be likened to a ladder formed by the unrolled squirrel cage rotor of the induction motor. In this case however it is fixed and it supplies the moving field. Currents are induced in the train's electromagnets which are equivalent to the stator poles of the induction motor but in this case the magnets are free to move. In practical designs the trackbed currents are actually provided in a series of individual coils laid along the track. Levitation Various levitation schemes are used. The force holding the train aloft can be created by the magnetic repulsion between the same electromagnets on the track and the onboard electromagnets in the train which are used for propulsion. The train's levitating magnets are powered by direct current supplied by a battery which is kept charged by an induction generator taking its power from the currents induced by the trackbed coils in the onboard generator coils. In the diagram above, when the magnet is directly above the current carrying conductor as shown, the magnetic forces (north and south poles) from the two adjacent current loops cancel out and there is no lift. If however the magnet is moving very quickly over the coils, it will reach a position over like, repulsive, poles (north poles in the diagram) which are displaced from the attractive south poles so that the net effect is a force repelling the magnet away from the track. This is only possible because the current in the trackbed magnets lags the voltage due to the inductance of the windings, creating a delay in the build up of the balanced field by which time the magnet has moved into the adjacent region where there is a net repulsive force. This effect only happens when the magnet on the train is moving at high speed across the trackbed magnets. Thus the train needs to be in motion for this system to work and the train needs wheels for support as it accelerates from rest and when it is slowing to a halt. Alternatively levitation can be provided by separate windings. The train's levitation magnets protrude from the side of the train and run between pairs of vertically separated electromagnets in guideways at each side of the train, rather than in the trackbed. This arrangement creates an attractive force above the train's magnets combined with a repulsive force beneath the train's magnets to provide the levitating force. Guidance For guidance the train uses magnetic fields provided by a separate set of weaker magnets along each side of the train. Similar in principle to the levitation magnets they are used to control the lateral position of the train relative to the track. Excitation of the trackside magnets is arranged such that only the section under the train is active. As the train moves along the track between sections the current to the previous section is switched off and the current to the next section is switched on pulling the train along. This serves the dual purpose of avoiding losses by energising only the section of track directly under the train and at the same time, since the power to the rest of the track is switched off, it provides security against electric shock to anybody near to the track and avoids the possibility of accidentally short circuiting the system by dropping rubbish onto live conductors. Very high armature currents of thousands of amps or more are involved and some designs use high temperature superconductors ( HTS ) in the onboard magnets, cooled with liquid nitrogen or helium to minimise the resistive losses. As might be expected some sophisticated control systems are needed to keep everything on track. History Axial Field Motors Axial field motors have been developed for applications which require short, flat, ''pancake'' construction. Printed Circuit (PCB) or ''Pancake'' Motor The printed circuit motor is an example of an ironless or coreless motor with several unique features. The pancake construction uses an axial magnetic field to achieve the short flat construction. Radial field PCB motors are also possible. Construction The rotor windings are printed, stamped or welded onto a thin, disc shaped glass fibre circuit board which rotates in the air gap between pairs of permanent magnets arranged around the periphery of the disk. The windings fan out in a series of radial loops around the surface of the disk. The magnets are arranged alternatively north and south so that the magnetic fields in the air gaps of adjacent magnet pairs are in opposite directions. The magnets are held in place by two iron end caps in a compact ''pancake'' shaped block to complete the magnetic circuit. Current is fed to the rotor windings via brushes through precious metal commutator segments printed on the disc. Operating Principle Traditional electric motors have a radial magnetic field or flux with the rotor current flowing axially along the length of the rotor. In typical printed circuit motors the construction is reversed. The magnetic field is axial (oriented along the axis of the machine) and the current flows radially from the axis to the edge of the disc and back again. A tangential force on the disk is created by the current passing through the magnetic fields in the air gaps between the pole pairs of the permanent magnets. So that the return current does not cancel out the effect of the outgoing current, the return wire is physically separated or displaced to one side from the outgoing wire by the width of the magnet. In this way it interacts with the magnetic field of the adjacent magnet which is in the opposite direction and thus reinforces the tangential force on the disk. In many ways it is similar to Faraday's 1831disk or homopolar motor which used a single magnet and was driven by a unidirectional current fed by brushes at the centre and on the periphery of the disk. Applications The printed circuit motor is a very compact and light weight design making it useful in confined spaces. Since the rotor does not have drag a lump of iron around, it has very low inertia and can run up to speed very quickly. Because of the many commutator segments and the low current capability of the windings, the PCB motor is only suitable for low power applications and is not suitable for continuous operation. It is however ideal for servo systems and industrial controls and automotive applications such as electric window winders. Micro-motors (Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems - MEMS) Electrostatic Motor The motor shown below is an example of semiconductor manufacturing technology used to fabricate very small mechanical components. It measures 100 microns across, or about the width of a human hair. Similar in principle to a reluctance motor, it depends on electrostatic attraction, rather than magnetic attraction, between the stator and rotor poles. Because the dimensions are so tiny, very high electric fields can be built up with only a few volts between the motor poles. Fan Long-Shen, Tai Yu-Chong and Richard S. Muller 1989 IC-processed electrostatic micromotors Sensors Actuators 20 41-7 Fan L-S, Tai Y-C and R S Muller 1988 Integrated moveable micromechanical structures for sensors and actuators IEEE Trans. Electron Devices The motor is not assembled from individual components. Instead the components are built up on a semiconductor substrate by masking and etching and a mask-less post-processing release step is performed to etch away sacrificial layers, allowing the structural layers to move and rotate. Micromachined micromotors can be monolithically integrated together with the necessary CMOS drive circuits, containing oscillators, frequency dividers and counters, and transistors for the drive circuit all on one silicon chip. Common uses include defense/munitions applications, computer hard drives, optics, sensors and actuators. History Nano-motors (Nano-ElectroMechanical Systems - NEMS) Electrostatic Motor Even smaller motors have been made using nanotechnology. An example is shown below. It consists of a tiny gold slab rotor, about 100 nm square, mounted on concentric carbon nanotubes. The outer tube carries the rotor, driven by electrostatic electrodes, rotating around an inner tube which acts as a supporting shaft. By applying voltage pulses of up to 5 Volts between the rotor plate and stators, the position, speed and direction of rotation of the rotor can be controlled. It measures about 500 nanometers across, 300 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. UNKNOWN source: http://www.mpoweruk.com/images/n ems.gif |
4 YAN [07/01/2004 AD] 7 | 5641) The first ship to orbit Saturn.4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/satur ntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ 2. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/satur ntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ 3. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/satur ntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ 4. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/satur ntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ 5. ^ "Cassini-Huygens." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cassini-huy gens 6. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/satur ntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ 7. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/satur ntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ {07/01/2004} MORE INFO [1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1997-061A | Planet Saturn6 |
[1] * original caption: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) workers use a borescope to verify pressure relief device bellows integrity on a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) which has been installed on the Cassini spacecraft in the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility. The activity is part of the mechanical and electrical verification testing of RTGs during prelaunch processing. RTGs use heat from the natural decay of plutonium to generate electric power. The three RTGs on Cassini will enable the spacecraft to operate far from the Sun where solar power systems are not feasible. They will provide electrical power to Cassini on its 6.7-year trip to the Saturnian system and during its four-year mission at Saturn. The Cassini mission is scheduled for an Oct. 6 launch aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur expendable launch vehicle. Cassini is built and managed for NASA by JPL. * date: 18. Dec 1997 * image ID: KSC-97PC-1070 * source: http://nix.ksc.nasa.gov/info;jsessionid= 1tplxxjif20rp?id=KSC-97PC-1070&orgid=5 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/61/Cassini_assembly.jpg [2] Original Caption Released with Image: This is an artists concept of Cassini during the Saturn Orbit Insertion (SOI) maneuver, just after the main engine has begun firing. The spacecraft is moving out of the plane of the page and to the right (firing to reduce its spacecraft velocity with respect to Saturn) and has just crossed the ring plane. The SOI maneuver, which is approximately 90 minutes long, will allow Cassini to be captured by Saturn's gravity into a five-month orbit. Cassini's close proximity to the planet after the maneuver offers a unique opportunity to observe Saturn and its rings at extremely high resolution. Source: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog /PIA03883 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/b2/Cassini_Saturn_Orbit_ Insertion.jpg |
4 YAN [07/22/2004 AD] 4 | 6655) The first image of a planet of a different star.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "A giant planet candidate near a young brown dwarf. Direct VLT/NACO observations using IR wavefront sensing", G. Chauvin, A.-M. Lagrange, C. Dumas, B. Zuckerman, D. Mouillet, I. Song, J.-L. Beuzit, P. Lowrance, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 425 (October 2004), pp. L29�L32. Bibcode: 2004A&A...425L..29C doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400056. http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200400 056 2. ^ "A giant planet candidate near a young brown dwarf. Direct VLT/NACO observations using IR wavefront sensing", G. Chauvin, A.-M. Lagrange, C. Dumas, B. Zuckerman, D. Mouillet, I. Song, J.-L. Beuzit, P. Lowrance, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 425 (October 2004), pp. L29�L32. Bibcode: 2004A&A...425L..29C doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400056. http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200400 056 3. ^ "A giant planet candidate near a young brown dwarf. Direct VLT/NACO observations using IR wavefront sensing", G. Chauvin, A.-M. Lagrange, C. Dumas, B. Zuckerman, D. Mouillet, I. Song, J.-L. Beuzit, P. Lowrance, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 425 (October 2004), pp. L29�L32. Bibcode: 2004A&A...425L..29C doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400056. http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200400 056 4. ^ "A giant planet candidate near a young brown dwarf. Direct VLT/NACO observations using IR wavefront sensing", G. Chauvin, A.-M. Lagrange, C. Dumas, B. Zuckerman, D. Mouillet, I. Song, J.-L. Beuzit, P. Lowrance, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 425 (October 2004), pp. L29�L32. Bibcode: 2004A&A...425L..29C doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400056. http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200400 056 MORE INFO [1] "Ross 458(AB) c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Exoplanet.eu. http://exoplanet.eu/catal og/?f=%22imaging%22+IN+detection | (European Southern Observatory) Santiago, Chili3 |
[1] Figure 1: Composite image of brown dwarf 2M1207 and its GPCC in H (blue), $K_{rm s}$ (green) and $L~!'$ (red). The companion appears clearly distinguishable in comparison to the color of the brown dwarf 2M1207. UNKNOWN source: http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa /full/2004/38/aagg222/img11.gif [2] Description Foto subida en remplazo de Imagen:First_Exoplanet_picture.jpg, subida en fecha 9 oct, 2004, accidentalmente borrada. Licencia de uso libre con atribución al European Southern Observatory: ESO Press Photos may be reproduced, if credit is given to the European Southern Observatory. Fuente: http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr -2004/pr-23-04.html es:Categoría:Imág enes con condiciones de uso Date 2005-05-01 (original upload date) Source Originally from es.wikipedia; description page is/was here (original source). Author Original uploader was Ascánder at es.wikipedia CC source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wik ipedia/commons/1/12/Primera_foto_planeta _extrasolar_ESO.jpg |
4 YAN [11/29/2004 AD] | 5832) Stem cells are used to repair damaged nerves, allowing a paralyzed human to walk.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Stem cell therapy brings paralyzed to feet", ChinaDaily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-11/29/content_395570.h tm 2. ^ "Stem cell therapy brings paralyzed to feet", ChinaDaily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-11/29/content_395570.h tm 3. ^ "Stem cell therapy brings paralyzed to feet", ChinaDaily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-11/29/content_395570.h tm 4. ^ "Stem cell therapy brings paralyzed to feet", ChinaDaily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-11/29/content_395570.h tm MORE INFO [1] Kang KS, Kim SW, Oh YH, et al. (2005). "A 37-year-old spinal cord-injured female patient, transplanted of multipotent stem cells from human UC blood, with improved sensory perception and mobility, both functionally and morphologically: a case study". Cytotherapy 7 (4): 368–73. DOI:10.1080/14653240500238160. PMID 16162459 [2] "team co-headed by researchers at Chosun University", Seoul National University and the Seoul Cord Blood Bank (SCB) Umbilical cord cells 'allow paralysed woman to walk' By Roger Highfield, Science Editor. Last Updated: 1:28AM GMT 30 Nov 2004 | (Chosun University) Kwangju, South Korea4 |
[1] Figure 2 The atrophied spinal cord is expanded after stem cell administration with total laminectomy on pre-contrast axial CT films (b). The lowermost portion of the atrophied spinal cord is enlarged, along with thinning and interruption of the calcified pia mater at the T12–L1 level on pre-contrast axial CT films (d). Sagittal T2 weighted SE MRI reveal regenerating spinal cord at the injured level (arrow, f) and some of the cauda equina below it (arrow heads, f). CT images before cell transplantation (a, c) and MRI image before cell transplantation (e). Fig 2 from: Kang KS, Kim SW, Oh YH, et al. (2005). ''A 37-year-old spinal cord-injured female patient, transplanted of multipotent stem cells from human UC blood, with improved sensory perception and mobility, both functionally and morphologically: a case study''. Cytotherapy 7 (4): 368–73. DOI:10.1080/14653240500238160. PMID 16162459. COPYRIGHTED source: http://informahealthcare.com/na1 01/home/literatum/publisher/ashley/journ als/content/cyt/2005/cyt.2005.7.issue-4/ 14653240500238160/production/images/larg e/14653240500238160fig002.jpeg |
5 YAN [01/14/2005 AD] 5 | 5642) A ship lands on a moon of Saturn (Titan).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/satur ntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ 2. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/satur ntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ 3. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/satur ntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ 4. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/satur ntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ 5. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/satur ntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ {01/14/2005} MORE INFO [1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf tDisplay.do?id=1997-061A | Planet Saturn, moon Titan4 |
[1] Description Huygens on Titan.jpg English: This artist's impression is based on images from Huygens landing on Titan. In the foreground, sits the car-sized lander that sent back images for more than 90 minutes before running out of battery power. The parachute that slowed Huygen's re-entry is seen in the background, still attached to the lander. Smooth stones, possibly containing water-ice, are strewn about the landscape. Analyses of Huygen's images and data show that Titan's surface today has intriguing similarities to the surface of the early Earth. Date 8 March 2010(2010-03-08) Source NASA Image of the Day Author ESA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/bc/Huygens_on_Titan.jpg [2] English: Image of Titan's surface taken by the Huygens probe on 14 January 2005. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/bc/Huygens_surface_color .jpg |
8 YAN [06/10/2008 AD] 3 | 6582) That mass and motion cannot be converted into each other is recognized.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington, "Mass is Conserved, and Velocity is Conserved, but can Mass and Velocity be Exchanged?", 06/10/2008. http://www.tedhuntington.co m/paper_mass_velocity.htm 2. ^ Ted Huntington, "Mass is Conserved, and Velocity is Conserved, but can Mass and Velocity be Exchanged?", 06/10/2008. http://www.tedhuntington.co m/paper_mass_velocity.htm 3. ^ Ted Huntington, "Mass is Conserved, and Velocity is Conserved, but can Mass and Velocity be Exchanged?", 06/10/2008. http://www.tedhuntington.co m/paper_mass_velocity.htm | (UC Irvine) Irvine, CA, USA2 |
[1] http://www.tedhuntington.com/paper_mass_ velocity.htm source: Ted Huntington, "Mass is Conserved, and Velocity is Conserved, but can Mass and Velocity be Exchanged?", 06/10/2008. http://www.tedhuntington.co m/paper_mass_velocity.htm |
