TIME | EVENT DESCRIPTION | LOCATION | IMAGES |
UNIVERSE | |||
1,000,000,000,000 YBN | 1) We are a tiny part of a universe that is made of an infinite amount of space, matter and time. |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
990,000,000,000 YBN | 2) There is more space than matter. MORE INFO [1] |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
980,000,000,000 YBN | 3) All matter is made of particles of light.3 Light particles are the base unit of all matter from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies.4 In this sense light particles are the most basic atoms.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
970,000,000,000 YBN | 11) The universe has no start or end. The same light particles that have always been, continue to move in the space that has always been.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
960,000,000,001 YBN | 5) Matter and motion can never be created or destroyed. Matter can never be converted into motion, and motion can never be converted into matter.3 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
950,000,000,000 YBN | 6) Light particles become trapped with each other and so form structures such as protons, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
940,000,000,000 YBN | 7) All of the billions of galaxies we see are only a tiny part of the universe. We will never see most of the universe because no light particles from there can ever reach us.3 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington MORE INFO [1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). (estimate of how many galaxies) |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
935,000,000,000 YBN | 4) There is a pattern in the universe. Light particles move from highly dense volumes of space to volumes of less density. In low density volumes, light particles slowly accumulate to form atoms of Hydrogen and Helium which exist as gas clouds (like the Magellanic Clouds or Orion nebula). These gas clouds, called nebulae continue to accumulate trapped light particles. At points of high density planets and stars form and the cloud is eventually dense enough to become a galaxy of stars. The stars emit light particles back out to the rest of the universe, where the light again becomes trapped and forms new clouds. Around each star are many planets and pieces of matter. On many of the planets rotating around stars, living objects evolve that can copy themselves by converting matter around them into more of them. Living objects need matter to replace matter lost from the constant emitting of light particles (decay). Like bacteria, these living objects grow in number, with the most successful organisms occupying and moving around many stars. These advanced organisms then move the groups of stars they control, as a globular cluster, away from the plane of the spiral galaxy. As time continues, all of the stars of a galaxy are occupied by living objects who have organized their stars into globular clusters, and these globular clusters together, form a globular galaxy. The globular galaxy may then exist for a long time living off the matter in stars, in addition to matter from external sources. So free light particles are trapped into volumes of space that grow in density first forming atoms, then gas clouds, then stars, a spiral galaxy, and finally a globular galaxy.3 Stars at our scale may be light particles at a much larger scale, just as light particles at our scale may be stars at a much smaller scale. This system may go on infinitely in both larger and smaller scale. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg [2] LDN 1622: Dark Nebula in Orion Data: Digitized Sky Survey (POSS-II), Color Composite: Noel Carboni Explanation: The silhouette of an intriguing dark nebula inhabits this cosmic scene, based on images from the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey. Lynds' Dark Nebula (LDN) 1622 appears against a faint background of glowing hydrogen gas only easily seen in long telescopic exposures of the region. LDN 1622 lies near the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy, close on the sky to Barnard's Loop - a large cloud surrounding the rich complex of emission nebulae found in the Belt and Sword of Orion. But the obscuring dust of LDN 1622 is thought to be much closer than Orion's more famous nebulae, perhaps only 500 light-years away. At that distance, this 1 degree wide field of view would span less than 10 light-years. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 0705/ldn1622_carboni.jpg | |
930,000,000,000 YBN | 8) An expanding universe seems unlikely to me. The supposed red-shifted calcium absorption lines may be a mistaken observation, for one reason because spectrum size changes the position of spectral lines1 , and because the distance of a light source changes the position, but not the frequency of spectral lines2 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Humason, M. L., "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan 1936. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.ed u//full/1936ApJ....83...10H/0000010.000. html 2. ^ Ted Huntington, "Spectral line position depends on distance of light source - Bragg Equation Effect", 04/03/2012. http://tedhuntington.com/pa per_Bragg.htm |
[1] Image of a spectral line shift from a close and distant fluorescent lamp. GNU source: Ted Huntington [2] The simple trigonometry that shows that two light sources at different distances cannot achieve the same angle at the same location on a horizontal diffraction grating. GNU source: Ted Huntington | |
LIFE | |||
165,000,000,000 YBN | 13) The Milky Way Nebula starts to form.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Description This image is mosaic of multiple shots on large-format film. It comprises all 360 degrees of the galaxy from our vantage. Photography was done in Ft. Davis, Texas for the Northern hemisphere shots and from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, for the southern portions. Note the dust lanes, which obscure our view of some features beyond them. Infrared imaging reaches into these regions, and radio astronomy can look all the way through with less detail. The very center, however, shows a window to the farther side. In the center, stars are mostly very old and this causes the more yellow color. The final file is 1.5GB, and resolves details of less than one arcminute. Faintest stars are magnitude 11. There are 21 pixels of horizontal overlap at the ends, with the right end slightly brighter than the corresponding pixels on the left. Date Source http://www.digitalskyllc.com (The image was uploaded to en.wiki at 17:16, 21 September 2006 by Twtunes. Author Digital Sky LLC CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0a/Milkyway_pan1.jpg [2] note Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1 is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep field high rez edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16. Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund enthält. Man entschied sich für ein Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, composited from Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a period from September 3, 2003 through January 16, 2004. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de una pequeña región del espacio en la constelación Fornax, compuesta de datos obtenidos por el telescopio espacial Hubble durante el período entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el 16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad de estrellas brillantes en sus proximidades. Français : Le champ ultra profond de Hubble, une image d'une petite portion du ciel dans la constellation du Fourneau, prise par le télescope spatial Hubble du 3 septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La portion de ciel a été choisie car elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes proches. Date 2003-09-03 - 2004-01-16 Source http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au thor NASA and the European Space Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg | |
33,000,000,000 YBN | 6180) The first star in the Milky Way Galaxy forms.3 Atoms may form near the surface of planets and stars.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Description English: M8 Lagoon Nebula in Sagittarius Date 26 June 2009 Source Own work Author Hewholooks CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2f/M8HunterWilson.jpg [2] NGC 7023: The Iris Nebula Credit & Copyright: Daniel López, IAC Explanation: Like delicate cosmic petals, these clouds of interstellar dust and gas have blossomed 1,300 light-years away in the fertile star fields of the constellation Cepheus. Sometimes called the Iris Nebula and dutifully cataloged as NGC 7023, this is not the only nebula in the sky to evoke the imagery of flowers. Still, this beautiful digital image shows off the Iris Nebula's range of colors and symmetries in impressive detail. Within the Iris, dusty nebular material surrounds a hot, young star. The dominant color of the brighter reflection nebula is blue, characteristic of dust grains reflecting starlight. Central filaments of the dusty clouds glow with a faint reddish photoluminesence as some dust grains effectively convert the star's invisible ultraviolet radiation to visible red light. Infrared observations indicate that this nebula may contain complex carbon molecules known as PAHs. As shown here, the bright blue portion of the Iris Nebula is about six light-years across. PD source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 1011/IRIS_IAC80_DLopez900c.jpg | |
22,000,000,000 YBN | 6181) Living objects in the Milky Way Galaxy reach another star using a ship.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] close up of: Description English: M8 Lagoon Nebula in Sagittarius Date 26 June 2009 Source Own work Author Hewholooks CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2f/M8HunterWilson.jpg [2] Description The photograph, taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, captures a small region within M17, a hotbed of star formation. M17, also known as the Omega or Swan Nebula, is located about 5500 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius. The wave-like patterns of gas have been sculpted and illuminated by a torrent of ultraviolet radiation from young, massive stars, which lie outside the picture to the upper left. The glow of these patterns accentuates the three-dimensional structure of the gases. The ultraviolet radiation is carving and heating the surfaces of cold hydrogen gas clouds. The warmed surfaces glow orange and red in this photograph. The intense heat and pressure cause some material to stream away from those surfaces, creating the glowing veil of even hotter greenish gas that masks background structures. The pressure on the tips of the waves may trigger new star formation within them. The image, roughly 3 light-years across, was taken May 29-30, 1999, with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2. The colors in the image represent various gases. Red represents sulfur; green, hydrogen; and blue, oxygen. Date 24 April 2003 Source http://spacetelescope.org/images/html/he ic0305a.html (direct link) http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive /releases/2003/13/image/a/ Author NASA, ESA and J. Hester (ASU) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/72/Omega_Nebula.jpg | |
10,000,000,000 YBN | 6182) The first globular cluster of 100,000 stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Description The globular cluster Omega Centauri — with as many as ten million stars — is seen in all its splendour in this image captured with the WFI camera from ESO's La Silla Observatory. The image shows only the central part of the cluster — about the size of the full moon on the sky (half a degree). North is up, East is to the left. This colour image is a composite of B, V and I filtered images. Note that because WFI is equipped with a mosaic detector, there are two small gaps in the image which were filled with lower quality data from the Digitized Sky Survey. Date 2008 Source http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/ press-rel/pr-2008/phot-44-08.html Autho r ESO CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Omega_Centauri_ by_ESO.jpg/638px-Omega_Centauri_by_ESO.j pg [2] Description This image is mosaic of multiple shots on large-format film. It comprises all 360 degrees of the galaxy from our vantage. Photography was done in Ft. Davis, Texas for the Northern hemisphere shots and from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, for the southern portions. Note the dust lanes, which obscure our view of some features beyond them. Infrared imaging reaches into these regions, and radio astronomy can look all the way through with less detail. The very center, however, shows a window to the farther side. In the center, stars are mostly very old and this causes the more yellow color. The final file is 1.5GB, and resolves details of less than one arcminute. Faintest stars are magnitude 11. There are 21 pixels of horizontal overlap at the ends, with the right end slightly brighter than the corresponding pixels on the left. Date Source http://www.digitalskyllc.com (The image was uploaded to en.wiki at 17:16, 21 September 2006 by Twtunes. Author Digital Sky LLC CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0a/Milkyway_pan1.jpg | |
5,500,000,000 YBN 4 | 16) The star Earth orbits forms.3 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington 4. ^ Ted Huntington, guess MORE INFO [1] http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/mar 1/nucleo.html (with image of onion skin layers) [2] another person declares star inside to be similar to planets: iron, oxygen, nickel, etc. do not support standard solar model. star_inside_iron.pdf |
[1] Description English: The Sun photographed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA 304) of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This is a false color image of the sun observed in the extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum. For example,similar image Français : Le soleil, photographié depuis le Solar Dynamics Observatory de la NASA. Date 2010-08-19T00:32:21Z (ISO 8601) Source NASA/SDO (AIA). Author NASA/SDO (AIA). PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_ Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASAs_So lar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/ 628px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging _Assembly_of_NASAs_Solar_Dynamics_Observ atory_-_20100819.jpg [2] Summary Description The star formation region N11B in the LMC taken by WFPC2 on the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Date Source http://www.spacetelescope.org/image s/html/heic0411a.html Author NASA/ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI)/HEIC Permission (Reusing this file) ESA Public Domain, as per http://www.spacetelescope.org/copyright. html PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6c/Heic0411a.jpg | |
5,500,000,000 YBN 4 | 17) Planets form around our star. Like the star, they are red hot with liquid rock and metals on the surface. Lighter atoms move to the surface of the planets. Larger planets are surrounded by gas.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] an 19, 2005 � For the past five days, forecasters at the NOAA Space Environment Center in Boulder, Colo., have observed all types of space weather: radio blackouts, solar radiation storms and geomagnetic storms. Currently, space weather forecasters are observing a moderate geomagnetic storm (G-2 on the NOAA Space Weather Scales) and a minor (S-1) solar radiation storm. Earlier Wednesday an X-class flare produced a strong (R-3) radio blackout. (Click image for larger view of the sun taken on Jan. 19, 2005, at 2:19 p.m. EST. Click here for high resolution version, which is a large file. Please credit European Space Agency-NASA.) PD source: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/sto ries2005/images/sun-soho011905-1919z.jpg [2] This artist’s impression shows the disk of gas and cosmic dust around the young star HD 142527. Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope have seen vast streams of gas flowing across the gap in the disc UNKNOWN source: http://l2.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1. 2/kB0xEBWbOe3fUGcRF7Y3RA--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld 3M7Zmk9aW5zZXQ7aD00MDg7cT03OTt3PTU3NQ--/ http://media.zenfs.com/en_US/News/SPACE. com/Never-Before-Seen_Stage_of_Planet_Bi rth-893372caafae611ec5e71458c2f79fb8 | |
4,600,000,000 YBN | 21) The moon of Earth is captured.2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Image of moon superimposed on Venus PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/dd/Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour .jpg [2] an 19, 2005 � For the past five days, forecasters at the NOAA Space Environment Center in Boulder, Colo., have observed all types of space weather: radio blackouts, solar radiation storms and geomagnetic storms. Currently, space weather forecasters are observing a moderate geomagnetic storm (G-2 on the NOAA Space Weather Scales) and a minor (S-1) solar radiation storm. Earlier Wednesday an X-class flare produced a strong (R-3) radio blackout. (Click image for larger view of the sun taken on Jan. 19, 2005, at 2:19 p.m. EST. Click here for high resolution version, which is a large file. Please credit European Space Agency-NASA.) PD source: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/sto ries2005/images/sun-soho011905-1919z.jpg | |
4,600,000,000 YBN 4 5 | 30) Planet Earth cools. Molten liquid rock turns into a solid thin crust. Water condenses and falls to the surface, filling the lowest parts of the land to make the first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_ htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 2. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_ htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 3. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_ htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] USGS Photo by Tim Orr Pahoehoe lava breaks out of the crust along a flow margin PD source: http://www.nps.gov/havo/parkmgmt /upload/havo_manage_usgs_20080304_tro381 7_x800.jpg [2] English: Ultraviolet image of Venus' clouds as seen by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (February 26, 1979). The immense C- or Y-shaped features which are visible only in these wavelengths are individually short lived, but reform often enough to be considered a permanent feature of Venus' clouds. The mechanism by which Venus' clouds absorb ultraviolet is not well understood. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venuspioneeruv. jpg/953px-Venuspioneeruv.jpg | |
4,600,000,000 YBN 3 | 50) Start of the "Precambrian". The Hadean {HA DEen1 } Eon.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 2. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 3. ^ "Divisions of Geologic Time", 2010, USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/ pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf | |
4,571,000,000 YBN 3 4 | 31) Oldest meteorite.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/fu ll/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&s earchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7830 48.stm 3. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/fu ll/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits =10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&s earchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search =&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 (4.7 +- .2 billion years) 4. ^ sci has 4.7 +- .2 by where did 4.571 come from? |
[1] The ''Zag'' meteorite fell to Earth in 1988 COPYRIGHTED source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/t ech/783048.stm | |
4,530,000,000 YBN | 33) Oldest moon rock.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ nojs/wl.br.1.html |
[1] http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/ nojs/wl.br.1.html source: | |
4,404,000,000 YBN | 34) Oldest "terrestrial" zircon; evidence that the crust and liquid water are on the surface of Earth.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/01011 1/010111-1.html |
[1] http://www.geology.wisc.edu/zircon/Earli est%20Piece/Images/8.jpg source: | |
4,400,000,000 YBN | 18) Larger molecules form on Earth, like amino acids, phosphates, and sugars, the components of living objects.3 The initial building blocks of living objects are easily formed, but assembling them into longer-chain molecules, or polymers, is more difficult.4 Possibly all proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are strictly the products of living objects.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p150. 5. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] The two optical isomers of alanine, D-Alanine and L-Alanine D-glucose BOTH PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/65/D%2BL-Alanine.gif and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped ia/commons/thumb/5/5a/D-glucose-chain-3D -balls.png/640px-D-glucose-chain-3D-ball s.png | |
4,395,000,000 YBN | 19) Nucleic acids form on Earth. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) may be the first nucleic acid to form. One of these RNA molecules may be the ancestor of all of life on Earth.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Ribonucleic acid (English pronunciation: /raɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/), or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules (along with DNA and proteins) that are essential for all known forms of life. UNKNOWN source: http://dna-rna.net/wp-content/up loads/2011/07/rna.jpg | |
4,385,000,000 YBN | 167) The first proteins on Earth. Transfer RNA molecules evolve (tRNA), and link amino acids into proteins using other RNA molecules ("messenger" or mRNA), as a template.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Description English: Illustration of tRNA building peptide chain Date 1 March 2009 Source Own work Author Boumphreyfr CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0f/Peptide_syn.png [2] Source : ''Role of the Ribosome'' University of Texas Medical Branch UNKNOWN source: http://ead.univ-angers.fr/~jaspa rd/Page2/COURS/7RelStructFonction/2Bioch imie/1SyntheseProteines/3Figures/4Organi tes/2Ribosomes/6Polysome.gif | |
4,380,000,000 YBN | 40) A protein can copy RNA. This protein is called an RNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS1 }. For the first time, a nucleic acid functions both as a template for building proteins (with the help of tRNA molecules) and also as a template for building other nucleic acid molecules.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] Schuppli, Daniel et al. “Altered 3′-terminal RNA Structure in Phage Qβ Adapted to Host Factor-less Escherichia Coli.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94.19 (1997): 10239 –10242. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/1 9/10239.abstract |
[1] RNA is a versatile molecule. In its most familiar role, RNA acts as an intermediary, carrying genetic information from the DNA to the machinery of protein synthesis. RNA also plays more active roles, performing many of the catalytic and recognition functions normally reserved for proteins. In fact, most of the RNA in cells is found in ribosomes--our protein-synthesizing machines--and the transfer RNA molecules used to add each new amino acid to growing proteins. In addition, countless small RNA molecules are involved in regulating, processing and disposing of the constant traffic of messenger RNA. The enzyme RNA polymerase carries the weighty responsibility of creating all of these different RNA molecules. The RNA Factory RNA polymerase is a huge factory with many moving parts. The one shown here, from PDB entry 1i6h, is from yeast cells. It is composed of a dozen different proteins. Together, they form a machine that surrounds DNA strands, unwinds them, and builds an RNA strand based on the information held inside the DNA. Once the enzyme gets started, RNA polymerase marches confidently along the DNA copying RNA strands thousands of nucleotides long. Accuracy As you might expect, RNA polymerase needs to be accurate in its copying of genetic information. To improve its accuracy, it performs a simple proofreading step as it builds an RNA strand. The active site is designed to be able to remove nucleotides as well as add them to the growing strand. The enzyme tends to hover around mismatched nucleotides longer than properly added ones, giving the enzyme time to remove them. This process is somewhat wasteful, since proper nucleotides are also occasionally removed, but this is a small price to pay for creating better RNA transcripts. Overall, RNA polymerase makes an error about once in 10,000 nucleotides added, or about once per RNA strand created. Poisoning Polymerase Since RNA polymerase is absolutely essential for the life of the cell, it is a sensitive target for poisons and toxins. The most powerful of these poisons is alpha-amanitin, a small circular peptide created by the death cap mushroom. Eating even one of these mushrooms will lead to coma and death in a manner of days, as the poison attacks RNA polymerase throughout the body. Surprisingly, it binds on the back side of RNA polymerase, away from the active site and away from the binding site for the DNA and RNA. It does not physically block the active site, like most inhibitors, but instead jams the mechanism of the enzyme. RNA polymerase is a highly mobile enzyme, that flexes and changes shape as it performs the sequential steps of binding to DNA, unwinding it, and then building the RNA strand. As seen in PDB entry 1k83, the poison binds between two subunits of the protein, gluing them together and blocking these essential motions. PD source: http://www.pdb.org/pdb/education _discussion/molecule_of_the_month/images /1i6h-composite.gif [2] [t Notice that many RNA molecules are being produced all in sequence, with each RNA molecule getting longer as each protein reaches the end of the DNA molecule.] Micrograph of gene transcription of ribosomal RNA illustrating the growing primary transcripts. ''Begin'' indicates the 5' end of the coding strand of DNA, where new RNA synthesis begins; ''end'' indicates the 3' end, where the primary transcripts are almost complete. This is an alternate version of Image:RibosomaleTranskriptionsEinheit.jp g, original author identified as Dr. Hans-Heinrich Trepte, labeled in German. This version with English labels is from en:Image:Transcription label fromcommons.jpg, by en:UserOpabinia regalis, licensed under GFDL. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/43/Transcription_label_e n.jpg | |
4,370,000,000 YBN | 168) The ribosome evolves. First Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The ribosome may function as a protocell, providing a platform for more efficient protein production. A single RNA may contain all the instructions needed to make more ribosomes. Ribosomes are the cellular organelles that carry out protein synthesis, through a process called translation.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ribosome." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ribosome |
[1] Description English: Illustration of tRNA building peptide chain Date 1 March 2009 Source Own work Author Boumphreyfr CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0f/Peptide_syn.png [2] Source : ''Role of the Ribosome'' University of Texas Medical Branch UNKNOWN source: http://ead.univ-angers.fr/~jaspa rd/Page2/COURS/7RelStructFonction/2Bioch imie/1SyntheseProteines/3Figures/4Organi tes/2Ribosomes/6Polysome.gif | |
4,365,000,000 YBN | 166) The first Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule. A protein evolves that allows DNA to be assembled from RNA.2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696. 2. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696. |
[1] Description Crystallographic structure of the ribonucleotide reductase protein R1E from Salmonella typhimurium. The protein is rainbow colored (N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red) while deoxyadenosine triphosphate is show as sticks and a complexed magnesium ion as a grey sphere.[1] ↑ PDB 1PEU; Uppsten M, Färnegårdh M, Jordan A, Eliasson R, Eklund H, Uhlin U (June 2003). ''Structure of the large subunit of class Ib ribonucleotide reductase from Salmonella typhimurium and its complexes with allosteric effectors''. J. Mol. Biol. 330 (1): 87–97. PMID 12818204. Date 28 February 2008 Source Own work Author Boghog2 PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/1PEU_R1E.png/10 24px-1PEU_R1E.png [2] Description English: The reaction mechanism of ribonucleotide reductase Date 14 January 2006 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Michał Sobkowski using CommonsHelper. Author Original uploader was BorisTM at en.wikipedia PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2c/RNR_reaction.png | |
4,360,000,000 YBN | 212) A protein can copy DNA molecules, a DNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS2 }.3 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymer ase 2. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. olymerase>. 3. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymer ase |
[1] A look at DNA replication, with the inset showing a larger and general view. ''Pol'' stands for polymerase, a key enzyme. Note how each enzyme works in a 'biochemical team' to complete the process efficiently COPYRIGHTED source: http://genmed.yolasite.com/resou rces/DNA20replication.jpg [2] Description Diagram of DNA polymerase extending a DNA strand and proof-reading. Date Source Own work Author Madprime GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/6f/DNA_polymerase.svg | |
4,360,000,000 YBN | 6409) Transcription. A protein assembles RNA from DNA. |
[1] Transcription: DNA-> RNA In E. coli it is possible to see the strands of RNA transcripts under the electron microscope. Relate the image seen under an electron microscope with the drawing in your book in Figure 13-3. Why do you not see any protein strands coming from the mRNA in the electron microscope image? UNKNOWN source: http://www.utexas.edu/courses/zo o325/13-4.gif [2] RNA is a versatile molecule. In its most familiar role, RNA acts as an intermediary, carrying genetic information from the DNA to the machinery of protein synthesis. RNA also plays more active roles, performing many of the catalytic and recognition functions normally reserved for proteins. In fact, most of the RNA in cells is found in ribosomes--our protein-synthesizing machines--and the transfer RNA molecules used to add each new amino acid to growing proteins. In addition, countless small RNA molecules are involved in regulating, processing and disposing of the constant traffic of messenger RNA. The enzyme RNA polymerase carries the weighty responsibility of creating all of these different RNA molecules. The RNA Factory RNA polymerase is a huge factory with many moving parts. The one shown here, from PDB entry 1i6h, is from yeast cells. It is composed of a dozen different proteins. Together, they form a machine that surrounds DNA strands, unwinds them, and builds an RNA strand based on the information held inside the DNA. Once the enzyme gets started, RNA polymerase marches confidently along the DNA copying RNA strands thousands of nucleotides long. Accuracy As you might expect, RNA polymerase needs to be accurate in its copying of genetic information. To improve its accuracy, it performs a simple proofreading step as it builds an RNA strand. The active site is designed to be able to remove nucleotides as well as add them to the growing strand. The enzyme tends to hover around mismatched nucleotides longer than properly added ones, giving the enzyme time to remove them. This process is somewhat wasteful, since proper nucleotides are also occasionally removed, but this is a small price to pay for creating better RNA transcripts. Overall, RNA polymerase makes an error about once in 10,000 nucleotides added, or about once per RNA strand created. Poisoning Polymerase Since RNA polymerase is absolutely essential for the life of the cell, it is a sensitive target for poisons and toxins. The most powerful of these poisons is alpha-amanitin, a small circular peptide created by the death cap mushroom. Eating even one of these mushrooms will lead to coma and death in a manner of days, as the poison attacks RNA polymerase throughout the body. Surprisingly, it binds on the back side of RNA polymerase, away from the active site and away from the binding site for the DNA and RNA. It does not physically block the active site, like most inhibitors, but instead jams the mechanism of the enzyme. RNA polymerase is a highly mobile enzyme, that flexes and changes shape as it performs the sequential steps of binding to DNA, unwinding it, and then building the RNA strand. As seen in PDB entry 1k83, the poison binds between two subunits of the protein, gluing them together and blocking these essential motions. PD source: http://www.pdb.org/pdb/education _discussion/molecule_of_the_month/images /1i6h-composite.gif | |
