TIME	EVENT DESCRIPTION	LOCATION
UNIVERSE
1,000,000,000,000 YBN	1) We are a tiny part of a universe that is made of an infinite amount of space, matter and time.
990,000,000,000 YBN	2) There is more space than matter.
980,000,000,000 YBN	3) All matter is made of particles of light. Light particles are the base unit of all matter from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies. In this sense light particles are the most basic atoms. The basic order of matter from smaller to larger is light particles, electrons and positrons, muons, protons and antiprotons, atoms, molecules, living objects, planets, stars, globular clusters, galaxies, and then galactic clusters.
970,000,000,000 YBN	11) The universe has no start or end. The same light particles that have always been, continue to move in the space that has always been.
960,000,000,001 YBN	5) Matter and motion can never be created or destroyed. Matter can never be converted into motion, and motion can never be converted into matter.
950,000,000,000 YBN	6) Light particles become trapped with each other and so form structures such as protons, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. This accumulation of light particles into atoms may be the result of particle collision, gravitation, or a combination of both.
940,000,000,000 YBN	7) All of the billions of galaxies we see are only a tiny part of the universe. We will never see most of the universe because no light particles from there can ever reach us. Most galaxies are too far away for even one particle of light they emit to be going in the exact direction of our tiny location, and all the light particles they emit are captured by atoms in between there and here.
935,000,000,000 YBN	4) There is a pattern in the universe. Light particles move from highly dense volumes of space to volumes of less density. In low density volumes, light particles slowly accumulate to form atoms of Hydrogen and Helium which exist as gas clouds (like the Magellanic Clouds or Orion nebula). These gas clouds, called nebulae continue to accumulate trapped light particles. At points of high density planets and stars form and the cloud is eventually dense enough to become a galaxy of stars. The stars emit light particles back out to the rest of the universe, where the light again becomes trapped and forms new clouds. Around each star are many planets and pieces of matter. On many of the planets rotating around stars, living objects evolve that can copy themselves by converting matter around them into more of them. Living objects need matter to replace matter lost from the constant emitting of light particles (decay). Like bacteria, these living objects grow in number, with the most successful organisms occupying and moving around many stars. These advanced organisms then move the groups of stars they control, as a globular cluster, away from the plane of the spiral galaxy. As time continues, all of the stars of a galaxy are occupied by living objects who have organized their stars into globular clusters. These globular clusters together form an elliptical galaxy, and then finally a globular galaxy. The globular galaxy may then exist for a long time living off the matter in stars, in addition to matter from external sources. So free light particles are trapped into volumes of space that grow in density first forming atoms, then gas clouds, then stars, a spiral galaxy, an elliptical galaxy, and finally a globular galaxy. Globular galaxies at our scale may be light particles at a much larger scale, just as light particles at our scale may be globular galaxies at a much smaller scale. This system may go on infinitely in both larger and smaller scale.
930,000,000,000 YBN	8) An expanding universe seems unlikely to me. The supposed red-shifted calcium absorption lines may be a mistaken observation, for one reason because spectrum size changes the position of spectral lines (as clearly shown in the 1936 Humason photo), and because the distance of a light source changes the position, but not the frequency of spectral lines.
LIFE
165,000,000,000 YBN	13) The Milky Way Nebula starts to form. Galaxies may form from accumulation of light particles or from the collision of two or more galaxies.
33,000,000,000 YBN	6180) The first star in the Milky Way Galaxy forms. Stars may form from the accumulation of matter or from collisions of two or more large bodies. As less collisions occur over time, most smaller objects are absorbed by the larger star and planets. Stars and planets may have centers of densely packed unmoving light particles. Atoms may form in the less dense space near the surface of planets and stars where there are less collisions.
22,000,000,000 YBN	6181) Living objects in the Milky Way Galaxy reach another star using a ship.
10,000,000,000 YBN	6182) The first globular cluster of 100,000 stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.
5,500,000,000 YBN	16) The star Earth orbits forms.
5,500,000,000 YBN	17) Planets form around our star from many collisions. Like the star, they are red hot with liquid rock and metals on the surface. Lighter atoms move to the surface of the planets. Larger planets are surrounded by gas. As the number of collisions decreases, and smaller objects are absorbed by the star and planets, the average temperature of the star system is lowered. As the temperature of the planets and moons decreases, water and other molecules condense at the surface.
4,600,000,000 YBN	21) The moon of Earth is captured.
4,600,000,000 YBN	30) Planet Earth cools. Molten liquid rock turns into a solid thin crust. Water condenses and falls to the surface, filling the lowest parts of the land to make the first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.
4,600,000,000 YBN	50) Start of the "Precambrian". The Hadean {HA DEen} Eon.
4,571,000,000 YBN	31) The oldest meteorite yet found on Earth: 4.5 billion years old.
4,530,000,000 YBN	33) The oldest Moon rock.
4,404,000,000 YBN	34) The oldest "terrestrial" zircon; evidence that the crust and liquid water are on the surface of Earth. A terrestrial zircon is not from a meteorite.
4,400,000,000 YBN	18) Larger molecules form on Earth, like amino acids, phosphates, and sugars, the components of living objects. These molecules are made in the oceans, fresh water, and atmosphere of Earth (and other planets) by lightning, from light particles with high frequency from the Sun, and around ocean floor volcanoes. The initial building blocks of living objects are easily formed, but assembling them into longer-chain molecules, or polymers, is more difficult. Amino acids link up to form polymers called proteins, simple fatty acids plus alcohols link up to form lipids (oils and fats), simple sugars like glucose and sucrose link together to form complex carbohydrates and starches, and finally, the nucleotide bases (plus phosphates and sugars) link up to form nucleic acids, the genetic code of organisms, known as RNA and DNA. Possibly all proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are strictly the products of living objects.
4,395,000,000 YBN	19) Nucleic acids form on Earth. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) may be the first nucleic acid to form. One of these RNA molecules may be the ancestor of all of life on Earth.
4,385,000,000 YBN	167) The first proteins on Earth. Transfer RNA molecules evolve (tRNA), and link amino acids into proteins using other RNA molecules ("messenger" or mRNA molecules), as a template. This protein assembly system is the main system responsible for all the proteins on Earth. Part of each tRNA molecule bonds with a specific amino acid, and another part of the tRNA molecule bonds with an opposite matching 3 nucleotide sequence on an mRNA molecule.
4,380,000,000 YBN	40) A protein can copy RNA. This protein is called an RNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS}. For the first time, a nucleic acid functions both as a template for building proteins (with the help of tRNA molecules) and also as a template for building other nucleic acid molecules. Eventually an mRNA that codes for the necessary tRNA, and RNA polymerase may be copied many times.
4,370,000,000 YBN	168) The ribosome evolves. The first Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The ribosome may function as a protocell, providing a platform for more efficient protein production. A single RNA may contain all the instructions needed to make more ribosomes. All cells contain ribosomes. Ribosomes are the cellular organelles that carry out protein synthesis, through a process called translation. These molecular machines are responsible for accurately translating the linear genetic code on the messenger RNA (mRNA), into a linear sequence of amino acids to produce a protein.
4,365,000,000 YBN	166) The first Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule. A protein evolves that allows the assembly of DNA from RNA; a ribonucleotide reductase. This protein changes ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides, which allows the first DNA molecule on Earth to be assembled.
4,360,000,000 YBN	212) A protein can copy DNA molecules, a DNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS}.
4,360,000,000 YBN	6409) Transcription. A protein assembles RNA from DNA.
4,355,000,000 YBN	20) The first cell on Earth evolves. This is the first prokaryotic cell and first bacterium. DNA is surrounded by a membrane of proteins made by ribosomes; the first cytoplasm. This cell may form in either fresh or salt water, near the sunlit water surface or near underwater volcanoes on the ocean floor. The DNA of this cell is a template containing the code for a copying molecule (DNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS}), and the necessary mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA molecules needed to build the cytoplasm. For the first time, ribosomes and DNA build cell structure. DNA protected by cytoplasm is more likely to survive and be copied. This is the start of binary cell division. A protein duplicates DNA within the cell and then the cell divides into two parts. This is also the start of passive transport: molecules enter and exit the cytoplasm only because of a difference in concentration and represent the beginnings of the first digestive system. This cell structure forms the basis of all future cells of every living object on Earth.
4,350,000,000 YBN	183) Cells make the first lipids on Earth; (fats, oils, waxes).
4,345,000,000 YBN	27) A phospholipid bilayer evolves around the cell, providing added protection from the external environment. All extant cells have this phospholipid bilayer.
4,340,000,000 YBN	64) Operons evolve. Operons are sequences of DNA that allow a bacterium to produce certain proteins only when necessary. Bacteria before now can only build a constant stream of all proteins encoded in their DNA.
4,340,000,000 YBN	6340) Facilitated diffusion. Proteins in the cell membrane allow only certain molecules to enter the cell.
4,335,000,000 YBN	28) Cellular respiration. Glycolysis evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells can make ATP (adenosine {oDeNoSEN} triphosphate) by converting glucose into pyruvate {PIrUVAT}. This is the beginning of cellular respiration, how cells convert food into ATP and waste products. ATP is the molecule that drives most cellular work.
4,330,000,000 YBN	44) Fermentation evolves in the cell cytoplasm. Cells can make lactic acid.
4,325,000,000 YBN	213) A second kind of fermentation evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells (all anaerobic) can now convert pyruvate (the final product of glycolysis) into ethanol.
4,315,000,000 YBN	196) Active transport evolves. Proteins and ATP are used to transport molecules into and out of the cytoplasm.
4,200,000,000 YBN	292) The prokaryote flagellum evolves. Prokaryotic cells now have more mobility, and can make more choices about their location.
4,193,000,000 YBN	77) Archaea (also called archaebacteria) evolve according to genetic comparison. The Phylum Nanoarcheota. Eubacteria and Archaea are the two major lines of Prokaryotes.
4,189,000,000 YBN	193) The Eubacteria "Hyperthermophiles" evolve (the ancestor of Aquifex and Thermotoga).
4,187,000,000 YBN	180) The Archaea Phylum: Crenarchaeota (the ancestor of Sulfolobus).
4,187,000,000 YBN	181) The Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu} evolve (the ancestor of methanogens and halobacteria). The earliest cell response to light.
4,112,000,000 YBN	58) The first autotrophic cells; cells that can produce some of their own food. Autotrophs produce their own sugars, lipids, and amino acids.
4,100,000,000 YBN	49) Photosynthesis. Bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and an electron donor (also called a reductant), like Hydrogen sulfide, into glucose, water, and sulfur. This process of moving carbon from carbon dioxide gas to the hydrocarbon molecule glucose is called carbon fixation. This is the ancestor of Photosystem I. This system of photosynthesis does not liberate oxygen.
4,000,000,000 YBN	43) Photosynthesis Photosystem II evolves. Cells emit free Oxygen. Bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and water into glucose, releasing oxygen gas in the process. This is the main system responsible for producing the Oxygen now in the air of Earth.
4,000,000,000 YBN	51) The end of the Hadean {HADEiN} and start of the Archean {oRKEiN} Eon.
3,950,000,000 YBN	37) (Filamentous) multicellularity evolves in prokaryotes. Photosynthetic bacteria grow in filaments. Cells stay fastened together after cell division. Multicellularity appears to have evolved independently multiple times in the history of life on Earth.
3,950,000,000 YBN	316) Cell differentiation evolves in filamentous prokaryotes, creating organisms with different kinds of cells.
3,950,000,000 YBN	322) Nitrogen fixation evolves. Cells can make nitrogen compounds like ammonia from Nitrogen gas in the air.	West Africa
3,900,000,000 YBN	57) Aerobic cellular respiration. The first aerobic (or "oxygenic") cell. These cells use oxygen to convert glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
3,850,000,000 YBN	36) The oldest physical evidence for life: the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in grains of ancient apetite {aPeTIT} (which are calcium phosphate minerals). Life uses the lighter Carbon-12 isotope and so the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-13 is different from a nonliving source (such as calcium carbonate or limestone).	Akilia Island, Western Greenland
3,850,000,000 YBN	45) The oldest sediment, the Banded Iron Formation begins. Banded Iron Formation is sedimentary rock that spans from 3.8 to 1.8 billion years ago, made of iron-rich silicates (like silicon dioxide SiO2) with alternating layers of black colored reduced or ferrous iron and red colored oxidized or ferric iron. These alternating layers represent a seasonal cycle where the quantity of free oxygen in the ocean rises and falls, possibly linked to photosynthetic organisms. The atmosphere of Earth still has only small amounts of oxygen at this time.	Akilia Island, Western Greenland
3,500,000,000 YBN	39) The oldest fossil evidence of life: stromatolites.	Warrawoona, Western Australia, and, Fig Tree Group, South Africa
3,500,000,000 YBN	287) The oldest fossils of an organism. The organism is similar to cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u}, and is found in the 3,500 million year old chert, sedimentary rock made of silica, in Australia and South Africa. 2.8 billion years will pass before the first animal evolves.	Warrawoona, northwestern Western Australia and Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa
3,400,000,000 YBN	190) The earliest fossils of coccoid {KoKOED} (spherical) bacteria.	Kromberg Formation, Swaziland System, South Africa
3,260,000,000 YBN	71) Prokaryote reproduction by budding.	Swartkoppie, South Africa
3,200,000,000 YBN	66) The earliest acritarch fossils (unicellular microfossils with uncertain affinity). These acritarchs are also the earliest possible eukaryote fossils.	(Moodies Group) South Africa
2,923,000,000 YBN	178) The Eubacteria Phylum Firmicutes (FiRmiKYUTEZ) evolves (Gram positive bacteria: the cause of botulism, tetanus, and anthrax).
2,920,000,000 YBN	288) The first endospores evolve; in firmicutes. An endospore is a tough reduced dry form of a bacterium, triggered by a lack of nutrients, that protects the bacterium, and allows it to be revived after long periods of time.
2,800,000,000 YBN	76) The Eubacteria Phylum Proteobacteria evolves (includes Rickettsia {the ancestor of all mitochondria}, gonorrhea, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli {esRriKEo KOlI} or E coli {E KOlI}).
2,800,000,000 YBN	177) Gender and sex (conjugation) evolve in Escherichia Coli {esRriKEo KOlI} bacteria. Conjugation is the exchange of DNA (plasmids) by a donor {male} bacterium through a pilus to a recipient {female} bacterium. In addition to pili and conjugation, proteins that can cut DNA, and other proteins that can connect two strands of DNA evolve.
2,795,000,000 YBN	23) The first virus evolves. These cells depend on the DNA duplicating and protein producing systems of other cells to reproduce themselves. The first viruses may be made from bacteria, or may be bacteria initially.
2,784,000,000 YBN	176) The Eubacteria Phylum, Planctomycetes {PlaNK-TO-mI-SETS} (also known as Planctobacteria) evolves.
2,784,000,000 YBN	179) The Eubacteria Phylum, Actinobacteria {aKTinO-BaK-TER-Eu} evolves (the source of streptomycin and the cause of tuberculosis and leprosy).
2,775,000,000 YBN	174) The Eubacteria Phylum, Spirochaetes (SPIrOKETEZ) evolves (the cause of Syphilis, and Lyme disease).
2,775,000,000 YBN	175) The Eubacteria Phylum Bacteroidetes {BaKTRrOEDiTEZ} evolves.
2,775,000,000 YBN	217) The Eubacteria Phylum Chlamydiae {Klo-mi-DE-I or Klo-mi-DE-E} evolves.
2,775,000,000 YBN	6309) The Eubacteria Phylum Chlorobi {KlOROBE} evolves (green sulphur bacteria).
2,775,000,000 YBN	6310) The Eubacteria Phylum Verrucomicrobia (VeR-rUKO-mI-KrO-BEo) evolves.
2,730,000,000 YBN	80) Endo and exocytosis evolve. Cells can now eat other cells. In endocytosis the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell. In Exocytosis substances contained in vesicles are released from the cell.
2,700,000,000 YBN	60) The eukaryotic cell evolves. The first cell with a nucleus. The first protist. The nucleus may develop from the infolding of plasma membrane. There are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: In prokaryotic cells the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed called the "nucleoid" while in eukaryotic cells most of the DNA is contained in a nucleus that is bounded by a double membrane. Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells. Typical bacteria are between 1-5 um in diameter, while eukaryotic cells are typically 10-100 um in diameter. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton enables eukaryotic cells to change their shape and to surround and engulf other cells. Eukaryotic cells also have internal structures that prokaryotic cells lack such as mitochondria and plastids. DNA in prokaryotic cells is usually in the form of a single circular chromosome, while DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotes contains linear chromosomes. Like prokaryotes, this cell is probably haploid (has a single unique DNA), most eukaryotes are diploid (having two sets of DNA). All protists, fungi, animals and plant cells descend from this common eukaryotic cell.
2,700,000,000 YBN	62) The earliest molecular fossil evidence of eukaryotes (sterane {STiRAN} molecules). Steranes are formed from sterols {STeRoLZ}, molecules made by mitochondria.	Northwestern Australia
2,700,000,000 YBN	198) The endoplasmic reticulum evolves in a eukaryotic cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane system that extends from the nucleus, important in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
2,690,000,000 YBN	207) The cytoskeleton {SI-Te-SKeL-i-TN} forms in the eukaryote cytoplasm.
2,690,000,000 YBN	208) The eukaryote flagellum and cilia evolve. The eukaryote flagellum and cilia are structurally the same but are very different from the prokaryote flagellum. The eukaryote flagellum is composed of a characteristic "9+2" arrangement of microtubules {mIKrO-TUB-YU-LZ}. Unlike the prokaryote flagella that rotate, the flagella and cilia of eukaryotic cells undulate in a wave-like motion to propel the cell. The sperm cells of algae, animals, and some plants have flagella.
2,680,000,000 YBN	65) The circular chromosome in the eukaryote nucleus changes into linear chromosomes. Although the eukaryotic cell may have descended from a prokaryote that already had linear DNA.
2,680,000,000 YBN	216) Histones evolve. Histones are proteins found in all eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order a single continuous DNA molecule into structural units called nucleosomes {nUKlEuSOMZ}.
2,680,000,000 YBN	291) The eukaryote cell evolves two intermediate stages between cell division and DNA synthesis. In prokaryotes, DNA synthesis can take place uninterrupted between cell divisions, but eukaryotes duplicate their DNA exactly once during a discrete period between cell divisions.
2,670,000,000 YBN	199) The Eukaryote Golgi Apparatus evolves. The Golgi apparatus packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.
2,670,000,000 YBN	290) The nucleolus evolves. The nucleolus is a sphere in the nucleus that makes ribosomal RNA.
2,660,000,000 YBN	72) Mitosis evolves in Eukaryote cells. Mitosis is the process in eukaryotic cell division in which the duplicated chromosomes are separated and the nucleus divides resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains an identical copy of the parental chromosomes. Mitosis is usually immediately followed by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm.
2,640,000,000 YBN	73) Eukaryote sex evolves. This is the first diploid cell and the first zygote. Because of sex, two cells with different DNA can mix providing more genetic variety. Having two chromosome sets also provides a backup copy of important genes. All sexual species alternate between haploid and diploid. There are three main different types of sexual life cycles; haplontic, haplodiplontic, and diplontic. This begins the haplontic life cycle: in the entire life cycle mitosis only occurs in the haploid phase; the only diploid cell is the zygote. This fusion of two haploid cells results in the first diploid single-celled organism, which may then immediately divide back to two haploid cells. Initially sex may be the fusion of two indistinguishable cells (isogamy) with gender (anisogamy) only evolving later. Although possibly eukaryote cell fusion and gender is directly descended from prokaryote conjugation.
2,640,000,000 YBN	206) Meiosis evolves (one-step meiosis: a single cell division of a diploid cell into two haploid cells). Meiosis, which looks similar to mitosis, is the process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants. Without the reduction back to haploid, genomes would double in size with every generation.
2,610,000,000 YBN	296) Gender in eukaryotes evolves. Anisogamy {aNISoGomE}, sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between two cells that are different in size or shape.
2,590,000,000 YBN	298) Oogamy {O-oG-omE}, a form of anisogamy, evolves in protists: sex between a flagellated gamete and an unflagellated gamete.
2,570,000,000 YBN	295) Two-step meiosis (diploid DNA copies and then the cell divides twice into four haploid cells). Most protists divide by two-step meiosis, and one-step meiosis is rare.
2,558,000,000 YBN	171) The Eubacteria phylum "Deinococcus-Thermus" evolves (includes Thermus Aquaticus {used in PCR}, and Deinococcus radiodurans {which can survive long exposure to radiation}).
2,558,000,000 YBN	172) The Eubacteria phylum, Cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u} evolves. Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes with oxygen-producing photosynthesis, and are the ancestor of all eukaryote plastids (for example chloroplasts).
2,558,000,000 YBN	315) The Eubacteria Phylum Chloroflexi evolves; (Green Non-Sulphur bacteria).
2,500,000,000 YBN	52) The end of the Archean and start of the Proterozoic {PrOTReZOiK or ProTReZOiK} Eon. The Proterozoic spans from 2,500 to 542 million years ago, and represents 42% of Earth's history.
2,480,000,000 YBN	170) Bacteria live on land.
2,400,000,000 YBN	59) Start of a 200 million year ice age.
2,300,000,000 YBN	48) The oldest "Red Beds", iron oxide formed on land, begin here, and are also evidence of more free oxygen in the air of Earth.
2,000,000,000 YBN	63) A parasitic bacterium, closely related to Rickettsia prowazekii, an aerobic proteobacteria, is engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell. Over time a symbiotic relationship evolves within the eukaryotic cell (an endosymbiosis) where the Rickettsia become mitochondria. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, and are where cellular respiration occurs producing most of the ATP in a eukaryotic cell.
1,874,000,000 YBN	61) The earliest large filamentous fossil (Grypania). Grypania spiralis is about 10 cm long, and is thought to be either a green alga or large cyanobacterium. If eukaryote, Grypania would be the earliest eukaryote fossil.	(Banded Iron Formation) Michigan, USA
1,800,000,000 YBN	46) The end of the Banded Iron Formation.
1,570,000,000 YBN	99) The first homeobox genes evolve. These genes regulate the building of major body parts in algae, plants, fungi and animals. For example, when a homeobox gene responsible for growing a mouse eye is added to the cell of a fruit-fly embryo that is destined to be a leg, an extra fruit fly eye is built on the leg.