8 YAN [12/10/2008 AD] 8 | 3886) The first remote neuron reading. An image of what the eyes are seeing is captured remotely using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).5 Different syllables of thought-audio are also distinguished remotely.6 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0 896-6273(08)00958-6 2. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0 896-6273(08)00958-6 3. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0 896-6273(08)00958-6 4. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0 896-6273(08)00958-6 5. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0 896-6273(08)00958-6 6. ^ personal communication, see most of Kamatani's email correspondence with me at: http://www.tedhuntington.com/neuron_read ing_and_writing.htm 7. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0 896-6273(08)00958-6 8. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0 896-6273(08)00958-6 {12/10/2008} MORE INFO [1] http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thoug ht-recorder-created-by-japanese-research -team/ [2] http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technolog y-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen | (Collaboration between researchers at two Japanese Universities, two research Institutes, and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories) Kyoto, Japan7 |
[1] Image from 12/10/2008 ''Neuron'' paper COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.cell.com/neuron/image /S0896-6273(08)00958-6?imageId=gr2&image Type=large [2] Image from 12/10/2008 ''Neuron'' paper COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.cell.com/neuron/image /S0896-6273(08)00958-6?imageId=gr1&image Type=large |
12 YAN [01/31/2012 AD] 8 9 | 276) Sound a brain hears is recorded directly from the brain.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Pasley BN, David SV, Mesgarani N, Flinker A, Shamma SA, et al. (2012) Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex. PLoS Biol 10(1): e1001251. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/inf o%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001251 2. ^ "Researchers tune into what brain hears", ABC News, 02/01/2012. http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles /2012/02/01/3419795.htm 3. ^ "Science decodes 'internal voices"', BBC News, 01/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/s cience-environment-16811042 4. ^ Pasley BN, David SV, Mesgarani N, Flinker A, Shamma SA, et al. (2012) Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex. PLoS Biol 10(1): e1001251. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/inf o%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001251 5. ^ "Researchers tune into what brain hears", ABC News, 02/01/2012. http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles /2012/02/01/3419795.htm 6. ^ "Science decodes 'internal voices"', BBC News, 01/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/s cience-environment-16811042 7. ^ Pasley BN, David SV, Mesgarani N, Flinker A, Shamma SA, et al. (2012) Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex. PLoS Biol 10(1): e1001251. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/inf o%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001251 8. ^ Pasley BN, David SV, Mesgarani N, Flinker A, Shamma SA, et al. (2012) Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex. PLoS Biol 10(1): e1001251. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/inf o%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001251 9. ^ Ted Huntington. {2015} MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html | (University of California at Berkeley) Berkeley, CA, USA7 |
[1] Figure 1. Experiment paradigm. Participants listened to words (acoustic waveform, top left), while neural signals were recorded from cortical surface electrode arrays (top right, red circles) implanted over superior and middle temporal gyrus (STG, MTG). Speech-induced cortical field potentials (bottom right, gray curves) recorded at multiple electrode sites were used to fit multi-input, multi-output models for offline decoding. The models take as input time-varying neural signals at multiple electrodes and output a spectrogram consisting of time-varying spectral power across a range of acoustic frequencies (180–7,000 Hz, bottom left). To assess decoding accuracy, the reconstructed spectrogram is compared to the spectrogram of the original acoustic waveform. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001 251.g001 CC source: http://www.plosbiology.org/artic le/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251 .g001/largerimage [2] Figure 2. Spectrogram reconstruction. (A) Top: spectrogram of six isolated words (deep, jazz, cause) and pseudowords (fook, ors, nim) presented aurally to an individual participant. Bottom: spectrogram-based reconstruction of the same speech segment, linearly decoded from a set of electrodes. Purple and green bars denote vowels and fricative consonants, respectively, and the spectrogram is normalized within each frequency channel for display. (B) Single trial high gamma band power (70–150 Hz, gray curves) induced by the speech segment in (A). Recordings are from four different STG sites used in the reconstruction. The high gamma response at each site is z-scored and plotted in standard deviation (SD) units. Right panel: frequency tuning curves (dark black) for each of the four electrode sites, sorted by peak frequency and normalized by maximum amplitude. Red bars overlay each peak frequency and indicate SEM of the parameter estimate. Frequency tuning was computed from spectro-temporal receptive fields (STRFs) measured at each individual electrode site. Tuning curves exhibit a range of functional forms including multiple frequency peaks (Figures S1B and S2B). (C) The anatomical distribution of fitted weights in the reconstruction model. Dashed box denotes the extent of the electrode grid (shown in Figure 1). Weight magnitudes are averaged over all time lags and spectrogram frequencies and spatially smoothed for display. Nonzero weights are largely focal to STG electrode sites. Scale bar is 10 mm. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.g0 02 CC source: http://www.plosbiology.org/artic le/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251 .g002/largerimage |
13 YAN [03/23/2013 AD] 3 | 6640) The theory that globular clusters are the inevitable result of highly adapted living objects.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington, "Are living objects in globular clusters collecting other stars to consume, and should we be doing that too?", 03/23/2013. http://www.tedhuntington.or g/paper_globular_collecting.htm 2. ^ Ted Huntington, "Are living objects in globular clusters collecting other stars to consume, and should we be doing that too?", 03/23/2013. http://www.tedhuntington.or g/paper_globular_collecting.htm 3. ^ Ted Huntington, "Are living objects in globular clusters collecting other stars to consume, and should we be doing that too?", 03/23/2013. http://www.tedhuntington.or g/paper_globular_collecting.htm | (University of California) Irvine, California, USA2 |
[1] Description This Hubble Space Telescope (HST) image of a dense swarm of stars shows the central region of the globular cluster NGC 2808 and its 3 generations of stars. Date 2 May 2007 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archiv e/releases/2007/2007/18/image/a/ (direct link) Author NASA, ESA, A. Sarajedini (University of Florida) and G. Piotto (University of Padua (Padova)) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NGC_2808_HST.jp g/1022px-NGC_2808_HST.jpg |
13 YAN [05/15/2013 AD] 5 | 6647) Stem cells are created by replacing the nucleus of an ovum with the nucleus of a skin cell. This method allows people to be their own stem cell donor.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tachibana et al., Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, Cell V153, p1-11, 06/06/2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .cell.2013.05.006 {Tachibana_20130606.p df} 2. ^ Maggie Fox, "Cloning technique produces human stem cells for the first time", http://vitals.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/0 5/15/18277298-cloning-technique-produces -human-stem-cells-for-the-first-time?lit e 3. ^ Sharon Begley, "Scientists create human stem cells through cloning", Reuters, Wed, May 15, 2013. http://news.yahoo.com/scientists- create-human-stem-cells-cloning-16051218 9.html 4. ^ Tachibana et al., Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, Cell V153, p1-11, 06/06/2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .cell.2013.05.006 {Tachibana_20130606.p df} 5. ^ Tachibana et al., Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, Cell V153, p1-11, 06/06/2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .cell.2013.05.006 {Tachibana_20130606.p df} MORE INFO [1] Yu, Junying et al. �Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells.� Science 318.5858 (2007): 1917�1920. http://www.sciencemag.org/ content/318/5858/1917.short | (Oregon Health & Science University), Oregon, USA4 |
[1] Cytoplasm of human oocytes reprograms transplanted somatic cell nuclei to pluripotency NT-ESCs can be efficiently derived from high-quality human oocytes Human NT-ESCs are similar to ESCs derived from fertilized embryos COPYRIGHTED source: http://download.cell.com/images/ journalimages/0092-8674/PIIS009286741300 5710.fx1.lrg.jpg [2] Oregon Health & Science University Researchers at Oregon Health & Science University have successfully developed a method for converting human skin cells into embryonic stem cells. UNKNOWN source: http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/MSNB C/Components/Photo/_new/130515-stem-cell -graphic-vmed-915a.photoblog500.jpg |
FUTURE | |||
15 YAN [2015 AD] 6 | 332) Sound a brain hears is recorded remotely and played out loud.5 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {2015} |
[1] Image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
15 YAN [2015 AD] | 6394) A microscopic radio (or particle transmitter and receiver). |
[1] The Scale of Things - Nanometers and More the scale of things graphic Chart also available in Powerpoint file at: http://science.energy.gov/bes/news-and-r esources/scale-of-things-chart/. PD source: http://science.energy.gov/~/medi a/bes/images/scale-of-things-26may06.jpg | |
18 YAN [2018 AD] | 6208) A radio device functions inside a cell. The first human-made cell organelle. A device like a microscopic RFID chip exists inside an individual cell and can send and receive information with a remote external device. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] Adapted from: Description English: Drawing illustrating the process of synaptic transmission in neurons, cropped from original in an NIA brochure. Date 2009-12-30, first publication of original unknown Source http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/P ublications/UnravelingtheMystery/ Autho r user:Looie496 created file, US National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging created original Permission (Reusing this file) http://www.nia.nih.gov/Policies.htm Ot her versions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chemi cal_synapse_schema.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/30/Chemical_synapse_sche ma_cropped.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington | |
20 YAN [2020 AD] 4 | 4559) Walking robots are produced in mass quantity, and are available for the public to buy.2 This is the start of the "robot revolution"; how robots replace humans in most manual labor tasks, greatly increasing the quantity of food produced and the population of humans.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2020} | ||
20 YAN [2020 AD] | 4573) Humans synthesize artificial milk and cheese.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Diary products PD source: http://health.mo.gov/living/fami lies/wic/wicfamilies/education/img/milka ndcheese.jpg | |
20 YAN [2020 AD] | 6197) The first remote control microscopic flying device. |
[1] Drive Gear Side View Side view of a microengine drive gear meshed with another gear. PD source: http://mems.sandia.gov/gallery/i mages/rs1563_9.jpg [2] Imaginary microscopic flying camera on top of salt crystals Ted Huntington PD source: http://tedhuntington.com/saltcry stal_127um.jpg | |
20 YAN [2020 AD] | 6632) Humans move an asteroid by capturing the asteroid inside a container.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.space.com/20610-nasa-asteroid -capture-mission-infographic.html |
[1] Image of proposed plan to capture an asteroid in 2025 From NASA PD source: http://images.nationalgeographic .com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/661/cache /asteroid-recovery-mission-details_66158 _600x450.jpg [2] Adapted from: The Missing Craters of Asteroid Itokawa Credit & Copyright: ISAS, JAXA Explanation: Where are the craters on asteroid Itokawa? No one knows. The Japanese robot probe Hayabusa recently approached the Earth-crossing asteroid and is returning pictures showing a surface unlike any other Solar System body yet photographed -- a surface possibly devoid of craters. One possibility for the lack of common circular indentations is that asteroid Itokawa is a rubble pile -- a bunch of rocks and ice chunks only loosely held together by a small amount of gravity. If so, craters might be filled in whenever the asteroid gets jiggled by a passing planet -- Earth in this case. Alternatively, surface particles may become electrically charged by the Sun, levitate in the microgravity field, and move to fill in craters. Over the weekend, Hayabusa lowered itself to the surface of the strange asteroid in an effort to study the unusual body and collect surface samples that could be returned to Earth in 2007. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0511/itokawa05_hayabusa.jpg | |
23 YAN [2023 AD] | 6552) The first wireless microscopic microphone. The "micro-mic". MORE INFO [1] |
[1] SEM (scanning electron micrograph) of the device, with scale bar at bottom representing 10 microns. The top grating layer is suspended by 4 springs and actuated by two side comb drives. The second, fixed grating layer is hidden below the first. The area of the grating itself is 10 microns x 10 microns. PD source: http://www.sandia.gov/news-cente r/news-releases/2004/images/jpg/grating. jpg [2] Torsional Ratcheting Actuator A high torque rotary electrostatic actuator PD source: http://www.mems.sandia.gov/image s/mems5.jpg | |
25 YAN [2025 AD] | 337) Remote neuron writing using microscopic devices in neurons. Microscopic devices enter the human body by the lung, enter the blood circulation which connects directly to all cells, and position themselves as organelles inside each neuron. External devices communicate with the intracellular devices to read the voltage and to remotely make the neuron cell fire.5 Sounds, images, smells, touches, emotions, and muscle contractions can now be remotely activated in a brain by sending light particles to intracellular devices. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thoug ht-recorder-created-by-japanese-research -team/ [2] http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technolog y-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen [3] personal communication, see most of Kamatani's email correspondence with me at: http://www.tedhuntington.com/neuron_read ing_and_writing.htm |
[1] Image of Remote neuron writing by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington [2] Image of Remote neuron writing by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington | |
25 YAN [2025 AD] | 6193) The first wireless microscopic camera. The "micro-cam". MORE INFO [1] |
[1] Torsional Ratcheting Actuator A high torque rotary electrostatic actuator PD source: http://www.mems.sandia.gov/image s/mems5.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington | |
25 YAN [2025 AD] | 6198) The first remote controlled microscopic flying camera. |
[1] Imaginary microscopic flying camera on top of salt crystals Ted Huntington PD source: http://tedhuntington.com/saltcry stal_127um.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington | |
25 YAN [2025 AD] | 6375) The wireless microscopic maser. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] Silicon Mirror Assembly Close-up Close-up view of previous device; detail of rails and hinges is visible. PD source: http://mems.sandia.gov/gallery/i mages/m26.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington | |
25 YAN [2025 AD] | 6395) The wireless nanometer scale radio transmitter and receiver (the nano-radio). MORE INFO [1] |
[1] The Scale of Things - Nanometers and More the scale of things graphic Chart also available in Powerpoint file at: http://science.energy.gov/bes/news-and-r esources/scale-of-things-chart/. PD source: http://science.energy.gov/~/medi a/bes/images/scale-of-things-26may06.jpg | |
30 YAN [2030 AD] 6 | 365) The first thought-audio is recorded. Thought-audio is recorded using remote neuron reading and played out loud publicly. The first recorded thought audio may sound like this: "1 2 3". Humans start to communicate by thought-image and thought-sound only.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025} MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html |
[1] Hearing Thought by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] Image of Direct-to-brain windows by Ted Huntington GNU source: http://www.tedhuntington.com/Mic key_Mouse_eyes_thought_screens.jpg | |
30 YAN [2030 AD] 1 | 366) The first artificial muscle bipedal robots. These robots are lighter and more electrically efficient, than motor robots. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2040} |
[1] Muscular system P150/0098 Rights Managed Credit: PASIEKA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Muscular system. Computer artwork of a male runner demonstrating the human muscular system. These muscles, making up one of the outer layers of the body, are skeletal muscles, which are under the conscious control of the brain. They account for around 45% of the weight of the body. Muscles are mainly composed of proteins; in particular, the proteins actin and myosin are involved in making muscles contract. The muscles then pull on tendons that are attached to the bones of the skeleton, producing movements such as running. Skin and fat cover the muscles, while the internal organs and bones lie underneath. Release details: Model and property releases are not available UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/302911/large/P1500098-Muscular_system- SPL.jpg [2] Muscular system P150/0098 Rights Managed Credit: PASIEKA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Muscular system. Computer artwork of a male runner demonstrating the human muscular system. These muscles, making up one of the outer layers of the body, are skeletal muscles, which are under the conscious control of the brain. They account for around 45% of the weight of the body. Muscles are mainly composed of proteins; in particular, the proteins actin and myosin are involved in making muscles contract. The muscles then pull on tendons that are attached to the bones of the skeleton, producing movements such as running. Skin and fat cover the muscles, while the internal organs and bones lie underneath. Release details: Model and property releases are not available UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/302911/large/P1500098-Muscular_system- SPL.jpg | |
30 YAN [2030 AD] 6 | 680) The first images of thought are seen. Thought-images are recorded remotely using remote neuron reading and shown publicly.5 The first thought-image may be the image of a triangle. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025} MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html |