4,355,000,000 YBN | 20) The first cell on Earth (a bacterium). DNA is surrounded by a membrane made of proteins. The first cytoplasm.4 This cell may form in either fresh or salt water, near the sunlit water surface or near underwater volcanoes on the ocean floor.5 DNA protected by cytoplasm is more likely to survive and be copied.6 Start of binary cell division.7 This cell structure forms the basis of all future cells of every living object on Earth.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Ted Huntington. 8. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Deutsch: Bild über den Reitenden Urzwerg English: Image of Nanoarchaeum equitans Date 2005-09-10 (original upload date) Source Originally from de.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Eber-Jimmy at de.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain due to its age. Licensing According to this article, ''Es wurde von dem Mikrobiologen Karl O. Stetter entdeckt. Bildrechte: Public domain.'' PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/dc/Urzwerg.jpg [2] Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (strain TK-6) is an obligately chemolithoautotrophic, extremely (and strictly) thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium whose optimal growth temperature is around 70 to 75°C and was isolated from hot springs. UNKNOWN source: http://standardsingenomics.org/i ndex.php/sigen/article/viewFile/146/534/ 4368 | |
4,350,000,000 YBN 6 | 183) Cells make the first lipids on Earth; (fats, oils, waxes4 ).5 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ find biomarker evidence 2. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Figure1: Lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cell line (days in culture) UNKNOWN source: http://www.emsdiasum.com/microsc opy/products/sem/wet/images/lipid_accumu lation.jpg [2] Lipid Structures under the microscope. Image by Alison North, The Rockefeller University. UNKNOWN source: http://selections.rockefeller.ed u/cms/images/stories/2010/may/lipid.gif | |
4,345,000,000 YBN | 27) A phospholipid bilayer evolves around the cell.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. |
[1] Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p77. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p77. [2] Gram negative cell wall http://www.arches.uga.edu/~kristen c/cellwall.html COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.arches.uga.edu/~krist enc/cellwall.html | |
4,340,000,000 YBN | 64) Operons allow selective protein assembly.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/Te rmPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 2. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gen e-regulation.html#table 3. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/Te rmPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 4. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gen e-regulation.html#table |
[1] Figure 6 from: Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user =4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=17 23143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search& _origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi =6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c& _ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVe rsion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee 4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_F rancois_19601228.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B &_user=4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_a lid=1723143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=s earch&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_ite m&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&v iew=c&_ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1& _urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c 7c5bee4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a [2] Figure 3 from: Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user =4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=17 23143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search& _origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi =6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c& _ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVe rsion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee 4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_F rancois_19601228.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B &_user=4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_a lid=1723143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=s earch&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_ite m&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&v iew=c&_ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1& _urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c 7c5bee4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a | |
4,340,000,000 YBN | 6340) Facilitated diffusion. Proteins in the cell membrane allow only certain molecules to enter the cell.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Daniel V. Lim, "Microbiology", 2002, p101. http://books.google.com/books?id= CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA101 |
[1] Figure 7.15 from: Campbell, Reece, et al., ''Biology'', 8th Edition, 2008, P135. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P135. [2] Figure 7.18 from: Campbell, Reece, et al., ''Biology'', 8th Edition, 2008, P137. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P137. | |
4,335,000,000 YBN | 28) Cellular respiration. Glycolysis evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells can make ATP from glucose.2 ATP is the molecule that drives most cellular work.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162. |
[1] Description English: Glycolysis pathway overview. Date 3 September 2009 Source Own work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ Inkscape Logo.svg This vector image was created with Inkscape. Permission (Reusing this file) GFDL license (see below). GFDL source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Glycolysis.svg/ 1024px-Glycolysis.svg.png [2] Figure 9.6 from: Campbell, Reece, et al, ''Biology'', 8th edition, 2008, p166. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p166. | |
4,330,000,000 YBN | 44) Fermentation evolves. Cells can make lactic acid.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2 stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+ oldest&hl=en 2. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2 stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+ oldest&hl=en |
[1] Campbell, Reece, et al, ''Biology'', 8th edition, 2008, p178. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p178. [2] IUPAC name[hide] 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid Other names[hide] Milk acid Description de: Struktur von Milchsäure; en: Structure of lactic acid Date 12 February 2007 Source Own work Author NEUROtiker Permission (Reusing this file) Own work, all rights released (Public domain) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/59/Lactic-acid-3D-balls. pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia /commons/thumb/d/d3/Lactic-acid-skeletal .svg/1000px-Lactic-acid-skeletal.svg.png | |
4,325,000,000 YBN | 213) Fermentation of ethanol evolves.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. |
[1] Campbell, Reece, et al, ''Biology'', 8th edition, 2008, p178. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p178. [2] Ethanol Full structural formula, Ball and Stick Model, and Space-Filling Model of Ethanol PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/37/Ethanol-2D-flat.pnght tp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm ons/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.pnghttp://uplo ad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/ Ethanol-3D-vdW.png | |
4,315,000,000 YBN | 196) Active transport evolves. Proteins transport molecules into and out of the cytoplasm.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotuto rials/eustruct/cmeu.html 2. ^ "active transport." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-tran sport 3. ^ "active transport." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-tran sport |
[1] Figure 7.18 from: Campbell, Reece, et al., ''Biology'', 8th Edition, 2008, P137. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P137. [2] Figure 7.15 from: Campbell, Reece, et al., ''Biology'', 8th Edition, 2008, P135. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P135. | |
4,200,000,000 YBN 3 4 | 292) Prokaryote flagellum evolves.2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 2. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ (October 2006). "From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella". Nature Reviews. Microbiology 4 (10): 784–90. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID 16953248. http://www.nature.com/nrmicro /journal/v4/n10/full/nrmicro1493.html [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ [4] David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf [5] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html [6] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation> |
[1] Aquifex pyrophilus (platinum shadowed). © K.O. Stetter & Reinhard Rachel, University of Regensburg. COPYRIGHTED source: http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microb ial_Biorealm/bacteria/aquifex/aquifex.ht m [2] Description English: A Gram-negative bacterial flagellum. A flagellum (plural: flagella) is a long, slender projection from the cell body, whose function is to propel a unicellular or small multicellular organism. The depicted type of flagellum is found in bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella, and rotates like a propeller when the bacterium swims. The bacterial movement can be divided in 2 kinds: run, resulting from a counterclockwise rotation of the flagellum, and tumbling, from a clockwise rotation of the flagellum. Français : Flagelle de bactérie Gram-négative. Le flagelle est une projection longue et fine hors du corps cellulaire, dont la fonction est de propulser l'organisme. Ce type de flagelle est présent dans des bactéries comme Escherichia coli et Salmonella, et tourne comme une hélice quand la bactérie se déplace. Le flagelle peut provoquer deux types de déplacement selon son sens de rotation. Date November 2007 Source self-made References: [1],[2], [3] (main 3), [4], [5] (propeller rotation), PMID 17142059 (bend). Author LadyofHats PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flagellum_base_ diagram_en.svg/1000px-Flagellum_base_dia gram_en.svg.png | |
4,193,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | 77) Archaea (also called archaebacteria) evolve.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/pdf/H edges2009Chap05.pdf 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html 6. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my (2142-1873my) 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my (2300my) 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) (4100my) 9. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my (1800my) 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4000my (4000my) 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3970my (3970my) |
[1] Deutsch: Bild über den Reitenden Urzwerg English: Image of Nanoarchaeum equitans Date 2005-09-10 (original upload date) Source Originally from de.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was Eber-Jimmy at de.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain due to its age. Licensing According to this article, ''Es wurde von dem Mikrobiologen Karl O. Stetter entdeckt. Bildrechte: Public domain.'' PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/dc/Urzwerg.jpg [2] Figure 1) Changing views of the tree and timescale of life. a) An early-1990s view, with the tree determined mostly from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis. This tree emphasizes vertical (as opposed to horizontal) evolution and the close relationship between eukaryotes and the Archaebacteria. The deep branching (>3.5 Giga (109) years ago, Gya) of CYANOBACTERIA (Cy) and other Eubacteria (purple), the shallow branching (approx1 Gya) of plants (Pl), animals (An) and fungi (Fu), and the early origin of mitochondria (Mi), were based on interpretations of the geochemical and fossil record7, 8. Some deeply branching amitochondriate (Am) species were believed to have arisen before the origin of mitochondria44. Major symbiotic events (black dots) were introduced to explain the origin of eukaryotic organelles42, but were not assumed to be associated with large transfers of genes to the host nucleus. They were: Eu, joining of an archaebacterium host with a eubacterium (presumably a SPIROCHAETE) to produce an amitochondriate eukaryote; Mi, joining of a eukaryote host with an alpha-proteobacterium (Ap) symbiont, leading to the origin of mitochondria, and plastids (Ps), joining of a eukaryote host with a cyanobacterium symbiont, forming the origin of plastids on the plant lineage and possibly on other lineages. b) The present view, based on extensive genomic analysis. Eukaryotes are no longer considered to be close relatives of Archaebacteria, but are genomic hybrids of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, owing to the transfer of large numbers of genes from the symbiont genome to the nucleus of the host (indicated by coloured arrows). Other new features, largely derived from molecular-clock studies16, 39 (Box 1), include a relatively recent origin of Cyanobacteria (approx2.6 Gya) and mitochondria (approx1.8 Gya), an early origin (approx1.5 Gya) of plants, animals and fungi, and a close relationship between animals and fungi. Coloured dashed lines indicate controversial aspects of the present view: the existence of a premitochondrial symbiotic event and of living amitochondriate eukaryotes, ancestors of which never had mitochondria. c) The times of divergence of selected model organisms from humans, based on molecular clocks. For the prokaryotes (red), because of different possible origins through symbiotic events, divergence times depend on the gene of interest. source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa l/v3/n11/full/nrg929_fs.html | |
4,189,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 193) The Eubacteria "Hyperthermophiles" evolve (Aquifex, Thermotoga).3 4 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). |
[1] A timescale of prokaryote evolution. Letters indicate nodes discussed in the text. The last common ancestor was arbitrarily placed at 4.25 Ga in the tree, although this placement was not part of the analyses. The grey rectangle shows the time prior to the initial rise in oxygen (presumably anaerobic conditions). Mtb: Methanothermobacter, Tab: Thermoanaerobacter, Tsc: Thermosynechococcus. Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 Table 1 Time estimates for selected nodes in the tree of eubacteria (A-K) and archaebacteria (L-P). Letters refer to Fig. 3. Time (Ma)a CIb Node A 102 57–176 Node B 2508 2154–2928 Node C 2800 2452–3223 Node D 1039 702–1408 Node E 2558 2310–2969 Node F 2784 2490–3203 Node G 2923 2587–3352 Node H 3054 2697–3490 Node I 3186 2801–3634 Node J 3644 3172–4130 Node K 3977 3434–4464 Node L 233 118–386 Node M 3085 2469–3514 Node N 3566 2876–3948 Node O 3781 3047–4163 Node P 4112 3314–4486 a Averages of the divergence times estimated using the 2.3 Ga minimum constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes A-K) and using the 1.198 ± 0.022 Ga constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes L-P). b Credibility interval (minimum and maximum averages of the analyses under the five ingroup root constraints) Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2148-4-44-3-l.jpg [2] Aquifex pyrophilus (platinum shadowed). © K.O. Stetter & Reinhard Rachel, University of Regensburg. source: http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microb ial_Biorealm/bacteria/aquifex/aquifex.ht m | |
4,187,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 180) Archaea: Crenarchaeota (Sulfolobus).3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). |
[1] A timescale of prokaryote evolution. Letters indicate nodes discussed in the text. The last common ancestor was arbitrarily placed at 4.25 Ga in the tree, although this placement was not part of the analyses. The grey rectangle shows the time prior to the initial rise in oxygen (presumably anaerobic conditions). Mtb: Methanothermobacter, Tab: Thermoanaerobacter, Tsc: Thermosynechococcus. Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 Table 1 Time estimates for selected nodes in the tree of eubacteria (A-K) and archaebacteria (L-P). Letters refer to Fig. 3. Time (Ma)a CIb Node A 102 57–176 Node B 2508 2154–2928 Node C 2800 2452–3223 Node D 1039 702–1408 Node E 2558 2310–2969 Node F 2784 2490–3203 Node G 2923 2587–3352 Node H 3054 2697–3490 Node I 3186 2801–3634 Node J 3644 3172–4130 Node K 3977 3434–4464 Node L 233 118–386 Node M 3085 2469–3514 Node N 3566 2876–3948 Node O 3781 3047–4163 Node P 4112 3314–4486 a Averages of the divergence times estimated using the 2.3 Ga minimum constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes A-K) and using the 1.198 ± 0.022 Ga constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes L-P). b Credibility interval (minimum and maximum averages of the analyses under the five ingroup root constraints) Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2148-4-44-3-l.jpg [2] tree of archaea ? source: http://www.uni-giessen.de/~gf126 5/GROUPS/KLUG/Stammbaum.html | |
4,187,000,000 YBN 10 11 | 181) Archaea: Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu6 } (methanogens, halobacteria).7 8 Earliest cell response to light.9 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryar chaeota&submit=Submit 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/44 5. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryar chaeota&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/44 9. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/44 MORE INFO [1] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002), doi:10.1038/nrg929 http://www.nature.co m/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html#to p |
[1] A timescale of prokaryote evolution. Letters indicate nodes discussed in the text. The last common ancestor was arbitrarily placed at 4.25 Ga in the tree, although this placement was not part of the analyses. The grey rectangle shows the time prior to the initial rise in oxygen (presumably anaerobic conditions). Mtb: Methanothermobacter, Tab: Thermoanaerobacter, Tsc: Thermosynechococcus. Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 Table 1 Time estimates for selected nodes in the tree of eubacteria (A-K) and archaebacteria (L-P). Letters refer to Fig. 3. Time (Ma)a CIb Node A 102 57–176 Node B 2508 2154–2928 Node C 2800 2452–3223 Node D 1039 702–1408 Node E 2558 2310–2969 Node F 2784 2490–3203 Node G 2923 2587–3352 Node H 3054 2697–3490 Node I 3186 2801–3634 Node J 3644 3172–4130 Node K 3977 3434–4464 Node L 233 118–386 Node M 3085 2469–3514 Node N 3566 2876–3948 Node O 3781 3047–4163 Node P 4112 3314–4486 a Averages of the divergence times estimated using the 2.3 Ga minimum constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes A-K) and using the 1.198 ± 0.022 Ga constraint and the five ingroup root constraints (nodes L-P). b Credibility interval (minimum and maximum averages of the analyses under the five ingroup root constraints) Battistuzzi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2148-4-44-3-l.jpg [2] tree of archaebacteria (archaea) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.uni-giessen.de/~gf126 5/GROUPS/KLUG/Stammbaum.html | |
4,112,000,000 YBN 3 | 58) The first autotrophic cells; cells that can produce some of their own food.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/44 |
[1] Description Methanopyrus kandleri Date July 2006 Source ms:Imej:Arkea.jpg Auth or ms:User:PM Poon GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/aa/Arkea.jpg | |
4,100,000,000 YBN 6 | 49) Photosynthesis.1 Bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and a an electron donor2 like Hydrogen sulfide into glucose, water, and sulfur.3 Also called "Carbon fixation".4 This is the ancestor of Photosystem I.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ "reductant."Answers.com 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/reductant 3. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id= v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 4. ^ "carbon fixation>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "carbon fixation." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 14 Jul. 2012. arbon fixation>. 5. ^ Lockau, Wolfgang, Wolfgang Nitschke (1993). "Photosystem I and its Bacterial Counterparts". Physiologia Plantarum 88 (2): 372–381. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05512.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054 .1993.tb05512.x 6. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/g6n805154602432w/?MUD=MP {Olson_ 2006.pdf} MORE INFO [1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198 |
[1] Chemiosmosis as it operates in photophosphorylation within a chloroplast. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/facu lty/farabee/biobk/0817_1.gif [2] Chemiosmosis as it operates in photophosphorylation within a chloroplast. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/facu lty/farabee/biobk/0817_2.gif | |
4,000,000,000 YBN 8 | 43) Photosynthesis Photosystem II evolves. Cells emit free Oxygen.4 Bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and water into glucose, releasing oxygen gas in the process.5 6 This is the main system responsible for producing the Oxygen now in the air of Earth.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/fara bee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 2. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/fara bee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 3. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 4. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/fara bee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 5. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 6. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id= v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537 7. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke d/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 8. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. MORE INFO [1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198 |
[1] Chemiosmosis as it operates in photophosphorylation within a chloroplast. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/facu lty/farabee/biobk/0817_1.gif [2] Chemiosmosis as it operates in photophosphorylation within a chloroplast. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/facu lty/farabee/biobk/0817_2.gif | |
4,000,000,000 YBN 4 | 51) End of Hadean {HADEiN1 } start of Archean {oRKEiN2 } Eon.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time 2. ^ "Archean." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaean 3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 4. ^ "Divisions of Geologic Time", 2010, USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/ pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf | |
3,950,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 | 37) (Filamentous) multicellularity evolves in prokaryotes. Photosynthetic bacteria grow in filaments. Cells stay fastened together after cell division.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 2. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 3. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 6. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] Grosberg R. K., Strathmann R. R. 2007 The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition? Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38, 621–654. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.1 14735) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/1 0.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 [2] Rokas A. 2008 The origins of multicellularity and the early history of the genetic toolkit for animal development. Ann. Rev. Genet. 42, 235–251. (doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091 513) http://apps.webofknowledge.com/Inb oundService.do?UT=000261767000011&IsProd uctCode=Yes&mode=FullRecord&product=WOS& SID=1EHDdbNiNf4NO8nC299&smartRedirect=ye s&SrcApp=CR&DestFail=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.we bofknowledge.com%3FDestApp%3DCEL%26DestP arams%3D%253Faction%253Dretrieve%2526mod e%253DFullRecord%2526product%253DCEL%252 6UT%253D000261767000011%2526customersID% 253DHighwire%26e%3DQZIAIzGgKoYbxc_i_WNam laqQ0.s968BNEwQvqhM9p.770dFYju0AbJCFAAcj orA%26SrcApp%3DHighwire%26SrcAuth%3DHigh wire&action=retrieve&Init=Yes&SrcAuth=Hi ghwire&customersID=Highwire&Func=Frame |
[1] Microgram of filamentous bacteria from flexible setae. (Courtesy Zoosystema © 2005) COPYRIGHTED source: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s 2009/decker_rour/images/yeti-crab-filame ntous-bacteria.JPG [2] Filamentous Bacteria Microthrix Parvicella UNKNOWN source: http://ebsbiowizard.com/wp-conte nt/gallery/filamentous-bacteria-microthr ix-parvicella/filamentous-bacteria-micro thrix-parvicella.jpg | |
3,950,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 | 316) Cell differentiation evolves in filamentous prokaryotes, creating organisms with different kinds of cells.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 3. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 4. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238. http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D 0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238 5. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL. “Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995): 285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c om/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817. x/abstract MORE INFO [1] Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0 .CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 |
[1] Adapted from: Anabaena smitthi COPYRIGHTED FRANCE source: http://www.ac-rennes.fr/pedagogi e/svt/photo/microalg/anabaena.jpg [2] Anabaena COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://home.manhattan.edu/~franc es.cardillo/plants/monera/anabaena.gif | |
3,950,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 322) Nitrogen fixation. Cells can make nitrogen compounds like ammonia from Nitrogen gas in the air.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fi xation 2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 3. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fi xation 4. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 5. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 6. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/10 3/14/5442.full 7. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238. http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D 0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238 8. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL. “Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995): 285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c om/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817. x/abstract | West Africa5 |
[1] Fig. 2. Modern cyanobacterial akinetes and Archaeoellipsoides fossils. (A) Three-month-old culture of living A. cylindrica grown in a medium without combined nitrogen. A, akinete; H, heterocyst; V, vegetative cells. (B–D) Shown are Archaeoellipsoides fossils from 1,500-Ma Billyakh Group, northern Siberia (B); 1,650-Ma McArthur Group, northern Australia (C); and 2,100-Ma Franceville Group, Gabon (D). (Scale bars, 10 μm.) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.pnas.org/content/103/ 14/5442/F2.large.jpg [2] Fig. 2. Modern cyanobacterial akinetes and Archaeoellipsoides fossils. (A) Three-month-old culture of living A. cylindrica grown in a medium without combined nitrogen. A, akinete; H, heterocyst; V, vegetative cells. (B–D) Shown are Archaeoellipsoides fossils from 1,500-Ma Billyakh Group, northern Siberia (B); 1,650-Ma McArthur Group, northern Australia (C); and 2,100-Ma Franceville Group, Gabon (D). (Scale bars, 10 μm.) COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.pnas.org/content/103/ 14/5442/F2.large.jpg |
3,900,000,000 YBN | 57) Aerobic cellular respiration. First aerobic (or "oxygenic") cell. These cells use oxygen to convert glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.3 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. |
[1] purple aerobic bacteria UNKNOWN source: http://endosymbiotichypothesis.f iles.wordpress.com/2010/09/rain-bacteria .jpg [2] Organisms of Rickettsia conorii (r), a close relative of R. rickettsii, in a cultured human endothelial cell are located free in the cytosol. One rickettsia is dividing by binary fission (arrowhead). (B) These rickettsiae can move inside the cytoplasm of the host cell because of the propulsive force created by the ''tail'' of host cell actin filaments (arrow). Bars = 0.5 µm. Photo and text courtesy of David H. Walker - http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch038.htm UNKNOWN AND Rickettsia prowazekii (image with Rickettsia outside of cell) COPYRIGHTED [1] Rickettsia prowazekii COPYRIGHTED FAIR USE source: http://www.bio.davidson.edu/peop le/sosarafova/Assets/Bio307/liwoeste/Pic tures/Walker%203%5B1%5D.jpghttp://web.ms t.edu/~microbio/bio221_2001/Image9.jpg | |
3,850,000,000 YBN 12 | 36) Oldest physical evidence for life: ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in grains of ancient minerals.5 6 7 Life uses the lighter Carbon-12 isotope.8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf 2. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 3. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 4. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 5. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 6. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 7. ^ "apatite." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite 8. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 9. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 10. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 11. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 12. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf MORE INFO [1] "Banded iron formation." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/banded-iron -formation [2] Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journa l/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf | Akilia Island, Western Greenland10 11 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Mojzsis, S. J. et al. ''Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago.'' Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf [2] Figure 1 from: Mojzsis, S. J. et al. ''Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago.'' Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf |
3,850,000,000 YBN 13 | 45) Oldest sediment, the Banded Iron Formation begins.7 Banded Iron Formation is sedimentary rock that spans from 3.8 to 1.8 billion years ago, made of iron-rich silicates with alternating layers of black colored reduced iron and red colored oxidized iron8 9 and represents a seasonal rise and fall of free oxygen in the ocean, possibly linked to photosynthetic organisms.10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.t af?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 2. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.t af?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 3. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=R6b3skeNXrgC 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/30/12/1079.abstract 6. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865 -868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/33/11/865.abstract 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/bo oks?id=R6b3skeNXrgC 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/30/12/1079.abstract 11. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865 -868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/33/11/865.abstract 12. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.t af?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 13. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.t af?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, {3850 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Roger Lewin, "Thread of Life", (New York: Smithsonian Books, 1982). p102 [2] http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html [3] "Banded iron formation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_iron _formation | Akilia Island, Western Greenland12 |