1,570,000,000 YBN	197) The ancestor of all living eukaryotes divides into bikont and unikont descendants. Bikonts lead to all Chromalveolates, Excavates, Rhizaria, and Plants. Unikonts lead to all Amoebozoa, Animals and Fungi.
1,520,000,000 YBN	202) The Protist Phylum Amoebozoa evolves (amoebas, slime molds). Feeding using pseudopods evolves.
1,520,000,000 YBN	203) Colonialism (where cells form a colony) evolves for the first time in Eukaryotes.
1,500,000,000 YBN	15) The first "plastids" evolve. Cyanobacteria form plastids through endosymbiosis within a eukaryotic cell. Like mitochondria, these organelles copy themselves and are not made by the cell DNA. Plastids provide the eukaryotic cell with food from photosynthesis and gain protection by living within the cell.
1,500,000,000 YBN	86) The first plant (ancestor of all green and red algae and land plants). This begins the plant kingdom. The first plant is probably unicellular, similar to the glaucophytes {GlxKoFITS}.
1,500,000,000 YBN	220) Protists Opisthokonts (ancestor of Fungi, Choanoflagellates and Animals).
1,400,000,000 YBN	209) The earliest extant plant: Glaucophyta {GlxKoFITu}. Glaucophytes are unicellular algae found in freshwater.
1,300,000,000 YBN	188) The Plant Phylum Chlorophyta {KlORoFiTu} evolves, Green Algae: (ancestor of Volvox, Sea lettuce, Spirogyra, and Stoneworts). The first land plants most likely evolve from green algae.
1,300,000,000 YBN	219) The plant Phylum Rhodophyta {rODOFITu} evolves (Red Algae).
1,300,000,000 YBN	323) The Protists Excavates: includes Parabasalids {PaRu-BAS-a-liDS}, and Diplomonads {DiP-lO-mO-naDZ} {like Giardia {JE-oR-DE-u}).
1,280,000,000 YBN	38) (Filamentous) multicellularity in Eukaryotes evolves. In this organism, unlike single cell eukaryotes, cells stay fastened together after cell division. Multicellularity seems to have arisen multiple times independently in eukaryotes.	(earlest red alga fossils:) (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada
1,280,000,000 YBN	85) Differentiation in a multicellular eukaryote evolves. In addition to gamete (or spore) cells, there are somatic cells. Unlike gamete cells, somatic cells are asexual (non-fusing). This is the start of death by aging. Cell differentiation is how cells in a multicellular organism become specialized to perform specific functions in a variety of tissues and organs.
1,280,000,000 YBN	210) Mitosis of diploid cells evolves.
1,280,000,000 YBN	301) The haplodiplontic life cycle evolves (mitosis occurs in both haploid and diploid life stages).
1,274,000,000 YBN	187) A captured red alga, through endosymbiosis, becomes a plastid in the ancestor of all chromalveolates. This is a secondary plastid endosymbiosis, where an algae cell is captured instead of a cyanobacterium.
1,250,000,000 YBN	88) The Protists "Chromalveolates" {KrOM-aL-VEO-leTS} evolve (ancestor of the Chromista {Cryptophytes, Haptophytes, and Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ}} and Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS}).
1,250,000,000 YBN	201) The earliest certain eukaryote fossils and eukaryote filamentous multicellularity: Rhodophyta (red algae) fossils.	(Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada
1,200,000,000 YBN	221) The first fungi. This begins the Fungi Kingdom. Like animals, fungi are heterotrophic (unable to build structural materials by photosynthesis) and so must feed on other living things. Fungi live on organic material and are therefore generally parasitic (live or feed on another organism to the detriment of the host organism) or are saprophytic (live on dead or decaying organic matter). Some types of fungi, however, form symbioses with plants.
1,180,000,000 YBN	6280) The Protists Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS} (ancestor of all Ciliates, Apicomplexans, and Dinoflagellates {DInOFlaJeleTS}).
1,100,000,000 YBN	75) The oldest extant fungi phylum "Microsporidia" evolves. Microsporidia are obligate (survive only as) intracellular parasites of eukaryotes.
1,100,000,000 YBN	313) The Protist Phylum "Dinoflagellata" evolves (the Dinoflagellates {DI-nO-Fla-Je-leTS}).
1,080,000,000 YBN	87) The Excavates Discicristates {DiSKIKriSTATS}; the ancestor of protists which have mitochondria with discoidal shaped cristae (includes euglenids, leishmanias {lEsmaNEuZ}, trypanosomes {TriPaNiSOMZ}, and acrasid {oKrASiD} slime molds).
1,080,000,000 YBN	97) A eukaryote eye evolves; the first three-dimensional response to light. The earliest eye probably evolves from a plastid. The first proto eye is a light sensitive area in a unicellular eukaryote. Eukaryotes are the first organisms to evolve the ability to follow light direction in three dimensions in open water.
1,050,000,000 YBN	169) The Protists Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ} (also called Heterokonts) evolve (ancestor of all brown algae, golden algae, diatoms, and oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu)).
1,000,000,000 YBN	324) The Protists Mesomycetozoea {me-ZO-mI-SE-TO-ZO-u} evolve (also called DRIPS).
985,000,000 YBN	309) The Protist Phylum Oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu} evolves (ancestor of the Oomycetes; water molds).
900,000,000 YBN	6281) The Protists Rhizaria {rI-ZaR-E-u} evolve (ancestor of all Radiolaria, Foraminifera and Cercozoa).
850,000,000 YBN	224) The Fungi "Zygomycota" evolves (ancestor of the bread molds, and pin molds).
767,000,000 YBN	312) The Protist Phylum "Ciliophora" {SiL-E-oF-R-u} evolves (the "Ciliates") (ancestor of the paramecium).
767,000,000 YBN	314) The Protist Phylum "Apicomplexa" {a-PE-KoM-PleK-Su} evolves (includes Malaria and Toxoplasmosis).
680,000,000 YBN	326) The Protists "Choanoflagellates" {KO-e-nO-FlaJ-e-lATS} evolve. Choanoflagel lates are the closest relatives to the animals and may be direct ancestors of sponges. There are about 140 species of choanoflagellates. Some are free-swimming, propelling themselves with a flagellum. Others are attached by a stalk, sometimes with several together in a colony.
670,000,000 YBN	286) Multicellularity evolves in a free moving Protist. This allows larger free moving organisms to evolve. This multicellularity is thought to be independently evolved, and not related to the earlier filamentous multicellularity of prokaryotes like cyanobacteria, and eukaryotes like algae.
670,000,000 YBN	297) The diplontic life cycle evolves; this organism is predominantly diploid, mitosis in the haploid phase does not occur. All animals are diplontic, and descend from this multicellular organism.
660,000,000 YBN	81) The first animal and first metazoan, the sponge evolves. This begins the Animal Kingdom, and the Phylum Porifera; the sponges. There are only three major kinds of metazoans: sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians. The word "porifera" means "pore bearing" in Latin, and water continuously flows through the pores in sponges. Metazoans are multicellular and have differentiation (their cells perform different functions). Sponges have cells that form a body wall, cells that secrete the skeleton, contractile {KunTraKTL} cells, cells that digest food, and other kinds of cell types. All sponge cells are totipotent and so are capable of regrowing a new sponge. Sponges have two layers, each a single cell thick. The outer surface is called the pinacoderm {PiN-o-KO-DRM} and is made of cells called pinacocytes {PiN-o-KO-SITS}. On the inner surface is the choanoderm {KOenO-DRM or KO-aNo-DRM} which is made of flagellated cells called choanocytes {KOenO-SITS or KO-aNo-SITS}. Between these two thin cellular sheets is the jellylike mesohyl {mASuHIL} Some sponges can live for over 1000 years.
660,000,000 YBN	517) The male gonad (testis {TeSTiS} or testicle) evolves in a sponge. In sponges sperm are contained in spermatic cysts, which are choanocyte chambers transformed by the formation of sperm (spermatogenesis), but ova are distributed throughout the mesohyl {mASuHIL} (or middle layer).
650,000,000 YBN	41) Start of the 60 million year (Varanger) Ice Age (650-590 mybn).
650,000,000 YBN	69) Cells that group as tissues that are arranged in layers evolve in metazoans. Unlike the Porifera, in the Placozoa and all later metazoans, cells group as tissues.
650,000,000 YBN	79) The Metazoan Phylum "Placozoa" evolves. Placozoans look like amoebas but are multicellular. The only known species is Trichoplax adhaerens {TriKOPlaKS aDHEReNZ}. Trichoplax lives in the sea and feeds on single celled organisms, mostly algae. There are only 4 cell types in Trichoplax compared to the more than 200 cell types in humans. Trichoplax has two main cell layers, like a cnidarian or ctenophore. Between these two layers are a few contractile cells that are similar to muscle cells, however placozoans have no muscle or nerve cells.
650,000,000 YBN	223) The Fungi "Chytridiomycota" {KI-TriDEO-mI-KO-Tu) evolves (includes all Chytridiomycetes {KI-TriDEO-mI-SE-TEZ})). The chytrids are primitive fungi and are mostly saprobic (feed on dead species, decomposing chitin and keratin). Many chytrids are aquatic (mostly found in freshwater).	Northern Russia
640,000,000 YBN	83) The first nerve cell (or neuron), and nervous system evolves in the ancestor of the Ctenophores and Cnidarians. This leads to the first ganglion and brain. This is the earliest touch and sound detection, and memory. As time continues in the evolution of the metazoans, the number of neurons increases while the size of neurons decreases, just like transistors as computers improve.
640,000,000 YBN	96) Muscle cells evolve in the ancestor of the Ctenophores and Cnidarians. Both the earliest known muscle and nerve cells are found in Ctenophores and Cnidarians.
640,000,000 YBN	225) A closeable mouth evolves in the ancestor of all ctenophores and cnidarians.
640,000,000 YBN	414) The female gonad (the first ovary) evolves in the ancestor of Ctenophores and Cnidarians.
640,000,000 YBN	523) The animal Phylum Ctenophora {Ti-noF-R-u} evolves (comb jellies). Like the Cnidarians, the Ctenophores are diploblastic; they have two embryonic germ layers- the ectoderm {EKTeDRM} and the endoderm {eNDeDRM} which become the adult epidermis and gastrodermis, respectively. The middle mesenchyme {meSeNKIM}, a watery gelatinous fluid, never produces the complex organs seen in triploblastic Metazoa. The main body cavity of the ctenophores is also the digestive chamber, and they have a simple nerve net.
635,000,000 YBN	6413) The start of the Ediacaran Period.
630,000,000 YBN	82) The Animal Phylum Cnidaria {NIDAREeo} evolves (the ancestor of sea anemones, sea pens, corals, and jellyfish). Cnidaria also evolve the earliest animal eye. Cnidaria are primarily radially symmetrical animals with tentacles, have a single body cavity with only one opening to take in food and to release wastes, and have specialized stinging cells. Cnidarians have two alternate body plans, the polyp and the medusa {miDUSe}. A sea anemone is an example of a polyp: fixed to the ground with mouth on top. A coral is a polyp that secretes a skeleton which it lives inside of. The medusa form is upside down compared to the polyp form, and is free swimming. A jellyfish has a typical medusa form.
600,000,000 YBN	91) The start of the Ediacaran {EDEoKRiN} soft-bodied invertebrate fossils. The sudden appearance of Ediacaran fossils may relate to the accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere and sea, which may permit an oxidative metabolism. Because the Ediacaran animals are soft-bodied, they are infrequently preserved.	Sonora, Mexico|Adelaide, Australia| Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhsta
600,000,000 YBN	107) The Animals Bilaterians evolve (metazoans with two sided symmetry). This is the first triploblastic animal; an animal with a third embryonic layer, the mesoderm {meZuDRM}. This is also the earliest animal brain. In most bilaterians food enters in one end (the mouth) and waste exits at the opposite end (the anus). There is an advantage for sense organs like light, sound, touch, smell, and taste detection to be located on the head near the mouth to help with getting food. The earliest brain (ganglion and memory) develop in a bilaterian worm. This begins the Animal Subkingdom "Bilateria".
600,000,000 YBN	403) The earliest extant bilaterian: Acoelomorpha (ancestor of acoela flat worms and nemertodermatida). The Acoelomorpha lack a digestive track, anus and coelom. Flatworms have no lungs or gills and breathe through their skin. With no circulating blood, their branched gut presumably transports nutrients to all parts of the body.
600,000,000 YBN	459) An intestine evolves in a bilaterian. Since the gut of this organism has no anus, undigested food must be regurgitated through the mouth.
600,000,000 YBN	532) A cylindrical gut, anus, and through-put of food evolves in a bilaterian; found in all bilaterians except Acoelomorpha and Platyhelminthes.
600,000,000 YBN	593) The genital pore, vagina, and uterus evolve in a bilaterian.
600,000,000 YBN	660) The penis evolves in a bilaterian.
590,000,000 YBN	70) The end of the Varanger Ice Age (650-590 mybn).
590,000,000 YBN	95) The coelom (SEleM) evolves in a bilaterian. The coelem is a fluid filled cavity that forms within the mesoderm and exists between the gut and body wall in most triploblastic animals. The advantage of a coelem is that it allows the body wall and gut wall to act independently, and also that other organ systems can be developed in the fluid-filled space. In addition, the fluid in the cavity can act as a deformable skeleton.
590,000,000 YBN	98) The first circulatory system evolves; blood vessels, and blood evolve in a bilaterian. The first blood cells. Cnidarians and flatworms are at most two sheets of tissue thick and so allow gas exchange and nutrient distribution by diffusion, but larger animals with thicker tissues require a circulatory system to distribute materials. The circulatory system transports molecules like gases, food, and waste to and from individual cells.
580,000,000 YBN	93) The Bilaterians Protostomes evolve. The ancestor of all Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu} and Lophotrochozoa {LuFoTroKoZOu}. The difference between protostomes and deutrostomes arises during embryonic development. In protostomes, the first indentation of the gastrula (an early stage of the embryo) develops into the mouth and the second indentation develops into the anus. The reverse is true for the deuterostomes.
580,000,000 YBN	105) The Bilaterians Deuterostomes evolve; the ancestor of all Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS }, Hemichordates, and Chordates.
580,000,000 YBN	131) The first shell (or skeleton) evolves. The first known shell belongs to a group of ciliates called tintinnids. Skeletons evolve independently in different groups of organisms.	(Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China
570,000,000 YBN	311) The Bilaterians Chaetognatha {KE-ToG-nutu} evolve (Arrow Worms). The earliest teeth evolve. Animals start to eat other animals. The evolution of teeth and animal predation starts an "arms race" that rapidly transforms ecosystems around the Earth. Teeth and shells evolve as advantages to survival.
565,000,000 YBN	345) The Deuterostome Phylum Hemichordata evolves; The "Hemichordates", the ancestor of pterobranchs {TARuBrANKS} and acorn worms). Adult Pterobranchs are sessile, fastening to solid structures, but the younger (or larval) form is free swimming, and is thought to have retained this form before evolving into tunicates and then the first fish.
565,000,000 YBN	347) The Deuterostome Phylum Chordata evolves. Chordates are a very large group that include all tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. Chordates get their name from the notochord {nOTe-KORD}, the cartilage rod that runs along the back of the animal, in the embryo if not in the adult. The ancestor of all chordates evolves "upside-down": unlike earlier invertebrates who have a ventral nerve cord (near the belly) and a dorsal heart (near the back), this ancestor and all later vertebrates have a dorsal nerve cord and a ventral heart.
565,000,000 YBN	348) The earliest extant chordate: Tunicates {TUNiKiTS} evolve (also called sea squirts).
560,000,000 YBN	117) The earliest animal shell (or skeleton) evolves. This is the earliest evidence of animals eating other animals (predation). This begins the appearance of small shelly fossils and deep burrows correlated with a decline in stromatolites, possibly from feeding. The earliest animal shells are made by tiny organisms with simple tubelike skeletons, such as Cloudina and Sinotubulites in addition to sponge skeleton fossils. The shell of Cloudina is made of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and are possibly made by some kind of worm. Predatory bore holes have been found in Cloudina shells. This is the oldest evidence of predation known.	(Ara Formation) Oman|Lijiagou, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province
560,000,000 YBN	318) The Protostomes Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu} evolve. Ecdysozoa are animals that molt (lose their outer skin) as they grow. This is the ancestor of round worms, and arthropods (which includes insects and crustaceans {also known as "shell-fish"}).
560,000,000 YBN	331) The Protostomes Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u} evolve. Ancestor of rotifers, phoronids, brachiopods {BrA-KE-O-PoDZ}, entoprocts {eNTuProKS}, bryozoans {BrI-u-ZO-iNZ}, platyhelminthes, gastrotrichs, nemertea, molluscs and annelids.
560,000,000 YBN	349) The first fish evolves.
560,000,000 YBN	6290) The earliest extant fish, the Chordates Lancelets {laNSleTS} (also called amphioxus {aMFEoKSiS}). This is also the first liver and kidney.
550,000,000 YBN	328) The Ecdysozoa Aschelminthes {aSKHeLmiNtEZ} evolves; the ancestor of the worms nematodes and priapulids.
547,000,000 YBN	334) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Brachiopoda {BrAKEoPiDu} evolves (the brachiopods {BrAKEOPoDZ}). The Brachiopods are marine invertebrates that have bivalve dorsal and ventral shells enclosing a pair of tentacled, armlike structures that are used to sweep minute food particles into their mouth.
543,000,000 YBN	101) Segmentation evolves (body parts are repeated serially, for example vertebrae). Some think that segmentation evolved independently in annelid worms, arthropods, and vertebrates. But the universality of Homeobox genes, evolved over a billion years earlier, implies that all segmented species may share a common segmented ancestor.
542,000,000 YBN	53) The end of the "Precambrian". The end of the Proterozoic and start of the Phanerozoic {FaNReZOiK} Eon. The end of the Neoproterozoic and start of the Paleozoic {PAlEuZOiK} Era, and the end of the Ediacaran and start of the Cambrian Period.
542,000,000 YBN	6297) The Cambrian radiation, (or "Cambrian explosion"), the rapid diversification of multicellular animals between 542 and 530 million years ago that results in the appearance of many (between 20 and 35) of the major phyla of animals. An increase of animals with shells. The Cambrian metazoan radiation may be the result of a major increase in atmospheric oxygen, and animal predation.
540,000,000 YBN	104) The Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u} Phylum Platyhelminthes {PlaTEheLmiNtEZ} evolves (flatworms).
540,000,000 YBN	319) The Protist Phylum "Radiolaria" {rADEOlaREo} (ocean protists, many with silica shells).
540,000,000 YBN	321) The Protist Phylum "Foraminifera" {FOraMiniFRu} evolves, (unicellular protists with fine pseudopods that extend from a cytoplasm body encased within a calcium carbonate shell).
540,000,000 YBN	340) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Nemertea {ne-mR-TEu} evolves (ribbon worms).
540,000,000 YBN	341) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Tardigrada {ToRDiGRiDe} evolves (tardigrades).
540,000,000 YBN	342) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Onychophora evolves. Onychophorans are a transition between worms and arthropods: they have segmented worm-like bodies but they also have jointed appendages, antennae, and shed their cuticle like arthropods do.
535,000,000 YBN	114) The first heart evolves in bilaterians. Muscles for pumping blood and for maintaining adequate blood pressure can be divided into three groups: contractile blood vessels (found in nemerteans and annelids), ostiate {oSTEAT} hearts (found in arthropods), and chambered hearts (found in molluscs and vertebrates).
533,000,000 YBN	343) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Mollusca evolves; Mollusks. The phylum Mollusca is the second largest animal phylum after the arthropods, and is divided into seven classes, three of which (Gastropoda {GaSTroPeDu} (snails), Bivalvia (clams and muscles), and Cephalopoda {SeFeloPeDu} (squids and octupuses) are of major importance.
530,000,000 YBN	338) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Annelida evolves; segmented worms. Annelids are various worms or wormlike animals, characterized by an elongated, cylindrical, segmented body and includes the earthworm and leech.
530,000,000 YBN	339) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Arthropoda evolves; the "Arthropods". Arthropods can be compared to a segmented worm encased in a rigid exoskeleton. The phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Arthropods include the trilobites, the crustaceans (shrimps, crabs, and lobsters), the Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes), the Chelicerata (arachnids and horseshoe crabs) and the insects. All arthropods have a segmented body covered by an exoskeleton containing chitin, which serves as both armor and as a surface for muscle attachment.
530,000,000 YBN	350) The Chordata Vertebrates evolve. This Subphylum, Vertabrata, contains most fishes, and all amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. The characteristic features of the Vertebrata are a vertebral column, or backbone, and a cranium, which protects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and major sense organs. This earliest vertebrate skeleton is made completely of cartilage.
530,000,000 YBN	6637) The Vertebrates Jawless fishes evolve (agnatha). The earliest extant jawless fishes, the hagfishes evolve now.
520,000,000 YBN	133) The Arthropods Chelicerata (KeliSuroTo) evolve (eight legs, ancestor of the horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, and the Arachnids: mites, spiders, and scorpions).	earliest (sea spider) fossils: Orsten, Sweden
520,000,000 YBN	148) The earliest color vision evolves in arthropods.
520,000,000 YBN	346) The Deuterostome Phylum Echinodermata evolves; the "Echinoderms" (iKIniDRMS }, the ancestor of the sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, and star fishes.
520,000,000 YBN	6349) The arthropods trilobites evolve. Trilobites have a segmented body that is divided into three vertical lobes. There is a transition from soft-bodied organisms, to the clam-like shell organisms, to the segmented calcite and chitin shells of the trilobites.
513,000,000 YBN	6351) The Arthropods Crustaceans evolve (the ancestor of all shrimps, crabs, lobsters, and barnicles).	earliest fossils: Shropshire, England
501,000,000 YBN	6348) The Arthropods Myriapoda {mEREaPeDu} evolve; the ancestor of all centipedes and millipedes.	earliest possible fossils: (Marine deposits)(Wheeler Formation) Utah, USA and (Ust-Majan formation) East Siberia|(earliest fossils) Shropshire, England
488,300,000 YBN	121) The end of the Cambrian (542-488.3 mybn), and start of the Ordovician {ORDiVisiN} (488.3-443.7 mybn) Period.
488,000,000 YBN	6314) The Ordovician (ORDeVisiN} radiation. During the Ordovician the number of genera {JeN-R-u} will quadruple.