[1] Image of seeing thought by Ted Huntington. PD source: Ted Huntington [2] Image of seeing thought by Ted Huntington. Image of person from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip edia/commons/3/30/Cassatt_Mary_Portrait_ of_a_Elderly_Lady_1883.jpg Title: Portrait of a Elderly Lady Date: 1883 Mary Cassatt (1845–1926) Link back to Creator infobox template PD [1] Image of Direct-to-brain windows by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntingtonhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wi kipedia/commons/3/30/Cassatt_Mary_Portra it_of_a_Elderly_Lady_1883.jpg | |
30 YAN [2030 AD] 4 | 791) Bipedal robots start replacing humans in most low-skill jobs (for example as walking security cameras, in fast-food, and fruit picking).3 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington 4. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate) |
[1] Description English: TOPIO (''TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot'') is a bipedal humanoid robot designed to play table tennis against a human being. TOPIO version 3.0 at Tokyo International Robot Exhibition, Nov 2009 Date 27 November 2009 Source Own work Author Humanrobo CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/92/TOPIO_3.jpg/128 0px-TOPIO_3.jpg [2] Humanoid robot UNKNOWN source: http://embeddedfortheevil.files. wordpress.com/2010/06/humanoid-robot-pic -getty-image-1-449939772.jpg | |
30 YAN [2030 AD] | 6391) The first wireless nanometer scale camera. The "nano-cam". MORE INFO [1] |
[1] The Scale of Things - Nanometers and More the scale of things graphic Chart also available in Powerpoint file at: http://science.energy.gov/bes/news-and-r esources/scale-of-things-chart/. PD source: http://science.energy.gov/~/medi a/bes/images/scale-of-things-26may06.jpg [2] The space between two carbon atoms within a molecule is about one-tenth of a nanometer. The DNA double helix has a diameter of about two nanometers. The smallest bacteria, on the other hand, are much bigger: a few hundred nanometers in length. PD source: http://publications.nigms.nih.go v/chemhealth/images/ch4_size.jpg | |
40 YAN [2040 AD] 2 | 4561) Walking robots can wash dishes, wash clothing, and do most other simple household tasks.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2040} |
[1] Your New Kitchen Helper : This humanoid robot vacuums, sweeps and washes the dishes. Jouhou System Kougaku Laboratory, University of Tokyo UNKNOWN source: http://www.popsci.com/files/imag ecache/article_image_large/articles/dish bot-tiles-1.jpg | |
40 YAN [2040 AD] | 6553) The first use of remote writing to motor neurons to stop an act of violence.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ 2. ^ | ||
45 YAN [2045 AD] | 6630) Obesity is cured with microscopic devices.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ |
[1] Nanomedicine Art Gallery Image 120 Nanorobotic Artery Cleaner Image 120 Title: Nanorobotic Artery Cleaner Date: 1998 Artist(s): Tom Herzberg Image Size: 268,660 bytes [CLICK to download] Image Dimensions: 820 X 595 pixels Image Palette: Color Image Description: In an artist's conception, a microscopic robot cleans deposits from a blood vessel. Researchers predict the creation of microscopic robotic devices that will patrol the human body and fight disease. Such devices, and many consumer products, may someday be made with nanotechnology. Copyright Info: © Copyright World Book, Inc., 233 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601, Tel. 312-729-5800, URL: http://www.worldbook.com. For reprint permission, please contact Janet Peterson, Permissions Editor. Print Source(s): ''Microscopic Machines'' from 1992 SCIENCE YEAR, The World Book Annual Science Supplement (pp. 177-189) © 1991 World Book, Inc; Special Report - People in Science: ''Mr. Nanotechnology'' -- An interview with K. Eric Drexler'' from SCIENCE YEAR 1999, The World Book Annual Science Supplement (pp.102-115) © 1998 World Book, Inc. Online Source(s): None. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.foresight.org/Nanomed icine/Gallery/Images/ArtCleanTHerz.jpg | |
50 YAN [2050 AD] 6 | 790) Humans walk around with robot servants.5 These robots perform tasks like carrying objects and protection. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington 4. ^ Ted Huntington 5. ^ Ted Huntington 6. ^ Ted Huntington. {2050 (my own estimate} |
[1] Ted Huntington image of two humans walking with robot servants. GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
50 YAN [2050 AD] 3 | 4564) An artificial muscle robot can fly by flapping wings.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2050} |
[1] Flying Robot by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
50 YAN [2050 AD] 3 | 4566) The first air highway, for autopiloted flying cars, is established.2 The flying cars are extremely safe with emergency parachutes, airbags, emergency landing thrusters, and have complete auto-navigation. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2050} |
[1] Description English: Zoom in of the highway 401/402 interchange looking west from the Wellington Road overpass in London, Ontario. Date 17 June 2010 Source Own work Author Haljackey Camera location 42° 55′ 20.60″ N, 81° 12′ 45.89″ W mixed with rendered helicopters by Ted Huntington PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Highway_401_at_ Highway_402.jpg/1280px-Highway_401_at_Hi ghway_402.jpg and Ted Huntington | |
50 YAN [2050 AD] | 6298) An artificial muscle wing flapping passenger plane. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] Drawing of Artificial Muscle Flapping Plane ''Aves Planus'' by Ted Huntington Other possible names: Ptero-planus Muscle Plane Ptero-soar GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] Drawing of Artificial Muscle Flapping Plane ''Aves Planus'' by Ted Huntington Other possible names: Ptero-planus Muscle Plane Ptero-soar GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
50 YAN [2050 AD] 1 | 6300) Bacteria are identified and destroyed by microscopic devices inside an animal body. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2500} {2100} {2050} |
[1] Adapted from: Electron microscopy image of several E. coli cells, including two pairs of dividing cells PD source: http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/ pr/photos/2009/10/eColi-350px.jpg [2] Figure 2. Phagocytosis Coloured scanning electron micrograph of a white blood cell (orange) caught in the act of engulfing bacteria (blue rods). As Ilya Metchikov observed, wandering cells called phagocytes migrate to areas of tissue damage or infection to engulf and digest any harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead/dying cells. Credit: Dr Kari Lounatmaa / Science Photo Library. The photo was kindly provided by Dr Kari Lounatmaa / Science Photo Library. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nobelprize.org/educat ional/medicine/immuneresponses/overview/ images/fig_02.jpg | |
51 YAN [2051 AD] 7 8 9 | 6520) There are 10 billion humans on Earth.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 3. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 4. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 5. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 6. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopu lationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm 9. ^ Ted Huntington |
[1] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. COPYRIGHTED source: Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. | |
55 YAN [2055 AD] 1 | 6302) Cancer cell growth is stopped by microscopic devices. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2055} MORE INFO [1] Schroeder, Avi et al. “Treating Metastatic Cancer with Nanotechnology.” Nat Rev Cancer 12.1 (2012): 39–50. http://www.nature.com/nrc/jour nal/v12/n1/full/nrc3180.html?WT.ec_id=NR C-201201 |
[1] Adapted from: Pictured is a breast cancer cell, photographed by a scanning electron microscope. This picture shows the overall shape of the cell's surface at a very high magnification. Cancer cells are best identified by internal details, but research with a scanning electron microscope can show how cells respond in changing environments and can show mapping distribution of binding sites of hormones and other biological molecules. (National Cancer Institute) UNKNOWN source: http://cache.boston.com/universa l/site_graphics/blogs/bigpicture/micro_1 1_14/m31_3b.jpg [2] Lung Cancer Cells This image of warped lung cancer cells is in stark contrast to the healthy lung. UNKNOWN source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_kGhJLc 78v60/TCytjueY3wI/AAAAAAAAA00/F8-TCWOsNq 4/s1600/Lung+cancer+cellsl.jpg | |
60 YAN [2060 AD] 1 | 6301) A virus is identified and destroyed by microscopic devices. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2060} |
[1] Image taken from cover of CalIT Interface Winter 2011 magazine UNKNOWN source: http://www.calit2.uci.edu/calit2 -newsroom/itemdetail.aspx?cguid=a01325cf -2548-43fc-a2c4-0b9161f6cf84 [2] Artificial Nano “T4 Bacteriophage” Description: “T4 Bacteriophage” is a virus like the robot in the living body. Artificial nano “T4 Bacteriophage” was fabricated by FIB-CVD on Si surface. Size of the artificial nano “T4 Bacteriophage” is about ten times as large as the real virus. It is made of Diamond-like Carbon. It is likely to begin to walk in the nano space!! Magnification: 25,000X Instrument: SII NanoTechnology Inc. / SMI2050MS2 Submitted by: Reo Kometani & Shinji Matsui (University of Hyogo) UNKNOWN source: http://cache.gizmodo.com/assets/ images/4/2009/11/t4bacteriophage.jpg | |
75 YAN [2075 AD] 3 | 6445) Humans stop unwanted weather (for example tornadoes and hurricanes), by changing air temperature using millions of distributed remote control nanometer sized devices.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Adapted by Ted Huntington from: Description English: Category F5 tornado (upgraded from initial estimate of F4) viewed from the southeast as it approached Elie, Manitoba on Friday, June 22nd, 2007. Date 22 June 2007 Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Gump Stump using CommonsHelper. Author Justin Hobson (Justin1569 at en.wikipedia) GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F5_tornado_Elie _Manitoba_2007.jpg/1280px-F5_tornado_Eli e_Manitoba_2007.jpg | |
80 YAN [2080 AD] | 6392) Accelerated nanocamera ships reach another planet and return closeup images. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] Adapted by Ted Huntington from: This Viking 1 orbiter image shows the thin atmosphere of Mars. The 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft will repeatedly brush the top of the atmosphere to lower and circularize its orbit around Mars. PD source: http://marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov/i mages/risks02_lg-full.jpg [2] Adapted by Ted Huntington from: Sunset over Western South America April 25, 2011 PD source: http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/im ages/imagerecords/50000/50205/ISS027-E-0 12224_lrg.jpg | |
100 YAN [2100 AD] | 367) Most humans communicate only by images and sounds of thought. MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html |
[1] Image of Direct-to-brain windows by Ted Huntington GNU source: http://www.tedhuntington.com/Mic key_Mouse_eyes_thought_screens.jpg [2] Image of Direct-to-brain windows by Ted Huntington GNU source: http://www.tedhuntington.com/dir ect-to-brain_windows_002.jpg | |
100 YAN [2100 AD] 6 | 793) Helicopter-cars form a second line of traffic above the streets.5 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington 4. ^ Ted Huntington 5. ^ Ted Huntington 6. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate) {2100 my own estimate} MORE INFO [1] http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/Trans_Trends.h tml [2] future_est.xls |
[1] Image of single helicopter highway by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] Image of double helicopter highway by Ted Huntington Note that helicopters are moving in wrong way. GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
100 YAN [2100 AD] 1 | 794) 100 ships with humans orbit Earth. Eventually, Earth orbit will be filled with single family houses and stores. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls |
[1] Three TDRS satellites, the International Space Station (ISS) and Hubble Space Telescope orbit a blue-green Earth in this artist's concept. The TDRS network facilitates around the clock communication access between ground stations and other satellites and the ISS. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center › Larger image PD source: http://www.nasa.gov/images/conte nt/605410main_tdrsPlus.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
100 YAN [2100 AD] 1 | 4569) Most vehicles are machine controlled. Humans only determine the destination. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Title: Society Hill Towers is a three-building condominium development located in the Society Hill neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Creator(s): Highsmith, Carol M., 1946-, photographer Date Created/Published: [between 1980 and 2006] Medium: 1 transparency : color ; 4 x 5 in. or smaller. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-highsm-13394 (digital file from original) LC-HS503-2139 (color film transparency) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: LC-HS503- 2139 (ONLINE) [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print Not es: The complex contains three 31-story skyscraper buildings on a 5-acre site. The towers, originally apartment buildings, were designed by I.M. Pei and Associates and were completed in 1963. Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer. Credit line: Photographs in the Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Gift and purchase; Carol M. Highsmith; 2011; (DLC/PP-2011:124). Forms part of the Carol M. Highsmith Archive. PD source: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/pn p/highsm/13300/13394v.jpg | |
100 YAN [2100 AD] 4 | 4575) Robots walk on the moon of Earth and build buildings.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. | moon of Earth |
[1] From ''Moon Zero Two'', 1969 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?fea ture=player_embedded&v=hM1lsDhSjD8 [2] Pole Colony PD source: http://artcontest.larc.nasa.gov/ images/2008_win/Pole_Colony.jpg |
100 YAN [2100 AD] 4 | 4613) Humans conquer all bacteria and viruses. Nanoscale devices can identify and destroy all known bacteria and viruses anywhere inside or outside of the body.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2500} {2100} |
[1] Conference on nanotechnology in animal health UNKNOWN source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mFYS8z kMHXg/T4wFLpl8biI/AAAAAAAAILw/CJQi432-3Y E/s1600/nanotechnology.jpg [2] Image taken from cover of CalIT Interface Winter 2011 magazine UNKNOWN source: http://www.calit2.uci.edu/calit2 -newsroom/itemdetail.aspx?cguid=a01325cf -2548-43fc-a2c4-0b9161f6cf84 | |
120 YAN [2120 AD] 3 | 4583) Robots land and walk on an asteroid.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2220} |
[1] Image right: This is an artist's concept of a small lunar outpost. Someday, larger lunar outposts may serve as a backup for civilization in case of a global catastrophe, like an asteroid impact or a pandemic. Credit: NASA Print-resolution copy PD source: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/godd ard/images/content/208291main_lunar_outp ost.jpg [2] Ship landing on asteroid UNKNOWN source: http://www.popsci.com/files/imag ecache/article_image_large/articles/2009 0204_hayabusa.jpg | |
120 YAN [2120 AD] | 4584) Robots walk and build buildings on Mars.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. | Mars |
[1] Once built and populated, a colony with excellent recycling will need only a few materials to replace leaks and losses. However, a great deal of materials will be needed to build a space colony, particularly shielding. If a colony expands, builds new colonies, or builds solar power satellites or other export products, a lot of material will be necessary. There are several sources of materials to consider: Earth, the Moon, asteroids, other planets, and other moons. All the materials necessary for space colonies are available on Earth. In addition, manufacturing facilities to provide finished products are readily available. PD source: http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/d esigner/mars.gif [2] Future Mars Base 2030 STANDARD YOUTUBE LICENSE source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F fVny-TnxZo |
140 YAN [2140 AD] 2 | 687) Large scale atomic transmutation: Humans can convert most common atoms (like Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, and Calcium) into much more useful atoms (like Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen). This allows many humans to live independently of Earth, in ships, and on planets and moons without air or water, because they can produce all the air, fuel, water and food they need from the common atoms of planets and moons. Because of large scale transmutation large self-sufficient cities of humans can be created on airless and waterless planets and moons.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html [2] future_est.xls |
[1] Image of Large Scale Atomic Transmutation by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] Image of Large Scale Atomic Transmutation by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
140 YAN [2140 AD] 1 | 6377) Robots build buildings on an asteroid. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] Asteroid Colony (Close View) by Hannu Parviainen Category: Asteroid Settlements Description: The asteroid in the picture is very similar to 433 Eros, a close cousin one might say, with major axis of 30 kilometers and minor axes of 10 kilometers. The asteroid has been moved to the cislunar system, and the Moon is shown in the background. A colony is build inside a great crater, born from a huge impact in the early stages of the solar system. While most of the infrastructure of the colony is hollowed inside the asteroid, the low gravity combined with advanced materials allow for the construction of a main dome with radius of half a kilometer. Medium/Tools Used: The asteroid, colony and Moon were modeled and textured using Blender. Modifications were made to include the Lommel-Seeliger diffuse scattering model to the Blender-renderer. This was necessary to allow for more realistic rendering of dusty asteroid surfaces. Different aspects of the picture (shadows, ambient occlusion, etc.) were rendered on separate layers and put together with Celestia-made starry background using Gimp. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nss.org/settlement/ca lendar/asteroid_colony_2-650.jpg | |
150 YAN [2150 AD] 1 | 659) The first major nation of Earth to be fully and constantly democratic, where the people vote directly on the laws. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. (50 years to get progressive president, 50 years to get pro fully democratic, 50 years for actual full democracy to be integrated (in courts, military, laws)) |
[1] Description English: A map of the world colored in to reflect the latest Democracy Index report from The Economist. Date 22 December 2011 Source Own work Author 48Lugur CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/87/Democracy_Index_2011_ red_and_green.png | |
150 YAN [2150 AD] | 4592) The first humans land on Mars.3 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. | Mars |