[1] image of BIF from Akilia from Nature COPYRIGHTED source: nature 11/7/96 [2] portion taken from: Description English: This image shows a 2.1 billion years old rock containing black-banded ironstone, which has a weight of about 8.5 tons. The approximately two meter high, three meter wide, and one meter thick block of stone was found in North America and belongs to the National Museum of Mineralogy and Geology in Dresden, Germany. The rock is located at +51°2'34.84'' +13°45'26.67''. Deutsch: Dieses Bild zeigt einen etwa 8,5 Tonnen schweren und 2,1 Milliarden Jahre alten Block mit Bändereisenerzen. Der etwa zwei Meter hohe, drei Meter breite und einen Meter tiefe Gesteinsblock wurde in Nordamerika gefunden und gehört dem Staatlichen Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie Dresden. Der Block befindet sich bei den Koordinaten +51°2'34.84'' +13°45'26.67''. Camera data Camera Nikon D70 Lens Tamron SP AF 90mm/2.8 Di Macro 1:1 Focal length 90 mm Aperture f/2.8 Exposure time 1/250 s Sensivity ISO 200 Please help translating the description into more languages. Thanks a lot! If you want a license with the conditions of your choice, please email me to negotiate terms. best new image Date 26 August 2005 Source Own work Author André Karwath aka Aka CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Black-band_iron stone_%28aka%29.jpg/1280px-Black-band_ir onstone_%28aka%29.jpg |
3,500,000,000 YBN 9 10 | 39) Oldest fossil evidence of life: stromatolites.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 2. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 3. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 4. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 5. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 6. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 7. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 8. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 9. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 10. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html | Warrawoona, Western Australia, and, Fig Tree Group, South Africa7 8 |
[1] image on left is from swaziland source: nature feb 6 [2] source: 1986 |
3,500,000,000 YBN 14 15 16 17 | 287) Oldest fossils of an organism, similar to cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u7 }.8 9 2.8 billion years will pass before the first animal evolves.10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 2. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 3. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 4. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 7. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacter ia 8. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 9. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 10. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 11. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 12. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 13. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 14. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 15. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 16. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 17. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html MORE INFO [1] BIO415 (Author? University?) Multicelluarity.pdf (t3: multicellularity of cyanobacteria) [2] t3: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sab edon/biol3018.htm multicellularity. "Some cyanobacteria species exist in a truly, though primitive, multicellular form in which cellular differentiation occurs." | Warrawoona, northwestern Western Australia12 and Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa13 |
[1] Figure 1 Optical photomicrographs showing carbonaceous (kerogenous) filamentous microbial fossils in petrographic thin sections of Precambrian cherts. Scale in a represents images in a and c-i; scale in b represents image in b. All parts show photomontages, which is necessitated by the three-dimensional preservation of the cylindrical sinuous permineralized microbes. Squares in each part indicate the areas for which chemical data are presented in Figs 2 and 3. a, An unnamed cylindrical prokaryotic filament, probably the degraded cellular trichome or tubular sheath of an oscillatoriacean cyanobacterium, from the 770-Myr Skillogalee Dolomite of South Australia12. b, Gunflintia grandis, a cellular probably oscillatoriacean trichome, from the 2,100-Myr Gunflint Formation of Ontario, Canada13. c, d, Unnamed highly carbonized filamentous prokaryotes from the 3,375-Myr Kromberg Formation of South Africa14: the poorly preserved cylindrical trichome of a noncyanobacterial or oscillatoriacean prokaryote (c); the disrupted, originally cellular trichomic remnants possibly of an Oscillatoria- or Lyngbya-like cyanobacterium (d). e-i, Cellular microbial filaments from the 3,465-Myr Apex chert of northwestern Western Australia: Primaevifilum amoenum4,5, from the collections of The Natural History Museum (TNHM), London, specimen V.63164[6] (e); P. amoenum4 (f); the holotype of P. delicatulum4,5,15, TNHM V.63165[2] (g); P. conicoterminatum5, TNHM V63164[9] (h); the holotype of Eoleptonema apex5, TNHM V.63729[1] (i). source: Nature416 [2] Fig. 3 Filamentous microfossils: a, cylindrical microfossil from Hooggenoeg sample; b, threadlike and tubular filaments extending between laminae, Kromberg sample; c,d,e, tubular filamnets oriented subparallel to bedding, Kromberg sample; f, threadlike filament flattened parallel to bedding, Kromberg sample. source: 73 - 76 (07 Mar 2002) Letters to Nature http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v41 6/n6876/fig_tab/416073a_F1.html |
3,400,000,000 YBN 4 | 190) Earliest fossils of coccoid {KoKOED1 } (spherical) bacteria.2 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "coccoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coccoid 2. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 3. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 4. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) MORE INFO [1] maybe evidence: Nagy, B. and Nagy, L.A., 1969. Early Precambrian microstructures: possibly the oldest fossils on Earth?. Nature 223, pp. 1226-1229.? | Kromberg Formation, Swaziland System, South Africa3 |
[1] Fig. 3. from: Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261 (a,b) Organic microstructures from Kromberg Formation, Swaziland System, South Africa (ca 3.4 Ga). TEM-micrographs of demineralized specimens. (c) Portion of organic microstructure from Bulawaya stromatolite (see Fig. 2). (d) Portion of the mucilagenous sheath of recent Anabaena sp., cyanobacteria (Fig. d after Leak, 1967). For magnification of Fig. c see scale of Fig. a. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence/article/pii/S0301926800001261 [2] Fig. 3. from: Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261 (a,b) Organic microstructures from Kromberg Formation, Swaziland System, South Africa (ca 3.4 Ga). TEM-micrographs of demineralized specimens. (c) Portion of organic microstructure from Bulawaya stromatolite (see Fig. 2). (d) Portion of the mucilagenous sheath of recent Anabaena sp., cyanobacteria (Fig. d after Leak, 1967). For magnification of Fig. c see scale of Fig. a. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retriev e&_udi=B6VBP-42G6M5T-7&_image=fig9&_ba=9 &_user=4422&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F2001&_f mt=full&_orig=browse&_cdi=5932&view=c&_a cct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0& _userid=4422&md5=27a45a0804747bb4b74eaac 305df2905 |
3,260,000,000 YBN 4 | 71) Prokaryote reproduction by budding.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 2. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 3. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 4. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) | Swartkoppie, South Africa3 |
[1] Evolutionary relationships of model organisms and bacteria that show unusual reproductive strategies. This phylogenetic tree (a) illustrates the diversity of organisms that use the alternative reproductive strategies shown in (b). Bold type indicates complete or ongoing genome projects. Intracellular offspring are produced by several low-GC Gram-positive bacteria such as Metabacterium polyspora, Epulopiscium spp. and the segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). Budding and multiple fission are found in the proteobacterial genera Hyphomonas and Bdellovibrio, respectively. In the case of the Cyanobacteria, Stanieria produces baeocytes and Chamaesiphon produces offspring by budding. Actinoplanes produce dispersible offspring by multiple fission of filaments within the sporangium. source: http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/jo urnal/v3/n3/full/nrmicro1096_fs.html (Nature Reviews Microbiology 3 [2] Electron micrograph of a Pirellula bacterium from giant tiger prawn tissue (Penaeus monodon). Notice the large crateriform structures (C) on the cell surface and flagella. From Fuerst et al. source: 214-224 (2005); doi:10.1038/nrmicro1096) |
3,200,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 13 14 | 66) Earliest acritarch fossils (unicellular microfossils with uncertain affinity5 6 ). These acritarchs are also the earliest possible eukaryote fossils.7 8 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch 2. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194. 3. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ac ritarch.html 4. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 5. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch 6. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194. 7. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ac ritarch.html 8. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 9. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010): 934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html 10. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010): 934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html {3.2 bybn} 11. ^ A. H. Knoll, E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic Organisms in Proterozoic Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470, Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological, Molecular and Cellular Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29, 2006), pp. 1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 0209698 {1.8 bybn} 12. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/di noflagfr.html {1.8 bybn} 13. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ac ritarch.html {1900-1600 mybn} 14. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p257. {1.6 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Knoll, Andrew H., Walter, Malcolm, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 2003-02-01, Springer Netherlands, Vol33, Iss1, p75-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:102 3992712071 [2] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 [3] Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A Molecular Time-Scale for Eukaryote Evolution Recalibrated with the Continuous Microfossil Record", Proceedings: Biological Sciences , Vol. 273, No. 1596 (Aug. 7, 2006), pp. 1867-1872 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 5223537 [4] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Andrew H. Knoll, and Malcolm R. Walter. “Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems.” Nature 412.6842 (2001): 66-69. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v412/n6842/abs/412066a0.html | (Moodies Group) South Africa9 |
[1] Figure from: Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010): 934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html [2] Figure from: Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Andrew H. Knoll, and Malcolm R. Walter. “Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems.” Nature 412.6842 (2001): 66-69. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v412/n6842/abs/412066a0.html Figur e 1 Protistan microfossils from the Roper Group. a, c, Tappania plana, showing asymmetrically distributed processes and bulbous protrusions (arrow in a). b, detail of a, showing dichotomously branching process. d, Valeria lophostriata. e, Dictyosphaera sp. f, Satka favosa. The scale bar in a is 35 µm for a and c; 10 µm for b; 100 µm for d; 15 µm for e; and 40 µm for f. source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v412/n6842/abs/412066a0.html |
2,923,000,000 YBN 10 | 178) Eubacteria Firmicutes (FiRmiKYUTEZ6 ) evolve (Gram positive bacteria: the cause of botulism, tetanus, anthrax).7 8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=fi rmicutes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacte ria?topic=49480 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=fi rmicutes&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 10. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglyc an [2] firmicutes only bacteria to make endospores http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicutes [4] http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/fir micutes.html |
[1] Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium, in the division Firmicutes, named for Joseph Lister. It is motile by means of flagella. Some studies suggest that 1 to 10% of humans may carry L. monocytogenes in their intestines. Researchers have found L. monocytogenes in at least 37 mammalian species, both domesticated and feral, as well as in at least 17 species of birds and possibly in some species of fish and shellfish. Laboratories can isolate L. monocytogenes from soil, silage, and other environmental sources. L. monocytogenes is quite hardy and resists the deleterious effects of freezing, drying, and heat remarkably well for a bacterium that does not form spores. Most L. monocytogenes are pathogenic to some degree. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Listeria.jpg [2] These are bacteria (about 0.3 µm in diameter) that do not have outer walls, only cytoplasmic membranes. However, they do have cytoskeletal elements that give them a distinct non-spherical shape. They look like schmoos that are pulled along by their heads. How they are able to glide is a mystery. source: http://webmac.rowland.org/labs/b acteria/projects_glide.html | |
2,920,000,000 YBN 2 | 288) First endospores. The ability to form endospores evolves in firmicutes. An endospore is a tough reduced dry form of a bacterium that can be revived after long periods of time.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J. Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteri a?topic=49480 2. ^ Ted Huntington, a total guess my friends MORE INFO [1] "Endospore". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore |
[1] Spore forming inside a bacterium. Stahly, MicrobeLibrary COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.microbe.org/microbes/ spores.asp [2] Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium, in the division Firmicutes, named for Joseph Lister. It is motile by means of flagella. Some studies suggest that 1 to 10% of humans may carry L. monocytogenes in their intestines. Researchers have found L. monocytogenes in at least 37 mammalian species, both domesticated and feral, as well as in at least 17 species of birds and possibly in some species of fish and shellfish. Laboratories can isolate L. monocytogenes from soil, silage, and other environmental sources. L. monocytogenes is quite hardy and resists the deleterious effects of freezing, drying, and heat remarkably well for a bacterium that does not form spores. Most L. monocytogenes are pathogenic to some degree. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Listeria.jpg | |
2,800,000,000 YBN 9 | 76) Eubacteria Proteobacteria evolve (Rickettsia {ancestor of all mitochondria}, gonorrhea, Salmonella, E coli).5 6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 4. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 8. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] multicellularity. http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sab edon/biol3018.htm multicellularity. Multicellularity.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia _coli http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacte ria [2] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html [3] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation> [4] conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989) [5] prokaryote pili and archaea flagella related: http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cf m?meds=profile&profile=12 [6] Stackebrandt et al. Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the phylogenetic taxon that includes the "purple bacteria and their relatives". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1988, 38, 321–325. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/c ontent/38/3/321.full.pdf |
[1] Figure 1. Transmission electron micrograph of the ELB agent in XTC-2 cells. The rickettsia are free in the cytoplasm and surrounded by an electron transparent halo. Original magnification X 30,000. CDC PD source: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ eid/vol7no1/raoultG1.htm [2] Caulobacter crescentus. From http://sunflower.bio.indiana.edu/~ybrun/ L305.html COPYRIGHTED EDU was in wiki but appears to be removed source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/en/4/42/Caulobacter.jpg | |
2,800,000,000 YBN 21 | 177) Gender and sex (conjugation) evolve in Escherichia Coli {esRriKEo KOlI13 } bacteria. Conjugation is the exchange of DNA (plasmids) by a donor {male} bacterium through a pilus to a recipient {female} bacterium.14 15 16 17 18 19 Proteins that can cut or connect strands of DNA evolve.20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 2. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation>. 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 6. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 7. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 8. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation>. 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 12. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 13. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. scherichia coli>. 14. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 15. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/132820/conjugation>. 16. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 19. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 20. ^ prokaryote pili and archaea flagella related: http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cf m?meds=profile&profile=12 21. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN} |
[1] the fertility factor or F factor is a very large (94,500 bp) circular dsDNA plasmid; it is generally independent of the host chromosome. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.mun.ca/biochem/course s/3107/images/Fplasmidmap.gif [2] conjugation (via pilus) COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/16 0/conjugation.jpg | |
2,795,000,000 YBN | 23) The first virus evolves.3 These cells depend on the DNA duplicating and protein producing systems of other cells to copy themselves.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 2. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 3. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 4. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm |
[1] Description Electron micrograph of Bacteriophages Date Source en:Image:Phage.jpg Author en:User:GrahamColm PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/52/Phage.jpg | |
2,784,000,000 YBN 5 | 176) Eubacteria Planctomycetes {PlaNK-TO-mI-SETS3 } (or Planctobacteria).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planct omycetes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planct omycetes&submit=Submit 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] s10 http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/5 0/6/1965 [2] http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/6/resear ch/0031 [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomyce tes [4] Lee, Kuo-Chang, Rick Webb, and John Fuerst. “The Cell Cycle of the Planctomycete Gemmata Obscuriglobus with Respect to Cell Compartmentalization.” BMC Cell Biology 10.1 (2009): 4. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-21 21/10/4/ |
[1] Electron micrographs of cells of new Gemmata-like and Isosphaera-like isolates. (A) Negatively stained cell of the Gemmata-like strain JW11-2f5 showing crateriform structures (arrowhead) and coccoid cell morphology. Bar marker, 200 nm. (B) Negatively stained budding cell of Isosphaera-like strain CJuql1 showing uniform crateriform structures (arrowhead) on the mother cell and coccoid cell morphology. Bar marker, 200 nm. (C) Thin section of Gemmata-like cryosubstituted cell of strain JW3-8s0 showing the double-membrane-bounded nuclear body (NB) and nucleoid (N) enclosed within it. Bar marker, 200 nm. (D) Thin section of Isosphaera-like strain C2-3 possessing a fibrillar nucleoid (N) within a cytoplasmic compartment bounded by a single membrane (M) only. Bar marker, 200 nm. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 January; 68(1): 417-422. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.1.417-422.2002. source: http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/art iclerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=117 72655 [2] Evolutionary distance tree derived from comparative analysis of 16S rDNAs from freshwater and soil isolates and reference strains of the order Planctomycetales. Database accession numbers are shown in parentheses after species, strain, or clone names. Bootstrap values of greater than 70% from 100 bootstrap resamplings from the distance analysis are presented at nodes. Thermotoga maritima was used as an outgroup. Isolates from this study and representative named species of the planctomycetes are indicated in bold. The scale bar represents 0.1 nucleotide substitution per nucleotide position. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 January; 68(1): 417-422. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.1.417-422.2002. source: http://florey.biosci.uq.edu.au/m ypa/images/fuerst2.gif | |
2,784,000,000 YBN 13 | 179) Eubacteria Actinobacteria {aKTinO-BaK-TER-Eu7 } (Gram positive, source of streptomycin).8 9 10 11 12 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ac tinobacteria&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 4. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacte ria 5. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archiv es/leprosy.htm 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ac tinobacteria&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 10. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacte ria 11. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archiv es/leprosy.htm 12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] "streptomyces." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/streptomyce s |
[1] Aerial mycelium and spore of Streptomyces coelicolor. The mycelium and the oval spores are about 1µm wide, typical for bacteria and much smaller than fungal hyphae and spores. (Scanning electron micrograph, Mark Buttner, Kim Findlay, John Innes Centre). COPYRIGHT UK source: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects /S_coelicolor/micro_image4.shtml [2] Frankia is a genus of nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria, which possesses a set of features that are unique amongst symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, including rhizobia, making it an attractive taxon to study. These heterotrophic Gram-positive bacteria which are able to induce symbiotic nitrogen-fixing root nodules (actinorhizas) in a wide range of dicotyledonous species (actinorhizal plants), have also the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen in culture and under aerobic conditions. source: http://www.ibmc.up.pt/webpagesgr upos/cam/Frankia.htm | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 5 | 174) Eubacteria Spirochaetes (SPIrOKETEZ3 ) (Syphilis, Lyme disease).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunc iation%20Guide.pdf 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunc iation%20Guide.pdf 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ estimated from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] "spirochete." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/spirochete |
[1] Syphilis is a complex, sexually transmitted disease (STD) with a highly variable clinical course. The disease is caused by the bacterium, Treponema pallidum. In the United States, 32,871 cases of syphilis, including 432 cases of congenital syphilis, were detected by public health officials in 2002. Eight of the ten states with the highest rates of syphilis are located in the southern region of the United States. source: http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/tus kegee/syphilis.htm [2] unknown source: http://uhavax.hartford.edu/bugl/ images/Treponema%20pallidum.jpg | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 175) Eubacteria Bacteroidetes {BaKTRrOEDiTEZ4 }.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ba cteroidetes+&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 4. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ba cteroidetes+&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 7. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidet es [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi |
[1] Description Bacteroides biacutis—one of many en:commensal anaerobic en:Bacteroides spp. in the en:gastrointestinal tract—cultured in blood agar medium for 48 hours. Obtained from the CDC Public Health Image Library. Image credit: CDC/Dr. V.R. Dowell, Jr. (PHIL #3087), 1972. Date 2006-03-11 (original upload date) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was MarcoTolo at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) PD-USGOV-HHS-CDC. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bacteroides_bia cutis_01.jpg/1280px-Bacteroides_biacutis _01.jpg [2] Bacteroides fragilis . From the Zdravotni University source: http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microb ial_Biorealm/bacteria/bacteroidete_chlor ob_group/bacteroides/bacteroides.htm | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 5 | 217) Eubacteria Chlamydiae {Klo-mi-DE-I or Klo-mi-DE-E3 } evolve.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ch lamydiae&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ch lamydiae&submit=Submit 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicr obia |
[1] cell infected with Chlamydia The Bavoil laboratory studies the pathogenesis of the obligate intracellular pathogen, Chlamydia, and its bacteriophages. Specific research areas include the role of Chlamydia type III secretion in pathogenesis and development, the impact of Chlamydia phage infection on disease, the role of the polymorphic membrane protein family of C. trachomatis in infection and disease and comparative genomics within the Chlamydiaceae. [1] Chlamydia trachomatis wiki, is copyrighted source: http://www.dental.umaryland.edu/ sebin/p/o/chlamydia_infected_cell2.jpg [2] wiki, public domain source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chl amydia_trachomatis | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 6309) Eubacteria Chlorobi (green sulphur bacteria).3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 5. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidet es [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi |
[1] Description Deutsch: Grüne Schwefelbakterien (Chlorobiaceae) im unteren Bereich einer Winogradsky-Säule Date 20.03.2007 (20 March 2007 (original upload date)) Source Transferred from de.wikipedia; transfer was stated to be made by User:Jacopo Werther. (Original text : Mikrobiologie Praktikum Universität Kassel März 2007) Author kOchstudiO. Original uploader was KOchstudiO at de.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released into the public domain (by the author). (Original text : uneingeschränkte Nutzung) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e7/Green_d_winogradsky.j pg [2] Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p194. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p194. | |
2,775,000,000 YBN 5 | 6310) Eubacteria Verrucomicrobia (VeR-rUKO-mI-KrO-BEo3 ).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ve rrucomicrobia&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ve rrucomicrobia&submit=Submit 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicr obia |
[1] Figure 1 Transmission electron micrographs of high-pressure frozen and cryosubstituted Verrucomicrobium spinosum. A. Cell prepared by high-pressure freezing and cryosubstitution showing prostheca (PT), paryphoplasm (P), and an intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) enclosing a pirellulosome region containing a condensed fibrillar nucleoid (N). Inset: enlarged view of area of cell outlined in the white box showing cytoplasmic membrane (CM), paryphoplasm and ICM. B. freeze-fracture replica of cell showing cross-fractured paryphoplasm (P) and fracture faces of ICM and CM. Bar – 500 nm Lee et al. BMC Microbiology 2009 9:5 doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-5 CC source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2180-9-5-1-l.jpg [2] Figure 2 Transmission electron micrograph of high-pressure frozen and cryosubstituted Verrucomicrobium spinosum. Cell prepared by high-pressure freezing and cryosubstitution showing prostheca (PT), ribosome-free paryphoplasm (P), and an intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) enclosing a pirellulosome region containing a condensed fibrillar nucleoid (N). Membrane-bounded vesicle-like compartments within some prosthecae extensions are also present (see arrowheads). Bar – 1 μm Lee et al. BMC Microbiology 2009 9:5 doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-5 CC source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2180-9-5-2-l.jpg | |
2,730,000,000 YBN 3 4 | 80) Endo and exocytosis evolve. Cells can now eat other cells. In endocytosis the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell.1 In Exocytosis substances contained in vesicles are released from the cell.2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis 2. ^ "exocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/exocytosis 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess and } 4. ^ guess based on Cavalier-Smith stating that endocytosis occurs before a cytoskeleton {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess and} |
[1] Endocytosis and Exocytosis: For example, this electron micrograph is showing the process of exocytosis . The process begins by fusion of the membranes at the peripheral pole of the granule. Then an opening is created which widens to look like an omicron figure. This opening allows the granular material to be released. The membrane is now part of the plasma membrane and any proteins carried with it can be incorporated into the plasma membrane. Note that there is no coating on the membrane. This figure was taken from Alberts et al, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publishing Third Edition, 1994 In contrast, this micrograph shows a figure which looks something like an omicron, however, this view is showing receptor mediated endocytosis of virus particles. In both cases, the membrane is coated with clathrin and these represent classical receptor mediated endocytosis profiles. Most ligands cannot be visualized by themselves, like a virus particle. Therefore, the cytochemist must attach label to the ligand. Alternatively, the cytochemist could immunocytochemically detect the receptor with antibodies that recognize the extracellular domain. This figure was taken from Endocytosis, Edited by Ira Pastan and Mark C. Willingham, Plenum Press, N.Y., 1985 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.cytochemistry.net/cel l-biology/end7.jpg [2] Pinocytosis In the process of pinocytosis the plasma membrane froms an invagination. What ever substance is found within the area of invagination is brought into the cell. In general this material will be dissolved in water and thus this process is also refered to as ''cellular drinking'' to indicate that liquids and material dissolved in liquids are ingested by the cell. This is opposed to the ingestion of large particulate material like bacteria or other cells or cell debris. UNKNOWN source: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.ed u/biology/bio4fv/page/endocytb.htm | |