475,000,000 YBN	244) The non-vascular plants evolve, Bryophyta {BrIoFiTo}, (the ancestor of the Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses). The Bryophytes are the simplest land plants, and reproduce with spores.
475,000,000 YBN	398) Plants live on land. The earliest fossil spores belonging to land plants. Plants conquer land before animals do, and like animals may move to land not by sea but by freshwater.	earliest fossils: Caradoc, Libya
472,000,000 YBN	402) The first animals live on land, the arthropods Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes).	earliest arthropod tracks: Kingston, Ontario, Canada
465,000,000 YBN	6636) The Jawless fishes lamprays evolve.
460,000,000 YBN	353) Jawed vertebrates evolve, Gnathostomata {no toST omoTo}. This large group includes all jawed fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. The first vertebrate teeth. The jaw evolves from parts of the gill skeleton.	Oceans
460,000,000 YBN	404) The Jawed fishes Chondrichthyes {KoN-DriK-tE-EZ} (Cartilaginous fishes: ancestor of all sharks, rays, skates, and sawfishes).
460,000,000 YBN	458) The earliest fungi on land. The ancestor of all terrestrial fungi (the Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota).
460,000,000 YBN	6414) The Fungi Phylum "Glomeromycota" {GlO-mi-rO-mI-KO-Tu} evolves (arbuscular {oRBuSKYUlR} mycorrhizal {MIKerIZL} fungi).	earliest fossils: Wisconsin, USA
445,000,000 YBN	90) The end-Ordovician mass extinction. This is caused by an ice age. This is the first of five mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic.
443,700,000 YBN	122) The end of the Ordovician (488.3-443.7 mybn), and the start of the Silurian (443.7-416) Period.
440,000,000 YBN	236) The Vascular plants evolve, the Phylum Tracheophyta {TrAKEoFiTu}. Vascular plants have a specialized conducting system consisting mostly of phloem (food-conducting tissue) and xylem (water-conducting tissue), collectively called vascular tissue.
440,000,000 YBN	360) The Jawed fishes, Bony fishes evolve; Osteichthyes {oS TE iK tE EZ}), the ancestor of the ray-finned, lobefin, and lung fishes. Bony-fishes have a skeleton that is at least partly ossified or made of bone. The bony fishes are the ancestors of the tetrapods who will ultimately move onto land. The earliest bony fishes are the ray-finned fishes.	Ocean and fresh water
440,000,000 YBN	6172) The first lung evolves from the swim bladder in ray-finned fishes. Some teleosts still use their swim bladder for breathing out of water.	Ocean (presumably)
425,000,000 YBN	377) The Jawed fishes, Lobe-fin fishes evolve. Lobe-fin fishes have a fleshy lobe at the base of each fin. The earliest extant Lobe-fin fishes, the coelacanths evolve now.
420,000,000 YBN	6350) The Arthropods Hexapods (arthropods with six legs {3 pairs}, the ancestor of all insects).	earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Scotland
418,000,000 YBN	6431) The Chelicerata Arachnids evolve (the ancestor of all scorpions, spiders, mites and ticks).	earliest fossils: ("Bertie Waterlime" of) NY, USA
417,000,000 YBN	378) The Lobefin fishes, Lungfishes evolve.
416,000,000 YBN	123) The end of the Silurian (443.7-416 mybn), and start of the Devonian {DiVONEiN} (416-359.2 mybn) Period.
416,000,000 YBN	6352) The Hexapods: insects evolve. The most primitive extant insects, the Bristletails evolve now.
410,000,000 YBN	6363) The Insects Silverfish.
400,000,000 YBN	227) The largest Fungi phylum "Ascomycota" {aS-KO-mI-KO-Tu} evolves (the ancestor of yeasts, truffles, Penicillium, and morels {mu-reLZ}).	earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Aberdeenshire, Scotland
400,000,000 YBN	237) The Vascular plants ferns evolve (the ancestor of club mosses, ferns and horsetails). Ferns are flowerless, seedless vascular plants that have roots, stems, and fronds (the leaf-like part of a fern), and reproduce by spores.
400,000,000 YBN	436) The Cartilaginous fishes Subclass: "Elasmobranchii" {elaZmOBrANKEE or I} evolves, (the ancestor of sharks, dogfishes, skates and rays).
395,000,000 YBN	6429) The Green Algae Charophytes evolve (Stoneworts).
395,000,000 YBN	6430) The earliest fungi lichen {lIKiN}. A lichen is a fungus, usually of the class Ascomycetes {aSKOmISETS}, that grows symbiotically with algae and cyanobacteria, resulting in a composite organism that characteristically forms a crustlike or branching growth on rocks or tree trunks.
392,000,000 YBN	359) The Cartilaginous fishes "Selachii" {SelAKEE or I} evolve, (the ancestor of all sharks: includes great white, hammerhead, mako, tiger and nurse sharks).
392,000,000 YBN	437) The Cartilaginous fishes: "Holocephali" {HoloSeFolE or I} evolve, (the ancestor of the chimaeras {KiMERoZ} also called rabbit-fishes or ratfishes).
385,000,000 YBN	405) The first forests. The earliest large tree fossils.	earliest fossils: Gilboa, New York, USA
385,000,000 YBN	411) The first flying animal, an arthropod insect, the ancestor of all winged insects (Pterygota {TARiGOTu}). The earliest extant winged insects are the Ephemeroptera {eFeMeroPTRo}: Mayflies, and the Odonata {ODenoDo}: Dragonflies and Damselflies. Insect wings evolve only once, and all winged insects descend from the first winged insect. The development of wings may have helped early insects to escape predators and to move over larger distances to find new habitats.	earliest fossils: (Wamsutta Formation) southeastern Massachusetts and Upper Silesian Basin, Czech Republic
375,000,000 YBN	380) The first tetrapods (Vertebrates with four feet) evolve in fresh water. These are the first vertebrate limbs (arms and legs) and fingers. This is also the first amphibian, the ancestor of caecillians, frogs, toads, and salamanders.	Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)
367,000,000 YBN	408) The late Devonian mass extinction caused by an ice age.
363,000,000 YBN	379) The first vertebrates live on land (an amphibian).	Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)
360,000,000 YBN	226) The second largest Fungi phylum, "Basidiomycota" {Bo-SiDEO-mI-KO-Tu} evolves (the ancestor of many mushrooms: button, chanterelle {saNTRreL}, cremini {KremENE}, enoki {inoKE}, fly agaric {uGaRiK}, oyster, porcino {PORCEnO }, portabella, psilocybe, puffball, shiitake {sEToKE}, woodear, rusts, and club fungi).	earliest fossils: Indiana
360,000,000 YBN	6353) The Neoptera, folding wing insects evolve. A mechanism to fold the wings against the body after landing has a selective advantage by making the wings less conspicuous, awkward, and susceptible to breakage. All "higher" orders of insects evolve from the neoptera.	earliest fossils: (Archimylacris eggintoni, Coseley Lagerstätte) Staffordshire, UK
359,200,000 YBN	124) The end of the Devonian (416-359.2 mybn), and start of the Carboniferous (359.2-299 mybn) Period.
359,000,000 YBN	243) The first plant seed evolves; the ancestor of all seed plants. The earliest fossil seed is from a seed fern (Pteridosperm {TARiDOSPRM}). Fossils indicate that the first seed evolves from an enclosing ring of vegetative lobes that fuse together.	earliest fossils: Scotland
355,000,000 YBN	6410) Hearing in Amphibians adapts to sounds transmitted through the air. This is the beginning of vertebrates making vocal sounds.
350,000,000 YBN	361) The Ray-finned fishes, Sturgeons and Paddlefish evolve.
350,000,000 YBN	6355) The Neoptera: Dictyoptera {DiKTEoPTRu} evolve (the ancestor of Cockroaches, Termites, and Mantises).
340,000,000 YBN	384) The first hard-shell egg. The Tetrapods Amniota {aMnEOtu} evolve; the ancestor of all reptiles, mammals and birds and the first hard-shell egg. The hard-shell egg is waterproof. This is the start of vertebrate internal fertilization, because on land the egg cannot be fertilized as most fishes and amphibians do, by a male swimming near the eggs and spraying them with sperm. Amniote males and females must copulate {KoPYelAT} so that the sperm can reach the eggs inside the female. All living amniotes lay hard-shelled eggs, except most mammals and some snakes and lizards, where egg laying has been replaced by live birth. The egg shell of amniotes may be flexible (like the eggs of many lizards) or mineralized and hard (like the eggs of birds).	earliest fossils: Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland
335,000,000 YBN	6331) The Amniota divide into the Sauropsida {SOR-roP-SiDu} and the Synapsida {Si-naP-Si-Du}. The Sauropsids have two major lineages: the Parareptilia (turtles) and the Eureptilia (dinosaurs, crocodiles and birds). The Synapsids also have two major lineages: the pelycosaurs (which are sail-backed amniotes) and the therapsids (which are mammal-like amniotes).	earliest possible Synapsid fossils: (Cumberland group, Joggins formation) Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada
330,000,000 YBN	6307) The Synapsids Pelycosauria {PeLiKuSOREu} evolve (the ancestor of Edaphosaurus {eDaFoSORuS} and Dimetrodon).
325,000,000 YBN	381) The earliest extant Amphibians: Caecilians evolve.
320,000,000 YBN	238) The seed plants: Gymnosperms evolve. Gymnosperms are the most primitive extant seed plants, and ancestor of all Cycads, Ginkgos and the Conifers). The most primitive extant Gymnosperms, the Cycads evolve now. Gymnosperm is Greek for "Naked Seed". A gymnosperm reproduces by a seed that is in direct contact with the environment, as opposed to an angiosperm whose seeds are enclosed by fruits.
320,000,000 YBN	6356) The Neoptera: Orthoptera evolve (the ancestor of crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, and walking sticks).
317,000,000 YBN	385) The Sauropsids Reptilia {reP-TiL-E-u} evolve, the Reptiles; the ancestor of all turtles, crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs and birds. Reptiles are a group of air-breathing amniotes with internal fertilization and scales covering part or all of their body. All reptiles are cold-blooded, except for birds, and possibly some or all pterosaurs and dinosaurs.	earliest fossils: (Joggins Formation) Nova Scotia, Canada
314,000,000 YBN	240) The Gymnosperms Pinophyta {PInoFiTu} evolve (the ancestor of the Conifers: includes Pine, Fir, Spruce, Redwood, Cedar, Juniper, Hemlock, Larch, Yew, and Cypress.).	earliest fossils: Wakefield, Yorkshire, England
310,000,000 YBN	6357) The Neoptera: Paraneoptera evolve (the ancestor of bark lice, true lice, thrips, and the Hemiptera {HemiPTRu}. The Hemiptera have mouthparts adapted for piercing and sucking and include: Cicadas, Aphids, and "true bugs": such as Bed bugs, and Stink bugs).
310,000,000 YBN	6359) The Neoptera Holometabola {HoLomeTaBolu or HOlOmeTABolu} evolve: Holometabolous insects: (insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, the ancestor of beetles, bees, true flies, and butterflies). The holometabolous insects account for nearly 85% of all insects. The Holometabola are insects that have complete metamorphosis (or holometabolous development). Unlike hemimetabolous insects in which the immature structures (legs, eyes, antennae, etc.) must also serve the adults, holometabolous insects have a morphologically reduced larval stage and acquire a completely new body during the pupal stage.
305,000,000 YBN	242) The Amphibians: Anura {unRu} evolve (the ancestor of all Frogs and Toads).
300,000,000 YBN	1310) The Stramenopiles Chrysophyta {KriSoFiTu} evolve (Golden algae).
299,000,000 YBN	125) The end of the Carboniferous (359.2-299 mybn), and start of the Permian (299-251 mybn) Period.
299,000,000 YBN	6360) The Holometabola: Coleoptera {KOlEoPTRu} evolve (the ancestor of the Beetles).	earliest fossils: (Pennsylvanian deposit) Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA
290,000,000 YBN	239) The Gymnosperms: Ginkgos evolve.
290,000,000 YBN	6358) The Holometabola: Hymenoptera evolve (the ancestor of all bees, ants, and wasps).
287,000,000 YBN	6308) The Synapsid Therapsids evolve (Cynodonts).[2
274,000,000 YBN	307) The Stramenopiles: Phaeophyta {FEoFiTu} evolve (the ancestor of all Brown Algae, includes many seaweeds like the giant kelps). Note that brown algae are not plants but are protists.
266,000,000 YBN	308) The Stramenopiles: Diatoms evolve.
260,000,000 YBN	232) The earliest endothermic (or "warm-blooded") and hair growing animal, a therapsid. Endothermy is the physiological maintenance, by a body, of a constant temperature independent of the external environmental temperature. Hair for insulation is correlated to endothermy. Both birds and mammals are endothermic (also called "warm blooded") as opposed to other vertebrates (like amphibians and crocodiles) which are ectothermic (or "cold blooded") and cannot internally generate heat. Endothermy allows birds and mammals to maintain a high and relatively constant body temperature, even at rest, during a wide range of external environmental conditions.
256,000,000 YBN	6362) The Holometabola: Diptera {DiPTRe} evolve, true flies, having a single pair of wings: the ancestor of the mosquito, gnat, fruit fly, and house fly).
251,400,000 YBN	102) The largest mass extinction of history, the End-Permian mass extinction. 82% of all genera are observed extinct.
251,000,000 YBN	54) The end of the Paleozoic and start of the Mesozoic Era, and the end of the Permian (299-251 mybn) and start of the Triassic (251-201.6 mybn) period.
251,000,000 YBN	452) The supercontinent Pangea (PaNJEe) forms.
235,000,000 YBN	304) The Protist Phlyum "Haptophyta" {HaPTuFITu} evolves, the Coccolithophores {KoK-o-lit-u-FORZ}.
228,000,000 YBN	412) The Reptiles: Dinosaurs evolve.	earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina
228,000,000 YBN	6282) Dinosaurs divide into two major lines: the Ornithischians {ORnitiSKEiNZ} (Bird-hipped dinosaurs) and the Saurischians {SoriSKEiNZ} (Lizard-hipped dinosaurs).
228,000,000 YBN	6283) The Saurischian {SoriSKEiN} Dinosaurs split into two major lines: The Sauropodomorpha (SoroPiDimORFu} and the Therapoda {tiRoPiDu}. The Sauropodomorphs are divided into prosauropods and sauropods, are mostly plant-eating, and include the large, long-necked dinosaurs like Apatosaurus. The Theropod {tERePoD} dinosaurs are bipedal and carnivorous and include Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, and Velociraptor. All birds descend from a Therapod ancestor.	earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina
225,000,000 YBN	126) The Synapsids Mammals evolve. The first mammary gland.	earliest fossils: (Dockum Formation) Kalgary, Crosby County, Texas, USA
225,000,000 YBN	369) The Ray-Finned Fishes Teleost (TeLEoST) fishes evolve. Teleosts are a large group of fishes with bony skeletons, including most common fishes.
220,000,000 YBN	387) The most primitive extant reptiles, the Testudines {TeSTUDinEZ} evolve: the ancestor of all Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins.
220,000,000 YBN	389) The reptiles: Tuataras {TUeToRoZ} evolve.	(Islands of) New Zealand
220,000,000 YBN	428) The first flying vertebrate, the Reptiles Pterosaurs evolve.
210,000,000 YBN	390) The Reptiles Iguania evolve: (the ancestor of iguanas, chameleons, and spiny lizards).
210,000,000 YBN	391) The Reptiles: Scleroglossa evolve (the ancestor of snakes, skinks, and geckos).
210,000,000 YBN	6313) The earliest extant Teleosts: Bonytongues evolve.
201,600,000 YBN	127) The End-Triassic mass extinction. 53% of all genera are observed extinct. Many terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians go extinct.
201,600,000 YBN	228) The end of the Triassic (251-201.6 mybn), and start of the Jurassic (201.6-145.5 mybn) Period.
201,600,000 YBN	6372) The Ornithischians Thyreophora {tIrEoFeru} evolve; the ancestor of the armored ankylosaurs {ANKilOSORZ} and the plated stegosaurs {STeGeSORZ}.	(Kayenta Formation) Arizona, USA
200,000,000 YBN	370) The Teleosts: eels and tarpons evolve.
200,000,000 YBN	392) The Reptiles: Crocodilia {KroKoDiLEu} evolve (the ancestor of Crocodiles, allegators, and caimans {KAmeNS}).
195,000,000 YBN	246) The Saurischian {SoriSKEiN} Sauropods {SoRuPoDZ} evolve; the ancestor of the large, long-necked dinosaurs like Apatosaurus {uPaTuSORuS}, Brachiosaurus {BrAKEuSORuS}, and Diplodocus {DiPloDiKuS}.	western USA
195,000,000 YBN	6373) The Ornithischian Ornithopoda {ORnitoPiDu} evolve; the duck-billed dinosaurs, ancestor of the Hadrosaurs.
190,000,000 YBN	371) The Teleosts: herrings and anchovies evolve.
190,000,000 YBN	6289) The Supercontinent Pangea splits into Laurasia and Gondwana. The northern part, Laurasia will form North America and Europe. The southern part, Gondwana will form South America and Africa.	Pangea
190,000,000 YBN	6347) The Holometabola Lepidoptera {lePiDoPTRu} evolve (the ancestor of moths, butterflies, and caterpillars).	earliest fossils: Dorset, England
180,000,000 YBN	456) The earliest extant mammals, Monotremes {moNeTrEMZ} evolve. Monotremes are an order of primitive egg-laying mammals restricted to Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea. The Monotremes consist of only the platypus and the echidna. Monotremes are also the most primitive extant warm blooded and hair growing species.	Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea
170,000,000 YBN	372) The Teleosts: carp, minnows, and piranhas evolve.
170,000,000 YBN	373) The Teleosts: salmon, trout, and pike evolve.
170,000,000 YBN	383) The Amphibians: Salamanders evolve.
165,000,000 YBN	358) The Cartilaginous fishes: batoidea {BuTOEDEu} evolve, the ancestor of all rays, skates, and sawfishes.
150,000,000 YBN	330) Stegosaurus, an armored, plant-eating Thyreophoran {tIRrEoFereN} dinosaur lives around this time.	western USA
150,000,000 YBN	374) The Teleosts: Lightfish and Dragonfish evolve.
150,000,000 YBN	393) The Therapods {tERePoDZ} Birds evolve. The first feather. Fossils of therapod dinosaurs from China indicate that feathers may have originally evolved on non-flying reptiles for insulation (or courting) and not for flight. At least one known feathered dinosaur can probably glide, which suggests that flapping flight evolves as an extension of gliding from trees.
145,000,000 YBN	245) The Seed plants angiosperms evolve. The first flowering plant. Almost all grains, beans, nuts, fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices come from plants with flowers. Much of our clothing comes from flowering plants too, for example: cotton and linen are made from "fibers" of flowering plants, as are rope and burlap. Many commercial dyes and drugs also come from flowering plants. Angiosperms represent approximately 80 percent of all the known green plants now living. The angiosperms are vascular seed plants in which the ovule (or egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The ovary is usually enclosed in a flower, the part of the angiosperm that contains the male or female reproductive organs or both. The fruit is the ovary of a plant which encloses seeds.	Israel, Morocco, Libya, and possibly China
144,000,000 YBN	128) The end of the Jurassic (201.6-145.5 mybn), and start of the Cretaceous (145.5-65.5 mybn) Period.
143,000,000 YBN	6288) The earliest extant Angiosperm "Amborella".
140,000,000 YBN	247) The Angiosperms Nymphaeales {niM-FE-A-lEZ} evolve, the Water Lilies.
140,000,000 YBN	421) The Ornithiscian Ceratopsian dinosaurs evolve (the ancestor of Triceratops).	Mongolia, China
140,000,000 YBN	457) The Mammals Marsupials evolve. The first nipple and breast.	China
136,000,000 YBN	460) The Birds Enantiornithes {iNaNTEORNitEZ} evolve.
134,000,000 YBN	250) The Angiosperms: "Magnoliids" {maGnOlEiDZ} evolve (the ancestor of nutmeg, avocado, sassafras, cinnamon, black and white pepper, camphor, bay (or laurel) tree, and magnolia.).
133,000,000 YBN	253) The Angiosperms Eudicots {YUDIKoTS} evolve (the largest lineage of flowers). The two main groups of the Eudicots are the "rosids" and the "asterids". Eudicots are also called "tricolpates" which refers to the structure of the pollen.
132,000,000 YBN	462) The Birds Hesperornithiformes {HeS-Pe-rOR-nit-e-FOR-mEZ} evolve.
130,000,000 YBN	375) The Teleosts: Perch, seahorses, flying fish, pufferfish, and barracuda evolve.
130,000,000 YBN	376) The Teleosts: cod and anglerfish evolve.
125,000,000 YBN	163) The Mammals Eutheria evolve: Placental mammals. The Eutheria are mammals that have a placenta. The placenta is an organ that forms in the uterus to aid in the exchange of food and wastes between the blood of the mother and fetus through an umbilical cord. Placental mammals include all living mammals except marsupials and monotremes. The placenta allows for a longer developmental period within the womb which may give the placentals a selective advantage.	earliest fossils: (Daxigou) Jianchang County, Liaoning Province, China
125,000,000 YBN	395) The bird beak evolves.	earliest fossils: (Yixian Formation) Liaoning Province, northeastern China
120,000,000 YBN	463) The birds Neornithes {nEORnitEZ} evolve (modern birds: the most recent common ancestor of all extant birds).
112,000,000 YBN	252) The Angiosperms Monocotyledons (or "Monocots") evolve: Flowering plants that have a single cotyledon (or seed leaf) in the embryo. Monocots are the second largest lineage of flowers after the Eudicots, and include lilies, palms, orchids, and grasses. The two main orders of Monocots are "Base Monocots" and "Commelinids".
108,000,000 YBN	254) The Basal Eudicots evolve (the ancestor of the buttercup, clematis, poppy, macadamia, lotus, and sycamore).
106,000,000 YBN	267) The "Core Eudicots" evolve (the ancestor of the cactus, caper, buckwheat, rhubarb, venus flytrap, old world pitcher plants, beet, quinoa, spinach, and grape plants).
105,000,000 YBN	491) The Eutheria Afrotheres evolve. Afrotheres originate in Africa and are the earliest extant placental mammals.	Africa
100,000,000 YBN	465) The Birds "Ratites" evolve (the ancestor of the ostrich, emu, cassowary {KaSOwaRE}, and kiwi).