[1] Artist's concept of possible colonies on future mars missions. PD source: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames /images/content/135855main_marsconcept-1 .jpg [2] Future Mars Base 2030 STANDARD YOUTUBE LICENSE source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F fVny-TnxZo |
150 YAN [2150 AD] | 6223) The first "Moon colony". Humans permanently live on the Moon of Earth. |
[1] Description This artist's concept of a lunar base and extra-base activity was created during a 1984 NASA Summer Study at the California Space Institute (CalSpace), Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego. A lunar rover vehicle similar to the one used on three Apollo missions is depicted in the foreground. Date May 1984 Source http://spaceflight1.nasa.gov/gallery/im ages/exploration/lunarexploration/html/s 86_27256.html Author NASA/Dennis M. Davidson PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Moon_colony_wit h_rover.jpeg/1024px-Moon_colony_with_rov er.jpeg | |
150 YAN [2150 AD] 1 | 6304) Nucleic Acids are changed by remote control nanoscale devices. This will lead to making physical changes to the shape of a body that originate at the cellular level. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2058} {2150} |
[1] nanocaduceus Nanomedicine Art Gallery Image 108 DNA Repair Machines Image 108 Title: DNA Repair Machines Date: 1989 Artist(s): Bryan Leister Image Size: 45,592 bytes [CLICK to download] Image Dimensions: 800 X 1,061 pixels Image Palette: Color Image Size: 408,316 bytes [CLICK to download] Image Dimensions: 1,170 X 1,552 pixels Image Palette: Color Image Description: Floating inside the nucleus of a human cell, an assembler-built repair vessel performs some genetic maintenance. Stretching a supercoil of DNA between its lower pair of robot arms, the nanomachine gently pulls the unwound strand through an opening in its prow for analysis. Upper arms, meanwhile, detach regulatory proteins from the chain and place them in an intake port. The molecular structures of both DNA and proteins are compared to information stored in the database of a larger nanocomputer positioned outside the nucleus and connected to the cell-repair ship by a communications link. Irregularities found in either structure are corrected and the proteins reattached to the DNA chain, which re-coils into its original form. With a diameter of only 50 nanometers, the repair vessel would be smaller than most bacteria and viruses, yet capable of therapies and cures well beyond the reach of present-day physicians. With trillions of these machines coursing through a patient's bloodstream, ''internal medicine'' would take on new significance. Disease would be attacked at the molecular level, and such maladies as cancer, viral infections and arteriosclerosis could be wiped out. Copyright Info: © Copyright 1989 by Time-Life Books Inc. For reprint permission, please contact Time-Life Books Inc. at P.O. Box C-32068, Richmond, VA 23261-2068, Tel. 1-800-621-7026, URL: http://www.timelife.com/. Print Source(s): Time-Life Editors, Alternative Computers, Time-Life Books, Richmond VA, 1989, pp. 112-113. Online Source(s): None COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.foresight.org/Nanomed icine/Gallery/Images/TimeLifeNM.jpeg [2] Microscopic laser-machined particle communication devices identify and change nucleotides in a DNA molecule as seen with an scanning tunneling microscope.[t] Adapted from: F/col STM image of DNA G110/0150 Rights Managed Credit: LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: False-colour scanning tunnelling micrograph (STM) of DNA. A sample of uncoated, double-stranded DNA was dissolved in a salt solution & deposited on graphite prior to being imaged in air by the STM. An STM image is formed by scanning a fine point just above the specimen surface & electronically recording the height of the point as it moves. The main feature of this image is a right-handed, double-stranded DNA molecule (a DNA duplex), which appears as the row of orange/yellow peaks at centre-left. These peaks correspond to the ridges of the DNA double helix. Magnification: x1,600,000 at 6x7cm size. Release details: Model and property releases are not available UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/209654/large/G1100150-F_col_STM_image_ of_DNA-SPL.jpg | |
160 YAN [2160 AD] 3 | 4590) Robots land and walk on planet Mercury.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. | Mercury | |
160 YAN [2160 AD] 3 | 4591) Robots land and walk on a moon of Jupiter.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2250} | Jupiter | |
160 YAN [2160 AD] 3 | 6642) Humans orbit Venus.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. | Venus |
[1] Adapted by Ted Huntington from: http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research /features/200711_temptracker/venus_cloud s_mariner10_lrg.jpg The dense carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus shrouds the planet in a thick layer of clouds—and heats the surface to a scorching 460° C (860° F). Jim Hansen's research on Venus' greenhouse effect eventually led him to the study of carbon dioxide and the greenhouse effect on Earth. (Image © 2005 Mattias Malmer.) PD source: http://www.giss.nasa.gov/researc h/features/200711_temptracker/venus_clou ds_mariner10_lrg.jpgTed Huntington [2] Adapted by Ted Huntington from: http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research /features/200711_temptracker/venus_cloud s_mariner10_lrg.jpg The dense carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus shrouds the planet in a thick layer of clouds—and heats the surface to a scorching 460° C (860° F). Jim Hansen's research on Venus' greenhouse effect eventually led him to the study of carbon dioxide and the greenhouse effect on Earth. (Image © 2005 Mattias Malmer.) PD source: http://www.giss.nasa.gov/researc h/features/200711_temptracker/venus_clou ds_mariner10_lrg.jpgTed Huntington |
180 YAN [2180 AD] 2 | 4593) Robots land and walk on the surface of Saturn and its moons.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. | Saturn |
[1] Adapted by Ted (only text was changed) from: This image rendered as PNG in other widths: 200px, 500px, 1000px, 2000px. Description English: Interior of Saturn Date 2011-04-24 17:35 (UTC) Source Interior_of_Saturn.jpg Saturn_01.svg Author Interior_of_Saturn.jpg: Mungany Saturn_01.svg: Dan Gerhards derivative work: Urutseg (talk) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Interior_of_Sat urn.svg/1000px-Interior_of_Saturn.svg.pn g |
180 YAN [2180 AD] | 4594) Humans live permanently on Mars. The first Mars colony. The first city of another planet.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. | Mars |
[1] Adapted from: Spirit's Destination This image, cropped from a larger panoramic image mosaic taken by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit panoramic camera, shows the rover's destination toward the hills nicknamed the ''Columbia Hills.'' The rover is currently positioned outside the view of this image, on the right. This image was taken on sols 68 and 69 of Spirit's mission (March 12 and 13, 2004) from the location the rover first reached on the western rim of the crater. The image is in approximate true color, based on a scaling of data from the red, green and blue (750 nanometers, 530 nanometers, and 480 nanometers) filters. Image credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell PD source: http://marsrover.nasa.gov/galler y/press/spirit/20040318a/10-JG-04-hills- A074R1.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
190 YAN [2190 AD] 4 | 4606) Humans land on Mercury.3 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. | Mercury |
[1] AS17-147-22526 (11 Dec. 1972) --- Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, commander, makes a short checkout of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) during the early part of the first Apollo 17 extravehicular activity (EVA) at the Taurus-Littrow landing site. This view of the ''stripped down'' LRV is prior to loading up. Equipment later loaded onto the LRV included the ground-controlled television assembly, the lunar communications relay unit, hi-gain antenna, low-gain antenna, aft tool pallet, lunar tools and scientific gear. This photograph was taken by scientist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt, lunar module pilot. The mountain in the right background is the east end of South Massif. While astronauts Cernan and Schmitt descended in the Lunar Module (LM) ''Challenger'' to explore the moon, astronaut Ronald E. Evans, command module pilot, remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) ''America'' in lunar orbit. PD source: http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gall ery/images/apollo/apollo17/hires/as17-14 7-22526.jpg [2] Adapted from: http://www.nasa.gov/images/conten t/208698main_merc_horizon.jpg PD source: http://www.nasa.gov/images/conte nt/208698main_merc_horizon.jpg |
200 YAN [2200 AD] 8 | 792) Robots and other machines have replaced humans in most manual labor tasks (driving, cleaning, and food planting, harvesting, preparing and serving).6 Robots also do the most dangerous parts of military, police, and fire fighting.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington 4. ^ Ted Huntington 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate) {2200 my own estimate} |
[1] Robots pick oranges Viroids orange trees Development of HRP-4, a Research and Development Platform for Working Humanoid Robots - Supply to external research organizations from January 2011 - UNKNOWN and Orange trees: Viroid diseases are responsible for significant losses of food and fiber. Our research goals are to obtain fundamental knowledge about the molecular interactions between viroids and their host, to apply this knowledge to the control of viroid diseases, and to develop and test viroid-induced dwarfing strategies to increase citrus production efficiency. Robert A. Owens PD UNKNOWN source: http://www.aist.go.jp/aist_e/lat est_research/2010/20101108/fig1.jpghttp: //www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Place/12 752500/research/images/citrus.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
200 YAN [2200 AD] 6 | 795) 1000 human-filled ships orbit Earth.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls 2. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls 3. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls 4. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls 5. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls 6. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls (my own estimate) |
[1] Image adapted from from http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/gemini _gallery/hi-resjpgs/10.jpg Cape Canaveral, site of NASA's Kennedy Space Center, from the Gemini V ... PD source: http://www.nasa.gov/externalflas h/gemini_gallery/hi-resjpgs/10.jpgTed Huntington [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
200 YAN [2200 AD] | 4562) Hugging, kissing, sleeping together, and other non-sexual forms of pleasure for money are decriminalized for adults in most developed nations. MORE INFO [1] | ||
200 YAN [2200 AD] 3 | 4607) The first Mercury colony: humans live permanently under and on the surface of Mercury.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2350} | Mercury |
[1] Adapted from image from NASA Messenger ship PD source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_qcuftp B9Hx8/TJOQmeFucWI/AAAAAAAACwg/Bl0M9a2_M1 0/s1600/Planet-Mercury.jpg |
200 YAN [2200 AD] | 6305) Microscopic devices repair, regrow, and reshape damaged cells. |
[1] Skin cells, SEM C001/7939 Rights Managed Credit: SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Skin cells. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of squamous cells from the surface of the skin. These are flat, keratinised, dead cells that are continuously sloughed off and replaced with new cells from below. AND Researchers are developing a new class of tiny mechanical devices containing vibrating, hair-thin structures that could be used to filter electronic signals in cell phones and for other more exotic applications. The work is done inside a vacuum chamber sitting on top of a special vibration-absorbing platform critical to making the precise measurements. A tiny prototype, roughly comparable in size to a grain of sand, is pictured on the monitor at right. The device is an example of a microelectromechanical system, or a MEMS, which contains tiny moving parts. (Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University) A publication-quality photo is available at http://news.uns.purdue.edu/images/+2009/ rhoads-mems2.jpg [1] A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of nanowire-alginate composite scaffolds. Star-shaped clusters of nanowires can be seen in these images. Image courtesy of the Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard University UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/82340/large/C0017939-Skin_cells,_SEM-S PL.jpghttp://news.uns.purdue.edu/images/ +2009/rhoads-mems2.jpg [2] Skin cells, SEM C001/7939 Rights Managed Credit: SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Skin cells. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of squamous cells from the surface of the skin. These are flat, keratinised, dead cells that are continuously sloughed off and replaced with new cells from below. AND Researchers are developing a new class of tiny mechanical devices containing vibrating, hair-thin structures that could be used to filter electronic signals in cell phones and for other more exotic applications. The work is done inside a vacuum chamber sitting on top of a special vibration-absorbing platform critical to making the precise measurements. A tiny prototype, roughly comparable in size to a grain of sand, is pictured on the monitor at right. The device is an example of a microelectromechanical system, or a MEMS, which contains tiny moving parts. (Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University) A publication-quality photo is available at http://news.uns.purdue.edu/images/+2009/ rhoads-mems2.jpg [1] A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of nanowire-alginate composite scaffolds. Star-shaped clusters of nanowires can be seen in these images. Image courtesy of the Disease Biophysics Group, Harvard University UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/82340/large/C0017939-Skin_cells,_SEM-S PL.jpghttp://news.uns.purdue.edu/images/ +2009/rhoads-mems2.jpg | |
210 YAN [2210 AD] 3 | 4585) Humans land and walk on an asteroid.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2240} |
[1] Humans on Asteroid UNKNOWN source: http://blogs.discovery.com/.a/6a 00d8341bf67c53ef0133f505f772970b-800wi | |
220 YAN [2220 AD] 2 | 4596) Robots land and walk on Uranus and its moons.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2280} | Uranus |
[1] Description Uranus interior with English legend. The original image of Uranus was cut from Commons (from Frederik Beuk Opengewerkte ijsreuzen.jpg). Date 2011-03-13 11:11 (UTC) Source Uranus-intern-de.png Author Uranus-intern-de.png: FrancescoA derivative work: WolfmanSF (talk) Other versions Derivative works of this file: Uranus-intern-ar.png PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fe/Uranus-intern-en.png |
250 YAN [2250 AD] 2 | 4567) The end of all arrests for information-sharing crimes, although many secrets still remain.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2250} | ||
250 YAN [2250 AD] 2 | 4586) Humans live permanently on an asteroid.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2250} |
[1] Asteroid Colony (Close View) by Hannu Parviainen Category: Asteroid Settlements Description: The asteroid in the picture is very similar to 433 Eros, a close cousin one might say, with major axis of 30 kilometers and minor axes of 10 kilometers. The asteroid has been moved to the cislunar system, and the Moon is shown in the background. A colony is build inside a great crater, born from a huge impact in the early stages of the solar system. While most of the infrastructure of the colony is hollowed inside the asteroid, the low gravity combined with advanced materials allow for the construction of a main dome with radius of half a kilometer. Medium/Tools Used: The asteroid, colony and Moon were modeled and textured using Blender. Modifications were made to include the Lommel-Seeliger diffuse scattering model to the Blender-renderer. This was necessary to allow for more realistic rendering of dusty asteroid surfaces. Different aspects of the picture (shadows, ambient occlusion, etc.) were rendered on separate layers and put together with Celestia-made starry background using Gimp. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nss.org/settlement/ca lendar/asteroid_colony_2-650.jpg [2] Gaspra Mining Settlement by Bill Wright http://ourworld.compuserve.com/h omepages/billwright5/ Category: Asteroid Settlements Description: The Gaspra mining settlement on a close approach to the planet Mars. Medium/Tools Used: Photoshop. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nss.org/settlement/ca lendar/2009/BillWright-AsteroidColonyA-6 50.jpg | |
250 YAN [2250 AD] 3 | 4589) The end of arrests for recreational drugs in most major nations.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2250} | ||
250 YAN [2250 AD] 5 | 4611) Humans reach Jupiter and land on a moon.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. | Jupiter |
[1] The image show the Lander Falcon skimming over one of the many ice cravas of Jupiter’s moon Europa looking for a suitable landing place. COPYRIGHTED source: http://api.ning.com/files/s7oIN4 97UMEE6dpA1xd*IhqzsZkYEn1zbiUE5*qsj*mBXD EV7F1lGV*Qngn1qBdiZSdmNBsHbXquTTpGfoIHib xxEsocyNr-/BB131FalconoverEuropaNR.jpg?w idth=737&height=400 [2] Ganymede: Global Color View PD source: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/mult imedia/gallery/gg1.jpg |
260 YAN [2260 AD] 2 | 4601) Robots land and walk on Neptune and its moons.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2300} | Triton, Neptune |
[1] Adapted by Ted Huntington (added text) from: English: Diagram of the planet Neptune. Upper atmosphere, top clouds. Atmosphere consisting of hydrogen, helium, and methane gas. Mantle consisting of water, ammonia, and methane ices. Core consisting of rock (silicates and nickel-iron). 06:17, 8 October 2008 (UTC) Source http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/ gallery/Neptune_Int-browse.jpg, which is in the public domain Author NASA; Pbroks13 (redraw) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Neptune_diagram .svg/1000px-Neptune_diagram.svg.png |
275 YAN [2275 AD] | 661) Most humans are not religious. MORE INFO [1] "ESTIMATING THE RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION OF ALL NATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT", Becky Hsu, Amy Reynolds, Conrad Hackett, James Gibbon Princeton University November 2, 2005 Religions_estimating.pdf [2] MODERNIZATION, CULTURAL CHANGE, AND THE PERSISTENCE OF TRADITIONAL VALUES* Ronald Inglehart University of Michigan Wayne E. Baker University of Michigan religion_inglehart_backer.pdf [3] future_est.xls |
[1] UNKNOWN source: UNKNOWN | |
280 YAN [2280 AD] 3 | 4595) All money is electronic.2 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2280} | ||
280 YAN [2280 AD] 4 | 4598) Humans live permanently in a ship that orbits the Sun.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2280} |
[1] The Solar Probe Plus spacecraft with solar panels folded into the shadows of its protective shield, gathers data on its approach to the Sun. Credit: JHU/APL PD source: http://www.nasa.gov/images/conte nt/479540main_SPPObservingSun.jpg | |