2,700,000,000 YBN 12 | 60) Eukaryotic cell. The first cell with a nucleus. The first protist. The nucleus may develop from the infolding of plasma membrane.3 In prokaryotic cells the DNA is not membrane enclosed while in eukaryotic cells most of the DNA is contained in a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells.4 Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton. Eukaryotic cells may have mitochondria and plastids, which prokaryotic cells lack.5 DNA in prokaryotic cells is usually a single circular chromosome, while DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotes contains linear chromosomes.6 Like prokaryotes, this cell is probably haploid (a single unique DNA), most eukaryotes are diploid (having two sets of DNA).7 8 9 10 All protists, fungi, animals and plant cells descend from this common eukaryotic cell.11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 6. ^ Jill Saffrey, "Biology: uniformity & diversity. Core of life, Book 3, Volume 2", 2001, p353. http://books.google.com/books?id= 43yiLI1DvwAC&pg=PA353 7. ^ Montgomery Slatkin, "Exploring evolutionary biology: readings from American scientist", 1995, p161. http://books.google.com/books?ei= AAVdT77TFMiiiQKB8a24Cw 8. ^ Andrew Wallace Hayes, "Principles and methods of toxicology", 2007, p1181. http://books.google.com/books?id =vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA1181 9. ^ N. A. Kolchanov, Hwa A. Lim, "Computer analysis of genetic macromolecules: structure, function, and evolution", 1994, p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=cr ip5tRcF0YC&pg=PA2 10. ^ "diploid", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry http://www.answers.com/top ic/diploid 11. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98. 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {split of archae and eukaryote at c4.0 bybn, but eukaryote {with nucleus?} at) 2.7 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p256 [2] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 [3] Alexey S. Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 28: 391-435 (Volume publication date November 1997) http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/do i/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391; jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO |
[1] Campbell, Reece, et al, ''Biology'', 2008, p517. COPYRIGHTED source: Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p517. [2] http://www.regx.de/m_organisms.php#planc to source: http://www.regx.de/m_organisms.p hp#plancto | |
2,700,000,000 YBN | 62) Earliest molecular fossil evidence of eukaryotes (sterane {STiRAN4 } molecules).5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 4. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 1033-1036 , 13 August 1999 Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes Jochen J. Brocks, 1,2* Graham A. Logan, 2 Roger Buick, 1 Roger E. Summons 2 | Northwestern Australia7 8 |
[1] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, ''Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes'', Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/ 5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 |
2,700,000,000 YBN | 198) The endoplasmic reticulum evolves, a membrane system that extends from the nucleus, important in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic -reticulum 2. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic -reticulum |
[1] Figure 1 : Image of n, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. (1) Nucleus. (2) Nuclear pore. (3) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). (4) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). (5) Ribosome on the rough ER. (6) Proteins that are transported. (7) Transport vesicle. (8) Golgi apparatus. (9) Cis face of the Golgi apparatus. (10) Trans face of the Golgi apparatus. (11) Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. I am the copyright holder of that image (I might even have the CorelDraw file around somewhere:-), and I hereby place the image and all partial images created from it in the public domain. So, you are free to use it any way you like. In fact, I am delighted that one of my drawings makes it into print! I can mail you the .cdr file, if you like (and if I can find it), if you need a better resolution for printing. Yours, Magnus Manske Source: See also User:Magnus Manske source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Nucleus_ER_golgi.jpg [2] Description English: The elongation and membrane targeting stages of eukaryotic translation. The ribosome is green and yellow, the tRNAs are dark blue, and the other proteins involved are light blue. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3c/Translation.gif | |
2,690,000,000 YBN 9 10 | 207) Cytoskeleton {SI-Te-SKeL-i-TN5 } forms in eukaryote cytoplasm.6 7 8 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleto n 2. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 3. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 4. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 5. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleto n 6. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 7. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 8. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess and } 10. ^ guess based on ER and golgi made of same material as cytoskeleton, and after first eukaryote cell {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess and} |
[1] English: Endothelial cells under the microscope. Nuclei are stained blue with DAPI, microtubles are marked green by an antibody bound to FITC and actin filaments are labelled red with phalloidin bound to TRITC. Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/images / PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg [2] FIG. 7. In vitro polymerization of cytoskeletal proteins of the MinD/ParA superfamily. (A) Formation of MinD filament bundles in the presence of MinE, ATP, and phospholipid vesicles. One end of the bundle is markedly frayed because of the presence of MinE. (Reprinted from reference 198 with permission of the publisher. Copyright 2003 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.) (B) Formation of a ParApTP228(ParF) filament bundle in the presence of ParBpTP228(ParG) and ATP. ParBpTP228(ParG) stimulates formation of the frayed end(s) of the ParApTP228(ParF) bundle. (Reprinted from reference 11 by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.) (C) Formation of Soj filaments in the presence of DNA and ATP. (Reprinted from reference 116 by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.) UNKNOWN source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC1594594/bin/zmr0030621350007 .jpg | |
2,690,000,000 YBN 1 | 208) The eukaryote flagellum and cilia evolve. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114. |
[1] Cilia and flagella are projections from the cell. They are made up of microtubules , as shown in this cartoon and are covered by an extension of the plasma membrane. They are motile and designed either to move the cell itself or to move substances over or around the cell. The primary purpose of cilia in mammalian cells is to move fluid, mucous, or cells over their surface. Cilia and flagella have the same internal structure. The major difference is in their length. This figure shows a cross section of a cilium next to a longitudinal section. Below, we will see how the microtubules are organized in the core (shown in the cartoon in this figure). Also shown is the centriole or basal body that organizes the formation and direction of the cilia. COPYRIGHTED source: Description Transmission electron microscope image, showing an example of green algae (Chlorophyta). Chlamydomanas reinhardtii is a unicellular flagellate used as a model system in molecular genetics work and flagellar motility studies. This image is a longitudinal section through the flagella area. In the cell apex is the basal body that is the anchoring site for a flagella. Basal bodies originate from and have a substructure similar to that of centrioles, with nine peripheral microtubule triplets(see structure at bottom center of image). The two inner microtubules of each triplet in a basal body become the two outer doublets in the flagella. This image also shows the transition region, with its fibers of the stellate structure. The top of the image shows the flagella passing through the cell wall. Date 20 September 2007 Source Source and public domain notice at http://remf.dartmouth.edu/imagesindex.ht ml Author Dartmouth Electron Microscope Facility, Dartmouth College PD [2] This figure shows an electron micrograph of a cross section of a cilium. Note that you can see the dynein arms and the nexin links. The dynein arms have ATPase activity. In the presence of ATP, they can move from one tubulin to another. They enable the tubules to slide along one another so the cilium can bend. The dynein bridges are regulated so that sliding leads to synchronized bending. Because of the nexin and radial spokes, the doublets are held in place so sliding is limited lengthwise. If nexin and the radial spokes are subjected to enzyme digestion, and exposed to ATP, the doublets will continue to slide and telescope up to 9X their length. COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chlamydomonas_T EM_09.jpg/1280px-Chlamydomonas_TEM_09.jp g | |
2,680,000,000 YBN 3 | 65) The circular chromosome in the eukaryote nucleus changes into linear chromosomes.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +20mybn guess} MORE INFO [1] not all prokaryotes have circle of DNA: http://arjournals.annualreviews.or g/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1. 391;jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO [2] Jumas-Bilak E, Maugard C, Michaux-Charachon S, Allardet-Servent A, Perrin A, et al. 1995. Study of the organization of the genomes of Escherichia coli, Brucella melitensis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens by insertion of a unique restriction site. Microbiology 141:2425-32 (Medline) [3] Lezhava A, Kameoka D, Sugino H, Goshi K, Shinkawa H, et al. 1997. Chromosomal deletions in Streptomyces griseus that remove the afsA locus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:478-83 [4] Marconi RT, Casjens S, Munderloh UG, Samuels DS. 1996. Analysis of linear plasmid dimers in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates: implications concerning the potential mechanisms of linear plasmid replication. J. Bact. 178:3357-61 |
[1] A DNA molecule is very long (a few meters) but extremely thin (narrow; measured in nanometers). Here is an electron microscope photo of a DNA strand: PD source: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/ dna1.jpg [2] [t Is this an accurate image? - Is a chromosome made of a single wound strand of DNA? update- no see image 8] Every cell in the human body (except red blood cells) contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (a) Each chromosome is made up of a tightly coiled strand of DNA. (b) DNA’s uncoiled state reveals its familiar double helix shape. If DNA is pictured as a twisted ladder, its sides, made of sugar and phosphate molecules, are connected by (c) rungs made of chemicals called bases. DNA has four bases—adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine—that form interlocking pairs. The order of the bases along the length of the ladder is the DNA sequence. PD source: https://www.llnl.gov/str/June03/ gifs/Stubbs1.gif | |
2,670,000,000 YBN | 199) Eukaryote Golgi Apparatus evolves (packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/238044/Golgi-apparatus>. 2. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/238044/Golgi-apparatus>. MORE INFO [1] "Endosome." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endosome |
[1] Figure 1: Image of nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus: (1) Nucleus, (2) Nuclear pore, (3) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), (4) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), (5) Ribosome on the rough ER, (6) Proteins that are transported, (7) Transport vesicle, (8) Golgi apparatus, (9) Cis face of the Golgi apparatus, (10) Trans face of the Golgi apparatus, (11) Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, (12) Secretory vesicle, (13) Plasma membrane, (14) Exocytosis, (15) Cytoplasm, (16) Extracellular space. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Nucleus_ER_golgi_ex.jpg [2] no description UNKNOWN source: http://sun.menloschool.org/~cwea ver/cells/e/lysosomes/ | |
2,670,000,000 YBN 3 | 290) The nucleolus evolves. The nucleolus is a sphere in the nucleus that makes ribosomal RNA.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 3. ^ Ted Huntington guess MORE INFO [1] Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry Oxford University Press. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights reserved. http://www.answers.com/topic/ nucleolus#ixzz2VAspF99U |
[1] Nucleolus, COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.eccentrix.com/members /chempics/Slike/cell/Nucleolus.jpg [2] With the combination of x-rays from the Advanced Light Source and a new protein-labeling technique, scientists can see the distribution of the nucleoli within the nucleus of a mammary epithelial cell. USG PD source: http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Artic les/Archive/xray-inside-cells.html | |
2,660,000,000 YBN 7 | 72) Mitosis evolves in Eukaryote cells.3 4 Mitosis is the process in eukaryotic cell division in which the duplicated chromosomes are separated and the nucleus divides resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains an identical copy of the parental chromosomes. Mitosis is usually immediately followed by division of the cytoplasm.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 2. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf} 3. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf} 5. ^ "mitosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis 6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p230-233. 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -40mybn guess} |
[1] Mitosis divides genetic information during cell division Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer /genetics_cell.html This image is from the Science Primer, a work of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, part of the National Institutes of Health. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit osis [2] Prophase: The two round objects above the nucleus are the centrosomes. Note the condensed chromatin. from Gray's Anatomy. Unless stated otherwise, it is from the online edition of the 20th U.S. edition of Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, originally published in 1918. Online editions can be found on Bartleby and also on Yahoo! source: UNKNOWN | |
2,640,000,000 YBN 18 | 73) Eukaryote sex evolves. Two identical cells fuse (isogamy)7 . First diploid cell. First zygote.8 9 Increase in genetic variety.10 Because of sex, two cells with different DNA can mix providing more genetic variety. Having two chromosome sets also provides a backup copy of important genes.11 12 All sexual species alternate between haploid and diploid.13 14 This begins the haplontic life cycle: mitosis only occurs in the haploid phase; the only diploid cell is the zygote15 .16 17 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 4. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 7. ^ Karen Arms, Pamela S. Camp, "Biology", Third Edition, 1987, p398. http://books.google.com/books?ei= fjtmT96tDqPQiAKP2qyiDw&id=ga_uAAAAMAAJ 8. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 11. ^ Glenn E. Croston, "Kaplan AP biology", 2000, p98. http://books.google.com/books?id=P WsKAQAAMAAJ 12. ^ Janette B. Benson, Marshall M. Haith, "Diseases and Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood", 2009, p203. 13. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252. 14. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 15. ^ Rowoand, M.D. Bath Advanced Science - Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series, p503. http://books.google.com/books?id= j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA503 16. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 17. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=X sgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 18. ^ estimate based on diplomonads having sex repro, and origin of euk being (is now) {Nucleus 2700 -60mybn guess)(was 2710mybn} MORE INFO [1] J. William Schopf, "Major Events in the History of Life", (Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1992).p57 (was) |
[1] Theoretical first eukaryote sex adapted from image of gametic meiosis GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Zygotic_meiosis.jpg [2] Theoretical first eukaryote sex adapted from image of gametic meiosis GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Zygotic_meiosis.jpg | |
2,640,000,000 YBN 7 | 206) Meiosis evolves (one-step meiosis: a single cell division of a diploid cell into two haploid cells).3 4 Meiosis, is similar to mitosis5 , but reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid making gametes in animals and spores in plants.6 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division 3. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p253. 6. ^ "meiosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis 7. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 |
[1] Theoretical first eukaryote sex adapted from image of gametic meiosis GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Zygotic_meiosis.jpg [2] Theoretical first eukaryote sex adapted from image of gametic meiosis GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Zygotic_meiosis.jpg | |
2,610,000,000 YBN 12 | 296) Gender in eukaryotes evolves.7 Anisogamy {aNISoGomE8 9 }, sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between two cells that are different in size or shape.10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 3. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisog amy&submit=Submit 5. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 6. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 7. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 8. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisog amy&submit=Submit 10. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 11. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -90mybn guess} |
[1] Combination of images: Description English: Different types of isogamy: A) Isogamy of motile cells B) Isogamy of non-motile cells C) Conjugation of gametangia Date 30 July 2008 Source Vectorised SVG version of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Isoga my.png Author Original bitmap version by Tameeria, SVG version by Qef Other versions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image: Isogamy.png PD AND Description Different types of en:anisogamy: A) Anisogamy of motile gametes B) Oogamy (non-motile egg cell, motile sperm cell) C) Anisogamy of non-motile gametes Date 2008-06-30 02:07 (UTC) Source Anisogamy.png Author This SVG version by Qef (talk) Anisogamy.png: Original uploader was Tameeria at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Helix84 at en.wikipedia. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d5/Isogamy.svghttp://upl oad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7 /Anisogamy.svg [2] Description Different types of en:anisogamy: A) Anisogamy of motile gametes B) Oogamy (non-motile egg cell, motile sperm cell) C) Anisogamy of non-motile gametes Date 2008-06-30 02:07 (UTC) Source Anisogamy.png Author This SVG version by Qef (talk) Anisogamy.png: Original uploader was Tameeria at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Helix84 at en.wikipedia. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Anisogamy.svg/1 000px-Anisogamy.svg.png | |
2,590,000,000 YBN 3 | 298) Oogamy {OoGomE1 }, a form of anisogamy, evolves in protists: sex between a flagellated gamete and an unflagellated gamete.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oogamy &submit=Submit 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -110mybn guess} |
[1] Combination of images: Description English: Different types of isogamy: A) Isogamy of motile cells B) Isogamy of non-motile cells C) Conjugation of gametangia Date 30 July 2008 Source Vectorised SVG version of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Isoga my.png Author Original bitmap version by Tameeria, SVG version by Qef Other versions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image: Isogamy.png PD AND Description Different types of en:anisogamy: A) Anisogamy of motile gametes B) Oogamy (non-motile egg cell, motile sperm cell) C) Anisogamy of non-motile gametes Date 2008-06-30 02:07 (UTC) Source Anisogamy.png Author This SVG version by Qef (talk) Anisogamy.png: Original uploader was Tameeria at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Helix84 at en.wikipedia. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d5/Isogamy.svghttp://upl oad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7 /Anisogamy.svg [2] Description English: A sperm cell fertilizing an egg cell Date Source http://www.pdimages.com/web9.htm Autho r Unknown Permission (Reusing this file) http://www.pdimages.com/web9.htm P D source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/86/Sperm-egg.jpg | |
2,570,000,000 YBN 3 | 295) Two-step meiosis (diploid DNA copies and then the cell divides twice into four haploid cells).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 2. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/rese arch/clevelan.html 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -130mybn guess} |
[1] GametoGenesis. COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/10 4/gametogenesis.jpg [2] Sexual cycle oxymonas, identical to saccinobaculus, one step meiosis. haploid. COPYRIGHTED CANADA source: http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfi eld/clevelan/oxymonas.GIF | |
2,558,000,000 YBN 3 | 171) Eubacteria "Deinococcus-Thermus".2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) |
[1] D. radiodurans growing on a nutrient agar plate. The red color is due to carotenoid pigment. Links to 816x711-pixel, 351KB JPG. Credit: M. Daly, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences NASA source: http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/ headlines/images/conan/D_rad_dish.jpg [2] Photomicrograph of Deinococcus radiodurans, from www.ornl.gov/ORNLReview/ v34 The Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States Federal Government This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the United States Federal Government. This applies worldwide. See Copyright. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Deinococcus.jpg | |
2,558,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 172) Eubacteria Cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u4 } (ancestor of all plastids).5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacter ia 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 4. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacter ia 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC533871/ {2558 mybn} 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). {2558 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] Journal of Molecular Evolution Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York ISSN: 0022-2844 (Paper) 1432-1432 (Online) Issue: Volume 42, Number 2 Date: February 1996 Pages: 194 - 200 [4] Phylogenetic Relationships of Nonaxenic Filamentous Cyanobacterial Strains Based on 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis jme_42_2_1996.pdf [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacter ia [6] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 |
[1] Oscillatoria COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://www.stcsc.edu/ecology/alg ae/oscillatoria.jpg [2] Lyngbya COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://www.stanford.edu/~bohanna n/Media/LYNGB5.jpg | |
2,558,000,000 YBN 3 | 315) Eubacteria Chloroflexi, (Green Non-Sulphur bacteria).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [2] Tree of Life http://tolweb.org/tree/ |
[1] Chloroflexus photomicrograph from Doe Joint Genome Institute of US Dept Energy PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Chlorofl.jpg | |
2,500,000,000 YBN | 52) End of the Archean and start of the Proterozoic {PrOTReZOiK or ProTReZOiK1 2 } Eon.3 The Proterozoic spans from 2,500 to 542 million years ago, and represents 42% of Earth's history.4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Proterozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/proterozoic 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=proter ozoic&submit=Submit 3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 4. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th Edition, 2006, p243. |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf | |
2,480,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 13 14 15 | 170) Bacteria live on land.7 8 9 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1038/nature10511 2. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 3. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 4. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1038/nature10511 5. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 6. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 7. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1038/nature10511 8. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 9. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 10. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1038/nature10511 11. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 12. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). (2600-2700my) 14. ^ University of Tennessee at Knoxville. "Bacteria's move from sea to land may have occurred much later than thought." ScienceDaily, 22 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/relea ses/2011/12/111222195017.htm 15. ^ Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Kirill Borziak, Gurusahai Khalsa-Moyers, Gladys Alexandre, Leonid O. Sukharnikov, Kristin Wuichet, Gregory B. Hurst, W. Hayes McDonald, Jon S. Robertson, Valérie Barbe, Alexandra Calteau, Zoé Rouy, Sophie Mangenot, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Philippe Normand, Mickaël Boyer, Patricia Siguier, Yves Dessaux, Claudine Elmerich, Guy Condemine, Ganisan Krishnen, Ivan Kennedy, Andrew H. Paterson, Victor González, Patrick Mavingui, Igor B. Zhulin. Azospirillum Genomes Reveal Transition of Bacteria from Aquatic to Terrestrial Environments. PLoS Genetics, 2011; 7 (12): e1002430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002430 MORE INFO [1] "pyrite." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyrite |
[1] Acidic waste water from a modern mining site supports the same oxygen using bacterial life that appeared on Earth 2.48 billion years ago. UNKNOWN source: http://media.news.ualberta.ca/~/ media/University%20of%20Alberta/Administ ration/External%20Relations/ExpressNews/ Images/2011/10/111020-RocksBanner-cw.jpg [2] Bacillus specie soil bacteria. UNKNOWN source: http://www.scharfphoto.com/fine_ art_prints/archives/199812-054-Soil-Bact eria.jpg | |
2,400,000,000 YBN | 59) Start of 200 million year ice age.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). |
[1] snowball Earth UNKNOWN source: http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/fi les/imagecache/feature/files/features/pr int/20090528_snowball_earth.jpg [2] Snowball Earth Snowball Earth describes a theory that for millions of years the Earth was entirely smothered in ice, stretching from the poles to the tropics. This freezing happened over 650 million years ago in the Pre-Cambrian, though it's now thought that there may have been more than one of these global glaciations. They varied in duration and extent but during a full-on snowball event, life could only cling on in ice-free refuges, or where sunlight managed to penetrate through the ice to allow photosynthesis. UNKNOWN source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/imag es/ic/credit/640x395/s/sn/snowball_earth /snowball_earth_1.jpg | |
2,300,000,000 YBN | 48) The oldest "Red Beds", iron oxide formed on land, begin here, and are also evidence of more free oxygen in the air of Earth.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/l ecture5.html 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/l ecture5.html 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/l ecture5.html |
[1] http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/Extension/redhi lls/redhills.html source: http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/Extensi on/redhills/redhills.html [2] In Archean rocks, metals tend to occur in low oxidation states (for example, Fe2+ instead of Fe3+) indicating a high metal:oxygen ratio in the oceans and atmosphere. The sediments are essentially rust-free. After the late Proterozoic, sedimentary deposits often have reddish colors and are called red beds due to the presence of iron-oxide coatings between sand grains. From the later Proterozoic onward, enough free oxygen has been available to oxidize iron in sediments. A sandstone butte outside of Sedona, Arizona. Public domain image by Jon Sullivan. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/38/Butte_pdphoto_roadtri p_24_bg_021604.jpg | |
2,000,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 63) A parasitic bacterium, closely related to Rickettsia (an aerobic proteobacteria) is captured by a eukaryote and through endosymbiosis, becomes the mitochondria.3 Mitochondria are organelles in most eukaryotic cells4 , and are where cellular respiration occurs and most of the ATP is produced5 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 4. ^ "mitochondrion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/386130/mitochondrion>. 5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p100. 6. ^ B. Franz Lang, Michael W. Gray, and Gertraud Burger, "Mitochondrial Genome Evolution and the Origin of Eukaryotes", Annu. Rev. Genet., V33, p351-397, p385. 1999. {2 BYBN} 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/full/nrg929.html {average of) 2230-1840 bybn} {earliest of) 2350-1640 bybn} {average of 1995my) 2350-1640 mybn} 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {1.8 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Michael W. Gray, et al, "Genome structure and gene content in protist mitochondrial DNAs", Nucl. Acids Res. (1998) 26(4): 865-878 doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 26/4/865.full |
[1] Figure from: Michael W. Gray, et al, ''Genome structure and gene content in protist mitochondrial DNAs'', Nucl. Acids Res. (1998) 26(4): 865-878 doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 26/4/865.full Phylogenetic hypothesis of the eukaryotic lineage based on ultrastructural and molecular data. Organisms are divided into three main groups distinguished by mitochondrial cristal shape (either discoidal, flattened or tubular). Unbroken lines indicate phylogenetic relationships that are firmly supported by available data; broken lines indicate uncertainties in phylogenetic placement, resolution of which will require additional data. Color coding of organismal genus names indicates mitochondrial genomes that have been completely (Table 1), almost completely (Jakoba, Naegleria and Thraustochytrium) or partially (*) sequenced by the OGMP (red), the FMGP (black) or other groups (green). Names in blue indicate those species whose mtDNAs are currently being sequenced by the OGMP or are future candidates for complete sequencing. Amitochondriate retortamonads are positioned at the base of the tree, with broken arrows denoting the endosymbiotic origin(s) of mitochondria from a Rickettsia-like eubacterium. Macrophar., Macropharyngomonas. source: http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/vol26/issue4/images/gkb18201.gif [2] Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree of eukaryotes based on ultrastructural and molecular data. Organisms are sub-divided into main groups as discussed in the text. Only a few representative species for which complete (or almost complete) mtDNA sequences are known are shown in each lineage. In some cases, line drawings or actual pictures of the organisms are provided (Acanthamoeba, M. Nagata; URL: http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/PCD3379 /htmls/21.html; Allomyces, Tom Volk; URL: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/ Chytridiomycota/Allomyces_r_So_pa/A._arb uscula_pit._sporangia_tjv.html; Amoebidium, URL: http://cgdc3.igmors.upsud.fr/microbiolog ie/mesomycetozoaires.htm; Marchantia, URL: http://www.science.siu.edu/landplants/He patophyta/images/March.female.JPEG Scenedesmus, Entwisle et al., http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au/_data/page/1824 /Scenedesmus.gif). The color-coding of the main groups (alternating between dark and light blue) on the outer circle corresponds to the color-coding of the species names. Unbroken lines indicate phylogenetic relationships that are firmly supported by available molecular data; broken lines indicate uncertainties in phylogenetic placement, resolution of which will require additional sequence data. [t: why not color code or add which type of mito?] source: http://arjournals.annualreviews. org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.genet.37.11 0801.142526 | |