95,000,000 YBN	498) The Eutheria "Xenarthrans" {ZeNoRtreNZ} evolve (the ancestor of Sloths, Anteaters, and Armadillos).	South America
93,000,000 YBN	256) The Angiosperms: "Rosids" evolve (Basal Rosids include: the pomegranate, clove, guava, allspice, and eucalyptus).
93,000,000 YBN	261) The Rosids "Fabales" {FoBAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of beans, pea, peanut, soy, and lentil).
93,000,000 YBN	265) The Monocots "Base Monocots" evolve (the ancestor of vanilla, orchid, asparagus, onion, garlic, agave, aloe, and lily).
93,000,000 YBN	266) The Monocots "Commelinids" {KomelIniDZ} evolve (the ancestor of palms, coconut, corn, rice, barley, oat, wheat, rye, sugarcane, bamboo, grass, pineapple, papyrus, turmeric {TRmRiK}, banana, and ginger).
93,000,000 YBN	275) The Basal Asterids "Ericales" {AReKAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of the kiwifruit, ebony, persimmon, blueberry, cranberry, brazil nut, new world pitcher plant, and tea).
93,000,000 YBN	283) The Asterids "Apiales" {APEAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of dill, celery, cilantro, carrot, parsnip, fennel, parsley, and ivy).
93,000,000 YBN	285) The Asterids "Asterales" {aSTRAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of tarragon, daisy, artichoke, sunflower, lettuce, and dandelion).
91,000,000 YBN	259) The Rosids: "Malpighiales" {maLPiGEAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of coca, rubber tree, cassava, poinsettia, willow, poplar, and aspen).
90,000,000 YBN	270) The Rosids "Brassicales" {BraSiKAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of horseradish, mustard, cabbage, broccoli, radish, and papaya).
89,000,000 YBN	262) The Rosids "Rosales" {ROZAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of hemp, hop, jackfruit, fig, strawberry, rose, raspberry, apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, and almond).
89,000,000 YBN	279) The Asterids "Gentianales" {JeNsinAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of oleander, and coffee).
86,000,000 YBN	278) The Asterids "Solanales" {SOlanAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of bell pepper, tomato, tobacco, potato, and eggplant).	Americas
85,000,000 YBN	263) The Rosids "Cucurbitales" (KYUKRBiTAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of melon, cucumber, pumpkin, squash, and zucchini).	Americas
85,000,000 YBN	264) The Rosids "Fagales" {FaGAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of many flowers that produce edible nuts: for example Birch, Hazel {nut}, Chestnut, Beech {nut}, Oak, Walnut, Pecan {PEKoN}, and Hickory).
85,000,000 YBN	466) The Birds "Galliformes" {GaLliFORmEZ} evolve (the ancestor of the Chicken, Turkey, Pheasant, Peacock, and Quail).
85,000,000 YBN	467) The Birds "Anseriformes" {aNSRiFORmEZ} evolve (the ancestor of ducks, geese, and swans).
85,000,000 YBN	499) The Eutheria "Laurasiatheres" evolve. The Laurasiatheres are a major line of placental mammals that originate in the northern continent Laurasia.	Laurasia
84,000,000 YBN	454) The Rocky mountains start to form.
82,000,000 YBN	271) The Rosids "Malvales" {moLVAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of okra, marsh mallow {malO}, durian {DUREiN}, cotton, balsa, and cacao {KoKoU}.	Americas
82,000,000 YBN	272) The Rosids "Sapindales" {SaPiNDAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of the maple, lychee, mahogany, cashew, mango, pistachio, and the citrus trees: orange, lemon, and grapefruit).	Americas
82,000,000 YBN	420) The Ornithopods {ORnitePoDZ} Hadrosaurs evolve; the duck-billed dinosaurs.
82,000,000 YBN	500) The Laurasiatheres "Insectivora" evolves (the ancestor of shrews, moles, and hedgehogs).
80,000,000 YBN	422) The Therapods {tERePoDZ} Dromaeosaurs {DrOmEoSORZ} evolve: Raptors.
80,000,000 YBN	482) The Marsupials: New World Opossums evolve.	Americas
75,000,000 YBN	492) The Afrotheres: Aardvarks evolve.	Africa
74,000,000 YBN	280) The Asterids "Lamiales" {lAmEAlEZ} evolve (the ancestor of many spices: mint, basil, marjoram {moRJ uruM}, oregano, rosemary, sage, savory, thyme, teak, sesame, olive, ash, lilac and jasmine).
73,000,000 YBN	484) The Marsupials: Bandicoots and Bilbies {BiLBEZ} evolve.	Australia
70,000,000 YBN	424) Two of the largest meat-eating dinosaurs known are common (both Therapods {tERePoDZ}): Tyrannosaurus rex {TiraNiSORuS reKS} is the top predator in North America and Giganotosaurus {JiGuNOTuSORuS} is the top predator in South America.	Americas
70,000,000 YBN	425) The Thyreophoran {tIRrEoFereNZ} Ankylosaurs {ANKilOSORZ} evolve (the shield back and/or club tail dinosaurs).
70,000,000 YBN	426) The Marine reptiles Mosasaurs {mOSeSORZ} evolve.
70,000,000 YBN	469) The Birds "Podicipediformes" {PoDiSiPeDeFORmEZ} evolve (grebes {GreBS}).
70,000,000 YBN	507) The Eutheria Lagomorpha {loGomORFo} evolve: the ancestor of Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas {PIKuZ}.
70,000,000 YBN	516) The Eutheria Tree Shrews and Colugos {KolUGOZ} evolve.
66,000,000 YBN	120) The largest Pterosaur and largest flying animal ever known, Quetzalcoatlus {KeTZLKWoTLuS}.
65,500,000 YBN	129) The End-Cretaceous mass extinction. 47% of all genera are observed extinct. Made extinct are: 60% of plant species, and all dinosaurs, mosasaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs {PlESEoSORZ} and pliosaurs {PlIoSORZ}. A comet or meteor collides with the Earth in what is now the Yucatan {YUKoTaN} Peninsula of Mexico and huge amounts of lava erupt from India. No large animals survive on land, in the air, or in the sea.
65,500,000 YBN	397) The end of the Mesozoic and start of the Cenozoic Era, and the end of the Cretaceous (145.5-65.5 mybn), and start of the Tertiary (65.5-1.8 mybn) Period.
65,000,000 YBN	429) The start of the rapid diversification of mammals.
65,000,000 YBN	468) The Birds "Gruiformes" {GrUiFORmEZ} evolve (the ancestor of cranes, rails, and bustards {BuSTRDZ}).
65,000,000 YBN	485) Marsupial moles evolve.	Australia
65,000,000 YBN	486) The Marsupials Tasmanian Devil and Numbat {nuMBaT} evolve.	Australia
65,000,000 YBN	488) The Marsupials "Diprotodontia" {DIPrOTODoNsEu} evolve (the ancestor of Wombats, Kangeroos, Possums, and Koalas).	Australia
65,000,000 YBN	508) The Eutheria "Rodentia" evolve; rodents. The Rodents: "Myomorpha" {MIemORFu} evolve (the ancestor of rats, mice, gerbils, voles {VOLZ}, lemmings, and hamsters).
63,000,000 YBN	587) The Primates evolve. The opposable thumb. The Order primates contains more than 300 species, including monkeys, apes, and humans.	Africa or India
60,000,000 YBN	470) The Birds "Strigiformes" {STriJiFORmEZ} evolve (owls).
60,000,000 YBN	504) The Laurasiatheres "Carnivora" {KoRniVRu} evolve (the ancestor of Cats, Dogs, Bears, Weasels, Hyenas, Seals, and Walruses).	Laurasia
58,000,000 YBN	524) The Primates: Tarsiers {ToRSERZ} evolve.
55,000,000 YBN	471) The Birds "Apodiformes" {oPoD-i-FORmEZ} evolve (hummingbirds, and swifts).
55,000,000 YBN	476) The Birds "Piciformes" {PESiFORmEZ} evolve (woodpeckers, and toucans).
55,000,000 YBN	477) The Birds "Passeriformes" {PaSRiFORmEZ} evolve (perching songbirds). This order includes many common birds: for example crows, jays, sparrows, warblers, mockingbirds, wrens, robins, orioles, bluebirds, vireos {VEREOZ}, larks, swallows, and finches. More than half of all species of birds are passerines.	earliest fossils: Australia|Gondwana
55,000,000 YBN	495) The Afrotheres Elephants evolve.	Algeria, Africa|Africa
55,000,000 YBN	497) The Afrotheres: Manatee and Dugong evolve.
55,000,000 YBN	502) The Laurasiatheres "Cetartiodactyla" {SiToRTEODaKTilu} evolve (the ancestor of all Artiodactyla {oRTEODaKTiLu} also called "even-toed ungulates": camels, pigs, ruminants {includes deer, giraffe, cattle, sheep, and antelope}, hippos, and all Cetacea {SiTASEu or SiTAsEu}: Whales, and Dolphins). Hippos are the closest living land relative of the whales and dolphins.	Laurasia
55,000,000 YBN	503) The Laurasiatheres "Perissodactyla" {PeriSODaKTilu} evolve (also called "odd-toed ungulates") {uNGYUlATS or uNGYUliTS} (the ancestor of all Horses, Tapirs {TAPRZ }, and Rhinos).	Laurasia
55,000,000 YBN	509) The Rodents: Beavers.
55,000,000 YBN	511) The Rodents: Dormouse, Mountain Beaver, Squirrel and Marmot {moRmuT} evolve.
55,000,000 YBN	585) The Birds Psittaciformes {SiTaS-iFORmEZ} evolve (Parrots).
55,000,000 YBN	6381) Horses evolve.
55,000,000 YBN	6387) The first Giraffes evolve.
54,000,000 YBN	810) The last common ancestor between hippos with dolphins and whales.
53,500,000 YBN	812) The earliest marine mammal and whale "Himalayacetus".	earliest fossils: (Subathu Formation) Northern India
52,000,000 YBN	501) The Laurasiatheres "Chiroptera" {KIroPTRu} evolve (the ancestor of fruit bats, and echolocating bats).	Laurasia
51,000,000 YBN	513) The Rodents: Old World Porcupines evolve.
50,000,000 YBN	438) The Himalayan {HiMolAYeN} mountains start to form.	Himalyia Mountains, India
50,000,000 YBN	816) The early whale Ambulocetus evolves.
49,000,000 YBN	474) The Birds "Falconiformes" {FaLKoNiFORmEZ} evolve (the ancestor of falcons, hawks, eagles, and Old World vultures).
49,000,000 YBN	515) The Rodents: New World porcupines, guinea pigs, agoutis {uGUTEZ}, and capybaras {KaPuBoRoZ} evolve.
40,000,000 YBN	525) The Primates "New World Monkeys" evolve (the ancestor of the Sakis, Spider, Howler and Squirrel monkeys, Capuchins {KaP YU CiNZ}, and Tamarins). The ancestor of all extant New World monkeys may have reached the Americas from Africa by crossing the early Atlantic Ocean, perhaps on fallen trees over a chain of islands.	Africa
37,000,000 YBN	442) Dogs evolve.
37,000,000 YBN	475) The Birds: Cuculiformes {KUKUliFORmEZ} evolve (the ancestor of cuckoos, and roadrunners).
34,000,000 YBN	813) Toothed and Baleen whale lines split. Toothed whales include dolphins, sperm, and killer whales. Baleen whales include blue, humpback, and gray whales.
30,000,000 YBN	444) Cats evolve.
30,000,000 YBN	520) The Primates: True Lemurs evolve.
30,000,000 YBN	6385) The first pigs evolve.
25,000,000 YBN	531) The Primates "Old World Monkeys" evolve (the ancestor of the Macaques, Baboons, Mandrills, Proboscis and Colobus {KoLiBeS} monkeys).	(perhaps around Lake Victoria) Africa
25,000,000 YBN	6386) The first deer evolves.
24,000,000 YBN	662) The ancestor of all Hominoids (Gibbons and Hominids) loses its tail.
23,000,000 YBN	478) The Monotreme: Echidna evolves.	Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea
23,000,000 YBN	479) The Monotreme: Duck-Billed Platypus evolves.	Australia and Tasmania
22,000,000 YBN	559) The Hominoid Proconsul evolves in East Africa.
18,000,000 YBN	537) The Hominoids: Gibbons evolve in South-east Asia.	South-East Asia
15,000,000 YBN	6388) The first Kangeroos evolve.	Australia
15,000,000 YBN	6389) The first bovids {BOViDZ} evolve (hollow-horned ruminants: oxen, antelopes, sheep, cattle, and goats).
14,000,000 YBN	542) The earliest extant Hominids: Orangutans evolve in South-East Asia.	South-East Asia
10,000,000 YBN	543) The Hominids: Gorillas evolve in Africa.	Africa
6,000,000 YBN	544) The Hominids: Chimpanzees evolve in Africa. This is the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.	Africa
4,400,000 YBN	546) The Hominid: Ardipithecus evolves. The earliest bipedal primate.	Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya, Africa
4,000,000 YBN	547) The Hominid: Australopithecus (x-STrA-lO-PitiKuS} evolves.	Sterkfontein, South Africa
SCIENCE
3,390,000 YBN	269) Hominids use stones as tools.	Dikika, Ethiopia
3,000,000 YBN	446) North and South America connect.
2,700,000 YBN	564) The Hominid: Paranthropus {Pa raN tru PuS} evolves; a line of extinct early bipedal hominids.	Africa
2,500,000 YBN	455) The oldest formed stone tools. The start of the Paleolithic or "Old Stone Age".	Gona, Ethiopia
2,200,000 YBN	447) The first humans. The Hominid: Homo habilis evolves (the earliest member of the genus "Homo"). This is when the human brain begins to get bigger.	(Kenya and Tanzania) Africa
2,000,000 YBN	545) The Hominids: Bonobos {BunOBOZ} evolve.	Africa
1,800,000 YBN	130) The end of the Tertiary {TRsEARE} (65-1.8 mybn), and start of the Quaternary {KWoTRnARE or KWoTRNRE} (1.8 mybn-now) Period.
1,800,000 YBN	563) Homo erectus {hOmO ireKTuS} evolves in Africa.	Lake Turkana, East Africa
1,700,000 YBN	449) Homo erectus moves into Eurasia from Africa.
1,500,000 YBN	583) The controlled use of fire by Hominids.	(Swartkrans cave) Swartkrans, South Africa
1,000,000 YBN	589) Homo erectus evolves far less body hair, except on the head, face, airpit, chest, and groin.
970,000 YBN	200) Humans wear clothing.	Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK
400,000 YBN	615) The earliest evidence of spears.	Kathu Pan 1, South Africa|(Schöningen, Germany.)
302,000 YBN	6517) There are 1 million humans on Earth, all hunter-gathering people.
200,000 YBN	548) Homo sapiens evolve in Africa.	Ethiopia, Africa
200,000 YBN	590) The Human language of thirty short sounds begins to develop. All words are single syllable. This is the beginning of the transition from the verbal language of chimpanzees and monkeys, to the language humans use now, which has shorter sound duration and a larger number of sounds.
130,000 YBN	450) Homo Neanderthalensis evolves in Europe and Western Asia.	Europe and Western Asia
120,000 YBN	572) The start of the Wurm glaciation, which connects a land bridge between Asia and America.
101,000 YBN [99000 BC]	594) Homo sapiens move out of Africa into Eurasia. This is the beginning of differences in race within the human species.
100,000 YBN [98000 BC]	257) The oldest Homo sapiens skull outside of Africa; in Israel.	(Skhul Cave) Mount Carmel, Israel
100,000 YBN [98000 BC]	597) The earliest human burial, Skhul {SKuL?} cave in Israel.	(es-Skhul cave) Mount Carmel, Israel
100,000 YBN [98000 BC]	6333) The theory that Gods control the universe.	(Es-Skhul) Mount Carmel, Israel
61,000 YBN [59000 BC]	614) Humans use a bow and arrows.	Sibudu Cave, South Africa
53,300 YBN [51300 BC]	557) Homo Erectus goes extinct.	Ngandong, Indonesia
50,000 YBN [48000 BC]	6399) The start of the mass extinction of large mammals due in part to human impact.
46,000 YBN [44000 BC]	577) The earliest water ship. Sapiens from Southeast Asia reach Australia by water ship.
43,000 YBN [41000 BC]	1187) The earliest known mine: "Lion Cave" in Swaziland, Africa.	Swaziland, Africa
40,000 YBN [38000 BC]	598) The earliest sapiens fossils in Europe (Romania).	Peştera cu Oase, Romania (and baby tooth: Grotta del Cavallo, Italy, jaw: Kent's Cavern, UK)
40,000 YBN [38000 BC]	604) The earliest oil lamp.	Southwest France
40,000 YBN [38000 BC]	1262) The earliest known human-made painting.	(The Panel de las Manos) El Castillo Cave, Spain|Southern France
40,000 YBN [38000 BC]	5871) The earliest musical instrument, a flute, made from the wing bone of a vulture.	Hohle Fels Cave, Germany
40,000 YBN [38000 BC]	6483) Humans catch fish.	Peçstera cu Oase, Romania
39,000 YBN [37000 BC]	599) Sapiens reach China.	(Tianyuan Cave) Zhoukoudian, China (Tongtianyan Cave, Liujiang County, Guangxi Zhuang)
32,000 YBN [30000 BC]	602) Humans weave textiles from flax and use coloring dyes.	Dzudzuana Cave, Georgia
31,700 YBN [29700 BC]	42) Humans raise dogs.	Goyet cave, Belgium
29,000 YBN [27000 BC]	6215) The earliest ceramic objects, the Venus figurines.	Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia
28,000 YBN [26000 BC]	451) The Neanderthals go extinct.	Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, Spain
26,000 YBN [24000 BC]	6224) The earliest "fired" clay (clay dried and hardened by fire).	Dolní Věstonice, Pavlov, Czech Republic
25,000 YBN [23000 BC]	724) Woven baskets.	Pavlov, Czech Republic
23,000 YBN [21000 BC]	6231) The earliest human-made structure. A stone wall.	(Theopetra Cave) Kalambaka, Greece
19,000 YBN [17000 BC]	6175) Cereal gathering.	Near East (Southwest Asia Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia)
18,000 YBN [16000 BC]	603) The earliest pottery.	(Yuchanyan cave), Daoxian County, Hunan Province, China
17,000 YBN [15000 BC]	6225) The earliest rope.	Lascaux, France
17,000 YBN [15000 BC]	6516) There are 10 million humans on Earth, all hunter-gathering people.
14,000 YBN [12000 BC]	6227) The earliest known map.	Mezhirich, Ukraine
14,000 YBN [12000 BC]	6439) Lime cement is used as an adhesive on small stone tools.	Geometric Kebaran site Lagama North VIII, Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Egypt
13,000 YBN [11000 BC]	578) Sapiens reach America. The oldest human bones in America.	Mexico City and Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, California, USA
12,000 YBN [10000 BC]	6522) Humans transform from hunting and gathering to agriculture, from a migratory to a sedentary life, building the first cities.
11,700 YBN [9700 BC]	827) The end of the Pleistocene (PlISTeSEN), and start of the Holocene {HoLoSEN or HOLoSEN} epoch. This is the end of the last Ice Age.
11,700 YBN [9700 BC]	828) The start of the Neolithic or "New Stone Age" in the Fertile Crescent, a region of the Middle East arching from the Nile Valley to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
11,500 YBN [9500 BC]	829) Humans shape metal objects from native copper.	(Shanidar Cave) North East Iraq|(Çayönü) Anatolia (modern Turkey)|Northern Iraq|Eastern Anatolia
11,000 YBN [9000 BC]	606) The oldest city, Jericho.	Jericho, (modern West Bank) Palestine
11,000 YBN [9000 BC]	608) The oldest saddle quern {KWRN} (a flat stone and rounded stone used to grind grain into flour).	Abu Hureyra, Syria
11,000 YBN [9000 BC]	617) Goats are kept, fed, milked, and killed for food.	Euphrates river valley at Nevali Çori, Turkey| (11,000 bp), and the Zagros Mountains of Iran at Ganj Dareh (10,000).
11,000 YBN [9000 BC]	1292) The earliest stone buildings and temple; in Turkey.	Göbekli Tepe, near Sanliurfa, Southeastern Turkey
11,000 YBN [9000 BC]	6509) Rye is grown in Syria.	Abu Hureyra, Syria
10,870 YBN [8870 BC]	6438) The earliest settlement in Mesopotamia.	Zawi Chemi, Shanidar, Northern Iraq
10,500 YBN [8500 BC]	610) Flax is grown.	Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria
10,500 YBN [8500 BC]	6315) Sheep are raised for wool, skins, meat and dung (which is used for fuel).	Northern Zagros to southeastern Anatolia|(Middle East) Eastern Mediterranean
10,000 YBN [8000 BC]	205) Pigs are raised and killed for food.	(Near East) Eastern Mediterranean and Island South East Asia|southeastern Anatolia
10,000 YBN [8000 BC]	1259) Clay tokens with different shapes that represent products are used in Mesopotamia.	eastern Iran, southern Turkey, Israel, Sumer (modern Iraq)|Babylonia|Syria, Sumer and Highland Iran
10,000 YBN [8000 BC]	6316) Cows are raised for milk, for meat and eventually for plowing.	upper Euphrates Valley
9,800 YBN [7800 BC]	607) The earliest flint sickle. A sickle is used for cutting grain.	Tell Aswad (modern Syria)|Palestine
9,500 YBN [7500 BC]	612) Wheat is grown in modern Syria.	Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria|southeastern Turkey and northern Syria (Nevali Cori, Turkey)
9,500 YBN [7500 BC]	613) Common millet is grown in China.	Cishan, North China
9,500 YBN [7500 BC]	6185) Barley is grown in modern Syria.	Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria
9,240 YBN [7240 BC]	1478) The earliest domesticated plants in America. Squash is grown in Peru.	Paiján, Peru
9,000 YBN [7000 BC]	1288) Mehrgarh {mARGoR}, an Indus Valley city is founded.	Kachi plain of Baluchistan, Pakistan
8,800 YBN [6800 BC]	6511) Lentils are grown in Israel.	Yifta'el, North Israel
8,500 YBN [6500 BC]	6512) Peas are grown in Turkey.	Çayönü, Turkey
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	605) The oldest known boat, a dug-out boat.	Netherlands
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	6220) The earliest drum.	Moravia, Czeck Republic
7,700 YBN [5700 BC]	719) Rice is grown in China.	Kuahuqiao, Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province|Yangtze (in Hubei and Hunan provinces), China
7,100 YBN [5100 BC]	720) Corn is grown in Mexico.	San Andrés, Mexico|(Oaxaca, Mexico)
7,000 YBN [5000 BC]	627) The first metal to be smelted and casted (copper). Smelting is separating a metal from its ore by using heat and a reducing or oxidizing material.	Belovode, Eastern Serbia
7,000 YBN [5000 BC]	727) The earliest reed boats.	Kuwait
6,900 YBN [4900 BC]	648) The sail boat.	Mesopotamia
6,800 YBN [4800 BC]	6527) The first fruit trees, olives are grown in Israel and Jordan.	(Chalcolithic) Tuleilat Ghassul (north of the Dead Sea)
6,500 YBN [4500 BC]	6437) The earliest settlement in Europe, Provadia-Solnitsata {PrOVoDEYo SOLnETSoTo?}, in Bulgaria is founded.	(near) Provadia, Bulgaria
6,000 YBN [4000 BC]	665) Wine making.	(Areni-1 cave complex in) southeastern Armenia|Egypt
6,000 YBN [4000 BC]	6232) The earliest Sun-dried mud bricks and mud-brick house.	Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
5,800 YBN [3800 BC]	6540) The earliest nut crops, almond trees are grown in the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin.	Eastern part of the Mediterranean Basin
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	233) The earliest writing (on clay objects in Mesopotamia). The first numbers. The first stamp (or seal). The first writing begins as symbols for numbers on clay bulla (hollow clay containers that hold clay tokens). These symbols represent the quantity and kind of tokens inside the bulla. Hollow bullae are eventually replaced by solid clay tablets with the same impressions.	Mesopotamia (Babylonia)|Sumer (Syria, Sumer, Highland Iran)
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	294) The sundial, the earliest timekeeping device.	China and Chaldea
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	621) The earliest plow. Plows are used to break up soil.	Mesopotamia
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	622) The earliest irrigation (supplying water to crops).	Middle east (eastern part of Mediterranean)
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	625) Donkeys are raised and used for transport.