280 YAN [2280 AD] 2 | 4620) Humans land on Saturn and its moons.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2700} {2701} | Saturn |
[1] Saturn from the surface of Dione. COPYRIGHTED source: http://spaceart1.ning.com/photo/ saturn-from-dione/next?context=userhttp: //microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/Advanced/Cap abilities/ETDP/images/lunarlander.jpg [2] Artist concept of Cassini at Saturn. Image credit: NASA/JPL › Larger image PD source: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/c assini/20090202/pia03883-full.jpg |
283 YAN [2283 AD] 3 | 6521) There are 100 billion humans.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993): 681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 2118405 2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopu lationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm |
[1] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. COPYRIGHTED source: Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17. | |
290 YAN [2290 AD] 3 | 4599) The first ships that regularly transport humans from Earth to the moon of Earth.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2290} | ||
300 YAN [2300 AD] 3 | 4581) The end of arrests for nudity in public.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2200} | ||
300 YAN [2300 AD] 5 | 4627) Humans land on Uranus and its moons.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800} | Uranus |
[1] Adapted from: Uranus seen from Oberon UNKNOWN source: http://api.ning.com/files/DzXL-l W6TdpjPVXja-k32xq4*PiPHvNiITlxVu5JoQ*XRl Z72k*OlXD710b-zT2jIomp7im9tEUk0AzJ4HNiph MGf2J-UCLg/Oberon.jpg?width=737&height=5 69http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/Advan ced/Capabilities/ETDP/images/lunarlander .jpg |
350 YAN [2350 AD] 3 | 4609) Humans switch to a single time system for all places in the universe.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2350} |
[1] world time zone map. PD source: http://www.time.gov/images/world zones.gif | |
350 YAN [2350 AD] 3 4 | 4630) Humans reach and land on Neptune and its moons.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2900} | Neptune |
[1] Intrepid-over-Proteus Neptune's Moon Proteus The Lander Intrepid skims the heavily cratered moon Proteus in search for a landing area. Proteus is a relatively large moon, similar in size to Saturn’s moon Mimas, but was not discovered until Voyager 2 flew by because it is very dark and orbits very close to Neptune. Like Mimas, it is irregular in shape, heavily cratered, and has no sign of internally generated geologic activity in its past. UNKNOWN source: http://api.ning.com/files/n*cJoC Qsunpuu6EpNQKC3KHkTJPnAZoABx8opILfQ7o_/I ntrepidoverProteus.jpg?width=737&height= 469 |
350 YAN [2350 AD] | 6393) The first ships to reach another star (Alpha Centauri) and to return the first closeup images of the planets around another star. These nanocamera ships are very small, and are accelerated to very high speeds, perhaps even half the speed of light, allowing them to reach another star in under 10 years. There need to be many ships in order to relay images over the long distances. Possibly nanometer ships may work together to assemble larger structures from the atoms around other stars. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntingtonhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wi kipedia/commons/0/08/Planet-alphacen1.pn g [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntingtonhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wi kipedia/commons/0/08/Planet-alphacen1.pn g | |
370 YAN [2370 AD] 1 | 6209) Living objects on planets of a different star are identified (bacteria made of DNA on planets around Centauri). FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2760} {2765} | Alpha Centauri |
[1] Descripción English: Filamentous cyanobacterium of a genus Lyngbya, as collected in Baja California, Mexico Česky: Vláknitá sinice rodu Lyngbya; Baja California, Mexico Fecha Fuente http://microbes.arc.nasa.gov/images/con tent/gallery/lightms/publication/lyngbya .jpg Autor NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lyngbya.jpg/128 0px-Lyngbya.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
400 YAN [2400 AD] 4 | 4612) Humans send ships with robots to the stars of Alpha Centauri.2 These large scale ships may only go 1% the speed of light and take 400 years to get to Centauri.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2400} | ||
420 YAN [2420 AD] | 779) Most humans in developed nations reject the theory of gods. MORE INFO [1] http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/service s/index.html [2] future_est.xls |
[1] Artist [show]Raphael (1483–1520) Link back to Creator infobox template wikidata:Q5597 Title English: The Council of Gods Date between 1517 and 1518 Medium fresco Current location Villa FarnesinaLink back to Institution infobox template PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/08/Raffaello%2C_concilio _degli_dei_02.jpg [2] Artist [show]Giovanni Lanfranco (1582–1647) Link back to Creator infobox template wikidata:Q447730 Title The Council of Gods Date between 1624 and 1625 Medium fresco Dimensions Unknown Current location Galleria BorgheseLink back to Institution infobox template Rome Notes http://www.wga.hu/html/l/lanfranc/counc il.html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0a/Lanfranco%2C_Giovanni _-The_Council_of_Gods_-_1624-25.jpg | |
500 YAN [2500 AD] 1 2 | 683) The removal and conversion of the Venus atmosphere is started. This is the first major "conversion of a gas atmosphere" engineering work of humans. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/fac tsheet/venusfact.html 2. ^ future_est.xls |
[1] Description Image of Venus in real color processed from the clear and blue filters (colors are probably enhanced). Date 2006-09-16 (original upload date) Source http://astrosurf.com/n unes/explor/explor_m10.htm Author N ASA/Ricardo Nunes PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/51/Venus-real.jpg [2] Adapted from: A rover that could survive the intense heat of Venus, seen here in an artist's impression, could revolutionise our understanding of the planet. Cooled by a Stirling Cooler with electronics at 200 °C and external radiator at 500 °C. Since the Venusian atmosphere is 'only' 450 °C the radiator will lose energy. Geoffrey Landis and Kenneth Mellott from NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/15/Venus_Rover.jpg | |
500 YAN [2500 AD] 8 9 | 686) The end of death by aging.6 Using genetic editing, humans can reach any developmental stage, and then hold that body shape indefinitely, dying only from physical destruction. Humans now live for thousands of years. This causes the human population to grow at an extremely fast rate.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington 8. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {2500} 9. ^ future_est.xls |
[1] Adapted by Ted Huntington from: Solution structure of a trans-opened (10S)-dA adduct of +)-(7S,8R,9S,10R)-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epo xy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in a DNA duplex. GNU AND Multiple Gear Speed Reduction Unit Top view of gear reduction unit. PD PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduc t_1JDG.pnghttp://mems.sandia.gov/gallery /images/tg8.jpgTed Huntington [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
500 YAN [2500 AD] | 4588) The end of arrests for all forms of trading money for consensual physical pleasure.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. | ||
500 YAN [2500 AD] | 6546) Microscopic ships reach Barnard's star, the second closest star, 6 light years away, and send back the first images of the planets there. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] Adapted from: Description English: Artist's conception of a the red dwarf star CHRX 73 A and its companion object CHRX 73 B. The companion object is around 12 Jupiter masses, and may either be a planet, a failed star or a brown dwarf Date 2006-09-02 Source Sel f-made JPEG version of original TIFF image at Hubble website Author NASA, ESA and G. Bacon (STScI) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RedDwarfPlanet. jpg/800px-RedDwarfPlanet.jpg [2] Adapted from: Description English: Artist's conception of a the red dwarf star CHRX 73 A and its companion object CHRX 73 B. The companion object is around 12 Jupiter masses, and may either be a planet, a failed star or a brown dwarf Date 2006-09-02 Source Sel f-made JPEG version of original TIFF image at Hubble website Author NASA, ESA and G. Bacon (STScI) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RedDwarfPlanet. jpg/800px-RedDwarfPlanet.jpghttp://aetd. gsfc.nasa.gov/code540/540/new_images/MLA S.jpg | |
500 YAN [2500 AD] | 6554) The end of homicide, by remote neuron writing.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ 2. ^ | ||
600 YAN [2600 AD] 1 | 4617) An asteroid is moved by propulsion, either by cables or by embedded engines. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. | ||
600 YAN [2600 AD] | 6547) Microscopic ships reach Sirius, 8 light years away, and send back the first images of the planets there. MORE INFO [1] | Sirius |
[1] {ULSF: adapted by Ted Huntington from below:} Description This picture is an artist's impression showing how the binary star system of Sirius A and its diminutive blue companion, Sirius B, might appear to an interstellar visitor. The large, bluish-white star Sirius A dominates the scene, while Sirius B is the small but very hot and blue white-dwarf star on the right. The two stars revolve around each other every 50 years. White dwarfs are the leftover remnants of stars similar to our Sun. The Sirius system, only 8.6 light-years from Earth, is the fifth closest stellar system known. Sirius B is faint because of its tiny size. Its diameter is only 7,500 miles (about 12 thousand kilometres), slightly smaller than the size of our Earth. The Sirius system is so close to Earth that most of the familiar constellations would have nearly the same appearance as in our own sky. In this rendition, we see in the background the three bright stars that make up the Summer Triangle: Altair, Deneb, and Vega. Altair is the white dot above Sirius A; Deneb is the dot to the upper right; and Vega lies below Sirius B. But there is one unfamiliar addition to the constellations: our own Sun is the second-magnitude star, shown as a small dot just below and to the right of Sirius A. Date Source http://www.spacete lescope.org/images/html/heic0516b.html Author NASA, ESA Credit: G. Bacon (STScI) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwor k.jpg [2] Adapted from: Description This picture is an artist's impression showing how the binary star system of Sirius A and its diminutive blue companion, Sirius B, might appear to an interstellar visitor. The large, bluish-white star Sirius A dominates the scene, while Sirius B is the small but very hot and blue white-dwarf star on the right. The two stars revolve around each other every 50 years. White dwarfs are the leftover remnants of stars similar to our Sun. The Sirius system, only 8.6 light-years from Earth, is the fifth closest stellar system known. Sirius B is faint because of its tiny size. Its diameter is only 7,500 miles (about 12 thousand kilometres), slightly smaller than the size of our Earth. The Sirius system is so close to Earth that most of the familiar constellations would have nearly the same appearance as in our own sky. In this rendition, we see in the background the three bright stars that make up the Summer Triangle: Altair, Deneb, and Vega. Altair is the white dot above Sirius A; Deneb is the dot to the upper right; and Vega lies below Sirius B. But there is one unfamiliar addition to the constellations: our own Sun is the second-magnitude star, shown as a small dot just below and to the right of Sirius A. Date Source http://www.spacete lescope.org/images/html/heic0516b.html Author NASA, ESA Credit: G. Bacon (STScI) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwor k.jpghttp://aetd.gsfc.nasa.gov/code540/5 40/new_images/MLAS.jpg |
650 YAN [2650 AD] 6 | 4619) Humans create atoms from light particles. Photon fusion: the reverse of separating atoms into light particles.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. {2650} |
[1] Humans create atoms from light particles Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
650 YAN [2650 AD] | 6555) The first images of large living objects on a planet of another star are seen. MORE INFO [1] | Alpha Centauri |
[1] English: Hydra vulgaris, a hydrozoan cnidarian. Light microscope, 40x 날짜 2008년 6월 6일 출처 자작 만든이 Corvana GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2f/Hydravulgaris.jpg [2] Descripción English: Filamentous cyanobacterium of a genus Lyngbya, as collected in Baja California, Mexico Česky: Vláknitá sinice rodu Lyngbya; Baja California, Mexico Fecha Fuente http://microbes.arc.nasa.gov/images/con tent/gallery/lightms/publication/lyngbya .jpg Autor NASA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lyngbya.jpg/128 0px-Lyngbya.jpg |
700 YAN [2700 AD] | 4605) Robots land and walk on Venus.2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. | Venus | |
750 YAN [2750 AD] 1 | 4622) The first large ship to reach a different star (Alpha Centauri). Smaller robot ships then land on all the planets and moons of Centauri. Robots start mining and building to prepare for the many millions of humans that will eventually arrive. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. | Alpha Centauri |
[1] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
800 YAN [2800 AD] | 24) Humans consume an asteroid. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] Adapted from: The Missing Craters of Asteroid Itokawa Credit & Copyright: ISAS, JAXA Explanation: Where are the craters on asteroid Itokawa? No one knows. The Japanese robot probe Hayabusa recently approached the Earth-crossing asteroid and is returning pictures showing a surface unlike any other Solar System body yet photographed -- a surface possibly devoid of craters. One possibility for the lack of common circular indentations is that asteroid Itokawa is a rubble pile -- a bunch of rocks and ice chunks only loosely held together by a small amount of gravity. If so, craters might be filled in whenever the asteroid gets jiggled by a passing planet -- Earth in this case. Alternatively, surface particles may become electrically charged by the Sun, levitate in the microgravity field, and move to fill in craters. Over the weekend, Hayabusa lowered itself to the surface of the strange asteroid in an effort to study the unusual body and collect surface samples that could be returned to Earth in 2007. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0511/itokawa05_hayabusa.jpg | |
800 YAN [2800 AD] 3 | 4615) Humans live on Venus. The first Venus colony. Humans live on and under the surface of Venus in cooled buildings.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2550} | Venus |
[1] Summary A rover that could survive the intense heat of Venus, seen here in an artist's impression, could revolutionise our understanding of the planet. Cooled by a Stirling Cooler with electronics at 200 °C and external radiator at 500 °C. Since the Venusian atmosphere is 'only' 450 °C the radiator will lose energy. Geoffrey Landis and Kenneth Mellott from NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/15/Venus_Rover.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
800 YAN [2800 AD] 1 | 4624) Ships containing humans leave for the stars of Alpha Centauri and will arrive successfully perhaps 400 years later. This begins the colonization of other stars. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800} | ||
800 YAN [2800 AD] 1 | 4628) Humans change the motion of a moon; perhaps a moon of Jupiter or Mars. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800} | Jupiter |
[1] A map of Io This map of Io was created by taking three relatively low resolution Voyager 2 maps of Io and composing them into a color map. These maps were taken from this FTP site. Each of the three original maps was created from images taken through differently colored filters. I then replaced the luminosity channel of the color map with a very high resolution grayscale map from the above site. That map was created from Voyager 1 photos. The result was impressive despite the fact that Io changed somewhat between the two Voyager flybys (it is after all the most volcanically active body in the solar system !). I then removed the most prominent seams and color discontinuities. Some seams still remain (I was more lazy when creating this map than e.g. the Europa map ;) but remarkably they are usually not visible in 3D renderings except for renderings showing Io from a close range. I may remove these defects some day. Finally I replaced small, black areas near the poles (where no imagery is available) with fictional data created by cloning adjacent areas. This map is aesthetically better than the ones at David Seal's site and also of higher resolution but the color is probably less realistic than in his ''yellowish'' map. His maps are also more realistic in the sense that there is no fictional data at the poles, they are simply blank. Click the map below to view the 2880x1440 pixel (442 KB JPG) full size map. Actually my original map is 5760x2880 pixels but I do not have space for such a monster here. UNKNOWN source: http://www.mmedia.is/~bjj/data/i o/io.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
850 YAN [2850 AD] 3 | 4580) Humans change the motion of a planet (planet Earth). The large quantity of ships in orbit causes the motion of Earth to be carefully monitored and periodically changed using organized ship movements. By this time the Earth and Moon are visibly surrounded by millions of orbiting ships.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800} {2850} | Earth |
[1] Image of ships surrounding Earth in the future by Ted Huntington Source of Texture map for Earth unknown GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
900 YAN [2900 AD] 1 | 29) A ship impacts the surface of Jupiter. The first image of the surface of Jupiter is captured. The solid and liquid body of Jupiter is confirmed to be 6 times the diameter of Earth. The surface of Jupiter may appear to be molten liquid like the surface of the Sun and the interior of the other planets. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. | Jupiter |
[1] Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] This close-up of the northwestern region of the Sun shows a filament erupting. Credit: NASA/SDO PD source: http://www.nasa.gov/images/conte nt/480276main_20100904-fulldisk.jpg |
900 YAN [2900 AD] | 775) A ship from Centauri leaves for Earth carrying matter from Centauri. This is part of a long term project of bringing back matter from around Centauri to be used around the star Earth orbits where consumable atoms are in great demand. MORE INFO [1] | Alpha Centauri | |
900 YAN [2900 AD] 1 | 4629) Human anatomical changes start to become apparent as a result of living many generations in low gravity. Humans may start to look like ocean organisms which do not walk but instead move by pushing the surrounding medium using their appendages. Humans may also develop more and larger sex-related organs of both genders. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Ted Huntington AND Description A meteor and galactic center of Milky Way galaxy. The image was taken in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Date 9/21/08 Source Own work Author Brocken Inaglory GNU source: Ted Huntington and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/e/e5/Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_mete or.jpg [2] Ted Huntington AND Description A meteor and galactic center of Milky Way galaxy. The image was taken in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Date 9/21/08 Source Own work Author Brocken Inaglory GNU source: Ted Huntington and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/e/e5/Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_mete or.jpg | |