1,874,000,000 YBN 10 | 61) Earliest large filamentous fossil (Grypania).3 4 Grypania spiralis is about 10 cm long, and is thought to be either a green alga or a large cyanobacterium.5 6 If eukaryote, Grypania would be the earliest eukaryote fossil.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 2. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 3. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 4. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 5. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 6. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 7. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp. 620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/28 88330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf} 8. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877 532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 9. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 10. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Samuelsson, Joakim, Peter R Dawes, and Gonzalo Vidal. “Organic-walled Microfossils from the Proterozoic Thule Supergroup, Northwest Greenland.” Precambrian Research 96.1–2 (1999): 1–23. http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/pii/S0301926898001235 [2] Jacques Dumais, Kyle Serikawa and Dina F Mandoli, "Acetabularia: A Unicellular Model for Understanding Subcellular Localization and Morphogenesis during Development", Journal of Plant Growth Regulation Volume 19, Number 3 (2000), 253-264, DOI: 10.1007/s003440000035 http://www.oeb.ha rvard.edu/faculty/dumais/Publications/JP GR2000.2.pdf | (Banded Iron Formation) Michigan, USA8 9 |
[1] file:/root/web/Grypania_spiralis_wmel000 0.htm source: file:/root/web/Grypania_spiralis _wmel0000.htm [2] http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/paleontology /lrgGrypaniaspiralis.jpg source: http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/pale ontology/lrgGrypaniaspiralis.jpg |
1,800,000,000 YBN | 46) End of the Banded Iron Formation.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). |
[1] Ted Huntington PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/62/MichiganBIF.jpg [2] Ted Huntington PD source: Ted Huntington | |
1,570,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 | 99) First homeobox genes evolve. These genes regulate the building of major body parts in algae, plants, fungi and animals.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant Physiol 2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphy siol.org/content/140/4/1142.full 8. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775 -2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/26/12/2775.short {1982 mybn (at acrasid slime molds, before brown algae} 9. ^ Jongmin Nam, Claude W. dePamphilis, Hong Ma, and Masatoshi Nei, "Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family Controlling Flower Development in Plants", Mol Biol Evol (2003) 20(9): 1435-1447 first published online May 30, 2003 doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 20/9/1435.abstract {1982 mybn (at acrasid slime molds, before brown algae} |
[1] {ULSF: Homeobox genes} Desajustes en el modelo UNKNOWN source: http://cnho.files.wordpress.com/ 2010/07/hox_genes_illus.png [2] {ULSF: Homeobox genes} UNKNOWN source: http://cnho.files.wordpress.com/ 2010/07/homeobox1.jpg | |
1,570,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 197) The ancestor of all living eukaryotes divides into bikont and unikont descendants. Bikonts lead to all Chromalveolates, Excavates, Rhizaria, and Plants. Unikonts lead to all Amoebozoa, Animals and Fungi.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http ://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X 2. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} 3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 4. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http ://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X 5. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 7. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {problem with 1250 my bangia red algae fossils)1126 mybn} 8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1570 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563 [2] J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563 Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao |
[1] Figure 1: Figure 1. Eukaryote phylogeny integrating ultrastructure, sequence trees, gene fusions and molecular cladistic markers. The unikont topology is established, but the branching order of the six bikont groups remains uncertain. The single enslavement [12] of a red alga (R) to create chromalveolates is supported by a plastid glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) replacement [13]. Whether there was a single enslavement of a green alga (G) to form cabozoa or two separate enslavements (asterisks) to form Cercozoa and Excavata is uncertain [12], as is the position of Heliozoa [14]. Polyubiquitin [15] and EF-1α[16] insertions strongly support the clades core Rhizaria and opisthokonts. The inset shows the BamHI restriction fragment from H. cantabrigiensis that was sequenced and analysed in this study, spanning the DHFR and the amino terminus of the TS gene (red, introns are green). The length of the noncoding regions upstream and downstream of the DHFR gene from one of the clones is indicated. Figure 1 from: Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, ''The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.'', 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http ://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retriev e&_eid=1-s2.0-S096098220300602X&_image=1 -s2.0-S096098220300602X-gr1_lrg.jpg&_ba= &_fmt=full&_orig=na&_issn=09609822&_pii= S096098220300602X&_isHiQual=Y&_acct=C000 059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid= 4422&md5=cec46b2161caca87740f4ff34545ab6 9 [2] cavalier-smith diagram COPYRIGHTED source: cavalier_jmolevol_2003_56_540-56 3.pdf | |
1,520,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11 | 202) Protists Amoebozoa evolve (amoeba, slime molds).4 5 Feeding using pseudopods.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515. 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515. 7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1520 mybn} 8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1400 my} 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1587mybn) 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400) {c1220} 11. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {c1090} MORE INFO [1] http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biologie/bi ani/msg/Amoeboids/Amoebozoa/Conosea.html |
[1] SUBPHYLUM Lobosa CLASS Amoebaea Chaos diffluens, an amoeba. Photo released by Dr. Ralf Wagner. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Chaos_diffluens.jpg [2] CLASS Amoebaea Mayorella (may-or -ell-a) a medium sized free-living naked amoeba with conical pseudopodia. Central body is the nucleus. Phase contrast. This picture was taken by David Patterson of material from Limulus-ridden sediments at Plum Island (Massachusetts USA) in spring and summer, 2001. NONCOMMERCIAL USE source: http://microscope.mbl.edu/script s/microscope.php?func=imgDetail&imageID= 515 | |
1,520,000,000 YBN 2 3 4 5 6 7 | 203) Colonialism (where cells form a colony1 ) evolves for the first time in Eukaryotes. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial 2. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn} 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn} 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 7. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote separation) MORE INFO [1] http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Bior ealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht m [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html |
[1] [t Note that this Chrysophytes {golden algae} do not evolve genetically until much later - but I can't find colonial euglinas or kinetoplasts- dinobryon look very similar to euglenas however, even with a red eyespot- which implies a close relation.] [1] Dinobryon, a colony of Chrysophytes showing flagella and red eyespots UNKNOWN source: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/ mag//imagsmall/Dinobryonb.jpg [2] [t Note that this CHrysophytes {golden algae} do not evolve genetically until much later - but I can't find colonial euglinas or kinetoplasts] [2] golden algae colony (synura) Scanning EM showing the colony of cells covered with scales By Joel Mancuso UNKNOWN source: http://farm1.staticflickr.com/38 /110623789_7d189c795b_b.jpg | |
1,500,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | 15) First "plastids". Cyanobacteria form plastids (chloroplasts) through symbiosis, within a eukaryote cell (endosymbiosis). Like mitochondria, these organelles copy themselves and are not made by the cell DNA.3 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {c1600 my} 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} 9. ^ Knoll A, Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p152. {no later than) 1200 my} 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} {needs to be at least as old as Euglenozoa since many have plastids)1956} {Euglenozoa)1956} MORE INFO [1] "Plastid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid [2] Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 |
[1] Description Plagiomnium affine, Laminazellen, Rostock Date created 01.11.2006 Source photographed by myself Author Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh Permission (Reusing this file) GFDL source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_la minazellen.jpeg | |
1,500,000,000 YBN 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 | 86) First plant (ancestor of all green and red algae and land plants).11 12 13 14 15 This begins the plant kingdom. This first plant is unicellular.16 17 18 19 20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 4. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 9. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 13. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 14. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 19. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 20. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n 11/abs/nrg929.html 21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1500) 22. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {first plastid) 1300mybn} 23. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {first plastid) c1600} 24. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1550 mybn} 25. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 (1609 mybn) 26. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). {1580} http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa l/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 27. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf {fossil Grypania) 1874my} MORE INFO [1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith and Ema E. -Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", Springer New York, (2003). file:///home/ted/ulsf/docs/cav- smith_apusozoa_fulltext.html |
[1] ? COPYRIGHTED source: http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB 3/PCD3711/htmls/86.html [2] (See Image) COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1500) | |
1,500,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9 | 220) Protists Opisthokonts (ancestor of Fungi, Choanoflagellates and Animals).3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 5. ^ Ted Huntington. 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1380 mybn} 7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1400mybn} 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1600 mybn} 9. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {960 mybn} |
[1] Parasite spore, SEM Z115/0073 Rights Managed Credit: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Parasite spore. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a microsporidian (Tubulinosema ratisbonensis) spore cultured on human lung fibroblast cells (brown). Microsporidia are single-celled parasites. T. ratisbonenesis is a parasite of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), but may also be able to infect humans with weakened immune systems. The spore is the infective phase of the life cycle. It is excreted by the old host and enters the gut of a new host. The contents of the spore, the sporoplasm, is injected into the host's cell via the polar tubule. Once in the cell the organism divides many times with the resultant organisms producing more spores. Magnification: x10,000 at 10 centimetres wide. Release details: Model and property releases are not available UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/365473/large/Z1150073-Parasite_spore,_ SEM-SPL.jpg [2] Parasite spore, SEM Z115/0073 Rights Managed Credit: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Parasite spore. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a microsporidian (Tubulinosema ratisbonensis) spore cultured on human lung fibroblast cells (brown). Microsporidia are single-celled parasites. T. ratisbonenesis is a parasite of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), but may also be able to infect humans with weakened immune systems. The spore is the infective phase of the life cycle. It is excreted by the old host and enters the gut of a new host. The contents of the spore, the sporoplasm, is injected into the host's cell via the polar tubule. Once in the cell the organism divides many times with the resultant organisms producing more spores. Magnification: x10,000 at 10 centimetres wide. Release details: Model and property releases are not available UNKNOWN source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/365473/large/Z1150073-Parasite_spore,_ SEM-SPL.jpg | |
1,400,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | 209) Plant Glaucophyta {GlxKoFITu5 }.6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glauco phytes&submit=Submit 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glauco phytes&submit=Submit 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400) 10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1150 mybn} 12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1290 mybn} 13. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1225 mybn} 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (c1500my) 15. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (1558my) MORE INFO [1] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P6064 |
[1] ? COPYRIGHTED source: http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB 3/PCD3711/htmls/86.html [2] ? COPYRIGHTED source: http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB /Images/Others/Glaucocystis/ | |
1,300,000,000 YBN 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 | 188) Plants Chlorophyta {KlORoFiTu6 } evolve, Green Algae: (ancestor of Volvox, Sea lettuce, Spirogyra, and Stoneworts).7 8 9 10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 4. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 5. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/ greenalgae.html 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chloro phyta&submit=Submit 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 10. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 11. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/ greenalgae.html 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn) 13. ^ "algae." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/14828/algae>. 14. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1150 mybn} 15. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450mybn} 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968mybn) 17. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1061?) 18. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b (1650-800mybn) 19. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/ greenalgae.html (1000my) 20. ^ Herman N, "Organic World One Billion Years Ago", Nauka, Leningrad, 1990. 21. ^ Knoll A, Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p150. |
[1] Description Flagellar pit of Pyramimonas sp. / from Nigaku-Ike of University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Pref., Japan / SEM:JEOL JSM-6330F / scale bar = 1.0μm Date 2009-05-04 18:30 (UTC) Source Pyramimonas_sp.jpg Author Pyramimonas_sp.jpg: ja:User:NEON / User:NEON_ja derivative work: Addicted04 (talk) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/cb/Pyramimonas_sp_color. jpg [2] Micrograph of Volvox aureus. Copyright held by Dr. Ralf Wagner, uploaded to German Wikipedia under GFDL. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. Subject to disclaimers. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol vox | |
1,300,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 | 219) Plant Red Algae evolves (Rhodophyta {rODOFITu4 }).5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodop hyta&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodop hyta&submit=Submit 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn) 8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450 mybn} 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1428mybn) 10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. MORE INFO [1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html |
[1] Close-up of a red alga (Genus? Laurencia), Class Florideophyceae, Order=? a marine seaweed from Hawaii. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Laurencia.jpg [2] Bangia atropurpurea Profile: unbranched filaments in tufts. Often forming dense fringes in the spalsh zone. Uniseriate at base, multiseriate above with protoplasts separate in a firm gelatinous sheath. Stellate chloroplasts. US NOAA PD source: http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagra nt/GLWL/Algae/Rhodophyta/Cards/Bangia.ht ml | |
1,300,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | 323) Protists Excavates: includes Parabasalids {PaRu-BAS-a-liDS5 }, and Diplomonads {DiP-lO-mO-naDZ6 } {like Giardia {JE-oR-DE-u7 }).8 9 10 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardi a&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=paraba salid&submit=Submit 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplom onads&submit=Submit 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardi a&submit=Submit 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {2000 my} 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {2291} {2291 my} 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600} {1600 my} 15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). {2230} {2230 my} 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1594 my} 17. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {1030 mybn} MORE INFO [1] "Heterokonts". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokonts [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ |
[1] A timescale of eukaryote evolution. The times for each node are taken from the summary times in Table 1, except for nodes 1 (310 Ma), 2 (360 Ma), 3 (450 Ma), and 4 (520 Ma), which are from the fossil record [25]; nodes 8 (1450 Ma) and 16 (1587 Ma) are phylogenetically constrained and are the midpoints between adjacent nodes. Nodes 12–14 were similar in time and therefore shown as a multifurcation at 1000 Ma; likewise, nodes 21–22 are shown as a multifurcation at 1967 Ma. The star indicates the occurrence of red algae in the fossil record at 1200 Ma, the oldest taxonomically identifiable eukaryote [12]. Hedges et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con tent/figures/1471-2148-4-2-2.jpg [2] Giardia lamblia, a parasitic flagellate that causes giardiasis. Image from public domain source at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/releases/i mages/para.jpg source: http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/re leases/images/para.jpg | |
1,280,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 11 12 13 | 38) (Filamentous) multicellularity in Eukaryotes evolves.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 2. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf 3. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 4. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf 5. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 6. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf 7. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn} 12. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal _cysts.pdf {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn} 13. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2009, p517. MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my) [2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) [3] Ted huntington, Estimate based on origin of brown algae around 1,973,000,000 | (earlest red alga fossils:) (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada7 |
[1] Bodanella (bow-dan-ell-a) lauterbornii, a branching filamentous brown alga. Nearly all brown algae are marine organisms, but this species is found in the bottoms of freshwater lakes. Bright field. data on this strain. This image is of material from Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton, images taken by David Patterson and Bob Andersen. Image copyright: Bob Andersen and D. J. Patterson, image used under license to MBL (micro*scope). NONCOMMERCIAL USE ONLY source: http://starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/r awdata/files/bodonella_bgz.zip [2] Bodanella (bow-dan-ell-a) lauterbornii, a branching filamentous brown alga. Nearly all brown algae are marine organisms, but this species is found in the bottoms of freshwater lakes. Bright field. data on this strain. This image is of material from Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton, images taken by David Patterson and Bob Andersen. Image copyright: Bob Andersen and D. J. Patterson, image used under license to MBL (micro*scope). NONCOMMERCIAL USE ONLY source: http://starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/r awdata/viewable/bodonella_bgw.jpg |
1,280,000,000 YBN 1 2 3 | 85) Differentiation in multicellular eukaryote. Gamete (or spore) cells and somatic cells. Unlike gamete cells, somatic cells are asexual (non-fusing). Start of death by aging. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cell differentiation." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differ entiation 2. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} 3. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} |
[1] Volvoxcell differentiation. The pathways leading to germ cells or somatic cells are controlled by genes that cause cells to follow one or the other fate. Mutations can prevent the formation of one of these lineages. http://www.devbio.com/chap02/link0204.sh tml Although all the volvocaceans, like their unicellular relative Chlamydomonas, reproduce predominantly by asexual means, they are also capable of sexual reproduction, which involves the production and fusion of haploid gametes. In many species of Chlamydomonas, including the one illustrated in Figure 2.10, sexual reproduction is isogamous (“the same gametes”), since the haploid gametes that meet are similar in size, structure, and motility. However, in other species of Chlamydomonas—as well as many species of colonial volvocaceans—swimming gametes of very different sizes are produced by the different mating types. This pattern is called heterogamy (“different gametes”). But the larger volvocaceans have evolved a specialized form of heterogamy, called oogamy, which involves the production of large, relatively immotile eggs by one mating type and small, motile sperm by the other (see Sidelights and Speculations) UNKNOWN source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/book s/NBK10031/bin/ch2f12.jpg [2] Description English: Four Different Species of Volvocales Algae. (A) Gonium pectorale, (B) Eudorina elegans, (C) Pleodorina californica, and (D) Volvox carteri. These are unicellular organisms that live in colonies and have both large and small gametes. Date Published: June 15, 2004 Source Whitfield J: Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Sexes. PLoS Biol 2/6/2004: e183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0 020183 Author Photo courtesy of Aurora M. Nedelcu, from the Volvocales Information Project (http://www.unbf.ca/vip/index.htm). Per mission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c5/Volvocales.png | |
1,280,000,000 YBN 1 2 3 | 210) Mitosis of diploid cells evolves. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -80mybn guess} |
[1] Mitosis divides genetic information during cell division Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer /genetics_cell.html This image is from the Science Primer, a work of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, part of the National Institutes of Health. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit osis [2] Prophase: The two round objects above the nucleus are the centrosomes. Note the condensed chromatin. from Gray's Anatomy. Unless stated otherwise, it is from the online edition of the 20th U.S. edition of Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, originally published in 1918. Online editions can be found on Bartleby and also on Yahoo! source: UNKNOWN | |
1,280,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 | 301) Haplodiplontic life cycle (mitosis occurs in both haploid and diploid life stages).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 2. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 MORE INFO [1] Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=X sgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 |
[1] Drawn by self for Biological life cycle Based on Freeman & Worth's Biology of Plants (p. 171). GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Sporic_meiosis.png [2] Drawn by self for Biological life cycle Based on Freeman & Worth's Biology of Plants (p. 171). GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Sporic_meiosis.png | |
1,274,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 187) A captured red alga, through endosymbiosis, becomes a plastid in the ancestor of all chromalveolates.3 4 5 This is a secondary plastid endosymbiosis, where an algae cell is captured instead of a cyanobacterium.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.” Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175. Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/95/1/147.short 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.” Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175. Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/95/1/147.short 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 7. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809.abstract {1274 mybn} 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1280mybn} |
[1] Fig. 2. The tree of life based on molecular, ultrastructural and palaeontological evidence. Contrary to widespread assumptions, the root is among the eubacteria, probably within the double-enveloped Negibacteria, not between eubacteria and archaebacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b); it may lie between Eobacteria and other Negibacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b). The position of the eukaryotic root has been nearly as controversial, but is less hard to establish: it probably lies between unikonts and bikonts (Lang et al., 2002; Stechmann and Cavalier-Smith, 2002, 2003). For clarity the basal eukaryotic kingdom Protozoa is not labelled; it comprises four major groups (alveolates, cabozoa, Amoebozoa and Choanozoa) plus the small bikont phylum Apusozoa of unclear precise position; whether Heliozoa are protozoa as shown or chromists is uncertain (Cavalier-Smith, 2003b). Symbiogenetic cell enslavement occurred four or five times: in the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from different negibacteria, of chromalveolates by the enslaving of a red alga (Cavalier-Smith, 1999, 2003; Harper and Keeling, 2003) and in the origin of the green plastids of euglenoid (excavate) and chlorarachnean (cercozoan) algae—a green algal cell was enslaved either by the ancestral cabozoan (arrow) or (less likely) twice independently within excavates and Cercozoa (asterisks) (Cavalier-Smith, 2003a). The upper thumbnail sketch shows membrane topology in the chimaeric cryptophytes (class Cryptophyceae of the phylum Cryptista); in the ancestral chromist the former food vacuole membrane fused with the rough endoplasmic reticulum placing the enslaved cell within its lumen (red) to yield the complex membrane topology shown. The large host nucleus and the tiny nucleomorph are shown in blue, chloroplast green and mitochondrion purple. In chlorarachneans (class Chlorarachnea of phylum Cercozoa) the former food vacuole membrane remained topologically distinct from the ER to become an epiplastid membrane and so did not acquire ribosomes on its surface, but their membrane topology is otherwise similar to the cryptophytes. The other sketches portray the four major kinds of cell in the living world and their membrane topology. The upper ones show the contrasting ancestral microtubular cytoskeleton (ciliary roots, in red) of unikonts (a cone of single microtubules attaching the single centriole to the nucleus, blue) and bikonts (two bands of microtubules attached to the posterior centriole and an anterior fan of microtubules attached to the anterior centriole). The lower ones show the single plasma membrane of unibacteria (posibacteria plus archaebacteria), which were ancestral to eukaryotes and the double envelope of negibacteria, which were ancestral to mitochondria and chloroplasts (which retained the outer membrane, red). COPYRIGHTED source: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/95/1/147/F2.large.jpg [2] Figure 3: Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the evolutionary relationships and divergence times for the red, green, glaucophyte, and chromist algae. These photosynthetic groups are outgroup-rooted with the Opisthokonta which putatively ancestrally lacked a plastid. The branches on which the cyanobacterial (CB) primary and red algal chromist secondary endosymbioses occurred are shown Figure 3 from: Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809.abstract COPYRIGHTED source: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809/F3.large.jpg | |
1,250,000,000 YBN 15 16 17 18 19 20 | 88) Protists "Chromalveolates" {KrOM-aL-VEO-leTS8 } (ancestor of Chromista {Cryptophytes, Haptophytes and Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ9 }} and Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS10 }).11 12 13 14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chroma lveolates&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540. 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full 7. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/300/5626/1703.short 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chroma lveolates&submit=Submit 9. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540. 13. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full 14. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/300/5626/1703.short 15. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809.abstract {c1250 mybn} 16. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 17. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1665 mybn} 18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 (1973mybn) 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 20. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1600mybn} MORE INFO [1] "Brown alga". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_alga [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch |