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	634) The Egyptian calendar (12 months of 30 days, plus 5 extra days).
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	646) The earliest known wheel, a pottery wheel.	Mesopotamia (and a similar pottery wheel from Choga Mish, Iran)
5,490 YBN [3490 BC]	702) Cotton is grown in Peru.	Northwestern Peru|Indus valley
5,350 YBN [3350 BC]	1261) Writing on clay tablets. Symbols that represent a product (such as cows, sheep, and cereals), drawn with a stylus on clay tablets, are the earliest record of what will become the modern alphabet. The training of scribes is an early school. These tablets contain a record of objects owned or traded, and contain no stories.	Uruk
5,310 YBN [3310 BC]	704) Ox pulled vehicles with wheels.	(TRB - Funnel Beaker culture) Bronocice, Krakow, Poland
5,100 YBN [3100 BC]	641) The earliest record of a belief in Gods and Goddesses.	Uruk
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	569) The earliest stringed musical instrument (the lyre and the harp).	Sumer (modern Iraq)
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	596) Written symbols are combined to form words; there is a transition from word-writing to sound-writing in Sumarian. The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of one-syllable words. This suggests that all earlier spoken languages contained only single-syllable words.	Jemdet Nasr
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	628) Bronze (copper and tin) are smelted and casted. The start of the Bronze Age.	Tell Judaidah, Turkey|Egypt
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	650) Cuneiform writing.	Uruk
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	664) Soldering of metals.	Tell al-'Ubaid|Mesopotamia
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	672) The earliest dam.	Wadi Gerrawi, Egypt
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	675) The earliest silver objects.	Ur
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	676) Metal casting where wax is melted in a clay mold.
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	1276) The first recorded political assembly.	Sumer, Uruk, Kish
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	6222) The inclined plane (or ramp).	Egypt?
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	6226) The abacus; a counting and calculating device.	Mesopotamia
4,980 YBN [2980 BC]	654) The earliest pyramid in Egypt, designed by the earliest known scientist, Imhotep.	Sakkara, Egypt
4,800 YBN [2800 BC]	6565) Musical reed instruments.	Greece
4,750 YBN [2750 BC]	320) The earliest metal saw.	Mesopotamia
4,700 YBN [2700 BC]	1052) The earliest arch.	Nippur, Mesopotamia
4,500 YBN [2500 BC]	635) Iron is smelted and casted. The start of the Iron Age in Turkey.	Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia (modern Turkey)|Palestine|Tell Hammeh (az-Zarqa), Jordan|Central Europe and north Assyria
4,500 YBN [2500 BC]	637) Scribes change from writing right to left in columns to writing left to right in rows.	Sumer
4,500 YBN [2500 BC]	6230) The earliest dice and boardgame.	Ur, Mesopotamia
4,450 YBN [2450 BC]	708) Animal skin is used for writing (the earliest parchment).	Egypt
4,400 YBN [2400 BC]	1277) The earliest recorded written history.	Lagash
4,345 YBN [2345 BC]	800) Writing on papyrus.	Egypt
4,300 YBN [2300 BC]	629) The Akkadian language, the earliest known semitic language. The earliest verb tense, and noun gender. The first dictionary.	Agade, Mesopotamia
4,300 YBN [2300 BC]	667) The earliest glass making; glass beads.	Mesopotamia
4,300 YBN [2300 BC]	1271) The earliest written stories. These consist of epics and myths, hymns and laments, proverbs and wisdom. These writings record a belief in Gods, Goddesses, a Heaven, and an Under World. There are clear similarities between the Sumerian and the later Greek stories, for example stories about the creation of the universe, good and bad deeds of the gods, and of a flood.	Lagash|Nippur
4,200 YBN [2200 BC]	6446) Egyptian writing becomes completely phonetic. The first alphabet.	Egypt
4,130 YBN [2130 BC]	6234) The earliest musical horn.	Lagash, Mesopotamia
4,100 YBN [2100 BC]	1279) The earliest Health science text.	Nippur
4,100 YBN [2100 BC]	6376) The first place value number system, a sexagesimal (base 60) number system. Fractional values such as 1/60 and 1/3600 are also in use.	Babylonia
4,050 YBN [2050 BC]	1278) The earliest recorded laws.	Ur
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	706) Humans ride horses.	Kazakhstan
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	711) The earliest spoked wheel. Spokes make the wheel lighter in weight.
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	733) The earliest lock and key.	Nineveh, Assyria on the Tigris River
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	1283) The earliest library catalog.	Nippur an ancient city of Babylonia on the Euphrates River southeast of Babylon
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	6236) Metal is traded as money.	Babylonia
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	6542) The vegetables leek, garlic and onion are grown around the fertile crescent.	Mesopotamia
3,700 YBN [1700 BC]	1280) The earliest agricultural science text.	Nippur
3,650 YBN [1650 BC]	716) The earliest mathematical text.	Egypt
3,531 YBN [1531 BC]	639) The first planet, Venus, is recognized in Babylon.	Babylon
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	624) The earliest oven-baked mud brick (or "burned brick").	Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	723) The earliest pulley.	Nimroud, Assyria
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	1516) The "Vedas", four ancient Indian collections of poems or hymns, originate as an oral tradition.	India
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	6228) The water clock (or Clepsydra {KlePSi-Dru}).	Egypt
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	6456) The earliest American city, an Olmec city in Veracruz, Mexico.	(El Manati shrine, near modern) San Lorenzo, Veracruz, Mexico
3,450 YBN [1450 BC]	6449) The first letters that represent vowel sounds.	Ugarit (modern Ra's Shamra on Syria's north coast)
3,400 YBN [1400 BC]	6454) The earliest Chinese writing.	near Anyang, north-central China
3,350 YBN [1350 BC]	6561) Welding of metals using heat and hammering.	Egypt
3,348 YBN [1348 BC]	2727) Monotheism, the theory that only one God exists.	Amarna, Egypt
3,300 YBN [1300 BC]	736) Two piece mold metal casting.	Mesopotamia
3,300 YBN [1300 BC]	5862) The earliest written musical notation and musical composition.	Ur, Babylonia|Mesopotamia
3,150 YBN [1150 BC]	6447) The Phoenician alphabet, the ancestor of the Greek alphabet.	(coastal centers) Byblos, Tyre, Sidon, Beurut, and Ashkelon
3,000 YBN [1000 BC]	746) Complex pulleys.
3,000 YBN [1000 BC]	6237) The earliest lens.	Nimrud, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
3,000 YBN [1000 BC]	6448) The Aramaic alphabet, the ancestor of Hebrew, Arabic, and probably the alphabets of India.
3,000 YBN [1000 BC]	6450) The earliest Hebrew writing.	Khirbet Qeiyafa near the Elah valley, Israel
2,850 YBN [850 BC]	751) The Greek alphabet.	Greece
2,800 YBN [800 BC]	6452) The Indian alphabets of India and South-East Asia.	India
2,785 YBN [785 BC]	771) Eclipses are predicted by Babylonian astronomers.
2,690 YBN [690 BC]	1066) The earliest aquaduct, a channel to move water from one place to another near Nineveh.	Jerwan, Nineveh
2,690 YBN [690 BC]	6378) The earliest concrete (lime cement mixed with limestone); used in an aqueduct.	Jerwan, Nineveh
2,651 YBN [651 BC]	6337) All planets visible to the naked eye (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) are clearly distinguished from stars in Babylonia.	Babylonia
2,650 YBN [650 BC]	6458) The Etruscan {iTruSKeN} alphabet.
2,622 YBN [622 BC]	826) The Old Testament (The Torah, The Hebrew Bible, The Ten Commandments, and The Story of Genesis).	Judah|(Israel)
2,600 YBN [600 BC]	630) Metal coin money.	Lydia, Anatolia
2,600 YBN [600 BC]	762) The Universe is explained without using the theory of Gods by Thales.	Miletus, Greece
2,600 YBN [600 BC]	6455) The earliest Native American writing.	San Jose Mogote, Oaxaca, Mexico
2,580 YBN [580 BC]	764) The Earth-centered Universe theory, and the theory that humans evolved from fish. The Earth-centered theory will dominate until the 1500s.	Miletus
2,550 YBN [550 BC]	1036) The Latin alphabet.	Rome
2,529 YBN [529 BC]	772) The Earth is described as a sphere.	Croton, Italy
2,500 YBN [500 BC]	6518) There are 100 million humans on Earth.
2,470 YBN [470 BC]	840) That the brain controls the body is understood, and the first human dissection.	(academy at Croton, now:) Crotone, southern Italy
2,467 YBN [467 BC]	836) That stars are other Suns and made of red-hot metal is recognized.	Clazomenae (75 miles/120 km north of Miletus)|Athens|Did not move to Athens until around 462 bce
2,467 YBN [467 BC]	1894) The earliest particle (or wireless) communication. The optical telegraph; using fire signals.	Argos, Greece
2,460 YBN [460 BC]	841) The theory that all matter is made of atoms.
2,460 YBN [460 BC]	842) The theory that the universe is made of only four elements: water, air, fire and earth.
2,450 YBN [450 BC]	843) The theory that the Earth moves through space.	Croton, Italy
2,432 YBN [432 BC]	849) The Metonic {miToNiK} calendar: 12 years of 12 months and 7 years of 13 months.	Athens, Greece (presumably)
2,430 YBN [430 BC]	845) The Universe is explained as being filled with many other worlds, and the Milky Way as a large group of stars.	Abdera, Thrace
2,424 YBN [424 BC]	6533) Grafting of plants in Greece.	Greece|(presumably for Theophrastus) (The Lyceum) Athens, Greece
2,387 YBN [387 BC]	851) Plato's Academy.	Athens, Greece
2,358 YBN [358 BC]	856) The theory that the Earth rotates around its own axis, and that some planets rotate around the Sun.	(Academy) Athens, Greece (presumably)
2,335 YBN [335 BC]	859) Aristotle's Lyceum {LI SEuM or lU-KEoN}). A fifth element "aether" is added. The concept of gravity.	Athens, Greece
2,325 YBN [325 BC]	887) The theory that the Moon influences the tides.	Massalia (now: Marseille France)
2,300 YBN [300 BC]	6482) The earliest chain-drive, and automatic repeating crossbow.	Rhodes, Greece
2,297 YBN [297 BC]	902) The Museum and Library of Alexandria.
2,295 YBN [295 BC]	878) Euclid's "Elements" compiles all known mathematics.	(Mouseion) Alexandria, Egypt
2,285 YBN [285 BC]	1028) Compressed air is used for a catapult and for the earliest musical keyboard instrument, an organ, by Ctesibius.	Alexandria, Egpyt
2,274 YBN [274 BC]	886) The cerebrum and cerebellum of the brain are identified.	Alexandria, Egpyt
2,260 YBN [260 BC]	663) The earliest lever.	Syracuse, Sicily
2,260 YBN [260 BC]	822) The earliest screw.	Syracuse, Sicily
2,260 YBN [260 BC]	882) The rotation of the Earth around its own axis once a day and around the Sun once a year is understood by Aristarchus.	(Mousion of Alexandria) Alexandria, Egpyt
2,250 YBN [250 BC]	890) The earliest known escapement, a device that controls the rotation of a toothed gear to provide periodic impulses.
2,246 YBN [246 BC]	898) The size of Earth is correctly calculated by using the angle of the Sun's shadow and the distance between two cities.	Alexandria, Egypt
2,240 YBN [240 BC]	1325) The earliest observation of a comet.	China
2,231 YBN [231 BC]	833) Metal gears. The earliest evidence of the spur and worm gears.	Syracuse, Sicily
2,160 YBN [160 BC]	1029) The distance to the Moon is measured using parallax; by measuring how much an object appears to move compared to a more distant object when the observer changes positions.	(before 141 BC) Bithynia (presumably Nicaea)|(observatory on) Island of Rhodes, Greece
2,160 YBN [160 BC]	6477) The law of inertia (that a body preserves its motion) is understood.	(before 141 BC) Bithynia (presumably Nicaea)|(observatory on) Island of Rhodes, Greece
2,140 YBN [140 BC]	1070) The invention of paper in China.	Pa-chhiao near Sian in the Shensi province of China|Xian, China
2,134 YBN [134 BC]	1041) A nova is observed. The first star catalog that uses celestial coordinates of latitude and longitude, and that divides stars by brightness. The "precession of the equinoxes" is recognized; that the position of the stars at equinox changes slightly each year.	(observatory on) Island of Rhodes, Greece
2,100 YBN [100 BC]	870) The earliest known metal spur gear and mechanical computer.	near the island of Antikythera, Mediterranean Sea
2,075 YBN [75 BC]	1116) Negative numbers are used in China.	China
2,056 YBN [56 BC]	1045) The theory that light is made of atoms that move very fast.	Rome, Italy
2,050 YBN [50 BC]	1050) The first glass blowing.	(origin of glass blowing probably in the Syro-Palestine area, but earliest artifact is from) Jerusalem
2,045 YBN [01/01/45 BC]	1056) The Julian calendar: 365 days with an extra day every 4 years.	Rome (presumably)
2,040 YBN [40 BC]	1058) The earliest waterwheel. The earliest elevator (or vertical lift).	Rome
2,037 YBN [37 BC]	6549) The germ theory of disease; that disease can be caused by tiny living organisms.	Rome (presumably)
1,950 YBN [50 AD]	1078) The steam engine.	Alexandria, Egypt
1,950 YBN [50 AD]	6566) A wind-wheel powered machine.	Alexandria, Egypt
1,935 YBN [65 AD]	6432) The glass prism.	Rome
1,925 YBN [75 AD]	1270) The last cuneiform texts.	Sumer/Babylon (Southern Iraq)
1,923 YBN [77 AD]	1083) The earliest Encyclopedia.	Spain?
1,917 YBN [83 AD]	766) The magnetic compass.	China (more specific)
1,900 YBN [100 AD]	5861) The earliest known complete musical composition including musical notation.	(now Aidin, Turkey) (verify)
1,850 YBN [150 AD]	1087) Ptolomy's "Almagest", an Earth-centered model of the universe, with the Earth a stationary sphere in the center, surrounded by 7 larger planetary spheres for the Moon, Sun, planets, and fixed stars.	(in Mouseion?) Alexandria, Egypt
1,800 YBN [200 AD]	1073) The earliest "press-on" printing in China.	China
1,672 YBN [328 AD]	6451) The Arabic alphabet.	(early inscription) Namara, Syria
1,609 YBN [02/24/391 AD]	1002) Roman Emperor Theodosius I prohibits the visiting of non-Christian temples.	(presumably) Rome, Italy
1,609 YBN [391 AD]	1003) The Library in Alexandria (the Serapeum) is destroyed by Christians.	Alexandria, Egypt
1,585 YBN [03/??/415 AD]	1009) The murder of Hypatia.	(steps of a church called The Caesarium ) Alexandria, Egypt
1,471 YBN [529 AD]	1014) Byzantine {BiZeNTEN} Emperor Justinian closes the schools of Alexandria and Athens (including Plato's Academy).	Athens, Greece (and Alexandria,Egypt)
1,458 YBN [542 AD]	1381) The earliest hospital in France.	Lyon, France
1,400 YBN [600 AD]	1111) The earliest windmill, in Persia. This windmill uses a vertical shaft and horizontal sails to grind grain.	Persia (Iran)
1,300 YBN [700 AD]	1118) The numerals (0 through 9), and decimal notation.	Bakhshali (near modern Peshawar, Pakistan)
1,249 YBN [751 AD]	1253) Jabir prepares and identifies acids.	Kufa, (now Iraq)
1,230 YBN [770 AD]	1060) Wood-cut Printing.	Japan
1,219 YBN [781 AD]	1254) Lower case letters.	Aachen, in north-west Germany, or York, England
1,211 YBN [789 AD]	1256) Charlemagne {soRlemAN} establishes schools where math and grammar are taught.	Aachen, in north-west Germany
1,200 YBN [800 AD]	6221) String instruments are played with a bow.	River Oxus (modern) Turkmenistan (Central Asia)
1,185 YBN [815 AD]	1021) The "Bayt al-Hikma" (House of Wisdom) school is founded, where many scientific works are translated into Arabic.	Baghdad
1,150 YBN [850 AD]	1144) Gunpowder is invented; in China	China
1,100 YBN [900 AD]	1379) A health science school is founded in Salerno, Italy.	Salerno (near Naples), Italy
1,080 YBN [920 AD]	6183) Norwegian explorers reach North America.	L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland
1,040 YBN [960 AD]	6186) The earliest rocket; in China.	China
1,000 YBN [1000 AD]	1022) The Encyclopedia the "Suda".
1,000 YBN [1000 AD]	1054) Paper money is used; in China.	China
962 YBN [1038 AD]	1308) The pin-hole camera.	Cairo, Egypt
959 YBN [1041 AD]	1124) Movable type printing, where individual blocks can be put together to form a text.	China
912 YBN [1088 AD]	1339) The University of Bologna.	Bologna, Italy
868 YBN [1132 AD]	1146) The first cannon and gun.	Ta-tsu, Szechuan Province, China
850 YBN [1150 AD]	6239) The first stringed instrument to use a keyboard.	Europe
833 YBN [1167 AD]	1340) The University of Oxford.	Oxford, England (now: United Kingdom)
830 YBN [1170 AD]	1319) The University of Paris.	Paris, France
816 YBN [11/??/1184 AD]	1153) The start of the Inquisition. Pope Lucius III makes burning the official punishment for heresy {HAReSE}.	Verona, Italy
772 YBN [1228 AD]	1392) The theory that all matter is made of light.	Oxford, England
766 YBN [1234 AD]	1125) The movable metal block printing press.	Korea
720 YBN [1280 AD]	6238) The first eyeglasses.	Florence, Italy
700 YBN [1300 AD]	1121) Mechanical clocks.	Europe
690 YBN [1310 AD]	1424) Sulfuric and other strong acids described.	Spain
684 YBN [1316 AD]	1428) The first book devoted entirely to anatomy.	Bologna, Italy
665 YBN [1335 AD]	1425) The law of inertia is revived.	Paris, France
635 YBN [03/12/1365 AD]	1360) The University of Vienna, the oldest university in the German-speaking world.	Vienna, Austria
602 YBN [1398 AD]	1364) Sungkyunkwan University in Korea is founded.	Seoul, South Korea
565 YBN [1435 AD]	1435) The movable type printing press is introduced into Europe.	Strassburg (now Strasbourg, France)
560 YBN [02/12/1440 AD]	1437) Space is described as infinite in size, and stars are described as other suns with inhabited planets.	Cusa, Germany
550 YBN [1450 AD]	1171) The earliest wound spiral spring driven clocks.	southern Germany or northern Italy
546 YBN [1454 AD]	1436) The first printed book in Europe (copies of the Bible).	Mainz, Germany
517 YBN [1483 AD]	6481) A parachute is designed.	Milan, Italy
514 YBN [1486 AD]	1467) Gliders, a helical air-screw, and a flying machine with flapping wings are designed.	Milan, Italy
508 YBN [10/12/1492 AD]	1450) Humans from Europe reach America by crossing the Atlantic Ocean in three small ships.	(probably) San Salvador
487 YBN [09/25/1513 AD]	1485) Europeans reach the Pacific Ocean.	from a peak in Darién, Panama
483 YBN [10/31/1517 AD]	1389) The start of the Protestant Reformation.	Wittenberg, Germany
478 YBN [09/08/1522 AD]	1475) Humans circumnavigate the Earth.	Seville, Spain
467 YBN [1533 AD]	1541) The method of triangulation to measure distance: a base line of known length is chosen, and from its endpoints the angles of sight to a remote object are measured. The distance to the object from either endpoint can then be calculated using simple trigonometry.	Friesland (present day Netherlands) (presumably)
462 YBN [10/28/1538 AD]	1371) The University of Santo Domingo, the first university in the Western Hemisphere.	Santo Domingo, (now the) Dominican Republic
457 YBN [1543 AD]	1482) The Sun centered theory is revived by Copernicus.	(presumably) written in (Frauenburg, East Prussia now:)Frombork, Poland; (printed in)Nuremberg, Germany
455 YBN [1545 AD]	1543) Arteries are tied to stop bleeding. Artificial limbs are created.	Paris, France
454 YBN [1546 AD]	1507) The scientific classification of minerals.	written: Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany| published: Basel, Switzerland
454 YBN [1546 AD]	1547) Pulmonary circulation is understood by Michael Servetus (SRVETuS): that blood goes from the right side of the heart to the lung where it is mixed with air becoming red, and then to the left side of the heart where it is sent through the rest of the body.	Vienne, France
449 YBN [1551 AD]	1549) The first planetary tables based on the Sun-centered theory.
447 YBN [10/27/1553 AD]	1548) Servetus is burned alive for heresy {HAReSE}.	Geneva, Switzerland
440 YBN [1560 AD]	1538) Systematic computations of probability.	Italy
440 YBN [1560 AD]	1563) The first scientific society (a group for the communication of scientific research), the precursor of the Academy of the Lynx.