1,000 YAN [3000 AD] | 4631) The start of the removal of the Jupiter atmosphere. Many humans may fear Jupiter exploding. The removal of the atmosphere is a natural result of ships "feeding" on the matter of Jupiter; the lost mass is replaced by added ships and people. MORE INFO [1] | Jupiter |
[1] PIA01369: Jupiter from Voyager 2 PD source: http://ppj-web-1.jpl.nasa.gov/jp eg/PIA01369.jpg |
1,150 YAN [3150 AD] 2 | 4638) Ships with robots reach the second closest star, Barnard's star 6 light years away. Robots land on the planets and start building more ships.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {3150} | Barnard's Star |
[1] Adapted from: Description English: Artist's conception of a the red dwarf star CHRX 73 A and its companion object CHRX 73 B. The companion object is around 12 Jupiter masses, and may either be a planet, a failed star or a brown dwarf Date 2006-09-02 Source Sel f-made JPEG version of original TIFF image at Hubble website Author NASA, ESA and G. Bacon (STScI) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RedDwarfPlanet. jpg/800px-RedDwarfPlanet.jpghttp://aetd. gsfc.nasa.gov/code540/540/new_images/MLA S.jpg |
1,200 YAN [3200 AD] | 4614) A ship from Centauri reaches Earth and returns the first objects from a different star. Robots around Centauri build ships to go to other stars and pull them closer. MORE INFO [1] | Earth System |
[1] Ship from Centauri reaches Earth PD source: Ted Huntington [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
1,200 YAN [3200 AD] 6 | 4637) Humans reach a different star (Alpha Centauri). Humans now live around two star systems and so the chance of extinction is greatly decreased. Humans will start to reproduce at an exponential rate around the three stars of Centauri.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. {3100} {3200 (100 years per light year 400 years} | Alpha Centauri |
[1] Humans reach Alpha Centauri adapted by Ted Huntington from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip edia/commons/0/08/Planet-alphacen1.png CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/08/Planet-alphacen1.png [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
1,200 YAN [3200 AD] 1 | 4639) Humans completely control the motion of planet Mercury. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. | Mercury | |
1,300 YAN [3300 AD] | 777) The end of major religions. Most humans belong to no major religion. MORE INFO [1] future_est.xls [2] "MODERNIZATION, CULTURAL CHANGE, AND THE PERSISTENCE OF TRADITIONAL VALUES" Ronald Inglehart University of Michigan Wayne E. Baker University of Michigan religion_inglehart_baker.pdf [3] "ESTIMATING THE RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION OF ALL NATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT", Becky Hsu, Amy Reynolds, Conrad Hackett, James Gibbon Princeton University November 2, 2005 Religions_estimating.pdf |
[1] Images representing 5 major religions UNKNOWN source: UNKNOWN | |
1,350 YAN [3350 AD] 2 | 4640) Ships with robots reach Sirius.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {3350} | Sirius |
[1] Adapted from: Description This picture is an artist's impression showing how the binary star system of Sirius A and its diminutive blue companion, Sirius B, might appear to an interstellar visitor. The large, bluish-white star Sirius A dominates the scene, while Sirius B is the small but very hot and blue white-dwarf star on the right. The two stars revolve around each other every 50 years. White dwarfs are the leftover remnants of stars similar to our Sun. The Sirius system, only 8.6 light-years from Earth, is the fifth closest stellar system known. Sirius B is faint because of its tiny size. Its diameter is only 7,500 miles (about 12 thousand kilometres), slightly smaller than the size of our Earth. The Sirius system is so close to Earth that most of the familiar constellations would have nearly the same appearance as in our own sky. In this rendition, we see in the background the three bright stars that make up the Summer Triangle: Altair, Deneb, and Vega. Altair is the white dot above Sirius A; Deneb is the dot to the upper right; and Vega lies below Sirius B. But there is one unfamiliar addition to the constellations: our own Sun is the second-magnitude star, shown as a small dot just below and to the right of Sirius A. Date Source http://www.spacete lescope.org/images/html/heic0516b.html Author NASA, ESA Credit: G. Bacon (STScI) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwor k.jpghttp://aetd.gsfc.nasa.gov/code540/5 40/new_images/MLAS.jpg |
1,400 YAN [3400 AD] 4 | 4643) Humans control the motion of Mars.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. {3600} | Mars |
[1] Ship surround planet Mars in the far future. Maps map source: Currently unknown Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] Nighttime city lights of Europe from the ISS: London is on the lower left and Paris is in the middle UNKNOWN source: http://www.tamaratemple.com/wp-c ontent/uploads/2011/08/ISS028-E-024360_l rg.jpg |
1,400 YAN [3400 AD] 1 | 6568) Humans reach Barnard's star. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {3150} | Barnard's Star |
[1] Adapted from: Description English: Artist's conception of a the red dwarf star CHRX 73 A and its companion object CHRX 73 B. The companion object is around 12 Jupiter masses, and may either be a planet, a failed star or a brown dwarf Date 2006-09-02 Source Sel f-made JPEG version of original TIFF image at Hubble website Author NASA, ESA and G. Bacon (STScI) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RedDwarfPlanet. jpg/800px-RedDwarfPlanet.jpghttp://aetd. gsfc.nasa.gov/code540/540/new_images/MLA S.jpg |
1,500 YAN [3500 AD] 1 2 | 684) Much of the atmosphere of Venus has been removed and the surface has cooled down. Nitrogen and Oxygen gases are now released into the atmosphere. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 2. ^ future_est.xls | Venus |
[1] Atmosphere of Venus completely removed adapted by Ted Huntington from: Summary A rover that could survive the intense heat of Venus, seen here in an artist's impression, could revolutionise our understanding of the planet. Cooled by a Stirling Cooler with electronics at 200 °C and external radiator at 500 °C. Since the Venusian atmosphere is 'only' 450 °C the radiator will lose energy. Geoffrey Landis and Kenneth Mellott from NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/15/Venus_Rover.jpg [2] Venus with no atmosphere adapted from Mars texture map UNKNOWN source: |
1,600 YAN [3600 AD] 1 | 6569) Humans reach Sirius. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {3350} | Sirius |
[1] Adapted from: Description This picture is an artist's impression showing how the binary star system of Sirius A and its diminutive blue companion, Sirius B, might appear to an interstellar visitor. The large, bluish-white star Sirius A dominates the scene, while Sirius B is the small but very hot and blue white-dwarf star on the right. The two stars revolve around each other every 50 years. White dwarfs are the leftover remnants of stars similar to our Sun. The Sirius system, only 8.6 light-years from Earth, is the fifth closest stellar system known. Sirius B is faint because of its tiny size. Its diameter is only 7,500 miles (about 12 thousand kilometres), slightly smaller than the size of our Earth. The Sirius system is so close to Earth that most of the familiar constellations would have nearly the same appearance as in our own sky. In this rendition, we see in the background the three bright stars that make up the Summer Triangle: Altair, Deneb, and Vega. Altair is the white dot above Sirius A; Deneb is the dot to the upper right; and Vega lies below Sirius B. But there is one unfamiliar addition to the constellations: our own Sun is the second-magnitude star, shown as a small dot just below and to the right of Sirius A. Date Source http://www.spacete lescope.org/images/html/heic0516b.html Author NASA, ESA Credit: G. Bacon (STScI) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwor k.jpghttp://aetd.gsfc.nasa.gov/code540/5 40/new_images/MLAS.jpg |
1,800 YAN [3800 AD] 4 | 4645) The motion of Jupiter is controlled by orbiting ships.3 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. {3800} | Jupiter |
[1] Ships surround Jupiter inj the far future. by Ted Huntington, Jupiter map from unknown source. GNU source: Ted Huntington |
2,000 YAN [4000 AD] | 4644) The atmosphere of Jupiter is completely removed, which causes the surface to solidify and be more easily mined. Humans may add a nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere or may simply mine Jupiter for matter, most of which is exported to humans orbiting Jupiter or the Sun. MORE INFO [1] | Jupiter |
[1] Jupiter after atmosphere is consumed. By Ted Huntington, adapted from: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jp g/Photoglossary/aa_large.jpg GNU source: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/J pg/Photoglossary/aa_large.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
2,000 YAN [4000 AD] | 4646) Humans have robot ships at 10 different stars.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Description English: Praesepe: the open cluster Messier 44 Date Source 2MASS Atlas Image Gallery: The Messier Catalog Author Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. Licensing Public domain This image is from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) project. The images from this project have been released into the public domain. 2MASS kindly requests acknowledgement in one of the following forms, the longer of which is preferred. Atlas Image [or Atlas Image mosaic] obtained as part of the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. Atlas Image [or Atlas Image mosaic] courtesy of 2MASS/UMass/IPAC-Caltech/NASA/NSF. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3a/Messier_044_2MASS.jpg [2] Description English: Praesepe: the open cluster Messier 44 Date Source 2MASS Atlas Image Gallery: The Messier Catalog Author Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. Licensing Public domain This image is from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) project. The images from this project have been released into the public domain. 2MASS kindly requests acknowledgement in one of the following forms, the longer of which is preferred. Atlas Image [or Atlas Image mosaic] obtained as part of the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. Atlas Image [or Atlas Image mosaic] courtesy of 2MASS/UMass/IPAC-Caltech/NASA/NSF. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3a/Messier_044_2MASS.jpg | |
2,200 YAN [4200 AD] 1 | 4651) The rings of Saturn are consumed by humans living there. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {4200} | Saturn |
[1] Saturn surrounded by ships in the far future. by Ted Huntington using texture map of Saturn from: http://www.mmedia.is/~bjj/data/saturn/sa turn.jpg UNKNOWN source: http://www.mmedia.is/~bjj/data/s aturn/saturn.jpgTed Huntington |
2,300 YAN [4300 AD] 4 | 6379) Humans land on the surface of Jupiter.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. {4300} | Jupiter |
[1] by Ted Huntington adapted from: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jp g/Photoglossary/aa_large.jpg PD source: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/J pg/Photoglossary/aa_large.jpg [2] by Ted Huntington adapted from: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jp g/Photoglossary/aa_large.jpg PD source: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/J pg/Photoglossary/aa_large.jpg |
2,500 YAN [4500 AD] 1 2 | 4579) The Venus atmosphere is like the atmosphere of Earth. Venus becomes a second Earth (although without oceans and much more efficiently organized). FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {4500} 2. ^ future_est.xls {4500} | Venus |
[1] International Space Station crew members are trained to observe and document dynamic events on the Earth’s surface, such as hurricanes, forest fires, and volcanic eruptions. Their observations provide scientists and the general public a different perspective on these events. Earlier this week, astronauts in the crew of the ISS-5 mission were able to observe Mt. Etna’s spectacular eruption, and photograph the details of the eruption plume as well as smoke from fires triggered by the lava as it flowed down the 11,000-foot mountain. This image is looking obliquely to the southeast over the island of Sicily. A wider view (ISS005-E-19016) shows the ash plume curving out toward the horizon, caught first by low-level winds blowing to the southeast, and to the south toward Africa at higher altitudes. Ashfall was reported in Libya, more than 350 miles away. The lighter-colored plumes downslope and north of the summit (see detailed view, ISS005-E-19024) are produced by gas emissions from a line of vents on the mountain’s north flank. The detailed image provides a three-dimensional profile of the eruption plume. This was one of Etna’s most vigorous eruptions in years. The eruption was triggered by a series of earthquakes on October 27. These images were taken on October 30, 2002. Sicilans have learned to live with Etna’s eruptions. Although schools were closed and air traffic was diverted because of the ash, no towns or villages were threatened by the lava flow. Astronaut photographs ISS005-E-19016 and ISS005-E-19024 were taken on October 30, 2002, at about 11:30 GMT and are provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. Instrument: ISS - Digital Camera PD source: http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/im ages/imagerecords/2000/2923/etna2_ISS200 2303_lrg.jpg |
2,500 YAN [4500 AD] 3 | 4652) The first ships to hold an orbit above or below the planetary plane. Ships can get closer to the Sun by occupying an orbit above or below the planetary plane. These ships may hold a horizontal orbit by thrusting against the y component of the Sun's gravity. Alternatively they may maintain a thrustless orbit that crosses the planetary plane.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {4200} |
[1] Star with many ships around it. Adapted from: English: The Sun photographed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA 304) of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This is a false color image of the sun observed in the extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum. For example, similar image. Date 2010-08-19T00:32:21Z (ISO 8601) Source NASA/SDO (AIA). Author NASA/SDO (AIA). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_ Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s _Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.j pg/628px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imag ing_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_ Observatory_-_20100819.jpg [2] Star with many ships around it. Adapted from: English: The Sun photographed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA 304) of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This is a false color image of the sun observed in the extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum. For example, similar image. Date 2010-08-19T00:32:21Z (ISO 8601) Source NASA/SDO (AIA). Author NASA/SDO (AIA). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_ Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s _Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.j pg/628px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imag ing_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_ Observatory_-_20100819.jpg | |
2,500 YAN [4500 AD] | 4655) Humans live on the surface of Jupiter. | Jupiter |
[1] Lava flows on Krafla in Iceland Licensing: This image was created by Chris 73. The image is licensed under a dual license; please choose either of the two licenses below as desired. Attribution to Wikipedia or another project of the Wikimedia foundation is required for both licenses if the image is used outside of projects of the Wikimedia foundation. Attribution to me is not required. GNU head Es ist erlaubt, die Datei unter den Bedingungen der GNU-Lizenz für freie Dokumentation, Version 1.3 oder einer späteren Version, veröffentlicht von der Free Software Foundation, zu kopieren, zu verbreiten und/oder zu modifizieren; es gibt keine unveränderlichen Abschnitte, keinen vorderen und keinen hinteren Umschlagtext. Der vollständige Text der Lizenz ist im Kapitel GNU-Lizenz für freie Dokumentation verfügbar. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d6/Lava_at_Vulkan_Krafla _Iceland_1.JPG [2] Volle resolusie (3 888 × 2 592 pixels, lêergrootte: 5,96 MG, MIME type: image/jpeg) Hierdie lêer kom vanaf Wikimedia Commons en kan ook in ander projekte gebruik word. Die beskrywing op die lêer se inligtingsblad word hieronder weergegee. Beskrywing English: Lava flow at The Big Island of Hawaii. The lava flow is due to July 21 fissure eruption. The picture was taken from a helicopter. Datum 09/10/07 Bron Created and originally uploaded to the English Wikipedia by Brocken Inaglory. Outeur Brocken Inaglory Toestemming (Hergebruik van die lêer) CC-BY-SA-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0; Released under the GNU Free Documentation License. Kameraligging 19° 23' 11.0'' N, 155° 6' 18.0'' W Hierdie en ander beelde in: Google Maps - Google Earth - OpenStreetMa CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/62/Hawaiian_lava_flow.jp g |
2,500 YAN [4500 AD] 3 | 4662) The motions of all the planets are under human control.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {4500} |
[1] Various planetary texture maps and public domain lava texture map mapped onto 3D sphere and rendered two spheres of ships added by Ted Huntington PD source: Various planetary texture maps and public domain lava texture map mapped onto 3D sphere and rendered two spheres of ships added by Ted Huntington [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
2,800 YAN [4800 AD] 3 | 4669) Jupiter is the most populated planet, overtaking the Earth in number of humans living in, on, and in orbit of it.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {4800} | Jupiter | |
3,000 YAN [5000 AD] | 4656) The atmosphere of Jupiter is now Nitrogen and Oxygen, and heated to stay gaseous. | Jupiter | |
3,000 YAN [5000 AD] 3 4 | 4666) More humans live in ships than live in and on the surface of all the planets, moons and asteroids.2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. {4700} | ||
3,000 YAN [5000 AD] | 4668) Humans have robot ships at 50 different stars.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Description English: A spatial representation of every star within 14 light-years of Sol. There are 32 known stars in this region, including Sol. The stars are coloured according to the spectral type, which may not reflect the actual colour. Please see this Wikipedia article for the listing of stars. If a star is double or triple the stars are shown stacked vertically: the actual position is the star closest to the centre plane. The stars on this map may not all be visible to the naked eye, as many are dwarf stars. Some of this information may be preliminary and not entirely accurate as a result. The coordinate system is right ascension and declination. Hours of RA are marked, as well as distance in multiples of 5 light-years. Date 06/04/2008 Source self-made, Mathematica, Inkscape. See also: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedi a/S/starsnearest.html Author Inductiveload PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/ff/Nearby_Stars_%2814ly_ Radius%29.svg | |