[1] S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, ''The TimeTree of Life'', 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.timetree.org/book.php [2] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, ''Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.'', in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. ''Evolution of primary producers in the sea.'', Elsevier; 2007, p120. COPYRIGHTED source: Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. | |
1,250,000,000 YBN 9 | 201) Earliest certain eukaryote fossils and eukaryote filamentous multicellularity: Rhodophyta (red algae) fossils.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 2. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?r equest=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.C O%3B2 3. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150. 4. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 877905 5. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?r equest=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.C O%3B2 6. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150. 7. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 8. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?r equest=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.C O%3B2 9. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {1250 mybn} | (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada7 8 |
[1] Figure 4 from: Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877 905 [2] Figure 2 from: Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877 905 |
1,200,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 11 | 221) First fungi. This begins the Fungi Kingdom.5 6 Like animals, fungi are heterotrophic (cannot photosynthesize) and so must feed on other living things.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf} 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1200 mybn} 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1368 mybn} 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148 /4/2 (1513mybn) {1513 mybn} 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1200) {c1100} {c1100 mybn} |
[1] Microsporidia. Image from Sterling Parasitology Microsporidia Research. UNKNOWN source: http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/im ages/3/37/Micro2.jpg [2] Penicillium [t Note: Penecillium is a multicellular fungi.] UNKNOWN source: http://www.mold-help.org/pages/i mages/Penicillium.jpg | |
1,180,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | 6280) Protists Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS6 } (ancestor of all Ciliates, Apicomplexans, and Dinoflagellates {DInOFlaJeleTS7 }).8 9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 2. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagell ate 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471 -2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110 .pdf} 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p538. 5. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=al veolates&submit=Submit 7. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagell ate 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p538. 10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1180 mybn} 12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1480 my} 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} {1956 my} 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1345 my} 15. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.spri ngerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {1000 my} 16. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {c820 my} 17. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1628} |
[1] Unknown http://www.genome.gov/Images/pr ess_photos/highres/85-300.jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Oxytricha_trifa llax.jpg/1024px-Oxytricha_trifallax.jpg [2] Description English: Unknown species of cilliate in the last stages of mitosis (cytokinesis), with cleavage furrow visible. Date Source Own work Author TheAlphaWolf CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/55/Unk.cilliate.jpg | |
1,100,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 75) Oldest extant fungi phylum "Microsporidia".3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (>1460mybn) 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1100mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=93911 [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/290/5493/972.full |
[1] Sporoblast of the Microsporidium Fibrillanosema crangonycis. Electron micrograph taken by Leon White. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg [2] Spironema multiciliatum Spironema: Octosporoblastic sporogony producing horseshoe-shaped monokaryotic spores in sporophorous vesicles; monomorphic, diplokaryotic and monokaryotic; merogony - last generation merozoites are diplokaryotic; sporogony - initial division of the sporont nuclei is meiotic as indicated by the occurrence of synaptonemal complexes; spores are horse-shoe-shaped, with swollen ends in T. variabilis and have one elongate nucleus; exospore with three layers, endospore is of medium thickness; polaroplast composed of two lamellar parts, an anterior part of closely packed lamellae and a posterior part of wider compartments; polar tube is isofilar and forms, in the posterior quarter of the spore, 3-4 coils in a single rank (T. variabilis) or 8-10 coils in a single rank (T. chironomi); type species Toxoglugea vibrio in adipose tissue of larvae of Ceratopogon sp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Spironema (spire-oh-knee-ma) multiciliatum Klebs, 1893. Cells are lanceolate, relatively flattened and flexible. The cells have a spiral groove, long kinetics and a tail, which tapers posteriorly, and are about 15 - 21 microns without the tail. The nucleus is located anteriorly or near the centre of the cell. When the cells are squashed, the cells are more flexible. Food materials are seen under the cell surface. Rarely observed. This picture was taken by Won Je Lee using conventional photographic film using a Zeiss Axiophot microscope of material collected in marine sediments of Botany Bay (Sydney, Australia). The image description refers to material from Botany Bay. NONCOMMERCIAL USE source: http://microscope.mbl.edu/script s/microscope.php?func=imgDetail&imageID= 3928 | |
1,100,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 | 313) Protists "Dinoflagellata" (Dinoflagellates {DI-nO-Fla-Je-leTS5 }).6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinofl agellates&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinofl agellates&submit=Submit 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 9. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.spri ngerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {Dinosterane molecular fossils)1100 my} 10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {DNA)1040 mybn} 11. ^ A. H. Knoll, E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic Organisms in Proterozoic Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470, Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological, Molecular and Cellular Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29, 2006), pp. 1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2 0209698 {1.8 bybn} {Dinosterane molecular fossils)1100 my} 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {940 mybn} 13. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {430 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1973mybn) [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch (1600mybn) [3] Pratt, L. M., Summons, R. E. and Hieshima, G. B.: 1991, Sterane and Triterpane Biomarkers in the Precambrian Nonesuch Formation, North American Midcontinent Rift, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 911–916 [4] J.J. Brocks, R.E. Summons, 8.03 - Sedimentary Hydrocarbons, Biomarkers for Early Life, In: Editors-in-Chief: Heinrich D. Holland and Karl K. Turekian, Editor(s)-in-Chief, Treatise on Geochemistry, Pergamon, Oxford, 2003, Pages 63-115, ISBN 9780080437514, 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08127-5. (http:/ /www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p ii/B0080437516081275) [5] Moldowan, J. Michael et al. “Chemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors.” Geology 24.2 (1996): 159 -162. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/con tent/24/2/159.abstract AND http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/ 24/2/159.full.pdf [6] Raven, Evert, Eichhorn, "Biology of Plants", (New York: Worth Publishers, 1992). p98-99 [7] "coenocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/coenocyte |
[1] Dinoflagellate Ceratium sp. Phylum Dinoflagellata Upper Newport Bay, Orange County, CA. 9/22/12. © Peter J. Bryant COPYRIGHTED source: http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/Din oflagellates/DSC_6886b.jpg [2] Model of Pyrodinium bahamense, a dinoflagellate species, in the American Museum of Natural History Credit: Life’s Little Mysteries Fire water Have you ever seen glowing ocean water, like the bright blue surf pictured in the intro slide? The neon water is brimming with dinoflagellates, single-celled plankton with tails that slosh around together in vast numbers. These creatures have been highlighting Earth’s coastlines for 1.2 billion years, and for the past few millennia, they’ve puzzled humans, who used to attribute the glow of some ocean water to magic or the gods.Dinoflagellates still puzzle us; we know how they glow, but not why. They might have evolved bioluminescence as a way of frightening predators, or to reveal those predators’ locations by flashing when touched. Alternatively, their bioluminescence may just be a fancy way of ridding themselves of oxygen radicals (because the chemical reaction requires oxygen). Whatever the answer, they certainly make for a nice holiday in the Bahamas. UNKNOWN source: http://www.lifeslittlemysteries. com/images/i/1651/original/dinoflagellat e.jpg | |
1,080,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 14 15 | 87) Excavate Discicristates {DiSKIKriSTATS}, ancestor of protists which have mitochondria with discoidal shaped cristae (includes euglenids, leishmanias {lEsmaNEuZ4 }, trypanosomes {TriPaNiSOMZ5 }, and acrasid {oKrASiD6 } slime molds).7 8 9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 4. ^ "leishmanias." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. eishmanias>. 5. ^ "trypanosome." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012. rypanosome>. 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=ac rasiomycetes&submit=Submit 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 10. ^ Baldauf, "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes", Journal of Systematics and Evolution 46 (3): 263–273 (2008). http://www.plantsystematics.com /qikan/manage/wenzhang/jse08060.pdf 11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn} 13. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn} 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 15. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote separation) MORE INFO [1] http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Bior ealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht m [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html |
[1] euglena source: http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/Stratf ordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/euglena.htm [2] euglena source: http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB /Images/Mastigophora/Euglena/genus1L.jpg | |
1,080,000,000 YBN 12 13 14 15 | 97) A eukaryote eye evolves; the first three-dimensional response to light.7 8 9 The earliest eye probably evolves from a plastid in a unicellular eukaryote.10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 2. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 3. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 4. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 5. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 6. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 7. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 8. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 9. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 10. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 11. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/ 95/1/147.abstract 12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 13. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809.abstract {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} 14. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} 15. ^ my own estimate based on where euglenozoa genetically appear to evolve {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Peter Hegemann, "Algal Sensory Photoreceptors", Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 59: 167 -189 (Volume publication date June 2008) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/ 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092847 %40recept.2009.1.issue-1 [2] Trevor D. Lamb, Detlev Arendt, and Shaun P. Collin, "The evolution of phototransduction and eyes", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B October 12, 2009 364:2791-2793; doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0106 http://rstb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1 531/2791.full [3] Kreimer, G. (2009) The green algal eyespot apparatus: a primordial visual system and more? Current Genetics 55:19-43 doi:10.007/s00294-008-0224-8 PMID 19107486 http://www.springerlink.com/co ntent/v54v124mxg52r091/ |
[1] Adapted from: Euglena is a photosynthetic euglenoid with at least 150 described species. The cells are cylindrical with a rounded anterior and tapered posterior. The chloroplasts are well-developed, bright green, and sometimes have pyrenoids. ... Euglena is a photosynthetic euglenoid with at least 150 described species. The cells are cylindrical with a rounded anterior and tapered posterior. The chloroplasts are well-developed, bright green, and sometimes have pyrenoids. They are often discoidal in shape but can also be ovate, lobate, elongate, U-shaped, or ribbon-shaped. Some researchers use the structure and position of the chloroplasts to divide the group into three subgenera. Even though they are able to photosynthesize, Euglena cells also have a phagotrophic ingestion apparatus. Euglena has one long, protruding flagellum and a shorter flagellum that is not usually visible. The euglenoids can glide and swim using their flagella, or can ooze along a substrate with an undulating, shape-changing, contraction motion called metaboly. The cytoplasm of Euglena and other euglenoids contains many paramylon starch storage granules. The euglenoid cells are covered by a pellicle composed of ribbonlike, woven strips of proteinaceous material that cover the cell in a helical arrangement from apex to posterior. Freshwater euglenoids have a contractile vacuole. Euglenoids sense light using a red pigmented eyespot or stigma and the paraflagellar body located at the base of the emergent flagella. The cytoplasm of Euglena and other euglenoids contains many paramylon starch storage granules. The euglenoid cells are covered by a pellicle composed of ribbonlike, woven strips of proteinaceous material that cover the cell in a helical arrangement from apex to posterior. Freshwater euglenoids have a contractile vacuole. Euglenoids sense light using a red pigmented eyespot or stigma and the paraflagellar body located at the base of the emergent flagella. UNKNOWN source: http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll .edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/Eugl ena_Key225.jpg [2] Figure 1. The distribution of three-dimensional phototaxis in the tree of eukaryotes. Red arrows indicate the likely point of origin of phototaxis in a given group. Question marks indicate uncertainties regarding independent or common origin. Figure 1 from: Jékely, Gáspár. ''Evolution of phototaxis.'' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/364/1531/2795/F1.large.jp g | |
1,050,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | 169) Protists Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ5 } (also called Heterokonts) (ancestor of all brown and golden algae, diatoms, and oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu6 )).7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oo mycota&submit=Submit 3. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=st ramenopiles 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oo mycota&submit=Submit 7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 9. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/21/5/809.abstract {1050 mybn} 10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1180 mybn} 11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1480my} 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1345 my} 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14 71-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} {1956my} {Alveolates and Plant split)1956my} 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my} {Chromalveolates)1600 my} 15. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {c775my} {c754my} 16. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.spri ngerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {c1000my} 17. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {872 my} |
[1] Phylum Stramenopiles COPYRIGHTED source: Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. [2] S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, ''The TimeTree of Life'', 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.timetree.org/book.php | |
1,000,000,000 YBN 5 | 324) Protists Mesomycetozoea {me-ZO-mI-SE-TO-ZO-u3 } (also called DRIPS).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomy cetozoea&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomy cetozoea&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1000 MYBN (end of Mesoproterozoic} MORE INFO [1] Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, et al. 2008 Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals. PLoS ONE 3(5): e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 [2] Leonel Mendoza, John W. Taylor, and Libero Ajello, "THE CLASS MESOMYCETOZOEA: A Heterogeneous Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal Boundary", Annual Review of Microbiology October 2002, Vol. 56: 315-344. http://www.annualreviews.org/d oi/full/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302. 160950 |
[1] Ichthyophonus, a fungus-like protistan that occurs in high prevalence in Pacific Ocean perch (Sebastes aultus) and yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes flavedus). Note the parasite forms branching hyphae-like structures. Ichthyophonus hoferi has caused massive mortalities in herring in the Atlantic ocean, and has recently been reported to cause disease in wild Pacific herring from Washington through Alaska. COPYRIGHTED EDU source: http://oregonstate.edu/dept/salm on/projects/images/16Ichthyophonus.jpg [2] Microscopic appearence of the organism is dependent on its stage of development. The stages include (1) spore at ''resting'' stage, (2) germinating spore, (3) hyphal stage. It is believed that there are two forms of Ichthyophonus, both belonging to one genus. One of them is known as the ''salmon'' form, occuring in freshwater and cold-preferring sea fishes: this form is characterized by its ability to produce long tubulose germ hyphae. The other is called the ''aquarium fish'' form, typical of the tropical freshwater fishes. This form is completely devoid of hyphae. Developmental cycle of Ichthyophonus hoferi: 1-5 - development of ''daughter'' spores, 7-11 - development of resting spore from the ''daughter'' spore, 12-19 - development of resting spore by fragmentation. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/ 003/AC160E/AC160E02.htm | |
985,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 | 309) Protists Oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu6 } (Water molds).7 8 9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomyco ta&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full 5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomyco ta&submit=Submit 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {985} 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Term s/coeno128.html#coeno128 [2] "Coenocyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenocyte [3] http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultrane t/BiologyPages/P/Protists.html#Water_Mol ds [4] http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1 116/16protists.htm |
[1] Figure 2 from: Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, ''A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data'', Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full Figure 2 Single-gene phylogenies support subsets of the combined protein tree. (A) A summary of the tree in Fig. 1is shown with supergroups indicated beside brackets to the right. Multi-taxon represented clusters are given as triangles, with height proportional to number of taxa and width proportional to averaged overall branch length (1) compensated for missing data (47). (B) Published support for the numbered nodes in (A) is shown for commonly used molecular phylogenetic markers grouped as (a) ribosomal RNAs, (b) proteins not used in the current analysis, (c) proteins used in the current analysis, and (d) the combined data (Fig. 1). These markers are, from left to right, SSU [SSU rRNA (1–4)], LSU [LSU rRNA (19)], LSU+SSU [combined LSU and SSU rRNA (48)], EF-2 (10), V/A-ATPases [vacuolar ATPases (49)], HSP70-cy [cytosolic 70-kD heat shock protein (50)], mito [combined mitochondrial proteins (51)], RPB1 (52), actin (8, 16, 53), α-tubulin (8, 54), β-tubulin (8, 54), EF-1α (15, 20), and combined (Fig. 1). Rejected nodes are indicated in pink and accepted nodes in green, with checked circles indicating BP < 70% and solid circles indicating BP > 70%. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/290/5493/972/F2.large.jpg [2] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/co ntent/full/300/5626/1703 | |
900,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 | 6281) Protists Rhizaria {rI-ZaR-E-u3 } (ancestor of all Radiolaria, Foraminifera and Cercozoa).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rh izaria&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rh izaria&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Medlin, L. , Kooistra, W. , Potter, D. , Saanders, G. and Wandersen, R. (1997): Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids , The origin of the algae and their plastids (D Bhattacharya, ed ) Plant systematics and evolution (Suppl ) http://epic.awi.de/2100/ AND http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c. pdf {900 my} 6. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_ a=rhizaria&taxon_b=haptophyta&submit=Sea rch {900 my} 7. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} {754 my} 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my} MORE INFO [1] Moreira D, von der Heyden S, Bass D, López-García P, Chao E, Cavalier-Smith T (July 2007). "Global eukaryote phylogeny: Combined small- and large-subunit ribosomal DNA trees support monophyly of Rhizaria, Retaria and Excavata". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (1): 255–66. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev e/pii/S1055-7903(06)00433-7 [2] http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_ a=rhizaria&taxon_b=alveolates&submit=Sea rch [3] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120 |
[1] Figure : Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Rhizaria inferred from SSU rRNA gene sequences using the GTR+G+I model of evolution. UNKNOWN source: http://www.unige.ch/sciences/bio logie/biani/msg/Amoeboids/Rhizaria_large .jpg [2] Figure 1 from: Keeling, Patrick J. et al. “The tree of eukaryotes.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20.12 (2005): 670-676. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/article/pii/S0169534705003046 source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/cac he/MiamiImageURL/1-s2.0-S016953470500304 6-gr1.jpg/0?wchp=dGLbVBA-zSkWz | |
850,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 | 224) Fungi "Zygomycota" (bread molds, pin molds).5 6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 6. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1250mybn) 10. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1107mybn) 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). (1107mybn) 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850m) |
[1] Figure 2. Zygomycota A: sporangia of Mucor sp. B: whorl of sporangia of Absidia sp. C: zygospore of Zygorhynchus sp. D: sporangiophore and sporangiola of Cunninghamella sp. source: http://www.botany.utoronto.ca/Re searchLabs/MallochLab/Malloch/Moulds/Cla ssification.html [2] Figure 3. Syncephalis, a member of the Zygomycota parasitic on other Zygomycota source: http://www.botany.utoronto.ca/Re searchLabs/MallochLab/Malloch/Moulds/Cla ssification.html | |
767,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 | 312) Protists Ciliates (paramecium).4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 7. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.spri ngerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {750 my} 8. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {767 my} 9. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {620 my} MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [3] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/ 5493/972.full has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch |
[1] Paramecium protozoan, SEM C001/0068 Rights Managed Credit: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Paramecium protozoan, coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Paramecia are a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa. They inhabit fresh water, and feed mainly on bacteria and smaller protozoa. Paramecia range from about 50 to 350 micrometres in length, depending on species. Simple cilia, which cover the body, are moved in a synchronous motion to allow the cell to move. Magnification: x825 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nonlocal.com/hbar/par amecium.gif [2] Summary Description English: Scanning electron microscope view of Oxytricha trifallax Español: Imagen de microscopía electrónica de barrido de Oxytricha trifallax Date Unknown date Source http://www.genome.gov/I mages/press_photos/highres/85-300.jpg Author Unknown Permission (Reusin g this file) See below. PD [1] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group COPYRIGHTED source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Oxytricha_trifa llax.jpg/1024px-Oxytricha_trifallax.jpg | |
767,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 | 314) Protists "Apicomplexa" {a-PE-KoM-PleK-Su5 } (Malaria).6 7 8 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicom plexa&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicom plexa&submit=Submit 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 9. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {767 my} 10. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {620 my} 11. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.spri ngerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {api+dino and ciliate split)1100 my} MORE INFO [1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html [2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) [3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135 |
[1] Description A thin-film Giemsa stained micrograph of ring-forms, and gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum. From http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Date 2006-11-16 (original upload date) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Author Original uploader was TimVickers at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3c/Plasmodium.jpg [2] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/co ntent/full/300/5626/1703 | |
680,000,000 YBN 16 17 18 19 20 | 326) Protists "Choanoflagellates" {KO-e-nO-FlaJ-e-lATS8 }.9 10 11 12 13 14 Choanoflagellates are the closest relatives to the animals and may be direct ancestors of sponges.15 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choano flagellate&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=114293 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&exclu deNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choano flagellate&submit=Submit 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=114293 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 12. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&exclu deNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502. 16. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) {900 MYBN} 18. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {900 MYBN} 19. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {1020 mybn} 20. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) {1450 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003) [2] "Ichthyosporea". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://species.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthy osporea |
[1] Choanoflagellate single cell (thecate) UNKNOWN source: http://behance.vo.llnwd.net/prof iles22/483113/projects/1558429/6ea555ab5 457e21432def0f2e6b83fe3.jpg [2] Salpingoeca: Cells solitary or colonial with a distinct and firm sheath or theca usually as a cup either sessile or with a pedicel; theca colourless or amber; contractile vacuoles posterior in freshwater specie; in freshwater, brackish, and marine habitats. Record information: Salpingoeca (sal-ping-go-eek-a), a collar flagellate (choanoflagellate) - all of which have a single anterior flagellum surrounded by a collar of very fine pseudopodia (in cross-section the collar seems like two arms, one on either side of the flagellum). The flagellum beats drawing water through the collar and bacteria and other small particles are trapped and then ingested. Believed to be the source group of the sponges and the metazoa. Salpingoeca has an organic lorica. Phase contrast. This picture was taken by David Patterson, Linda Amaral Zettler and Virginia Edgcomb of material from the salt marsh at Little Sippewissett (Massachusetts, USA) in Autumn, 2000 and in Spring and summer, 2001. NONCOMMERCIAL USE source: http://microscope.mbl.edu/script s/microscope.php?func=imgDetail&imageID= 746 | |
670,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 | 286) Multicellularity evolves in a free moving Protist.7 8 This allows larger free moving organisms to evolve.9 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my) 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) MORE INFO [1] Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007, p225-226. http://books.google.com/books ?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225 [2] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191 |
[1] Sponge showing several choanocyte chambers UNKNOWN source: http://behance.vo.llnwd.net/prof iles22/483113/projects/1558429/43a2a4c7e 127f66b7090ed679a8da30a.jpg [2] Combination of: Saepicula and Sphaeroeca NONCOMMERCIAL USE source: http://microscope.mbl.edu/script s/microscope.php?func=imgDetail&imageID= 3229 | |
670,000,000 YBN | 297) Diplontic life cycle; organism is predominantly diploid, mitosis in the haploid phase does not occur.1 2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 2. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=X sgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10 |
[1] Gametic Meiosis. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gametic_meiosis.png [2] Gametic Meiosis. GNU source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Gametic_meiosis.png | |