439 YBN [1561 AD]	1562) Fallopian tubes, and semicircular canals are identified, and the vagina, placenta, clitoris and cochlea are named.	(University of Padua) Padua, Italy
431 YBN [1569 AD]	1550) Cyclindrical projection is used to make a map so that lines of latitude and longitude are straight.	Duchy of Cleves, Germany (presumably)
427 YBN [1573 AD]	1575) A comet is proven to be farther away than the moon and to have an orbit that is not circular.	Island of Hven (now Ven, Sweden)
418 YBN [1582 AD]	1566) The Gregorian calendar: February 29th is omitted in century years which are not divisible by 400.	Rome, Italy
415 YBN [1585 AD]	1581) Decimal point notation is used in Europe.	Netherlands (presumably)
414 YBN [1586 AD]	1583) Objects of different weight are shown to fall the same distance in the same amount of time.	Netherlands (presumably)
409 YBN [1591 AD]	1182) The flush toilet.	(Palace of Queen Elizabeth) Richmond, Surrey, England
409 YBN [1591 AD]	1568) Letters are used to represent constant and unknown numbers (the first "variables").	(possibly) Paris, France
408 YBN [1592 AD]	1613) Galileo invents the first thermometer.	Padua, Italy
404 YBN [08/03/1596 AD]	1616) A variable star is discovered, a star that shows periodic changes in brightness.	Resterhave (near Dorum) East Frisia (now northwest Germany and northeast Netherlands) (presumably)
400 YBN [02/17/1600 AD]	1578) Bruno is burned alive for heresy.	(Campo de Fiori {flower market}) Rome, Italy
400 YBN [1600 AD]	1571) That the Earth is a spherical magnet on which a compass points to the magnetic poles is recognized, and the first electroscope, which measures static electricity.	London, England (presumably)
396 YBN [1604 AD]	1622) The inverse squared law of light: that the intensity of light is inversely related to the square of the distance.	Prague, (now: Czech Republic) (presumably)
392 YBN [1608 AD]	1618) The earliest telescope.	Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland) (modern: Netherlands)
391 YBN [1609 AD]	1599) The "law of falling bodies"; that the distance covered by a falling body is proportional to the square of the elapsed time is understood.	(University of Padua) Padua, Italy
391 YBN [1609 AD]	1619) Kepler shows that planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse, and that a line connecting a planet and the Sun will sweep over equal areas in equal times.	Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center)
390 YBN [01/??/1610 AD]	1605) The moons of Jupiter are first seen and their period determined by Galileo.	(University of Padua) Padua, Venice, Italy
390 YBN [12/11/1610 AD]	6485) The phases of planet Venus are seen by Galileo.	Florence, Italy
390 YBN [1610 AD]	6488) The earliest Microscope, a compound light microscope.	Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland) (modern: Netherlands)
389 YBN [06/13/1611 AD]	1617) That the Sun has spots and rotates around its own axis is shown.	Osteel, East Frisia (now northwest Germany and northeast Netherlands)
388 YBN [1612 AD]	3680) The theory of storage of light; that light can be absorbed in materials and re-emitted later.	(Collegio Romano) Rome, Italy
386 YBN [1614 AD]	1584) Exponential notation and logarithms.	Scotland (presumably)
384 YBN [1616 AD]	1644) Harvey describes the circulatory system, that blood can only move in one direction and that blood moves in a circle from the heart to the arteries, from the arteries to the veins, and through the veins back to the heart.	London, England
384 YBN [1616 AD]	1831) The earliest known reflecting telescope.	Rome, Italy
383 YBN [01/15/1617 AD]	6491) The first double (or binary) star system is observed.	(University of Florence) Florence, Italy
379 YBN [1621 AD]	1651) The law of refraction, which describes how a light ray bends when passing between two mediums of different density.	Leiden, Netherlands (presumably)
376 YBN [1624 AD]	6241) The submarine.	Thames River, England
374 YBN [1626 AD]	1693) The sealed thermometer (measures temperature independently of air pressure).	(The Low Countries) Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg|was: Tuscany, Italy (presumably)
370 YBN [1630 AD]	1642) That the Sun completes one rotation every 25 days is recognized.	Rome, Italy
369 YBN [11/07/1631 AD]	1663) The transit of Mercury across the Sun is observed.	Paris, France (presumably)
369 YBN [1631 AD]	1664) The speed of sound is measured.	Paris, France (presumably)
367 YBN [06/22/1633 AD]	1611) Galileo is condemned to life imprisonment by the Inquisition.	Rome, Italy
365 YBN [1635 AD]	1657) The "Académie Parisienne" (the precursor to the French Academy of Sciences).	Paris, France (presumably)
365 YBN [1635 AD]	1660) Frequencies of sounds are measured.	Paris, France (presumably)
364 YBN [1636 AD]	1219) Harvard College is founded.	Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
363 YBN [1637 AD]	1668) The cartesian coordinate system.	Netherlands (presumably)
361 YBN [11/24/1639 AD]	1708) The transit of Venus is observed.	Hoole, Lancashire, England (presumably)
360 YBN [1640 AD]	1697) The micrometer (a device for precision measurement).	Middleton (West Yorkshire), England
359 YBN [1641 AD]	6244) The repeating gun, a gun in which ammunition is fed from a magazine.	Netherlands
358 YBN [1642 AD]	1719) A mechanical calculating machine that can add and subtract.	Rouen, France (presumably)
357 YBN [1643 AD]	1692) The earliest vacuum and the barometer (which measures the pressure of the air).	Florence, Italy
356 YBN [11/22/1644 AD]	1694) The phases of Mercury are observed.	(rooftop observatories on many houses) Danzig (now Gdansk in Poland)
356 YBN [1644 AD]	2618) The principle of the conservation of motion.	Netherlands (presumably)
352 YBN [09/19/1648 AD]	1721) Atmospheric pressure is shown to change at different elevations.	Rouen, France (presumably)
352 YBN [1648 AD]	1648) The label of "gas" is applied to a substance. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is recognized.	Vilvoorde, Belgium
350 YBN [1650 AD]	1675) The first air pump. That sound cannot be produced in the absence of air is proven.	Magdeburg, Germany (presumably)
350 YBN [1650 AD]	1722) The hydraulic press.	Rouen, France (presumably)
345 YBN [03/25/1655 AD]	1763) The first known moon of Saturn, Titan is identified.	The Hague, Netherlands (presumably)
345 YBN [1655 AD]	1702) Exponents are extended to include negative numbers and fractions.	(University of Oxford) Oxford, England
342 YBN [1658 AD]	1804) Red blood cells are observed and described.	Amsterdam, Netherlands (presumably)
340 YBN [11/28/1660 AD]	1704) The Royal Society is formed.	London, England
340 YBN [1660 AD]	1737) Gas is collected. That electrical attraction is transmitted through a vacuum is proven.	Oxford, England (presumably)
339 YBN [1661 AD]	1738) Acid-base indicators.	Oxford, England (presumably)
339 YBN [1661 AD]	1754) The connection of arteries and veins is observed.	Bologna, Italy
338 YBN [1662 AD]	1739) That pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related is known.	Oxford, England (presumably)
337 YBN [1663 AD]	2247) The first static electricity generator: a sulfur globe is rotated against a cloth.	Magdeburg, Germany (presumably)
336 YBN [1664 AD]	1666) The theory that light is made of particles is revived by Descartes. Descartes also identifies both the wave and corpuscular theory of light.	(in 1633:) Netherlands (presumably)
335 YBN [1665 AD]	1688) The theory that comets move in elliptical orbits.	Pisa, Italy (presumably)
335 YBN [1665 AD]	1707) The theory of light "diffraction".	Bologna, Italy (presumably)
335 YBN [1665 AD]	1726) The period of a Mars day is measured as 24 hours and 40 minutes.	Bologna, Italy
335 YBN [1665 AD]	1776) The first blood transfusion.	London?, England
335 YBN [1665 AD]	1799) The wave theory of light is firmly established by Hooke, with the medium being a fluid between the stars associated with the ancient concept of aether. Hooke also publishes the first images of a microorganism (or protist).	London, England
334 YBN [10/??/1666 AD]	1827) Calculus: differentiation is used to find the rate of change (or slope) of an equation and integration is used to calculate the area or volume described by an equation.	Cambridge, England
332 YBN [11/26/1668 AD]	3257) The theory of momentum (mass times velocity).	London, England (presumably)
332 YBN [1668 AD]	1727) Jupiter's period of daily rotation is determined.	(Observatory at) Panzano (near Bologna), Italy
331 YBN [03/18/1669 AD]	3258) The concept of energy (mass multiplied by velocity squared), and the theory of conservation of energy is defined.	The Hague, Netherlands (presumably)
331 YBN [1669 AD]	1735) "Double refraction" is observed.	Copenhagen, Denmark
331 YBN [1669 AD]	1774) The element Phosphorus is identified.	Hamburg, Germany (presumably)
329 YBN [1671 AD]	2119) The element Hydrogen is identified; released by mixing iron filings and acids.	Oxford, England (presumably)
328 YBN [02/19/1672 AD]	1829) The corpuscular theory of light is firmly established by Newton. Color is determined to be a property of light, not of objects. White light is separated into and recreated from primary colors. Light of different colors is shown to refract at different angles.	Cambridge, England
328 YBN [1672 AD]	1731) The scale of our star system is measured.	Paris, France;Guiana, South America
326 YBN [1674 AD]	1825) The element Oxygen is identified.	Oxford, England
324 YBN [1676 AD]	1851) The speed of light is shown to be finite and is measured by subtracting the time it takes for the moon of Jupiter, Io, to enter and exit the shadow of Jupiter when the Earth is moving toward Jupiter, from the time it takes when the Earth is moving away from Jupiter.	(Paris Observatory) Paris, France
323 YBN [1677 AD]	1784) Sperm cells are observed.	Delft, Netherlands
322 YBN [1678 AD]	1794) The helical spring.	London, England (presumably)|(if 1657:) Oxford, England (presumably)
322 YBN [1678 AD]	1871) A catalog of southern hemisphere stars.	London, England (presumably)
322 YBN [1678 AD]	3592) Direct neuron activation (or direct neuron writing). Jan Swammerdam (Yon SVoMRDoM) contracts a muscle with electricity.	Amsterdam, Netherlands (presumably)
318 YBN [03/03/1682 AD]	1788) The cell nucleus is described.	Delft, Netherlands
317 YBN [09/12/1683 AD]	1785) The first picture of bacteria.	Delft, Netherlands
313 YBN [1687 AD]	1845) The law of gravitation by Newton; that all matter attracts other matter with a force that is the product of their masses, and the inverse of their distance squared. Newton also theorizes that light particles are affected by gravity.	Cambridge, England (presumably)
310 YBN [1690 AD]	1200) A gear-cutting machine.	Sweden
310 YBN [1690 AD]	1864) The steam engine is reinvented.	Leipzig, Germany
302 YBN [1698 AD]	1777) The size and distance of other stars is measured.	The Hague, Netherlands (presumably)
301 YBN [1699 AD]	2008) The theory that color is determined by the frequency of light.	Paris, France
300 YBN [1700 AD]	6251) The piano.	Florence, Italy
295 YBN [1705 AD]	1872) The path of a comet is correctly calculated.	London, England (presumably)
287 YBN [03/28/1713 AD]	6594) The mass and density of the planets are determined and the theory that the Universe is made of mostly empty space by Newton.	(Dabam) London, England
282 YBN [1718 AD]	1876) The movement of the stars over long periods of time is proven.
275 YBN [1725 AD]	3604) A machine uses a perforated roll of paper to form patterns in textiles.	Lyon, France
267 YBN [12/27/1733 AD]	1965) The theory that electricity is made of two different fluids.	Paris, France
265 YBN [1735 AD]	1996) Life of Earth is systematically categorized by Linnaeus (li-nE-uS or li-nA-uS).	Netherlands
255 YBN [11/04/1745 AD]	1972) The storage of electricity. The first electric memory and capacitor (commonly called the Leyden jar).	(University of Wittenburg) Wittenburg, Germany(was for von Kleist: Pomerania?, Prussia) (coast of Baltic Sea between Germany and Poland)
255 YBN [1745 AD]	2966) An electrostatic motor.	(University of Erfurt) Erfurt, Germany
253 YBN [07/11/1747 AD]	1981) The single fluid theory of electricity. Lightning is recognized as electricity.	Philadelphia, PA (English colonies) USA (letter to London, England)
253 YBN [1747 AD]	2055) Citris fruits are proven to cure scurvy.	England
253 YBN [1747 AD]	3452) The basis of refrigeration is understood. Humans recognize that evaporating liquid lowers temperature.	(Academy of Petersburg) Petersburg, Russia
248 YBN [02/20/1752 AD]	2976) A spark is passed through a vacuum tube.	London, England
245 YBN [01/25/1755 AD]	1370) Moscow State University is founded.	Moscow, Russia
240 YBN [1760 AD]	2122) Electrolysis. Molecules are split using electricity. Water is separated into hydrogen and oxygen gases using electricity.	Turin, Italy
234 YBN [05/29/1766 AD]	2113) Hydrogen gas is isolated.	London, England
231 YBN [1769 AD]	1206) The first self-propelled vehicle. A steam-engine powered automobile.	England
228 YBN [06/04/1772 AD]	6495) Five new gases are identified and isolated (including nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide).	Leeds, England|(does not move to Calne until 1773)
228 YBN [1772 AD]	2076) The theory that gravity changes the speed of light particles.	Thornhill, Yorkshire, England
228 YBN [1772 AD]	2140) The mass of a light particle is measured to be around 10 nanograms.	Leeds, England
228 YBN [1772 AD]	2285) Nitrogen gas is isolated.	Edinburgh, Scotland
226 YBN [08/01/1774 AD]	2139) Oxygen gas is isolated.	Calne, England
226 YBN [1774 AD]	2200) The element chlorine is isolated, as a gas.	Uppsala, Sweden
226 YBN [1774 AD]	2216) Combustion is shown to be a reaction with a gas in the air (later named oxygen).	Paris, France (presumably)
226 YBN [1774 AD]	2664) The earliest telegraph.	Switzerland (presumably)
223 YBN [1777 AD]	2201) Eleven new acids are identified (including citric and lactic), in addition to the identification of casein, aldehyde, and glycerol.	(starts phramacy position in 1777 in) Uppsala, Sweden
219 YBN [03/13/1781 AD]	2840) Planet Uranus is identified.	Bath, England
217 YBN [02/01/1783 AD]	2183) The motion of the Sun relative to the other stars is recognized.	Datchet, near Winsor, England|(Slough, England)
217 YBN [06/04/1783 AD]	2192) The hot air balloon.	Annonay, France
217 YBN [07/15/1783 AD]	2206) A steam engine boat.	Saône River, near Lyon, France
217 YBN [11/21/1783 AD]	2194) Human flight by balloon.	Paris, France
217 YBN [1783 AD]	2114) The density of gases is measured.	London, England
216 YBN [01/15/1784 AD]	2115) Water is shown to be a compound, not an element. The fusion of molecules using electricity; water is synthesized by using an electric spark in hydrogen and oxygen gases.	London, England
216 YBN [1784 AD]	2259) The first gas is liquefied, sulfur dioxide.	(École du génie) Angers, France
215 YBN [02/17/1785 AD]	3463) The earliest "diffraction" grating (made with hair).	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
215 YBN [06/02/1785 AD]	2116) Air is shown to be a mixture of gases, and not a single element.	London, England
215 YBN [1785 AD]	2168) Electric and magnetic attraction and repulsion are proven to be both proportional to amount of charge and inversely proportional to distance squared.	Paris?, France (presumably)
213 YBN [08/27/1787 AD]	2265) That volume and temperature of a gas are inversely related is known.	Paris, France (presumably)
209 YBN [1791 AD]	2175) Remote neuron activation (or remote neuron writing) by Luigi Galvani. A muscle is contracted remotely by using a remote electric spark while metal is connected to the nerve.	Bologna, Italy
206 YBN [1794 AD]	2085) The theory of natural selection: that species less adapted are more likely to die while those better adapted will continue and multiply.	Edinburgh, Scotland (presumably)
204 YBN [07/01/1796 AD]	2280) Immunity by vaccination is proven.	Berkeley, England (presumably)
203 YBN [1797 AD]	2338) Marble is produced by melting and quickly cooling limestone.
202 YBN [1798 AD]	2117) The gravitational constant, the mass, and the density of the Earth are measured.	London, England
201 YBN [1799 AD]	2315) Elements are shown to combine in definite proportions.	Segovia, Spain
200 YBN [03/20/1800 AD]	2250) The electric battery (or voltaic pile).	Pavia, Italy
200 YBN [03/27/1800 AD]	2179) Invisible light is recognized (infrared light).	Slough, England
200 YBN [09/17/1800 AD]	2436) Hydrogen and oxygen gas are collected separately from the electrolysis of water.	Jena, Germany (presumably)
200 YBN [11/??/1800 AD]	2437) Electroplating.	Jena, Germany (presumably)
199 YBN [01/01/1801 AD]	2261) The first known asteroid (and minor planet), Ceres {SErEZ}, is recognized.	Palermo, Sicily
199 YBN [02/22/1801 AD]	2167) The invisible light, ultra-violet light is discovered.	Jena, Germany (presumably)
199 YBN [11/12/1801 AD]	2405) The frequencies and wavelengths (or particle intervals) of light are determined. The first glass diffraction gratings. The three color principle (that only three colors in different proportions are needed to see any other color). The theory of light interference.	London, England
198 YBN [1802 AD]	2365) Spectral lines are identified.	London, England
198 YBN [1802 AD]	2439) The first dry electric battery.	Gotha, Germany
197 YBN [10/21/1803 AD]	2375) That atoms of different elements vary in size and mass is shown. The first table of elements by atomic mass.	Manchester, England
197 YBN [1803 AD]	2400) The steam engine railway train.	South Wales, England
196 YBN [1804 AD]	6519) There are 1 billion humans on Earth.
194 YBN [1806 AD]	2346) Asparagine {e-SPAR-e-JEN}, the first amino acid, is isolated.	Paris, France
192 YBN [1808 AD]	2428) The phenomenon of light "polarization" is observed.	Paris, France
191 YBN [1809 AD]	2466) Gases are shown to combine in small whole number ratios by volume and not by mass.	Paris, France (presumably)
191 YBN [1809 AD]	2481) The first electric light; the arc lamp.	London, England
190 YBN [1810 AD]	2480) Chlorine is shown to be an element and shown to support combustion like oxygen does. Hydrogen is shown to be characteristic of acids.	London, England
189 YBN [1811 AD]	2380) "Fourier's theorem": that any periodic oscillation can be reduced to a sum of simple sinusoidal waves.	Grenoble, France
189 YBN [1811 AD]	2432) The concept of molecules, and the method to determine correct atomic mass and molecular formula.	Vercelli, Italy
186 YBN [1814 AD]	2571) The spectroscope. That substances emit specific spectral lines is known. The spectrum of planet Venus is found to have the same absorption lines as the Sun, and the spectrum of other stars are found to have absorption lines that are different from those of the Sun.	Benedictbeuern (near Munich), Germany
185 YBN [11/??/1815 AD]	2544) The theory that all atomic masses are a multiple of hydrogen.	London, England (presumably)
183 YBN [01/12/1817 AD]	2408) The theory that light is a transverse wave (oscillates at a right angle to the direction of travel) in an aether medium.	London, England
183 YBN [1817 AD]	2600) The theory that chemicals contain light.	Heidelberg, Germany
180 YBN [04/21/1820 AD]	2454) Electricity is understood to cause magnetism. The first electromagnet.	Copenhagen, Denmark
180 YBN [09/18/1820 AD]	2423) The direction of electric current in a wire is related to magnetic force.	Paris, France
180 YBN [09/25/1820 AD]	2424) Magnetism is identified as electricity.	Paris, France
180 YBN [1820 AD]	2486) The electric current meter.	Halle, Germany
180 YBN [1820 AD]	3374) The first gas combustion engine; uses hydrogen gas combustion to create a vacuum.	(Magdalen College) Cambridge, England
179 YBN [09/11/1821 AD]	2701) The dynamic electric motor.	(Royal Institution in) London, England
179 YBN [1821 AD]	2397) Thermoelectricity (or the Seebeck (ZABeK) effect) is discovered: that an electric current flows between different conductive materials that are kept at different temperatures. This is the basis of the thermocouple {tr-mO-KuPL} and thermopile {tR-mu-PIL}.	Berlin, Germany
177 YBN [06/14/1823 AD]	3297) The grating equation: the wavelength (or particle interval) of light is equated to the grating groove spacing. The wavelength of light is calculated by using a diffraction grating.	Benedictbeuern (near Munich), Germany (presumably)
175 YBN [1825 AD]	2526) The first practical electromagnet.	Surrey, England (presumably)
174 YBN [07/31/1826 AD]	3440) The phenomenon of electrical oscillation is discovered (the basis of alternating current and radio communication).	(Bureau des Longitudes) Paris, France (presumably)
174 YBN [1826 AD]	2355) The first permanent photograph and photograph reproduction process.	Chalon-sur-Saône, France
174 YBN [1826 AD]	3384) A gas combustion vacuum engine car.	London, England
173 YBN [05/01/1827 AD]	2606) (Ohm's law) Current is recognized as being equal to voltage divided by resistance.	Berlin, Germany (written in Cologne?)