3,100 YAN [5100 AD] 6 | 4671) The first image of advanced living objects that evolved around a different star. Their scientific technologies, constructions, and highly adapted anatomies are of great interest. Obtaining this image is part of a process that all advanced life must participate in; sending probe ships to other stars and capturing images of any life that has evolved there.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. {5100} |
[1] Life of another star by Ted Huntington with background image: 说明 English: Open Star Cluster NGC663 in Cassiopeia 日期 2010年11月9日 来源 自己的作品 作者 Hewholooks CC source: Ted Huntingtonhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wi kipedia/commons/1/12/NGC663HunterWilson. jpg [2] Living object from other star by Ted Huntington with image in background: Description English: This impressive image of the open cluster known as Trumpler 14 was obtained with the Multi-conjugate Adaptive optics Demonstrator (MAD) mounted on ESO’s Very Large Telescope. The cluster, which is found to be only 500 000 years old — a blink of an eye in the Universe’s history — resides at the outskirts of the central region of the Carina Nebula, located some 8000 light-years away towards the constellation of Carina (the Keel). Trumpler 14 is not only the youngest, but also one of the most populous clusters within the nebula. Astronomers counted about 2000 stars in the very central parts of this cluster. The MAD instrument allows astronomers to obtain very sharp images over a wide area and this image is the adaptive optics image that so far covers the widest area on the sky. The field of view is about 2 arcminutes across and the image is based on data obtained through two different filters (K and H). Date 03-12-2009 Source http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso094 7a/ Author ESO/H. Sana CC source: Ted Huntingtonhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wi kipedia/commons/5/57/ESO-Trumpler14-clus ter.jpg | |
3,200 YAN [5200 AD] 3 | 4673) Humans inhabit 10 stars and have robot ships around 100 stars.2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {5200} |
[1] Description English: A spatial representation of every star within 14 light-years of Sol. There are 32 known stars in this region, including Sol. The stars are coloured according to the spectral type, which may not reflect the actual colour. Please see this Wikipedia article for the listing of stars. If a star is double or triple the stars are shown stacked vertically: the actual position is the star closest to the centre plane. The stars on this map may not all be visible to the naked eye, as many are dwarf stars. Some of this information may be preliminary and not entirely accurate as a result. The coordinate system is right ascension and declination. Hours of RA are marked, as well as distance in multiples of 5 light-years. Date 06/04/2008 Source self-made, Mathematica, Inkscape. See also: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedi a/S/starsnearest.html Author Inductiveload PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/ff/Nearby_Stars_%2814ly_ Radius%29.svg | |
3,500 YAN [5500 AD] | 6176) The position of the Sun is under human control and is moved in the direction of Centauri. | Sun |
[1] Humans move star by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
4,000 YAN [6000 AD] | 4674) The stars of Centauri are moved towards the Sun. This will make travel, communication, and trading of matter between the two stars faster. MORE INFO [1] | Centauri |
[1] Ships move Alpha Centauri A by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington [2] Ships move Alpha Centauri A by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington |
4,000 YAN [6000 AD] 6 | 4675) Humans touch advanced living objects that evolved around a different star. This will cause a large amount of excitement for the many billions of organisms of both star systems.5 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. {6000} |
[1] Humans touch advanced life of another star by Ted Huntington with background image of: Double Cluster in Perseus Credit & Copyright: Roth Ritter (Dark Atmospheres) Explanation: Some 7,000 light-years away, this pair of open or galactic star clusters is an easy binocular target, a lovely starfield in the northern constellation Perseus. Also visible to the unaided eye from dark sky areas, it was cataloged in 130 BC by Greek astronomer Hipparchus. Now known as h and chi Persei, or NGC 869(above right) and NGC 884, the clusters themselves are separated by only a few hundred light-years and contain stars much younger and hotter than the Sun. In addition to being physically close together, the clusters' ages based on their individual stars are similar - evidence that both clusters were likely a product of the same star-forming region. PD source: Ted Huntingtonhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/imag e/0901/clusters_2_ritter.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
4,500 YAN [6500 AD] | 4676) Humans form a cluster of 4 stars (the Sun and the three stars of Centauri) and start to look like an "open cluster". Each star is within 1 light year from each other.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. | Sun-Centauri cluster |
[1] Open Star Cluster M38 Credit & Copyright: NOAO, AURA, NSF Explanation: Open cluster M38 can be seen with binoculars toward the constellation of Auriga. M38 is considered an intermediately rich open cluster of stars, each of which is about 200 million years old. Located in the disk of our Milky Way galaxy, M38 is still young enough to house many bright blue stars, although it's brightest star is a yellow giant shining 900 times brighter than our Sun. The cluster spans roughly 25 light-years and lies about 4000 light-years away. M38, pictured above, is found only about 2.5 degrees northwest of open cluster M36. Loosely bound by gravity, open clusters spread out over time as they orbit the galactic center and their member stars slowly escape. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0301/m38_noao.jpg |
5,000 YAN [7000 AD] 1 2 | 678) One trillion humans. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {15,505 YAN (rate=0.033%) (at current rate is 2600} |
[1] Image summarizing population of humans around planets and stars by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington [2] Image summarizing population of humans around planets and stars by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington | |
9,000 YAN [11000 AD] 3 | 4680) Genetic engineering may produce humans that use photosynthesis, only needing water, oxygen, and light.2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {11000} |
[1] Stomata UNKNOWN source: http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumbl r_lw2kg9XyIi1qg1up7o1_1280.jpg [2] Magnified 1000 X UNKNOWN source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e92BaY WkdLQ/TZRgIdtDT-I/AAAAAAAAANA/YCjudgxn9n I/s1600/1000%2BX%2BElodea.JPG | |
10,000 YAN [12000 AD] 3 | 4681) Humans may genetically remove the requirement to urinate, defecate, sleep, and reproduce sexually.2 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {12000} |
[1] Chromsomes UNKNOWN source: http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~edy /genome/chromosomes.jpg [2] Ted Huntington AND Description A meteor and galactic center of Milky Way galaxy. The image was taken in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Date 9/21/08 Source Own work Author Brocken Inaglory GNU source: Ted Huntington and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/e/e5/Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_mete or.jpg | |
11,000 YAN [13000 AD] 2 | 4682) Humans may genetically remove the need for a constant supply of oxygen or water.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {13000} |
[1] Image of possible future photosynthetic human2 by Ted Huntington with background image of The Milky Way at 5000 Meters Credit & Copyright: Serge Brunier Explanation: Climb up to 5000 meters (16,500 feet) above sea level, near Cerro Chajnantor in the northern Chilean Andes, and your night sky could encompass this cosmic vista. Recorded from that high and dry locale, the spectacular fish-eye image features the myriad stars and sprawling dust clouds of our Milky Way Galaxy. The direction toward the center of the Galaxy is near the zenith and center of the picture, but the Galactic Center itself is hidden from view, located far behind the obscuring dust. Brilliant Jupiter rules this scene just above the Milky Way's central bulge with the noticeably fainter, yellowish, giant star Antares to its right. Small and faint, near the right edge of the picture is one of the Milky Way's many satellite galaxies, the Small Magellanic Cloud. PD source: Ted Huntingtonhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/imag e/0801/16500feetmilkywaykc2_brunier.jpg [2] Image of possible future photosynthetic human by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington | |
12,000 YAN [14000 AD] | 679) One quadrillion humans (1015). MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html |
[1] Image summarizing population of humans around planets and stars by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington [2] Image summarizing population of humans around planets and stars by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington | |
12,000 YAN [14000 AD] 1 | 4683) Our descendents probably will look very different from humans now, adapted for efficiency and to low gravity space. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Ted Huntington AND Description A meteor and galactic center of Milky Way galaxy. The image was taken in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Date 9/21/08 Source Own work Author Brocken Inaglory GNU source: Ted Huntington and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/e/e5/Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_mete or.jpg [2] Ted Huntington AND Description A meteor and galactic center of Milky Way galaxy. The image was taken in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Date 9/21/08 Source Own work Author Brocken Inaglory GNU source: Ted Huntington and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/e/e5/Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_mete or.jpg | |
15,000 YAN [17000 AD] | 6570) More humans live around other stars than live around the Sun. MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html |
[1] Open Star Cluster M38 Credit & Copyright: NOAO, AURA, NSF Explanation: Open cluster M38 can be seen with binoculars toward the constellation of Auriga. M38 is considered an intermediately rich open cluster of stars, each of which is about 200 million years old. Located in the disk of our Milky Way galaxy, M38 is still young enough to house many bright blue stars, although it's brightest star is a yellow giant shining 900 times brighter than our Sun. The cluster spans roughly 25 light-years and lies about 4000 light-years away. M38, pictured above, is found only about 2.5 degrees northwest of open cluster M36. Loosely bound by gravity, open clusters spread out over time as they orbit the galactic center and their member stars slowly escape. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0301/m38_noao.jpg [2] Image summarizing population of humans around planets and stars by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington | |
19,000 YAN [21000 AD] | 6548) One quintillion humans (1018). MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html |
[1] Image summarizing population of humans around planets and stars by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington [2] Image adapted from from http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/gemini _gallery/hi-resjpgs/10.jpg Cape Canaveral, site of NASA's Kennedy Space Center, from the Gemini V ... PD source: http://www.nasa.gov/externalflas h/gemini_gallery/hi-resjpgs/10.jpgTed Huntington Ted Huntington | |
25,000 YAN [27000 AD] | 4677) Humans have robot ships around 1000 stars, inhabit 100 stars, and form an open cluster of 10 stars. |
[1] Hyades for the Holidays Image Credit & Copyright: Jerry Lodriguss (Catching the Light) Explanation: Recognized since antiquity and depicted on the shield of Achilles according to Homer, stars of the Hyades cluster form the head of the constellation Taurus the Bull. Their general V-shape is anchored by Aldebaran, the eye of the Bull and by far the constellation's brightest star. Yellowish in appearance, red giant Aldebaran is not a Hyades cluster member, though. Modern astronomy puts the Hyades cluster 151 light-years away making it the nearest established open star cluster, while Aldebaran lies at less than half that distance, along the same line-of-sight. Along with colorful Hyades stars, this stellar holiday portrait locates Aldebaran just below center, as well as another open star cluster in Taurus, NGC 1647 at the left, some 2,000 light-years or more in the background. Just slide your cursor over the image to identify the stars. The central Hyades stars are spread out over about 15 light-years. Formed some 800 million years ago, the Hyades star cluster may share a common origin with M44 (Praesepe), a naked-eye open star cluster in Cancer, based on M44's motion through space and remarkably similar age. UNKNOWN source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 1212/HyadesLodriguss.jpg [2] Hyades for the Holidays Image Credit & Copyright: Jerry Lodriguss (Catching the Light) Explanation: Recognized since antiquity and depicted on the shield of Achilles according to Homer, stars of the Hyades cluster form the head of the constellation Taurus the Bull. Their general V-shape is anchored by Aldebaran, the eye of the Bull and by far the constellation's brightest star. Yellowish in appearance, red giant Aldebaran is not a Hyades cluster member, though. Modern astronomy puts the Hyades cluster 151 light-years away making it the nearest established open star cluster, while Aldebaran lies at less than half that distance, along the same line-of-sight. Along with colorful Hyades stars, this stellar holiday portrait locates Aldebaran just below center, as well as another open star cluster in Taurus, NGC 1647 at the left, some 2,000 light-years or more in the background. Just slide your cursor over the image to identify the stars. The central Hyades stars are spread out over about 15 light-years. Formed some 800 million years ago, the Hyades star cluster may share a common origin with M44 (Praesepe), a naked-eye open star cluster in Cancer, based on M44's motion through space and remarkably similar age. UNKNOWN source: http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/Scien ce/Astros/Imageofweek/ciw-image/050600-2 .jpg | |
45,000 YAN [47000 AD] | 4679) Humans have robot ships around 10,000 stars, inhabit 1000 stars and form a cluster of 100 stars. |
[1] The CFHT Open Cluster Survey : NGC 2099 Credit: Image courtesy of Harvey Richer1, Patrick Durrell1, Gregory Fahlman2, J. Kalirai1, F. D'Antona3 & G. Marconi3 1 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 2 Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation, Hawaii, USA 3 Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Italy COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/Scien ce/Astros/Imageofweek/ciw-image/050600-2 .jpg [2] Hyades for the Holidays Image Credit & Copyright: Jerry Lodriguss (Catching the Light) Explanation: Recognized since antiquity and depicted on the shield of Achilles according to Homer, stars of the Hyades cluster form the head of the constellation Taurus the Bull. Their general V-shape is anchored by Aldebaran, the eye of the Bull and by far the constellation's brightest star. Yellowish in appearance, red giant Aldebaran is not a Hyades cluster member, though. Modern astronomy puts the Hyades cluster 151 light-years away making it the nearest established open star cluster, while Aldebaran lies at less than half that distance, along the same line-of-sight. Along with colorful Hyades stars, this stellar holiday portrait locates Aldebaran just below center, as well as another open star cluster in Taurus, NGC 1647 at the left, some 2,000 light-years or more in the background. Just slide your cursor over the image to identify the stars. The central Hyades stars are spread out over about 15 light-years. Formed some 800 million years ago, the Hyades star cluster may share a common origin with M44 (Praesepe), a naked-eye open star cluster in Cancer, based on M44's motion through space and remarkably similar age. UNKNOWN source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 1212/HyadesLodriguss.jpg | |
50,000 YAN [52000 AD] | 4658) All asteroids are consumed.3 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Adapted from: The Missing Craters of Asteroid Itokawa Credit & Copyright: ISAS, JAXA Explanation: Where are the craters on asteroid Itokawa? No one knows. The Japanese robot probe Hayabusa recently approached the Earth-crossing asteroid and is returning pictures showing a surface unlike any other Solar System body yet photographed -- a surface possibly devoid of craters. One possibility for the lack of common circular indentations is that asteroid Itokawa is a rubble pile -- a bunch of rocks and ice chunks only loosely held together by a small amount of gravity. If so, craters might be filled in whenever the asteroid gets jiggled by a passing planet -- Earth in this case. Alternatively, surface particles may become electrically charged by the Sun, levitate in the microgravity field, and move to fill in craters. Over the weekend, Hayabusa lowered itself to the surface of the strange asteroid in an effort to study the unusual body and collect surface samples that could be returned to Earth in 2007. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0511/itokawa05_hayabusa.jpg | |
63,000 YAN [65000 AD] | 6171) Humans reach the center of the Earth. MORE INFO [1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt | Earth |
[1] by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington [2] Adapted from: The Death Star is the size of a small moon. See more Star Wars pictures. Photo courtesy © Lucasfilm Ltd. & TM. All Rights Reserved. COPYRIGHTED source: http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/dea th-star-1.jpg |
65,000 YAN [67000 AD] 3 | 6174) Earth is completely filled with living objects, and has a population of 10 quintillion {KWiNTiLYeN2 } (1019) humans. There is no more molten material inside the Earth. All the molten compressed matter was extracted, cooled and consumed, mostly as building materials, fuel, and food. Earth is completely filled with tunnels, rooms, and living objects. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "quintillion." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/quintillion 2. ^ "quintillion." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/quintillion 3. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt | Earth |
[1] Earth is completely filled by Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
70,000 YAN [72000 AD] | 4684) Humans have robot ships at 100,000 stars, inhabit 10,000 stars, and form a cluster of 1,000 stars. Alternatively, the cluster of stars our descendents make, may be consumed by or integrated with a larger star cluster, for example the Hyades or M13. |