660,000,000 YBN 15 16 17 18 19 | 81) The first animal and first metazoan, sponges (Porifera). Metazoans are multicellular and have differentiation (their cells perform different functions). There are only three major kinds of metazoans: sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians.7 8 9 Sponges have different cell types: some form a body wall, some secrete skeleton, some contract, and some digest food.10 11 12 13 All sponge cells are totipotent {TOTiPiTeNT}; capable of regrowing a new sponge.14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 13. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191. 14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 15. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) {c800my} 18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) MORE INFO [1] Müller, Werner E. G. “The Origin of Metazoan Complexity: Porifera as Integrated Animals.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 43.1 (2003): 3–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/388 4834 |
[1] Summary Description English: Marine sponge. Color adjusted (but not color accurate) underwater photograph taken by Dlloyd using a digital camera at a depth of approximately 100 feet in Cayman. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/62/SpongeColorCorrect.jp g [2] source: http://www.museums.org.za/bio/me tazoa.htm | |
660,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 | 517) Male gonad (testis {TeSTiS3 } or testicle) evolves in a sponge.4 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 3. ^ "testis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/testis 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) {based on evolution of sponge) c850my} 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) MORE INFO [1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglyca n [2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p18-19 [3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17 |
[1] Oocyte (female egg) release from sponge, sperm release from sponge, FIgure from: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. [2] Combination of image from: Brusca and Brusca, ''Invertebrates'', Second Edition, 2003, http://www.oceanicresearch.org/sponges .html and D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.museums.org.za/bio/me tazoa.htm | |
650,000,000 YBN | 41) Start of 60 million year (Varanger) Ice Age (650-590 mybn).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll |
[1] Snowball Earth 600 to 750 million years ago Earth was incased in ice for prolong periods of time and each global glacial event ended under severe greenhouse conditions. This late Precambrian planet-wide glaciation is known as “Snowball Earth” and is an extension on Sturtian- Varangian glaciation. UNKNOWN source: http://geology.fullerton.edu/whe nderson/Fal201L2005/snowballearth/images /snoballearth.jpg [2] Snowball Earth Begins UNKNOWN source: http://www.gambassa.com/gambassa files/images/images/1310/20090528_snowba ll_earth_v1.jpg | |
650,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 | 69) Cells that group as tissues that are arranged in layers evolve in metazoans.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (Ctenophores are first metazoans with tissues} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1 |
[1] Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source [1] Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/21/Bathocyroe_fosteri.jp g [2] Light diffracting along the comb rows of a Mertensia ovum. The right lower portion of the body is regenerating from previous damage. Source: NOAA Photo Gallery/ Photo by Kevin Raskoff PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/LightRefractsOf_comb- rows_of_ctenophore_Mertensia_ovum.jpg | |
650,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 79) The Metazoans "Placozoa" evolve.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {780 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Srivastava, Mansi et al. “The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans.” Nature 454.7207 (2008) : 955-960. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v454/n7207/abs/nature07191.html [2] Dellaporta, Stephen L. et al. “Mitochondrial genome of Trichoplax adhaerens supports Placozoa as the basal lower metazoan phylum.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.23 (2006) : 8751 -8756. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/ 23/8751.full |
[1] Description Trichoplax sp. from Australia in light microscopy Date February 2006 Source Oliver Voigt Author Oliver Voigt CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c3/Trichoplax_mic.jpg [2] from ediacara of australia source: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ven dian/dickinsonia.html | |
650,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 | 223) Fungi "Chytridiomycota" {KI-TriDEO-mI-KO-Tu) (includes Chytridiomycetes {KI-TriDEO-mI-SE-TEZ}3 )).4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "Chytridiomycetes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomy cetes-1 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-ch ecklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?path=0,5597 &selected_taxon=5597 7. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 8. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1460mybn) 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=71577&tree=0.1 [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomy cota [3] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chytri diomycetes&submit=Submit [4] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142 | Northern Russia7 |
[1] Chytrids (Chytridiomycota): The Primitive Fungi These fungi are mostly aquatic, are notable for having a flagella on the cells (a flagella is a tail, somewhat like a tail on a sperm or a pollywog), and are thought to be the most primitive type of fungi. actual photo comes from: http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark /classes/bot125/resource/graphics/chy_al l_sph.html source: http://www.davidlnelson.md/Cazad ero/Fungi.htm [2] Chytridiomycota - Blastocladiales - zoospore of Allomyces (phase contrast illumination) X 2000 source: http://www.mycolog.com/chapter2b .htm |
640,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 | 83) First nerve cell (neuron), and nervous system evolves in the ancestor of the Ctenophores and Cnidarians.5 6 This will lead to the first ganglion and brain.7 Earliest touch and sound detection and memory.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2,30. 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 8. ^ Ted Huntington. 9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn} 11. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6): 856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/ content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999. pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN} 12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} 13. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {574mybn} MORE INFO [1] Ghysen, A. (2003). The origin and evolution of the nervous system. The International journal of developmental biology , 47 (7-8), 555-562. http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p ubmed/14756331 [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn) |
[1] English: Drawing of Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1899; Instituto Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/15/PurkinjeCell.jpg [2] figure from: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p39. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p39. | |
640,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 | 96) Muscle cells evolve in metazoans.3 Both the earliest known muscle and nerve cells are found in Ctenophores and Cnidarians.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 2. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 3. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 4. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf } {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn} 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN} 8. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6): 856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/ content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999. pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} |
[1] Figure from: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p39. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p39. [2] Derek E. G. Briggs and Richard A. Fortey, ''Wonderful Strife: Systematics, Stem Groups, and the Phylogenetic Signal of the Cambrian Radiation'', Paleobiology , Vol. 31, No. 2, Supplement. Macroevolution: Diversity, Disparity, Contingency: Essays in Honor of Stephen Jay Gould (Spring, 2005), pp. 94-112 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2548 2671 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2548 2671 | |
640,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 | 225) Closeable mouth evolves in metazoans.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a closable mouth} 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a closable mouth} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1 |
[1] Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source [1] Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/21/Bathocyroe_fosteri.jp g [2] Light diffracting along the comb rows of a Mertensia ovum. The right lower portion of the body is regenerating from previous damage. Source: NOAA Photo Gallery/ Photo by Kevin Raskoff PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/LightRefractsOf_comb- rows_of_ctenophore_Mertensia_ovum.jpg | |
640,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11 | 414) Female gonad (ovary) evolves in metazoans.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 2. ^ http://species-identification.org/specie s.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 4. ^ http://species-identification.org/specie s.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 6. ^ http://species-identification.org/specie s.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 7. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 8. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my) {based on evolution of cnidaria) 580my} 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my) 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my) MORE INFO [1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglyca n [2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p18-19 [3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17 [4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) [5] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) [6] Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) |
[1] From: Brusca and Brusca, ''Invertebrates'', Second Edition, 2003. COPYRIGHTED source: Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003 [2] Figure 3.8 Anthozoa. (a) Anemone (Actiniaria), showing the pharynx, mesenteries, mesenterial filamnets and acontia. (b) Structure of a mesenterial filament in transverse section. (c) Scleractinian coral, showing calcareous skeleton and coenenchyme. (d) Gorgonian, showing skeleton made up of a horny axial rod and spicules in the mesogloea (after Pearse et al 1987). (e) Alcyonarian soft coral, showing spicular skeleton in the mesogloea. From: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. | |
640,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 523) Animals Ctenophores {TeN-o-FORZ3 } evolve (comb jellies).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ctenophore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. tenophore>. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 3. ^ "ctenophore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. tenophore>. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) |
[1] Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source Description This is an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri, which is a mesopelagic species. Date Source [1] Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth Author Photo courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/21/Bathocyroe_fosteri.jp g [2] Light diffracting along the comb rows of a Mertensia ovum. The right lower portion of the body is regenerating from previous damage. Source: NOAA Photo Gallery/ Photo by Kevin Raskoff PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/LightRefractsOf_comb- rows_of_ctenophore_Mertensia_ovum.jpg | |
630,000,000 YBN 19 20 21 22 | 82) Animals Cnidarians {NIDAREeNS} evolve (ancestor of sea anemones, sea pens, corals, and jellyfish).13 14 15 16 Earliest animal eye.17 18 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 6. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/resear ch/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 10. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 12. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/resear ch/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 13. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 16. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 17. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 18. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/resear ch/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 19. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my) 21. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my) 22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my) MORE INFO [1] Collins, A.G. (2002). "Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the Evolution of Cnidarian Life Cycles" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15 (3): 418–432. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x. h ttp://cima.uprm.edu/~n_schizas/CMOB_8676 /Collins2002.pdf [2] Philippe, H. (April 2009). "Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships". Current Biology 19: 706–712. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID 19345102. http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0960982209008057 [3] doi:10.1038/4631003b; Published online 24 February 2010 http://www.nature.com/nature/journ al/v463/n7284/full/4631003b.html |
[1] Octocorals Stylatula elongata – White Sea Pen UNKNOWN source: http://pt-lobos.com/cnidarianimg /white_sea_pens.jpg [2] Sea nettles, Chrysaora quinquecirrha CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/36/Sea_nettles.jpg | |
600,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | 91) Start of Ediacaran {EDEoKRiN3 } soft-bodied invertebrate fossils.4 The sudden appearance of Ediacaran fossils may relate to the accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere and sea, which may permit an oxidative metabolism.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran 2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 3. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran 4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 6. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93: 4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/93/10/4990.full.pdf 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Meert, J. G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.; Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A. (2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research 19 (4): 867–880. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1342937X10002005 9. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93: 4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/93/10/4990.full.pdf 10. ^ Ben Waggoner, "The Ediacaran Biotas in Space and Time", Integrative and Comparative Biology , Vol. 43, No. 1 (Feb., 2003), pp. 104-113. http://www.jstor.org/stable/38 84845 {Waggoner_200302xx.pdf} 11. ^ H. J. Hofmann, G. M. Narbonne and J. D. Aitken, "Ediacaran remains from intertillite beds in northwestern Canada", Geology, December, 1990, v. 18, p. 1199-1202. http://geology.gsapubs.org/c ontent/18/12/1199.abstract {Hofmann_Edi acaran_Fossils_1990.pdf} 12. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/305/5684/621.short 13. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/305/5684/621.short 14. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. {630 mybn} 15. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). {575 mybn} 16. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {670 mybn} 17. ^ Meert, J. G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.; Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A. (2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research 19 (4): 867–880. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1342937X10002005 MORE INFO [1] Ivantsov, A. Yu (2004). "New Proarticulata from the Vendian of the Arkhangel'sk Region" (PDF). Paleontological Journal 38 (3): 247–253 [2] Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.short | Sonora, Mexico6 |Adelaide, Australia7 | Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhsta8 |
[1] A general view of the life in the time frame from about 605 to 542 million years ago (the Vendian), is found at this New Zealand site which concentrates on the Ediacaran epoch; it mentions Australian and other geographic localities where the assemblages have been found. The fossil life is represented entirely by creatures with soft parts only. It is suggested that these may be ancestral to later phylla observed at the beginning of the Paleozoic. Below is a chart presenting typical Ediacaran fauna, followed by an artist's depiction of life on the sea floor at that time, and beneath that is a layout of some actual fossils: PD source: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/ 800pxlife_in_the_ediacaran_sea.jpg [2] A more general view of the life in the time frame from about 600+ to 542 million years ago (end of Proterozoic and Precambrian into the oldest Cambrian), known as the Ediacaran or Vendian, is found at this New Zealand site; it mentions Australian and other geographic localities where the assemblages have been found. The fossil life represents entirely creatures with soft parts only and suggestions that these may be ancestral to later phylla observed at the beginning of the Paleozoic. Below is an artist's sketch of some of these creatures: UNKNOWN source: http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/doc s/rst/Sect20/vendintro.jpg |
600,000,000 YBN 23 24 25 | 107) Bilateral species evolve (two sided symmetry).15 16 17 Earliest animal brain.18 19 First triploblastic species (third embryonic layer: the mesoderm {meZuDRM20 }).21 In most bilaterians food enters in one end (the mouth) and waste exits at the opposite end (the anus). There is an advantage for sense organs like light, sound, touch, smell, and taste detection to be located on the head near the mouth to help with getting food.22 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 6. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 9. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 13. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 14. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 18. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 20. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 21. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396. 23. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 25. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) |
[1] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush 1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel that feeds on diatoms source: ? [2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
600,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 | 403) Earliest extant bilaterian: Acoelomorpha (acoela flat worms and nemertodermatida).4 5 6 Acoelomorpha lack a digestive track, anus and coelom.7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ "Acoelomorpha". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoelomorph a 9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396 |
[1] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush 1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel that feeds on diatoms source: ? [2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
600,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 | 459) An intestine evolves in a bilaterian.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) |
[1] From: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. [2] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush 1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel that feeds on diatoms source: ? | |
600,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 | 532) Cylindrical gut, anus, and through-put of food evolves in a bilaterian;3 found in all bilaterians except Acoelomorpha4 and Platyhelminthes.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {630my (first bilateral species-acoelomates} 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) {575 (first bilateral species-acoelomates)(fossil record is older} |
[1] From: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. [2] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush 1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel that feeds on diatoms source: ? | |
600,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 | 593) The genital pore, vagina, and uterus evolve in a bilaterian.3 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) |
[1] From: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001. [2] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush 1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel that feeds on diatoms source: ? | |
600,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 | 660) The penis evolves in a bilaterian.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 2. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 3. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {based on some Platyhelminthes have a penis) 630my} 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) MORE INFO [1] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001 |
[1] From: Brusca and Brusca, ''Invertebrates'', Second Edition, 2003 COPYRIGHTED source: Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003 [2] From: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', 2004. COPYRIGHTED source: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. | |
590,000,000 YBN | 70) End of Varanger Ice Age (650-590 mybn).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll |
[1] Precambrian Earth from the South Pole 600MYBN UNKNOWN source: http://cpgeosystems.com/gallery. html | |
590,000,000 YBN 3 4 | 95) Fluid filled cavity, the coelom (SEleM) evolves in a bilaterian.2 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {estimate based on coelom being before protostome-deutostome division, after acoelomorph) 630-590 mybn} MORE INFO [1] "coelom." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/body-cavity |
[1] Example of the coleom's from 3 organisms UNKNOWN source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_5DLPaU qdg2g/TBBz3rcLDOI/AAAAAAAAAGA/Z34_-_usSc w/s1600/3927715.jpg [2] From NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH Formation of the coelom or body cavity Acoelomates lack a body cavity. In pseudocoelomates, the coelom is formed from a persistent embryonic cavity. In schizocoelous coelomates, the coelom is formed by splits in the embryonic mesoderm, the middle layer of the body. In enterocoelous coelomates, the coelom forms within pouches of the gut wall. UNKNOWN source: http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/images/c ollections/invertebrates/intros/LgCoelom .jpg | |
590,000,000 YBN 9 10 | 98) The first circulatory system; blood vessels, and blood evolve in a bilaterian.4 First blood cells.5 Cnidarians and flatworms are no more than two sheets of tissue thick and so allow gas exchange and nutrient distribution by diffusion, but larger animals with thicker tissues require a circulatory system to distribute materials.6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81. 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81. 5. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p327. 6. ^ Solomon, E., L. Berg, and D.W. Martin. Biology. Cengage Learning, 2010. Available Titles CourseMate Series, p938-939. http://books.google.com/books ?id=itHVNZicPgwC 7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p299. 8. ^ Cowen, R. History of Life. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z -Tam4XuXLkC&pg=PA46 9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {based on} |
[1] D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001 AND Fig 11.1G from: Brusca and Brusca, ''Invertebrates'', 2003, p320. COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p320. [2] From: D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001 COPYRIGHTED source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001 | |
580,000,000 YBN 21 22 23 24 | 93) Bilaterians Protostomes evolve.13 14 Ancestor of all Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu15 } and Lophotrochozoa {LuFoTroKoZOu16 }.17 18 19 20 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 3. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 4. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 11. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 12. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 14. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 18. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198701 19. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 20. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 21. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (590my) {590 mybn} 23. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/47/5/744.full {543 mybn} 24. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {910 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=priapu lids [2] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443; doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1 496/1435.short |
[1] English: This diagram is showing the difference of the two major types of coelomates: the protostomes (molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...) and deuterostomes (echinoderms, vertebrates, ...). These groups differ in several characteristics of early development; In deuterostomes blastula devisions is called ''radial cleavage'' because it occurs parallel or perpendicular to the major polar axis. In protostomes the cleavage is called ''spirale'' because division planes are oriented obliquely to the polar major axis. During gastrulation, protostomes embryos' mouth was given first by the blastopore while the anus was formed later and vis versa for the deuterostomes. As examples : Squids are protostomes. Sea urchins are deuterostomes. Date 14 October 2009 Source Own work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv g.png [2] English: This diagram is showing the difference of the two major types of coelomates: the protostomes (molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...) and deuterostomes (echinoderms, vertebrates, ...). These groups differ in several characteristics of early development; In deuterostomes blastula devisions is called ''radial cleavage'' because it occurs parallel or perpendicular to the major polar axis. In protostomes the cleavage is called ''spirale'' because division planes are oriented obliquely to the polar major axis. During gastrulation, protostomes embryos' mouth was given first by the blastopore while the anus was formed later and vis versa for the deuterostomes. As examples : Squids are protostomes. Sea urchins are deuterostomes. Date 14 October 2009 Source Own work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv g.png | |
580,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 | 105) Bilaterians Deuterostomes evolve. Ancestor of all Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS 6 }, Hemichordates, and Chordates.7 8 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 3. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 6. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {570 mybn} 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {910 mybn} 12. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/47/5/744.full {367 mybn} 13. ^ Jun-Yuan Chen, David J. Bottjer, Paola Oliveri,Stephen Q. Dornbos, Feng Gao, Seth Ruffins, Huimei Chi, Chia-Wei Li, Eric H. Davidson, "Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian", Science, Vol 305, Issue 5681, 218-222, 9 July 2004 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/cont ent/full/sci;305/5681/218 MORE INFO [1] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443; doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1 496/1435.short |
[1] English: This diagram is showing the difference of the two major types of coelomates: the protostomes (molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...) and deuterostomes (echinoderms, vertebrates, ...). These groups differ in several characteristics of early development; In deuterostomes blastula devisions is called ''radial cleavage'' because it occurs parallel or perpendicular to the major polar axis. In protostomes the cleavage is called ''spirale'' because division planes are oriented obliquely to the polar major axis. During gastrulation, protostomes embryos' mouth was given first by the blastopore while the anus was formed later and vis versa for the deuterostomes. As examples : Squids are protostomes. Sea urchins are deuterostomes. Date 14 October 2009 Source Own work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv g.png [2] English: This diagram is showing the difference of the two major types of coelomates: the protostomes (molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...) and deuterostomes (echinoderms, vertebrates, ...). These groups differ in several characteristics of early development; In deuterostomes blastula devisions is called ''radial cleavage'' because it occurs parallel or perpendicular to the major polar axis. In protostomes the cleavage is called ''spirale'' because division planes are oriented obliquely to the polar major axis. During gastrulation, protostomes embryos' mouth was given first by the blastopore while the anus was formed later and vis versa for the deuterostomes. As examples : Squids are protostomes. Sea urchins are deuterostomes. Date 14 October 2009 Source Own work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv g.png | |
580,000,000 YBN 6 7 | 131) The first shell (or skeleton) evolves; in ciliates.3 Skeletons evolve independently in different groups.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} 2. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} 3. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} 4. ^ "skeleton." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/547371/skeleton>. 5. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} 6. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} {earliest hard shell fossil - ciliate) 580 mybn} 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Euglenozoa -pellicle) 1956 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Hamm, Smetacek, "Armor: Why, When, and How", in Falkowski, Knoll, "Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea", 2007, p311-332, p323 [2] Bengtson, S. (2004), Early skeletal fossils, in Lipps, J.H., and Waggoner, B.M., "Neoproterozoic- Cambrian Biological Revolutions" (PDF), Paleontological Society Papers 10: 67–78, retrieved 2008-07-18 http://www.nrm.se/download/1 8.4e32c81078a8d9249800021554/Bengtson200 4ESF.pdf | (Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China5 |
[1] Figure 1 from: Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). ''Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China''. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP286. 11 [2] Figure 1 from: Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). ''Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China''. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org /10.1144/SP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my bn.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP286. 11 |