173 YBN [1827 AD]	3591) The earliest electronic printer.	New York City NY (presumably)
172 YBN [02/??/1828 AD]	2857) The first "organic" molecule (urea) is produced from inorganic sources.	(Berlin Gewerbeschule (trade school)) Berlin, Germany
171 YBN [03/27/1829 AD]	2844) Electric current is produced by moving a wire near a magnet.	Pavia, Italy
171 YBN [1829 AD]	2767) The theory that space is curved; that a curved surface geometry applies to space in the universe. The start of "Non-Euclidean" geometry.	Kazan, Russia
170 YBN [1830 AD]	4003) Sound vibrations are recorded by a tuning fork moving an attached whisker onto a sooted glass plate.	(University of) Göttingen, Germany
169 YBN [02/17/1831 AD]	2702) The electrical transformer: a device used to transfer electricity from one circuit to another, in particular a pair of wire coils that can be used to transfer electricity with a change in voltage, current, or phase.	(Royal Institution in) London, England
169 YBN [09/??/1831 AD]	2705) The (dynamic) electric generator (or "dynamo"). By mechanically moving a conductor near a magnet, a constant electric current is produced.	(Royal Institution in) London, England
168 YBN [1832 AD]	2514) The first plastic materials, made of nitrocellulose.	Nancy, France
168 YBN [1832 AD]	2717) The alternating electric current (or AC) generator.	Paris, France
166 YBN [01/01/1834 AD]	1247) A mechanical reaper; a machine that cuts grain.	Rockbridge County, Virginia, USA
166 YBN [06/19/1834 AD]	2899) The speed of electricity in wire is measured using a rotating mirror.	(King's College) London, England
165 YBN [02/06/1835 AD]	2810) The electrical relay, a device that allows the electric current of telegraph signals to be carried over long distances.	Princeton, NJ, USA
164 YBN [1836 AD]	2813) A high voltage induction coil.	Maynooth, Ireland
162 YBN [1838 AD]	2540) The parallax of a different star is measured. 61 Cygni {SiG-nI} is shown to be around 6 light years away.	Königsberg, (Prussia now:) Germany
162 YBN [1838 AD]	2934) Cell theory: the principle that all living objects are made of cells.	(University of Jena) Jena, Germany
162 YBN [1838 AD]	3386) The direct-acting gas combustion engine.	?, England
161 YBN [07/29/1839 AD]	3308) Light is converted into electricity (the photoelectric or photovoltaic effect). This is the first photovoltaic (or "solar") cell.	(University of Paris) Paris, France
159 YBN [1841 AD]	3158) Cell division is described.	(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany (presumably)
158 YBN [03/30/1842 AD]	3171) The first use of an anesthetic for surgery (ether).	Jefferson, Georgia
158 YBN [1842 AD]	2929) The Doppler effect: that frequency of light and sound is affected by the relative motion of the source and observer.	(Prague Polytechnic, now Czech Technical University)Prague, Czech Republic
157 YBN [1843 AD]	6240) The first remote controlled wired explosive.	Paterson, New Jersey, USA (presumably)
155 YBN [04/??/1845 AD]	2839) The spiral shape of other galaxies is recognized.	(Birr Castle) Parsonstown, Ireland
154 YBN [09/23/1846 AD]	3073) Planet Neptune is observed.	Berlin, Germany (and Paris, France)
154 YBN [1846 AD]	2828) The liquid explosive nitroglycerine.	Torino, Italy (presumably)
153 YBN [1847 AD]	3225) The percussion gun cartridge, a casing containing an explosive charge and a bullet or shot.	Paris, France
152 YBN [06/05/1848 AD]	3477) The absolute temperature scale is created, with -273°C as absolute 0, where all molecules stop moving.	(University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland
152 YBN [08/10/1848 AD]	2880) A constant high voltage is applied to gas-filled evacuated tubes.	London, England (presumably)
151 YBN [07/23/1849 AD]	3290) The speed of light is measured using a terrestrial method..	Paris, France
150 YBN [05/06/1850 AD]	3281) Light is shown to move more slowly in water than in air.	Paris, France (presumably)
150 YBN [1850 AD]	3332) The speed of electricity in nerves is measured.	(University of Königsberg) Königsberg, Germany
149 YBN [02/03/1851 AD]	3282) The rotation of the Earth around its own axis is proven experimentally with a pendulum.	Paris, France (presumably)
148 YBN [05/10/1852 AD]	3489) The theory of "valence": that each type of atom has a fixed capacity for combining with other atoms.	(Queenwood school) Hampshire, England
148 YBN [1852 AD]	3104) A practical passenger elevator.	Yonkers, NY, USA
146 YBN [1854 AD]	2945) The theory that an electrical mass will not be influenced by the electrical force if moving with a velocity at least the speed of light.	(University of) Göttingen, Germany
143 YBN [03/24/1857 AD]	3999) The earliest extant sound recording.	Paris, France
142 YBN [07/01/1858 AD]	3033) The theory of evolution is popularized; the theory that life descends from a single common ancestor, and that through natural selection only the best adapted survive to pass on their successful traits while the less adapted die out.	(Linnean Society), London, England
141 YBN [10/20/1859 AD]	3087) The spectral lines emitted when a substance is burned are used to determine the atomic composition of the substance. That each element emits and absorbs light at the same specific frequencies is recognized. The first element is identified from the light of the Sun; sodium. The finding that a spectral emission line can only be reversed to an absorption line when the absorber is colder than the emitter.	(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany
140 YBN [04/16/1860 AD]	3088) The element cesium is identified, the first element to be discovered spectroscopically.	(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany
139 YBN [10/26/1861 AD]	3997) The first microphone, speaker, and telephone. Sound is converted to electricity and back to sound again. Sound can be sent farther as electric current in a wire than mechanically in air and travels silently.	(built in workshop behind Reis's house and cabinet in Garnier's Institute, Friedrichsdorf, demonstrated before Physical Society) Frankfort, Germany
139 YBN [1861 AD]	3645) The first color image is projected.	(King's College, exhibit at the Royal Institution) London, England
138 YBN [11/04/1862 AD]	3219) The machine gun (or Gatling gun).	Indianapolis, Indiana (presumably)
138 YBN [1862 AD]	3375) The first direct-acting internal combustion gas engine car.	Paris, France (presumably)
137 YBN [02/19/1863 AD]	3427) Spectral lines from elements are matched to spectral lines from other stars.	(Tulse Hill) London, England
136 YBN [09/08/1864 AD]	3428) The spectra of nebulae and galaxies are seen. Unlike stars, nebulae are shown to have no spectrum except for a few emission lines, and therefore to be composed of gas by using spectral comparison.	(Tulse Hill) London, England
136 YBN [10/27/1864 AD]	3657) The theory that light is an electromagnetic transverse wave.	(King's College) London, England
135 YBN [1865 AD]	3403) The law of genetic inheritance (the 1:2:1 ratio of inheritance of a trait).	(Natural Science Society) Brünn, Austria (now: Brno, the Czech Republic)
134 YBN [1866 AD]	3695) Dynamite.	Paris, France (guess)
132 YBN [04/23/1868 AD]	3435) The Doppler effect is used to estimate the relative radial (or line of sight) velocity of celestial objects by comparing the position of spectral lines from the celestial object to those of a terrestrial light source.	(Tulse Hill) London, England
132 YBN [11/23/1868 AD]	3648) The first permanent color photograph.	?, France
125 YBN [08/28/1875 AD]	5575) The first direct neuron reading (the electricity in nerve cells is measured).	Liverpool, England
124 YBN [1876 AD]	3819) The first practical refrigerator.	(Technische Hochschule) Munich, Germany
123 YBN [12/24/1877 AD]	4002) A sound recording is played back out loud.	(private lab) Menlo Park, New Jersey, USA
122 YBN [1878 AD]	3576) A practical electric light bulb.	Newcastle, England (presumably)
122 YBN [1878 AD]	3790) Synthetic fabric. The first synthetic silk (rayon).	Paris, France (presumably)
120 YBN [06/03/1880 AD]	4038) Sound is sent and received using light particles.	(top of Franklin School) Washington, D. C., USA
120 YBN [1880 AD]	4348) Piezoelectricity {PIEZOeleKTriSiTE or PEZO- or PEAZO-} is discovered: when pressure is applied to certain crystals, an electric potential is created, and the opposite effect, when an electric potential is applied, these crystals vibrate at a regular rate.	(Sorbonne) Paris, France
120 YBN [1880 AD]	5839) An artificial muscle.	(University of Giessen) Giessen, Germany
120 YBN [1880 AD]	6577) Slavery is ended.
119 YBN [01/05/1881 AD]	3608) The electronic camera and electronic image. An image is captured and sent electronically.	London, England (presumably)
119 YBN [1881 AD]	4157) Light is found to have the same speed in any direction horizontal to the Earth; this causes doubt about the existence of an aether medium and about the wave theory for light.	(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany
118 YBN [03/24/1882 AD]	3620) The first invisible frequency light particle communication. The first radio communication. The sending and receiving of a message using light particles by electrical induction.	(employed at Tuft's College) Sommerville, Massachusetts, USA
115 YBN [1885 AD]	6604) The first steel-framed building.	Chicago, Illinois, USA
114 YBN [07/27/1886 AD]	4096) Positively charged ion beams are discovered ("Kanalstrahlen" or "channel rays").	(Potsdam Observatory) Berlin, Germany
113 YBN [03/04/1887 AD]	3713) The gasoline internal combustion engine car.	(factory) Stuttgart, Germany
113 YBN [03/??/1887 AD]	4285) The phenomenon of electrical resonance is discovered (this allows specific frequencies of light to be singled out which improves radio communication).	(University of Karlsruhe) Karlsruhe, Germany
113 YBN [10/12/1887 AD]	4245) The alternating current electric motor.	(Tesla's private lab) New York City, NY, USA|(earlier claim of)Strasbourg, France
113 YBN [1887 AD]	4369) The electricity of a heart beat is measured and recorded.	(St. Mary's Hospital) London, England
112 YBN [02/02/1888 AD]	4288) Light interference between two radio sources is demonstrated. Electrical induction is confirmed to have the speed of light.	(University of Karlsruhe) Karlsruhe, Germany
111 YBN [02/16/1889 AD]	211) Electricity is used to restart a heart beating.	(University of Aberdeen) Aberdeen, Scotland
111 YBN [03/12/1889 AD]	6255) An automatic telephone exchange allows people to connect their own phone calls.	Kansas City, Missouri, USA
111 YBN [05/02/1889 AD]	4117) The theory that matter contracts depending on its velocity relative to the speed of light.	Dublin, Ireland
111 YBN [06/21/1889 AD]	4021) The motion picture camera and projector. Moving images are captured, stored on plastic film, and projected onto a screen.	(Piccadilly) London, England
111 YBN [11/28/1889 AD]	3818) A planet of a different star is detected.	(Astrophysical Observatory at Potsdam) Potsdam, Germany
106 YBN [10/??/1894 AD]	4258) The speed of cathode rays is shown to be less than the speed of light.	(Trinity College) Cambridge, England
105 YBN [01/31/1895 AD]	3842) The element Argon and the series of inert gases is identified.	(Own Laboratory) Terling, England
105 YBN [03/26/1895 AD]	4141) The element (and inert gas) helium is found on Earth.	(University College) London, England
105 YBN [11/05/1895 AD]	3936) X-rays are discovered.	(University of Würzburg) Würzburg, Germany
104 YBN [03/02/1896 AD]	4151) Radioactivity is discovered: invisible rays are detected from a uranium salt.	(École Polytechnique) Paris, France
103 YBN [04/30/1897 AD]	4260) Cathode rays are shown to be made of particles (the electron). This is the first particle (besides light) known to be smaller than an atom.	(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
103 YBN [08/07/1897 AD]	6658) The velocity of cathode ray particles is found to increase with electric potential and with tube exhaustion.	(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
103 YBN [1897 AD]	4088) The first electronic display (the oscilloscope).	(Physikal Institute) Strassburg, France
102 YBN [01/21/1898 AD]	4436) Kanalstrahlen rays are shown to be made of positively charged particles with a mass to charge ratio similar to a hydrogen ion, These are later called protons.	(Wurzburg University) Wurzburg, Germany
102 YBN [05/10/1898 AD]	3824) Hydrogen is liquefied.	(Royal Institution) London, England (presumably)
102 YBN [1898 AD]	4698) Magnetic writing and reading of data. Sound is recorded and played back magnetically.	(Copenhagen Telephone Company) Copenhagen, Denmark
101 YBN [1899 AD]	4177) The theory that mass and time change for a body depending on its motion relative to the speed of light.	(University of Leiden) Leiden, Netherlands
100 YBN [01/29/1900 AD]	4155) Beta rays of radioactivity are identified as electrons by showing that their charge to mass ratio is the same as the electron.	(École Polytechnique) Paris, France
100 YBN [10/19/1900 AD]	4327) "Quantum theory", the theory that all energy exists in discrete units.	(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany
99 YBN [02/14/1901 AD]	6342) X-rays are shown to kill Guinea pigs.	Boston, Massachusetts, USA
99 YBN [10/10/1901 AD]	4148) The first synthesized protein.	(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany
98 YBN [03/??/1902 AD]	4734) Radioactivity is recognized as atomic decay in which one atom decays into another kind.	(McGill University) Montreal, Canada
97 YBN [03/23/1903 AD]	4493) The airplane. The first powered, sustained, and controlled airplane flight.	Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, USA
97 YBN [12/05/1903 AD]	4462) The Saturnian {Sa-TR-nE-iN} model of the atom (negatively charged electrons rotate around a large mass positively charged particle).	(Tokyo University) Tokyo, Japan
96 YBN [1904 AD]	5099) Radar: Radio light is used to determine the location of distant objects.	Düsselsorf, Germany (presumably)
95 YBN [06/30/1905 AD]	4929) The special theory of relativity. The theory that the speed of light is constant independently of the motion of all other objects. The theory that motion changes mass and time is adopted, but that an aether medium for light is unnecessary.	Bern, Switzerland
94 YBN [07/20/1906 AD]	4743) Alpha particles of radioactivity are identified as helium.	(McGill University) Montreal, Canada
94 YBN [12/21/1906 AD]	4788) The electric switch and vacuum tube amplifier.	(De Forest Radio Telephone Company) New York City, New York, USA
93 YBN [05/??/1907 AD]	4269) The mass spectrometer, a device that can separate atoms with an electric charge (ions) by their mass.	(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
93 YBN [11/13/1907 AD]	354) The helicopter. A helicopter achieves free flight while carrying a passenger.
93 YBN [1907 AD]	4438) The theory of space and time as a four dimensional structure called "space-time".	(University of Göttingen) Göttingen, Germany
92 YBN [06/06/1908 AD]	3616) The first images sent and received by radio.	London, England
91 YBN [09/??/1909 AD]	4729) The mass and size of an electron is determined.	(École Normale, University of Paris) Paris, France
91 YBN [1909 AD]	4899) A wireless telephone.	(Marconi Company) London, England (verify)
89 YBN [1911 AD]	4908) The theory of atomic isotopes: that an element can have a different atomic mass, but the same position on the periodic table.	(University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland
88 YBN [05/04/1912 AD]	4939) The diffraction of x-rays by atomic planes in crystals is discovered. The wavelength (or particle interval) of x-rays is determined to be smaller than ultraviolet light, which suggests that x-rays are very high frequency light.	(University of Munich) Munich, Germany
88 YBN [11/11/1912 AD]	4404) Diffraction is explained as particle reflection. The dispersion of light by a grating or prism into a spectrum of increasing frequencies is explained as particles of the same spacing as the grating groove at a specific angle of incidence, all reflecting in the same direction.	(Cavindish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
87 YBN [05/28/1913 AD]	4932) The general theory of relativity, space and time are restricted to a curved surface geometry.	(Federal Institute of Technology) Zurich, Switzerland
87 YBN [10/20/1913 AD]	4863) The Andromeda galaxy is claimed to have a very high velocity relative to the Earth.	(Percival Lowell's observatory) Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
87 YBN [12/??/1913 AD]	5039) The frequency of secondary x-rays emitted from atoms is shown to increase with atomic mass.	(University of Manchester) Machester, England
86 YBN [05/??/1914 AD]	5085) Gamma rays from radioactivity are found to have wavelengths in the X-ray region.	(University of Manchester) Manchester, England
86 YBN [07/28/1914 AD]	4792) Sound is recorded and played back with motion pictures on plastic film.	Berlin, Germany (verify)
86 YBN [1914 AD]	4977) The theory that spiral "nebulae" are other galaxies.	(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
83 YBN [10/04/1917 AD]	6508) The electric propulsion engine.	Worcester, Massachusetts, USA (presumably)
83 YBN [1917 AD]	4761) Ultrasonic sound (sound with a frequency too high to be heard by the human ear) is produced by piezoelectricity and used to determine the location of objects by reflection (sonar).	(Collège de France) Paris, France (presumably)
83 YBN [1917 AD]	4765) The theory that the universe is expanding.	(University of Leiden) Leiden, Netherlands
82 YBN [04/??/1918 AD]	5008) The Sun is determined to be in the outer part of our galaxy.	(Mount Wilson Solar Observatory) Mount Wilson, California, USA
82 YBN [06/21/1918 AD]	6199) The first electronic read and write memory.	(City and Guilds Technical College) London, UK
81 YBN [04/??/1919 AD]	4750) Atomic transmutation and atomic fusion. Atoms of Nitrogen are changed into atoms of Oxygen by high speed alpha particles colliding with Nitrogen gas.	(University of Manchester) Manchester, England
77 YBN [06/14/1923 AD]	3613) Electronic moving images are transmitted and received by radio.	Washington, D.C., USA.
75 YBN [01/01/1925 AD]	5060) Spiral nebulae are proven to be other galaxies containing stars and to be very far away.	(Mount Wilson) Mount Wilson, California, USA
75 YBN [07/13/1925 AD]	5059) A color image electronic scanning camera.	(Westinghouse Electric Corporation)
75 YBN [10/22/1925 AD]	5292) The transistor or solid-state electronic switch and amplifier.	Brooklyn, New York City, New York, USA
70 YBN [10/10/1930 AD]	5268) The circular particle accelerator (the cyclotron).	(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA
70 YBN [1930 AD]	6578) Women gain the right to vote.
69 YBN [09/10/1931 AD]	5446) The electron microscope.	(Technischen Hochschule/Technical University) Berlin, Germany
69 YBN [10/03/1931 AD]	5161) The first synthetic rubber: neoprene.	( E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company) Wilmington, Delaware, USA
68 YBN [02/17/1932 AD]	5086) The neutron is identified and distinguished from a hydrogen atom.	(Cavendish Lab University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England
68 YBN [04/16/1932 AD]	5182) Atomic fission. Lithium atoms are split by protons.	(Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
68 YBN [08/02/1932 AD]	5381) The positive electron (the positron) is identified.	(California Institute of Technology) Pasadena, California
66 YBN [03/09/1934 AD]	4755) The atomic fusion of two Hydrogen atoms into a Helium atom.	(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
66 YBN [05/??/1934 AD]	5275) Atomic fission of uranium by neutrons.	(University of Rome) Rome, Italy
63 YBN [05/14/1937 AD]	5548) The first transuranium elements. Elements 93 through 96 are identified from the collision of neutrons with uranium.	(Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instute fur Chemie in Berlin-Dahlem) Berlin, Germany
63 YBN [05/22/1937 AD]	5515) The first image of individual atoms. Atoms are visually confirmed to be about 0.1 nm in size.	(Siemens and Halske) Berlin, Germany
63 YBN [06/30/1937 AD]	5364) Element 43, the first completely artificial element, the radioactive metal technetium {TeKnEsEuM} is created by particle collision.	(Royal University) Polermo, Italy
62 YBN [06/16/1938 AD]	5382) Charged particles with masses in between an electron and proton are recognized (muons).	(California Institute of Technology) Pasadena, California
62 YBN [06/22/1938 AD]	5448) The first image of a virus (150nm in size).	(Berliner Medizinischen Gesellschaft/Berlin Medical Society) Berlin, Germany
61 YBN [04/30/1939 AD]	5835) The bipedal (or two leg walking) robot.	(Westinghouse Electric Corporation) Mansfield, Ohio, USA
58 YBN [12/02/1942 AD]	5277) A self-sustained uranium fission reaction.	(University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA
57 YBN [11/01/1943 AD]	4916) The DNA molecule is recognized as being responsible for the creation and inheritance of structural changes in a body.	(Rockefeller Institute, now called Rockefeller University) New York City, New York, USA
55 YBN [07/16/1945 AD]	5311) The first atomic fission bomb is exploded.	(Alamogordo Test Range) Jornada del Muerto (Journey of Death) desert, New Mexico, USA
55 YBN [10/08/1945 AD]	6272) The microwave oven.	(Raytheon Manufacturing Company) Newton, Massachusetts, USA
53 YBN [06/26/1947 AD]	5550) Elements 73 (tantalum) through 83 (bismuth) are fissioned with deuterons, helium ions, or neutrons.	(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA
52 YBN [06/17/1948 AD]	5295) The semiconductor transistor.	(Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA
50 YBN [03/15/1950 AD]	5553) The fission of medium weight elements (copper, bromine, silver, and tin).	(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA
50 YBN [09/11/1950 AD]	5555) Atomic fusion of large atoms: carbon-12 ions are fused with both aluminum and gold atoms.	(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA
47 YBN [04/02/1953 AD]	5660) The double helix structure of DNA is understood.	(Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England
46 YBN [05/05/1954 AD]	5649) The MASER ("microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation").	(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA
45 YBN [10/24/1955 AD]	5366) The antiproton is identified.	(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA
43 YBN [10/04/1957 AD]	5486) The first human-made satellite.	(Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam) Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.
42 YBN [08/01/1958 AD]	5606) The first atomic explosion in empty space.	(Johnson Island) Pacific Ocean
42 YBN [1958 AD]	6550) The integrated circuit (or IC).	(Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor)
41 YBN [09/14/1959 AD]	5597) A ship impacts the moon.	(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.
41 YBN [11/05/1959 AD]	191) A device inside the body is controlled remotely;. An artificial heart pacemaker is remotely controlled with radio.	(Yale University School of Medicine) New Haven, New Jersey, USA
40 YBN [03/09/1960 AD]	5774) Photons are proven to have mass. Gravity is shown to change the speed and frequency of light.	(Harvard University) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
40 YBN [04/22/1960 AD]	5768) The LASER ("light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation").	(Hughes Research Laboratories) Malibu, California
40 YBN [12/28/1960 AD]	5705) Messenger RNA and the system that regulates protein synthesis in the cell (regulatory genes called "operons") are identified.	(Pasteur Institute) Paris, France
39 YBN [04/12/1961 AD]	5601) The first human to orbit the Earth.	Saratovskaya oblast, U.S.S.R.
39 YBN [12/30/1961 AD]	5663) That DNA nucleotides code for amino acids in proteins is understood.	(Cavendish Lab University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England
38 YBN [10/26/1962 AD]	6201) Laser writing and reading of data.	(Winston Research Corporation) Los Angeles, California, USA
36 YBN [1964 AD]	3980) The liquid crystal display (LCD).	RCA Labs, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
35 YBN [07/14/1965 AD]	5615) The first ship to reach Mars and to return images of the surface.	Planet Mars
34 YBN [03/01/1966 AD]	5613) The first ship to impact a different planet, Venus.	Planet Venus
34 YBN [04/04/1966 AD]	5599) The first ship to orbit a body beyond the Earth; the Moon.	(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.