[1] M15 Second attempt for a star cluster. L 12x2min, RGB each 5x2min, Dark no Flat. 1 click on the picture (1024x690, 115 KB) Distance: 35000 Ly UNKNOWN source: http://www.luluobservatorium.de/ Big%20Pictures/M15.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
90,000 YAN [92000 AD] 3 | 6210) Humans form a globular cluster of 10,000 stars. This cluster starts to leave the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy. The human population is now around 50 sextillion (50 x 1021).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington based on 0.03% growth from 2000 to 90000 2. ^ Ted Huntington based on 0.03% growth from 2000 to 90000 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {10000} {92,108 YAN (0.01% growth rate) (was 10000} |
[1] M31 with some globular clusters marked [t Note that each globular cluster can be imagined to be formed by some intelligent living objects.] Image by Peter Kennett UNKNOWN source: http://www.petesastrophotography .com/m31globs.jpg [2] M31, Southwest Arm, NGC 206 copyright Robert Gendler 2005 UNKNOWN source: http://www.robgendlerastropics.c om/M31NMmosaicSW.jpg | |
100,000 YAN | 6558) An object made by humans touches the surface of the Sun. By this time the Sun is colder and much of the surface is solid. Matter of the Sun continues to be removed for food, fuel and building materials. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] Adapted by Ted Huntington from: Closeup of Sun from NASA PD source: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/mult imedia/gallery/sun2_trace.jpg [2] Corona loop on Sun from NASA PD source: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/mult imedia/gallery/coronaloop_trace_big.jpg | |
121,000 YAN 10 11 12 13 | 681) The Moon of Earth population reaches the maximum possible (200 quadrillion, 200 x 1015 ).7 8 9 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt 2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 3. ^ future_est.xls 4. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt 5. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 6. ^ future_est.xls 7. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt 8. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 9. ^ future_est.xls 10. ^ Ted Huntington. 11. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt 12. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {3800} 13. ^ future_est.xls {3800} | Moon of Earth |
[1] Ships surround Moon of Earth in the future. Source of Moon Texture Map: unknown Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
125,500 YAN | 4672) Planet Mercury is completely filled with living objects, and functions like a large ship, perhaps even dividing into smaller separate ships. | Mercury |
[1] Mercury at maximum population adapted by Ted Huntington from: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/ Features/CitiesAtNight/images/ISS007-E-1 6525_night.jpg GNU source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Features/CitiesAtNight/images/ISS007-E- 16525_night.jpg |
127,000 YAN 10 11 12 | 682) The population of humans on planet Mars reaches a physical maximum of 1 quintillion (1 x 1018) humans. 7 8 9 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt 2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 3. ^ future_est.xls 4. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt 5. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 6. ^ future_est.xls 7. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt 8. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 9. ^ future_est.xls 10. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt 11. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 12. ^ future_est.xls | Mars |
[1] Ship surround planet Mars in the far future. Maps map source: Currently unknown Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
138,000 YAN | 4678) All the planets of the Sun are consumed. All that remains are ships that orbit the Sun; most matter must now be taken from the Sun and other stars. MORE INFO [1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt |
[1] Star with many ships around it. Adapted from: English: The Sun photographed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA 304) of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This is a false color image of the sun observed in the extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum. For example, similar image. Date 2010-08-19T00:32:21Z (ISO 8601) Source NASA/SDO (AIA). Author NASA/SDO (AIA). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_ Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s _Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.j pg/628px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imag ing_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_ Observatory_-_20100819.jpg [2] Globular Star Cluster 47 Tuc Image Credit & Copyright: Dieter Willasch (Astro-Cabinet) Explanation: Globular star cluster 47 Tucanae is a jewel of the southern sky. Also known as NGC 104, it roams the halo of our Milky Way Galaxy along with some 200 other globular star clusters. The second brightest globular cluster (after Omega Centauri) as seen from planet Earth, it lies about 13,000 light-years away and can be spotted naked-eye near the Small Magellanic Cloud in the constellation of the Toucan. The dense cluster is made up of several million stars in a volume only about 120 light-years across. Red giant stars on the outskirts of the cluster are easy to pick out as yellowish stars in this sharp telescopic portrait. Globular cluster 47 Tuc is also home to exotic x-ray binary star systems. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 1101/47Tuc_DW.jpg | |
148,000 YAN 1 | 100) The Sun is consumed. That the planets and Sun will probably be consumed is evidence that a globular cluster is made by an advanced organism that goes out and brings back other stars to consume, the matter being converted into more of their species, ships, food, and fuel. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt |
[1] Star with many ships around it. Adapted from: English: The Sun photographed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA 304) of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This is a false color image of the sun observed in the extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum. For example, similar image. Date 2010-08-19T00:32:21Z (ISO 8601) Source NASA/SDO (AIA). Author NASA/SDO (AIA). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_ Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s _Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.j pg/628px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imag ing_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_ Observatory_-_20100819.jpg [2] Globular Star Cluster 47 Tuc Image Credit & Copyright: Dieter Willasch (Astro-Cabinet) Explanation: Globular star cluster 47 Tucanae is a jewel of the southern sky. Also known as NGC 104, it roams the halo of our Milky Way Galaxy along with some 200 other globular star clusters. The second brightest globular cluster (after Omega Centauri) as seen from planet Earth, it lies about 13,000 light-years away and can be spotted naked-eye near the Small Magellanic Cloud in the constellation of the Toucan. The dense cluster is made up of several million stars in a volume only about 120 light-years across. Red giant stars on the outskirts of the cluster are easy to pick out as yellowish stars in this sharp telescopic portrait. Globular cluster 47 Tuc is also home to exotic x-ray binary star systems. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 1101/47Tuc_DW.jpg | |
205,000 YAN | 6317) Sirius is consumed. | Sirius |
[1] Adapted from: Description This picture is an artist's impression showing how the binary star system of Sirius A and its diminutive blue companion, Sirius B, might appear to an interstellar visitor. The large, bluish-white star Sirius A dominates the scene, while Sirius B is the small but very hot and blue white-dwarf star on the right. The two stars revolve around each other every 50 years. White dwarfs are the leftover remnants of stars similar to our Sun. The Sirius system, only 8.6 light-years from Earth, is the fifth closest stellar system known. Sirius B is faint because of its tiny size. Its diameter is only 7,500 miles (about 12 thousand kilometres), slightly smaller than the size of our Earth. The Sirius system is so close to Earth that most of the familiar constellations would have nearly the same appearance as in our own sky. In this rendition, we see in the background the three bright stars that make up the Summer Triangle: Altair, Deneb, and Vega. Altair is the white dot above Sirius A; Deneb is the dot to the upper right; and Vega lies below Sirius B. But there is one unfamiliar addition to the constellations: our own Sun is the second-magnitude star, shown as a small dot just below and to the right of Sirius A. Date Source http://www.spacete lescope.org/images/html/heic0516b.html Author NASA, ESA Credit: G. Bacon (STScI) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_ artwork.jpg/800px-Sirius_A_and_B_artwork .jpg [2] Adapted from: Description This picture is an artist's impression showing how the binary star system of Sirius A and its diminutive blue companion, Sirius B, might appear to an interstellar visitor. The large, bluish-white star Sirius A dominates the scene, while Sirius B is the small but very hot and blue white-dwarf star on the right. The two stars revolve around each other every 50 years. White dwarfs are the leftover remnants of stars similar to our Sun. The Sirius system, only 8.6 light-years from Earth, is the fifth closest stellar system known. Sirius B is faint because of its tiny size. Its diameter is only 7,500 miles (about 12 thousand kilometres), slightly smaller than the size of our Earth. The Sirius system is so close to Earth that most of the familiar constellations would have nearly the same appearance as in our own sky. In this rendition, we see in the background the three bright stars that make up the Summer Triangle: Altair, Deneb, and Vega. Altair is the white dot above Sirius A; Deneb is the dot to the upper right; and Vega lies below Sirius B. But there is one unfamiliar addition to the constellations: our own Sun is the second-magnitude star, shown as a small dot just below and to the right of Sirius A. Date Source http://www.spacete lescope.org/images/html/heic0516b.html Author NASA, ESA Credit: G. Bacon (STScI) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_ artwork.jpg/800px-Sirius_A_and_B_artwork .jpg |
630,000 YAN | 106) Ten to the power 100 humans. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] Globular Star Cluster 47 Tuc Image Credit & Copyright: Dieter Willasch (Astro-Cabinet) Explanation: Globular star cluster 47 Tucanae is a jewel of the southern sky. Also known as NGC 104, it roams the halo of our Milky Way Galaxy along with some 200 other globular star clusters. The second brightest globular cluster (after Omega Centauri) as seen from planet Earth, it lies about 13,000 light-years away and can be spotted naked-eye near the Small Magellanic Cloud in the constellation of the Toucan. The dense cluster is made up of several million stars in a volume only about 120 light-years across. Red giant stars on the outskirts of the cluster are easy to pick out as yellowish stars in this sharp telescopic portrait. Globular cluster 47 Tuc is also home to exotic x-ray binary star systems. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 1101/47Tuc_DW.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
1,000,000,000 YAN 4 5 | 4685) All the stars in the Milky Way Galaxy belong to a globular cluster. The Milky Way is now an elliptical galaxy.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. {100002000} | Milky Way Galaxy |
[1] Designation NGC 3115, Bennett 42, Caldwell 53, the Spindle Galaxy Object type Type S(0) lenticular galaxy Coordinates 10 h 05 min - 07° 43' Sextans (Sex) Description NGC 3115 is also known as the ''Spindle Galaxy.'' It is a lenticular, a ''spiral galaxy without spiral structure'', i.e. a smooth disk galaxy, where stellar formation has stopped because the interstellar matter was used up. From their appearance and stellar contents, they can often hardly be distinguished from ellipticals observationally. Dreyer calls this lenticular galaxy very bright (mag 9.7), large (8.3'x3.2'), very much elongated (P.A. 46°), and brightening sharply to a brightened, elongated nucleus. It lies 4.8° north of Lambda Hydrae. North is to the right in the 15 x 10 arcmin field of view. Exposure LRGB 60:20:20:20 min @ -15°C, all exposures unbinned Camera SBIG ST-10XE selfguided + CFW8 with Astrodon LRGB filterset Optics RCOS 14.5'' Ritchey-Chrétien @ f/9 (prime focus) Mount Astro-Physics AP1200GTO Software MaxIm DL/CCD, Adobe Photoshop CS Location - Date - Time San Esteban (Chile) - 10Apr05 @ 00:30 UTC Conditions Transparency 7, Seeing 5, Temperature +10°C UNKNOWN source: http://astrosurf.com/antilhue/NG C3115-LRGB.jpg [2] All stars in the Milky Way belong to a globular cluster. Adapted from: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0 506/m22_cfht_big.jpg Globular Cluster M22 from CFHT Credit & Copyright: Jean-Charles Cuillandre (CFHT), Hawaiian Starlight, CFHT Explanation: The globular cluster M22, pictured above, contains over 100,000 stars. These stars formed together and are gravitationally bound. Stars orbit the center of the cluster, and the cluster orbits the center of our Galaxy. So far, about 140 globular clusters are known to exist in a roughly spherical halo around the Galactic center. Globular clusters do not appear spherically distributed as viewed from the Earth, and this fact was a key point in the determination that our Sun is not at the center of our Galaxy. Globular clusters are very old. There is a straightforward method of determining their age, and this nearly matches the 13.7 billion-year age of our entire universe. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0506/m22_cfht_big.jpg |
25,000,000,000 YAN | 4686) The star clusters in the outer areas are pulled closer to the center making the galaxy more spherical, and the galaxy develops a massive propulsion system in order to go get more matter to consume. The Milky Way is now a spherical globular galaxy. The galaxy may try to position itself behind another galaxy to consume its emitted exhaust. | Milky Way Galaxy |
[1] Description English: Messier object 87 by Hubble space telescope Date 18 August 2009 Source http://wikisky.org/snapshot?img_siz e=&img_res=&ra=12.5138&de=12.3896&angle= 0.0293&projection=tan&rotation=0.0&surve y=astrophoto&img_id=905632&width=2160&he ight=2160&img_borders=&interpolation=bic ubic&jpeg_quality=0.8 Author en:NASA, en:STScI, en:WikiSky Permission (Reusing this file) PD-HUBBLE PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/07/Messier_87_Hubble_Wik iSky.jpg [2] Description Hubble Illuminates Cluster of Diverse Galaxies (Abell S740), cropped to ESO 325-G004. Date January 2007 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/galaxy/elliptical/2007/08 /image/a/warn/ Author J. Blakeslee (Washington State University) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d3/Abell_S740%2C_cropped _to_ESO_325-G004.jpg |
30,000,000,000 YAN | 4687) The Milky Way Globular Galaxy integrates the matter of the two Magellanic Cloud galaxies.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. | Milky Way Galaxy |
[1] Elliptical Galaxy Centaurus A from CFHT Credit & Copyright: Jean-Charles Cuillandre (CFHT) & Giovanni Anselmi (Coelum Astronomia), Hawaiian Starlight Explanation: Why is peculiar galaxy Centaurus A so dusty? Dramatic dust lanes that run across the galaxy's center mark Cen A. These dust lanes are so thick they almost completely obscure the galaxy's center in visible light. This is particularly unusual as Cen A's red stars and round shape are characteristic of a giant elliptical galaxy, a galaxy type usually low in dark dust. Cen A, also known as NGC 5128, is also unusual compared to an average elliptical galaxy because it contains a higher proportion of young blue stars and is a very strong source of radio emission. Evidence indicates that Cen A is likely the result of the collision of two normal galaxies. During the collision, many young stars were formed, but details of the creation of Cen A's unusual dust belts are still being researched. Cen A lies only 13 million light years away, making it the closest active galaxy. Cen A, pictured above, spans 60,000 light years and can be seen with binoculars toward the constellation of Centaurus. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0607/cenA_cfht.jpg [2] Storyboard image by Ted Huntington GNU source: Ted Huntington |
40,000,000,000 YAN | 4688) The Andromeda and Milky Way globular galaxies may merge into a single larger galaxy, which then resumes the search for a smaller galaxy to consume. Natural selection must also create a large scale "eat or be eaten", "predator-prey" existence for galaxies similar to that on Earth. The Milky Way may seek to consume galaxies that are smaller, while trying to move away from galaxies that are larger.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. | Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy |
[1] See Explanation. Clicking on the picture will download the highest resolution version available. In the Center of the Virgo Cluster Credit & Copyright: Jean-Charles Cuillandre (CFHT), Hawaiian Starlight, CFHT Explanation: The Virgo Cluster of Galaxies is the closest cluster of galaxies to our Milky Way Galaxy. The Virgo Cluster is so close that it spans more than 5 degrees on the sky - about 10 times the angle made by a full Moon. It contains over 100 galaxies of many types - including spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies. The Virgo Cluster is so massive that it is noticeably pulling our Galaxy toward it. The cluster contains not only galaxies filled with stars but also gas so hot it glows in X-rays. Motions of galaxies in and around clusters indicate that they contain more dark matter than any visible matter we can see. Pictured above, the center of the Virgo cluster might appear to some as a human face, and includes bright Messier galaxies M86 at the top, M84 on the far right, NGC 4388 at the bottom, and NGC 4387 in the middle. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0308/virgocenter_cfht.jpg [2] See Explanation. Clicking on the picture will download the highest resolution version available. In the Center of the Virgo Cluster Credit & Copyright: Jean-Charles Cuillandre (CFHT), Hawaiian Starlight, CFHT Explanation: The Virgo Cluster of Galaxies is the closest cluster of galaxies to our Milky Way Galaxy. The Virgo Cluster is so close that it spans more than 5 degrees on the sky - about 10 times the angle made by a full Moon. It contains over 100 galaxies of many types - including spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies. The Virgo Cluster is so massive that it is noticeably pulling our Galaxy toward it. The cluster contains not only galaxies filled with stars but also gas so hot it glows in X-rays. Motions of galaxies in and around clusters indicate that they contain more dark matter than any visible matter we can see. Pictured above, the center of the Virgo cluster might appear to some as a human face, and includes bright Messier galaxies M86 at the top, M84 on the far right, NGC 4388 at the bottom, and NGC 4387 in the middle. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0308/virgocenter_cfht.jpg |