32 YBN [02/09/1968 AD]	5739) Pulsars, stars that emit regularly timed bursts of radio light, are identified.	(Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England
31 YBN [07/21/1969 AD]	655) Humans land and walk on the surface of the moon of Earth.	Moon of Earth
31 YBN [09/15/1969 AD]	5753) A DNA molecule is broken with an enzyme.	(Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine) Baltimore, Maryland, USA
31 YBN [1969 AD]	5851) The Internet (people use computers to communicate over the telephone wire network).	(University of California at Los Angeles) Los Angeles, California, USA|(Stanford Research Institute) Stanford, California, USA|(University of California Santa Barbara) Santa Barbara, California, USA|(University of Utah) Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
30 YBN [01/29/1970 AD]	5836) The digital electronic camera.	(Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA
30 YBN [06/16/1970 AD]	5716) Two DNA molecules are combined using an enzyme. The first artificial gene is synthesized.	(University of Wisconsin) Madison, Wisconsin, USA
29 YBN [11/14/1971 AD]	5618) The first ship to orbit another planet (Mars).	Planet Mars
29 YBN [11/27/1971 AD]	5619) A ship impacts Mars.	Planet Mars
29 YBN [12/02/1971 AD]	5620) The first ship to soft land on planet Mars and return data.	Planet Mars
28 YBN [07/31/1972 AD]	5751) Proteins are synthesized by using a virus to add DNA into bacteria.	(Stanford University Medical Center) Stanford, California, USA
27 YBN [12/03/1973 AD]	5622) A ship reaches Jupiter and sends the first close-up images.	Planet Jupiter
26 YBN [1974 AD]	5846) The personal computer.	(Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (verify)
25 YBN [10/20/1975 AD]	5623) A ship orbits, lands on, and transmits images from the surface of Venus.	Planet Venus
25 YBN [1975 AD]	6371) An external object is moved by thought (electricity in the brain).
24 YBN [07/20/1976 AD]	5624) The first images and soil samples from the surface of Mars.	Planet Mars
24 YBN [11/30/1976 AD]	5695) The complete DNA sequence of a virus is determined.	(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
23 YBN [1977 AD]	6312) A self-driving car.	(Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Lab) Japan
21 YBN [09/01/1979 AD]	388) A ship reaches Saturn and sends the first close-up images.	Planet Saturn
20 YBN [09/12/1980 AD]	6189) The Scanning Tunneling Microscope. Individual atoms and molecules of many kinds can be seen.	(IBM Zurich Research Laboratory) Ruschlikon, Zurich, Switzerland (presumably)
16 YBN [03/10/1984 AD]	5814) A multicellular organism is "cloned" (genetically identical copies are made) by replacing the nucleus of one ovum with a different one.	(AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology) Cambridge, UK
15 YBN [09/20/1985 AD]	5804) Polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS} chain reaction (PCR), a simple technique that allows a specific segment of DNA to be copied billions of times in a few hours.	(Cetus Corporation) Emeryville, California, USA
14 YBN [01/24/1986 AD]	5628) A ship reaches Uranus and sends the first close-up images of the planet, its moons, and its rings.	Planet Uranus
12 YBN [12/14/1988 AD]	6194) A microscopic electric motor.	(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA
11 YBN [08/25/1989 AD]	5629) A ship reaches Neptune and sends the first close-up images of the planet, its moons and rings.	Planet Neptune
10 YBN [01/17/1990 AD]	6191) Individual atoms are moved.	(IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center) San Jose, California, USA
9 YBN [10/29/1991 AD]	5635) A ship reaches and sends close-up images of an asteroid.	Asteroid Gaspra (Ida encounter must occur later)
7 YBN [08/28/1993 AD]	5636) A ship discovers the first known moon of an asteroid.	Asteroid Ida
5 YBN [12/07/1995 AD]	396) The first ship to orbit Jupiter.	Jupiter
4 YBN [11/25/1996 AD]	186) An animal is cloned by replacing the nucleus of an ovum with the nucleus from a somatic cell.	(University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute), Roslin Midlothian, UK
1 YAN [02/12/2001 AD]	5639) The first ship to land on an asteroid.	Asteroid Eros
1 YAN [06/28/2001 AD]	6192) A microscopic radio chip (or RFID chip).	(Hitachi) Japan
2 YAN [02/16/2002 AD]	6332) A remote control device emits drugs inside a human body.	(CCBR-SYNARC) Denmark
3 YAN [04/04/2003 AD]	6195) A nanometer scale electric motor.	(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA
4 YAN [07/01/2004 AD]	5641) The first ship to orbit Saturn.	Planet Saturn
4 YAN [07/22/2004 AD]	6655) The first image of a planet of a different star.	(European Southern Observatory) Santiago, Chili
4 YAN [11/29/2004 AD]	5832) Stem cells are used to repair damaged nerves, allowing a paralyzed human to walk.	(Chosun University) Kwangju, South Korea
5 YAN [01/14/2005 AD]	5642) A ship lands on a moon of Saturn (Titan).	Planet Saturn, moon Titan
8 YAN [12/10/2008 AD]	3886) Remote neuron reading. An image of what the eyes are seeing is captured remotely using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).	(Collaboration between researchers at two Japanese Universities, two research Institutes, and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories) Kyoto, Japan
12 YAN [01/31/2012 AD]	276) Sound a brain hears is recorded directly from the brain.	(University of California at Berkeley) Berkeley, CA, USA
FUTURE
15 YAN [2015 AD]	332) Sound a brain hears is recorded remotely.
15 YAN [2015 AD]	6394) A microscopic radio (or particle transmitter and receiver).
18 YAN [2018 AD]	6208) A radio device functions inside a cell. The first human-made cell organelle.
20 YAN [2020 AD]	4559) Walking robots are produced in mass quantity, and are available for the public to buy. This is the start of the "robot revolution"; how robots replace humans in most manual labor tasks, which greatly increases the quantity of food and humans.
20 YAN [2020 AD]	6197) The first remote control microscopic flying device.
23 YAN [2023 AD]	6552) The first wireless microscopic microphone. The "micro-mic".
25 YAN [2025 AD]	337) Remote neuron writing using microscopic devices in neurons. Microscopic devices enter the human body by the lung, enter the blood circulation which connects directly to all cells, and position themselves as organelles inside each neuron. External devices communicate with the intracellular devices to read the voltage and to remotely make the neuron cell fire. Sounds, images, smells, touches, emotions, and muscle contractions can now be remotely activated in a brain by sending light particles to intracellular devices.
25 YAN [2025 AD]	6193) The first wireless microscopic camera. The "micro-cam".
25 YAN [2025 AD]	6198) The first remote controlled microscopic flying camera.
25 YAN [2025 AD]	6375) The wireless microscopic maser.
25 YAN [2025 AD]	6395) The wireless nanometer scale radio transmitter and receiver (the nano-radio).
30 YAN [2030 AD]	365) The first thought-audio is recorded. Thought-audio is recorded using remote neuron reading and played out loud publicly. The first recorded thought audio may sound like this: "1 2 3". Humans start to communicate by thought-image and thought-sound only.
30 YAN [2030 AD]	366) The first artificial muscle bipedal robots. These robots are lighter and more electrically efficient, than motor robots.
30 YAN [2030 AD]	680) The first images of thought are seen. Thought-images are recorded remotely using remote neuron reading and shown publicly. The first thought-image may be the image of a triangle.
30 YAN [2030 AD]	791) Bipedal robots start replacing humans in most low-skill jobs (for example as walking security cameras, in fast-food, and fruit picking).
30 YAN [2030 AD]	6391) The first wireless nanometer scale camera. The "nano-cam".
40 YAN [2040 AD]	6553) The first use of remote writing to motor neurons to stop an act of violence.
50 YAN [2050 AD]	790) Humans walk around with robot servants. These robots clean and cook for their owners.
50 YAN [2050 AD]	4564) An artificial muscle robot can fly by flapping wings.
50 YAN [2050 AD]	4566) The first air highway, for autopiloted flying cars, is established.
50 YAN [2050 AD]	6300) Bacteria are identified and destroyed by microscopic devices inside an animal body.
51 YAN [2051 AD]	6520) There are 10 billion humans on Earth.
55 YAN [2055 AD]	6302) Cancer cell growth is stopped by microscopic devices.
60 YAN [2060 AD]	6301) A virus is identified and destroyed by microscopic devices.
75 YAN [2075 AD]	6445) Humans stop unwanted weather (for example tornadoes and hurricanes), by changing air temperature using millions of distributed remote control nanometer sized devices.
80 YAN [2080 AD]	6392) Accelerated nanocamera ships reach another planet and return closeup images.
100 YAN [2100 AD]	367) Most humans communicate only by images and sounds of thought.
100 YAN [2100 AD]	793) Helicopter-cars form a second line of traffic above the streets.
100 YAN [2100 AD]	794) 100 ships with humans orbit Earth.
100 YAN [2100 AD]	4569) Most vehicles are machine controlled.
100 YAN [2100 AD]	4575) Robots walk on the moon of Earth and build buildings.	moon of Earth
100 YAN [2100 AD]	4613) Humans conquer all bacteria and viruses. Nanoscale devices can identify and destroy all known bacteria and viruses anywhere inside or outside of the body.
120 YAN [2120 AD]	4583) Robots land and walk on an asteroid.
120 YAN [2120 AD]	4584) Robots walk and build buildings on Mars.	Mars
140 YAN [2140 AD]	687) Large scale transmutation: Humans can convert most common atoms (like Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, and Calcium) into much more useful atoms (like Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen). This allows many humans to live independently of Earth, in ships, and on planets and moons without water, because they can produce all the air, fuel, water and food they need from the common atoms found on planets and moons.
150 YAN [2150 AD]	659) The first major nation to be fully democratic.
150 YAN [2150 AD]	4592) The first humans land on Mars.	Mars
150 YAN [2150 AD]	6223) The first "Moon colony". Humans permanently live on the Moon of Earth.
150 YAN [2150 AD]	6304) Nucleic Acids are changed by remote control nanoscale devices.
160 YAN [2160 AD]	4590) Robots land and walk on planet Mercury.	Mercury
160 YAN [2160 AD]	4591) Robots land and walk on a moon of Jupiter.	Jupiter
160 YAN [2160 AD]	6642) Humans orbit Venus.	Venus
180 YAN [2180 AD]	4594) Humans live permanently on Mars. The first Mars colony. The first city of another planet.	Mars
190 YAN [2190 AD]	4606) Humans land on Mercury.	Mercury
200 YAN [2200 AD]	792) Robots and other machines have replaced humans in most manual labor tasks (driving, cleaning, and food planting, harvesting, preparing and serving). Robots also do the most dangerous parts of police, and fire fighting.
200 YAN [2200 AD]	795) 1000 human-filled ships orbit Earth.
200 YAN [2200 AD]	4607) Humans live permanently on Mercury.	Mercury
200 YAN [2200 AD]	6305) Microscopic devices repair, regrow, and reshape damaged cells.
210 YAN [2210 AD]	4585) Humans land and walk on an asteroid.
250 YAN [2250 AD]	4589) The end of arrests for recreational drugs in most major nations.
250 YAN [2250 AD]	4611) Humans land on a moon of Jupiter.	Jupiter
275 YAN [2275 AD]	661) Most humans are not religious.
280 YAN [2280 AD]	4595) All money is electronic.
280 YAN [2280 AD]	4598) Humans live permanently in a ship that orbits the Sun.
280 YAN [2280 AD]	4620) Humans land on a moon of Saturn.	Saturn
290 YAN [2290 AD]	4599) The first ships that regularly transport humans from Earth to the moon of Earth.
300 YAN [2300 AD]	4581) The end of arrests for nudity in public.
300 YAN [2300 AD]	4627) Humans land on Uranus and its moons.	Uranus
350 YAN [2350 AD]	4609) Humans switch to a single time system for all places in the universe.
350 YAN [2350 AD]	4630) Humans reach Neptune and land on its moon.	Neptune
350 YAN [2350 AD]	6393) The first microscopic ships to reach another star (Alpha Centauri) and to return the first closeup images of the planets around another star.
370 YAN [2370 AD]	6209) Living objects on planets of a different star are identified (bacteria made of DNA on planets around Centauri).	Alpha Centauri
400 YAN [2400 AD]	4612) Humans send ships with robots to the stars of Alpha Centauri.
420 YAN [2420 AD]	779) Most humans in developed nations reject the theory of gods.
500 YAN [2500 AD]	683) The removal and conversion of the Venus atmosphere is started. This is the first major "conversion of a gas atmosphere" engineering work of humans.
500 YAN [2500 AD]	686) The end of death by aging. Using genetic editing, humans can reach any developmental stage, and then hold that body shape indefinitely, dying only from physical destruction. Humans now live for thousands of years. This causes the human population to grow at an extremely fast rate.
500 YAN [2500 AD]	4588) The end of arrests for all forms of trading money for consensual physical pleasure.
500 YAN [2500 AD]	6546) Microscopic ships reach Barnard's star, the second closest star, 6 light years away, and send back the first images of the planets around Barnard's star.
500 YAN [2500 AD]	6554) The end of homicide, by remote neuron writing.
600 YAN [2600 AD]	4617) An asteroid is moved by propulsion, either by cables or by embedded engines.
600 YAN [2600 AD]	6547) Microscopic ships reach Sirius, 8 light years away, and send back the first images of the planets around Sirius.	Sirius
650 YAN [2650 AD]	4619) Humans create atoms from light particles. Photon fusion: the reverse of separating atoms into light particles.
650 YAN [2650 AD]	6555) The first images of large living objects on a planet of another star are seen.	Alpha Centauri
700 YAN [2700 AD]	4605) Robots land and walk on Venus.	Venus
750 YAN [2750 AD]	4622) The first large ship to reach a different star (Alpha Centauri). Smaller robot ships then land on all the planets and moons of Centauri.	Alpha Centauri
800 YAN [2800 AD]	24) Humans consume an asteroid.
800 YAN [2800 AD]	4615) Humans live on Venus. The first Venus colony. Humans live on and under the surface of Venus in cooled buildings.	Venus
800 YAN [2800 AD]	4624) Ships containing humans leave for the stars of Alpha Centauri and will arrive successfully perhaps 400 years later. This begins the colonization of other stars.
800 YAN [2800 AD]	4628) Humans change the motion of a moon. (A moon of Jupiter).	Jupiter
850 YAN [2850 AD]	4580) Humans change the motion of a planet (planet Earth).	Earth
900 YAN [2900 AD]	29) A ship impacts the surface of Jupiter. The first image of the surface of Jupiter is captured. The solid and liquid body of Jupiter is confirmed to be 6 times the diameter of Earth.	Jupiter
900 YAN [2900 AD]	775) A ship from Centauri leaves for Earth carrying matter from Centauri. This is part of a long term project of bringing back matter from around Centauri to be used around the star Earth orbits where consumable atoms are in great demand.	Alpha Centauri
900 YAN [2900 AD]	4629) Human anatomical changes start to become apparent as a result of living many generations in low gravity. Humans may start to look like ocean organisms which do not walk but instead move by pushing water using their appendages.
1,000 YAN [3000 AD]	4631) The start of the removal of the Jupiter atmosphere. Many humans may fear Jupiter exploding.	Jupiter
1,150 YAN [3150 AD]	4638) Ships with robots reach the second closest star, Barnard's star.	Barnard's Star
1,200 YAN [3200 AD]	4614) A ship from Centauri reaches Earth and returns the first objects from a different star. Robots around Centauri build ships to go to other stars and pull them closer.	Earth System
1,200 YAN [3200 AD]	4637) Humans reach a different star (Alpha Centauri). Humans now live around two star systems and so the chance of extinction is greatly decreased.	Alpha Centauri
1,200 YAN [3200 AD]	4639) Humans completely control the motion of planet Mercury.	Mercury
1,300 YAN [3300 AD]	777) The end of major religions. Most humans belong to no major religion.
1,350 YAN [3350 AD]	4640) Ships with robots reach Sirius.	Sirius
1,400 YAN [3400 AD]	4643) The motion of Mars is controlled by orbiting ships.	Mars
1,500 YAN [3500 AD]	684) The Atmosphere of Venus is completely removed. The surface of Venus becomes much colder.	Venus
1,800 YAN [3800 AD]	4645) The motion of Jupiter is controlled.	Jupiter
2,000 YAN [4000 AD]	4644) The atmosphere of Jupiter is completely removed.	Jupiter
2,000 YAN [4000 AD]	4646) Humans have robot ships at 10 different stars.
2,200 YAN [4200 AD]	4651) The rings of Saturn are consumed by humans living there.	Saturn
2,300 YAN [4300 AD]	6379) Humans land on Jupiter.	Jupiter
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4579) The Venus atmosphere is like the atmosphere of Earth.	Venus
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4652) The first ships to hold an orbit above or below the planetary plane. Ships can get closer to the Sun by occupying an orbit above or below the planetary plane. They either need to thrust against the y component of the Sun's gravity or cross the planetary plane.
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4655) Humans live on the surface of Jupiter.	Jupiter
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4662) The motions of all the planets are under human control.
2,800 YAN [4800 AD]	4669) Jupiter is the most populated planet, overtaking the Earth in number of humans living in, on, and in orbit of it.	Jupiter
3,000 YAN [5000 AD]	4656) The atmosphere of Jupiter is now Nitrogen and Oxygen, and heated to stay gaseous.	Jupiter
3,000 YAN [5000 AD]	4666) More humans live in ships than live in and on the surface of all the planets, moons and asteroids.
3,000 YAN [5000 AD]	4668) Humans have robot ships at 50 different stars.
3,100 YAN [5100 AD]	4671) The first image of advanced living objects that evolved around a different star.
3,200 YAN [5200 AD]	4673) Humans inhabit 10 stars and have robot ships around 100 stars.
3,500 YAN [5500 AD]	6176) The position of the Sun is under human control and is moved in the direction of Centauri.	Sun
4,000 YAN [6000 AD]	4674) The stars of Centauri are moved towards the Sun.	Centauri
4,000 YAN [6000 AD]	4675) Humans touch advanced living objects that evolved around a different star.
4,500 YAN [6500 AD]	4676) Humans form a cluster of 4 stars (the Sun and the three stars of Centauri) and start to look like an "open cluster". Each star is within 1 light year from each other.	Sun-Centauri cluster
5,000 YAN [7000 AD]	678) One trillion humans.
9,000 YAN [11000 AD]	4680) Genetic engineering may produce humans that use photosynthesis, only needing water, oxygen, and light.
10,000 YAN [12000 AD]	4681) Genetic engineering may remove the requirement of humans to urinate, defecate, and sleep.
12,000 YAN [14000 AD]	679) One quadrillion humans (1015).
12,000 YAN [14000 AD]	4683) Our descendents probably will look very different from humans now, adapted for efficiency and to low gravity space.
15,000 YAN [17000 AD]	6570) More humans live around other stars than live around the Sun.
19,000 YAN [21000 AD]	6548) One quintillion humans (1018).
25,000 YAN [27000 AD]	4677) Humans have robot ships around 1000 stars, inhabit 100 stars, and form an open cluster of 10 stars.
45,000 YAN [47000 AD]	4679) Humans have robot ships around 10,000 stars, inhabit 1000 stars and form a cluster of 100 stars.
50,000 YAN [52000 AD]	4658) All asteroids are consumed.
63,000 YAN [65000 AD]	6171) Humans reach the center of the Earth.	Earth
65,000 YAN [67000 AD]	6174) Earth is completely filled with living objects, and has a population of 10 quintillion {KWiNTiLYeN} (1019) humans. There is no more molten material inside the Earth. All the molten compressed matter was extracted, cooled and consumed, mostly as building materials, fuel, and food. Earth is completely filled with tunnels, rooms, and living objects.	Earth
70,000 YAN [72000 AD]	4684) Humans have robot ships at 100,000 stars, inhabit 10,000 stars, and form a cluster of 1,000 stars.
90,000 YAN [92000 AD]	6210) Humans form a globular cluster of 10,000 stars. This cluster starts to leave the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy. The human population is now around 50 sextillion (50 x 1021).
121,000 YAN	681) The Moon of Earth population reaches the maximum possible (200 quadrillion, 200 x 1015 ).	Moon of Earth
125,500 YAN	4672) Planet Mercury is completely filled with living objects.	Mercury
127,000 YAN	682) The population of humans on planet Mars reaches a physical maximum of 1 quintillion (1 x 1018) humans.	Mars
138,000 YAN	4678) All the planets of the Sun are consumed. All that remains are ships that orbit the Sun; most matter must now be taken from the Sun and other stars.
148,000 YAN	100) The Sun is consumed.
205,000 YAN	6317) Sirius is consumed.	Sirius
630,000 YAN	106) Ten to the power 100 humans.
1,000,000,000 YAN	4685) All the stars in the Milky Way Galaxy belong to a globular cluster. The Milky Way is now an elliptical galaxy.	Milky Way Galaxy
25,000,000,000 YAN	4686) The star clusters in the outer areas are pulled closer to the center making the galaxy more spherical, and the galaxy develops a massive propulsion system in order to go get more matter to consume. The Milky Way is now a spherical globular galaxy.	Milky Way Galaxy
30,000,000,000 YAN	4687) The Milky Way Globular Galaxy integrates the matter of the two Magellanic Cloud galaxies.	Milky Way Galaxy
40,000,000,000 YAN	4688) The Milky Way and Andromeda globular galaxies join. The Andromeda and Milky Way globular galaxies may merge into a single larger galaxy, which then resumes the search for a smaller galaxy to consume. Natural selection must also create a large scale "eat or be eaten", "predator-prey" existence for galaxies similar to that on Earth.	Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy

"Universe, Life, Science, Future" is published under the GNU license, except where otherwise indicated or determined to be fair use, copyrighted, public domain, CC, GDFL or other license.
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