570,000,000 YBN 14 15 16 17 | 311) Bilaterians Chaetognatha {KE-ToG-nutu8 9 } evolve (Arrow Worms).10 Earliest teeth. Animals start to eat other animals.11 12 The evolution of teeth and animal predation starts an "arms race" that rapidly transforms ecosystems around the Earth.13 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 2. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/article render.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 3. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognath a 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaeto gnatha&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 7. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/article render.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 8. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognath a 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaeto gnatha&submit=Submit 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 12. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/article render.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 13. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (570) 15. ^ Chen, J.-Y.; Huang, D.-Y. (2002). "A possible Lower Cambrian chaetognath (arrow worm)". Science 298 (5591): 187. doi:10.1126/science.1075059. PMID 12364798. 16. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 17. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", Oxford University Press, New York., 2009, Chap 24, p224-225. http://timetree.org/book.php MORE INFO [1] Gonzalo Giribet, Daniel L. Distel, Martin Polz, Wolfgang Sterrer, and Ward C. Wheeler Triploblastic Relationships with Emphasis on the Acoelomates and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology Syst Biol (2000) 49(3): 539-562 doi:10.1080/10635159950127385 [2] Martin Helmkampf, Iris Bruchhaus, Bernhard Hausdorf, Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath phylogenetic relationships, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 206-214, ISSN 1055-7903, 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.004. (http://ww w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S105579030700317X) [3] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html [4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2002, p844 |
[1] Chaetognatha UNKNOWN source: http://content5.eol.org/content/ 2010/08/09/03/74200_large.jpg [2] Description Chatognath Spadella cephaloptera Date Unkown Source Own work Author Zatelmar Permission (Reusing this file) See below. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8e/Chaetoblack.png | |
565,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 | 345) Deuterostome Hemichordates evolve (pterobranchs {TARuBrANKS5 }6 , acorn worms).7 Adult Pterobranchs are sessile, fastening to solid structures, but the younger (or larval) form is free swimming, and is thought to have evolved into tunicates and then the first fish.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterob ranchs&submit=Submit 2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p201. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p203. 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterob ranchs&submit=Submit 6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p201. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p203. 9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 10. ^ Xian-guang Hou, Richard J. Aldridge, David J. Siveter, Derek J. Siveter, Mark Williams, Jan Zalasiewicz, Xiao-ya Ma. A pterobranch hemichordate zooid from the lower Cambrian. Current Biology, 24 March 2011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.005 http://www.sc iencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096 0982211002776 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p383. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=126698 |
[1] Description Eichelwurm, Exemplar aus der Sammlung des Institutes für Zoologie, FU Berlin. GNU FDL Date Source Foto: de:Benutzer:Necrophorus Author User Necrophorus on de.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) Released under the GNU Free Documentation License. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Eichelwurm.jpg/ 1024px-Eichelwurm.jpg [2] Pterobranchs Resembling slugs with hairy, branching tentacles, Pterobranchs filter food from the water and form colonies of “clones,” much like coral polyps, often secreting a network of hard tubing. Individual zooids can crawl about freely within the colony, but are connected to one another by thin “cables,” quickly retracting if disturbed. What makes the Pterobranchs even stranger than corals is that these slimy, slithering weirdos are “hemichordates,” closer to us vertebrates than to invertebrates like worms and jellyfish. Read more: http://www.toptenz.net/top-10-colonial-o rganisms.php#ixzz1lJRtH61S COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.toptenz.net/wp-conten t/uploads/2011/10/Pterobranch-colonial-o rganisms.jpg | |
565,000,000 YBN 15 16 | 347) Deuterostome Phylum Chordata evolves. Chordates are a very large group that include all tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.8 9 Chordates get their name from the notochord {nOTe-KORD10 }, the cartilage rod that runs along the back of the animal, in the embryo if not in the adult.11 The ancestor of all chordates evolves "upside-down". Unlike earlier invertebrates, this ancestor and all vertebrates have their nerve cord near their back and their heart near their front.12 13 14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400. 6. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral 7. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 10. ^ "notochord." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/notochord 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400. 13. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral 14. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal 15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. {565 MYBN} 16. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3208 583.stm MORE INFO [1] Douzery, E. J. P., Snell, E. A., Bapteste, E., Delsuc, F., & Philippe, H. (2004). The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 (43), 15386-15391. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.040398410 1 [2] Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho and Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science New Series, Vol. 271, No. 5248 (Jan. 26, 1996), pp. 470-477. http://www.jstor.org/stable/28 90144 [3] Pennisi, Elizabeth. “Drafting a Tree.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1694. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/300/5626/1694.summary [4] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI: 10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.sp ringerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/ export-citation/ [5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41451 |
[1] from adelaide, australia UNKNOWN source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/t ech/3208583.stm [2] [t Note that this is a vertebrate - not a pre-vertebrate chordate] Portion of figure from: D.-G. Shu, S. Conway Morris, J. Han, Z.-F. Zhang, K. Yasui, P. Janvier, L. Chen, X.-L. Zhang, J.-N. Liu, Y. Li and H.-Q. Liu, ''Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys'', Nature 421, 526-529(30 January 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v421/n6922/full/nature01264.html CO PYRIGHTED source: https://nature.com/journal/v421/ n6922/images/nature01264-f1.2.jpg | |
565,000,000 YBN 4 5 | 348) Earliest extant chordate: Tunicates {TUNiKiTS} evolve (sea squirts).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. {565 mybn} 5. ^ Chen, Jun-Yuan et al. “The First Tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.14 (2003): 8314 –8318. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/ 14/8314.full |
[1] Description Clavelina moluccensis, the bluebell tunicate English: Tunicate colony. (Clavelina moluccensis) Date 04/17/05 Source Own work Author Nhobgood CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/9/98/Bluebell_tunicates_Ni ck_Hobgood.jpg [2] Timeline of phylogeny of animals, figure 6 from: S. Blair Hedges, ''The origin and evolution of model organisms'', Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} a) The relationships and divergence times (millions of years ago (Mya) plusminus one standard error) of selected model animals are shown, based on recent multigene and multiprotein studies51, 61, 84. The fossil divergence time of birds and mammals (310 Mya) was used to calibrate the molecular clock. Branch lengths are not proportional to time. b ) The relationships and numbers of living species, from a diversity of sources in most of the main groups. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa l/v3/n11/images/nrg929-f6.jpg | |
560,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 11 12 13 | 117) Earliest animal shell (or skeleton).2 Earliest evidence of animals eating other animals (predation).3 4 Appearance of small shelly fossils and deep burrows correlated with a decline in stromatolites, possibly from feeding.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210. 2. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Pu blications/Verdun.pdf 3. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367. doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ abstract/257/5068/367 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345 4. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 5. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210. 6. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.", Source: American journal of science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume) page: 261 -94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/ 1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf 7. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 8. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p163-170. 9. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p212. 10. ^ Adam C. Maloof, Susannah M. Porter, John L. Moore, Frank Ö. Dudás, Samuel A. Bowring, John A. Higgins, David A. Fike, and Michael P. Eddy, "The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change", Geological Society of America Bulletin, November 2010, v. 122, p. 1731-1774, doi:10.1130/B30346.1 http://gsabulletin .gsapubs.org/content/122/11-12/1731.full 11. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.", Source: American journal of science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume) page: 261 -94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/ 1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf 12. ^ http://palaeos.com/proterozoic/neoproter ozoic/ediacaran/ediacaran2.htm 13. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 MORE INFO [1] Philip W. Signor and Mark A. S. McMenamin "The Early Cambrian Worm Tube Onuphionella from California and Nevada", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 62, No. 2 (Mar., 1988), pp. 233-240 Published by: Paleontological Society Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1305228 [2] MATTHEWS, S. C., AND V. V. MISSARZHEVSKY. 1975. "Small shelly fossils of late Precambrian and early Cambrian age: a review of recent work." Journal of the Geological Society, 131:289-304 http://jgs.geoscienceworld. org/content/131/3/289.abstract [3] GRANT, S. W. F. 1990. "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic." American Journal of Science, 290(A):261-294 | (Ara Formation) Oman6 |Lijiagou, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province7 |
[1] Cloudina COPYRIGHTED source: http://palaeos.com/proterozoic/n eoproterozoic/ediacaran/images/Cloudina. jpg [2] Cloudina from: HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, ''Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic'', PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 COPYRIGHTED source: http://palaios.geoscienceworld.o rg/content/vol18/issue4-5/images/large/i 0883-1351-018-04-0454-f03.jpeg |
560,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 11 12 | 318) Protostomes Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu4 } evolve. Ecdysozoa are animals that molt (lose their outer skin) as they grow.5 6 This is the ancestor of round worms, and arthropods (which includes insects and crustaceans).7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p390-394. 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdyso zoa&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p390-394. 7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=198710 8. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c580) {c580 mybn} 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p388-394. (560) {560 mybn} 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {790 mybn} 12. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/47/5/744.full {530 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html [2] Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 [3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p390-394 [4] Telford, Maximilian J et al. “The Evolution of the Ecdysozoa.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496 (2008): 1529 –1537. Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1529.long |
[1] Description English: Life restoration of Ottoia in natural environment with nearby Haplophrentis. Date 11-29-08 Source Own work Author Smokeybjb GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/10/Ottoia_burrowing.jpg [2] Description en:category:Caenorhabditis elegans Date 2006-09-06 (original upload date) (Original text : 09/05/2006) Source Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. (Original text : Donated by Zeynep F. Altun) Author Original uploader was Kbradnam at en.wikipedia (Original text : Zeynep F. Altun, Editor of www.wormatlas.org) Permission (Reusing this file) CC-BY-SA-2.5. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adult_Caenorhab ditis_elegans.jpg/1280px-Adult_Caenorhab ditis_elegans.jpg | |
560,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 13 14 | 331) Protostomes Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u4 } evolve. Ancestor of rotifers, phoronids, brachiopods {BrA-KE-O-PoDZ5 }, entoprocts {eNTuProKS6 }, bryozoans {BrI-u-ZO-iNZ7 }, platyhelminthes, gastrotrichs, nemertea, molluscs and annelids.8 9 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brachi opods&submit=Submit 6. ^ "entoproct?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/e ntoproct?s=t 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bryozo ans&submit=Submit 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 10. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547) {c580 mybn} 12. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). (550) {550 mybn} 13. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book. php {790 mybn} 14. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co ntent/47/5/744.full {538 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=202032 |
[1] A rotifer. The cilia around this rotifer's mouth are unusually long; they reach as far as the strand of spirogyra to the right. 10× objective, 15× eyepiece. The numbered ticks on the scale are 122 µM apart. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag e/121893/530wm/C0058380-Rotifer_SEM-SPL. jpg [2] Description Clams Date Source Own work Author Marlith CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8f/Clams.JPG | |
560,000,000 YBN | 349) First fish.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41451 |
[1] Lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) Description Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774) English: Amphioxus from course sandy sediments (600µm) on the Belgian continental shelf. Length: ~22 mm. Geo-location not applicable as the picture was taken in the lab. Français : Branchiostoma lanceolatum, un céphalochordé, récolté dans des sédiments de sable grossier (600µm) sur le Plateau continental belge. Longueur totale: 22 mm environ. Date 1997 Source Own work Author (Hans Hillewaert) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/47/Branchiostoma_lanceol atum.jpg | |
560,000,000 YBN | 6290) Earliest extant fish, Lancelets {laNSleTS4 }.5 First liver and kidney.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p205. 4. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p205. MORE INFO [1] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI: 10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.sp ringerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/ export-citation/ [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41451 |
[1] Lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) Description Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774) English: Amphioxus from course sandy sediments (600µm) on the Belgian continental shelf. Length: ~22 mm. Geo-location not applicable as the picture was taken in the lab. Français : Branchiostoma lanceolatum, un céphalochordé, récolté dans des sédiments de sable grossier (600µm) sur le Plateau continental belge. Longueur totale: 22 mm environ. Date 1997 Source Own work Author (Hans Hillewaert) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/47/Branchiostoma_lanceol atum.jpg [2] Lancelet COPYRIGHTED source: http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/ 16cm05/1116/34-04b-Lancelet.jpg | |
550,000,000 YBN 7 | 328) Ecdysozoa Aschelminthes {aSKHeLmiNtEZ3 4 } (worms: nematodes and priapulids).5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=126691 3. ^ "Aschelminthes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/aschelminth es 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=aschel minthes 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=126691 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c550) |
[1] Description English: Priapulid worm Priapulus caudatus in a Petry dish. The specimen was found in the intertidal of the Russian coast of the Barents Sea. Русский: Приапулида Priapulus caudatus в чашке Петри. Особь найдена в приливно-отливной зоне на российском побережье Баренцева моря. Date between 2005 and 2007 Source kindly granted by the author Author Dmitry Aristov Permission (Reusing this file) See below. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/62/Priapulus_caudatus.jp g [2] Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
547,000,000 YBN 2 | 334) Lophotrochozoa Brachiopods {BrAKEOPoDZ}.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=202032 |
[1] Brachiopod UNKNOWN source: http://paleo.cortland.edu/tutori al/Brachiopods/Brachiopod%20Images/lingu la.GIF [2] Brachiopods (Glottidia Albida) Photographic Print by Richard Herrmann item #: 357011759A UNKNOWN source: http://cache2.artprintimages.com /lrg/38/3813/HHRIF00Z.jpg | |
543,000,000 YBN 7 | 101) Segmentation evolves (body parts are repeated serially).5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {537 MYBN (based on Annaleda - segmented worns} {543 MYBN (based on arthropods, annelids - segmented worns=537} |
[1] Dikinsonia grew to a length of as much as two feet (60 cm), which made it one of the larger complex organisms of the Vendian. It's body is segmented with midline symmetry dividing it's body. Its body may have been denser than modern jellyfish or worms. [Atlas of Prehistoric World, Discovery Books Reconstruction of Dickinsonia, based on images from Atlas of the Prehistoric World, Discovery Channel Books and Kingfisher Illustrated Dinosaur Encyclopedia UNKNOWN source: http://paleontology.edwardtbabin ski.us/vendian/dickinsonia.jpg [2] Spriggina Spriggina was definitely a predator of the seas of that time. UNKNOWN source: http://www.museum.toulouse.fr/IM G/jpg/spriginna_72dpi_680.jpg | |
542,000,000 YBN 5 | 53) End of the "Precambrian". End of the Proterozoic and start of the Phanerozoic {FaNReZOiK1 } Eon. Start of the Paleozoic {PAlEuZOiK2 } Era and the Cambrian Period.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Phanerozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/phanerozoic 2. ^ "Paleozoic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 09 Mar. 2013. aleozoic>. 3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 5. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf MORE INFO [1] Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten t/305/5684/621.short |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] Description English: Global pareconstruction of the Earth in the early Cambrian period 540 million years ago. Deutsch: Globale paläogeografische Rekonstruktion der Erde während des frühen Kambriums vor 540 Millionen Jahren. русский: Глобальная палеогеографическая реконструкция Земли в начале Кембрийского периода 540 миллионов лет тому назад. українська: Глобальная палеогеографічна реконструкція Землі на початку Кембрійського періоду 540 мільйонів років тому назад. Date 23 April 2008 Source http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/mollglobe. html Author Dr. Ron Blakey - http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/ CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/d/d6/EarlyCambrianGlobal.j pg | |
542,000,000 YBN 9 10 | 6297) The Cambrian radiation, (or "Cambrian explosion"), the rapid diversification of multicellular animals between 542 and 530 million years ago that results in the appearance of many (between 20 and 35) of the major phyla of animals.5 6 7 An increase of animals with shells.8 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-ex plosion 2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 3. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. 4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 5. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-ex plosion 6. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 7. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. 8. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 9. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. {542-530 mybn} 10. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. {535 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Derek E. G. Briggs and Richard A. Fortey, "Wonderful Strife: Systematics, Stem Groups, and the Phylogenetic Signal of the Cambrian Radiation", Paleobiology , Vol. 31, No. 2, Supplement. Macroevolution: Diversity, Disparity, Contingency: Essays in Honor of Stephen Jay Gould (Spring, 2005), pp. 94-112 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2548 2671 |
[1] Artist drawing of the bottom of the Cambrian shallow sea floor, showing trilobites (imagine these crawling around on the Cambrian sea floor at Devil's Lake state park 550 m.y. ago!) (above). UNKNOWN source: http://www.geology.wisc.edu/home pages/g100s2/public_html/Geologic_Time/L 3_Cambrian_Life_More.jpg [2] Description English: Fossil specimen of Opabinia regalis from the Burgess shale on display at the Smithsonian in Washington, DC. This appears to be the exact specimen pictured in Fig. 42 of 'The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals', by Simon Conway Morris, Oxford University Press, 1998. Date 12 April 2009 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:FunkMonk using CommonsHelper. Author Original uploader was Jstuby at en.wikipedia PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/5/50/Opabinia_smithsonian. JPG | |
540,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 | 104) Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u3 } Platyhelminthes {PlaTEheLmiNtEZ} evolve (flatworms).4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophot rochozoa&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) 6. ^ Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. et al. “The Timing of Eukaryotic Evolution: Does a Relaxed Molecular Clock Reconcile Proteins and Fossils?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101.43 (2004): 15386 -15391. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/ 43/15386 7. ^ Peterson, Kevin J et al. “The Ediacaran Emergence of Bilaterians: Congruence Between the Genetic and the Geological Fossil Records.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496 (2008): 1435 -1443. Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1435.full |
[1] Description English: The flatworm Pseudoceros dimidiatus. North Horn, Osprey Reef, Coral Sea. Date August 9, 2005 Source Flickr Author Richard Ling CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatu s.jpg [2] Two turbellarians mating by penis fencing. Each has two penises, the white spikes on the undersides of their heads. Description English: Two Individuals of Pseudobiceros bedfordi about to have a Sperm Battle. – Species of the flatworm genus Pseudobiceros are hermaphroditic and have two penises that are used to inject sperm into the partner. P. bedfordi is exceptional in that it applies sperm onto the partner's skin rather than injecting it. Deutsch: Zwei Plattwürmer (Pseudobiceros bedfordi) vor der Begattung. Der doppelte Penis ist bei beiden Individuen gut sichtbar. Date Published: 2004-06-15 Source Whitfield J: Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Sexes. PLoS Biol 2/6/2004: e183. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020183.g001, photo page Author Photo courtesy of Nico Michiels. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/38/Flatworm_sex.png | |
540,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 | 319) Protists "Radiolaria" {rADEOlaREo4 }.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria- 2 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria- 2 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ A. Braun, J. Chen, D. Waloszek and A. Maas, "First Early Cambrian Radiolaria", Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2007, v. 286, p. 143-149. http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ content/286/1/143.short and http://www.core-orsten-research.de/ Publications/PDF_Paper/ulm_team/2007b_Br aun_etal.pdf {Earliest radiolaria fossils) 540 mybn} 8. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} 9. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_ taxon_a=65574 {804 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates (1600my) [2] Keeling, Patrick J. et al. "The tree of eukaryotes." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20.12 (2005): 670-676. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s cience/article/pii/S0169534705003046 [3] Delsuc, Frederic, Henner Brinkmann, and Herve Philippe. "Phylogenomics and the reconstruction of the tree of life." Nat Rev Genet 6.5 (2005): 361-375. http://www.nature.com/nrg/jour nal/v6/n5/abs/nrg1603.html [4] http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/Bio-h ome/Pratt/boo305.htm [5] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html [6] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ra diolaria.html [7] "Polycystine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystine |
[1] FIG. 2. The tree of life based on molecular, ultrastructural and palaeontological evidence. Contrary to widespread assumptions, the root is among the eubacteria, probably within the double-enveloped Negibacteria, not between eubacteria and archaebacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b); it may lie between Eobacteria and other Negibacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b). The position of the eukaryotic root has been nearly as controversial, but is less hard to establish: it probably lies between unikonts and bikonts (Lang et al., 2002; Stechmann and Cavalier-Smith, 2002, 2003). For clarity the basal eukaryotic kingdom Protozoa is not labelled; it comprises four major groups (alveolates, cabozoa, Amoebozoa and Choanozoa) plus the small bikont phylum Apusozoa of unclear precise position; whether Heliozoa are protozoa as shown or chromists is uncertain (Cavalier-Smith, 2003b). Symbiogenetic cell enslavement occurred four or five times: in the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from different negibacteria, of chromalveolates by the enslaving of a red alga (Cavalier-Smith, 1999, 2003; Harper and Keeling, 2003) and in the origin of the green plastids of euglenoid (excavate) and chlorarachnean (cercozoan) algae-a green algal cell was enslaved either by the ancestral cabozoan (arrow) or (less likely) twice independently within excavates and Cercozoa (asterisks) (Cavalier-Smith, 2003a). The upper thumbnail sketch shows membrane topology in the chimaeric cryptophytes (class Cryptophyceae of the phylum Cryptista); in the ancestral chromist the former food vacuole membrane fused with the rough endoplasmic reticulum placing the enslaved cell within its lumen (red) to yield the complex membrane topology shown. The large host nucleus and the tiny nucleomorph are shown in blue, chloroplast green and mitochondrion purple. In chlorarachneans (class Chlorarachnea of phylum Cercozoa) the former food vacuole membrane remained topologically distinct from the ER to become an epiplastid membrane and so did not acquire ribosomes on its surface, but their membrane topology is otherwise similar to the cryptophytes. The other sketches portray the four major kinds of cell in the living world and their membrane topology. The upper ones show the contrasting ancestral microtubular cytoskeleton (ciliary roots, in red) of unikonts (a cone of single microtubules attaching the single centriole to the nucleus, blue) and bikonts (two bands of microtubules attached to the posterior centriole and an anterior fan of microtubules attached to the anterior centriole). The lower ones show the single plasma membrane of unibacteria (posibacteria plus archaebacteria), which were ancestral to eukaryotes and the double envelope of negibacteria, which were ancestral to mitochondria and chloroplasts (which retained the outer membrane, red). source: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cg i/content/full/95/1/147/FIG2 [2] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group. source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/co ntent/full/300/5626/1703 | |
540,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11 | 321) Protists "Foraminifera" {FOraMiniFRu4 }.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=forami nifera&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=forami nifera&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p165-167. {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 8. ^ Culver, S. J. (1991) Science 254, 689–691. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijlink?linkTyp e=ABST&journalCode=sci&resid=254/5032/68 9 and http://www.sciencemag.org/content/2 54/5032/689.full.pdf {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 9. ^ Culver, S. J. (1994) J. Foraminiferal Res. 24, 191–202. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijli nk?linkType=ABST&journalCode=gsjfr&resid =24/3/191 {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 10. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} 11. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_ taxon_a=65574 {804 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates (1600mybn) [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30 .html [3] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/fo ram.html [4] "Allogromiida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogromiid a [5] "Fusulinid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusulinid [6] "Globigerinida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globigerini da [7] "Miliolid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliolid [8] "Rotaliida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaliida [9] "Textulariida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textulariid a [10] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P4356&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&exclu deNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= [11] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protis t.php?func=integrate&myID=P2007&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&exclu deNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= |
[1] FIG. 2. The tree of life based on molecular, ultrastructural and palaeontological evidence. Contrary to widespread assumptions, the root is among the eubacteria, probably within the double-enveloped Negibacteria, not between eubacteria and archaebacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b); it may lie between Eobacteria and other Negibacteria (Cavalier-Smith, 2002b). The position of the eukaryotic root has been nearly as controversial, but is less hard to establish: it probably lies between unikonts and bikonts (Lang et al., 2002; Stechmann and Cavalier-Smith, 2002, 2003). For clarity the basal eukaryotic kingdom Protozoa is not labelled; it comprises four major groups (alveolates, cabozoa, Amoebozoa and Choanozoa) plus the small bikont phylum Apusozoa of unclear precise position; whether Heliozoa are protozoa as shown or chromists is uncertain (Cavalier-Smith, 2003b). Symbiogenetic cell enslavement occurred four or five times: in the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from different negibacteria, of chromalveolates by the enslaving of a red alga (Cavalier-Smith, 1999, 2003; Harper and Keeling, 2003) and in the origin of the green plastids of euglenoid (excavate) and chlorarachnean (cercozoan) algae-a green algal cell was enslaved either by the ancestral cabozoan (arrow) or (less likely) twice independently within excavates and Cercozoa (asterisks) (Cavalier-Smith, 2003a). The upper thumbnail sketch shows membrane topology in the chimaeric cryptophytes (class Cryptophyceae of the phylum Cryptista); in the ancestral chromist the former food vacuole membrane fused with the rough endoplasmic reticulum placing the enslaved cell within its lumen (red) to yield the complex membrane topology shown. The large host nucleus and the tiny nucleomorph are shown in blue, chloroplast green and mitochondrion purple. In chlorarachneans (class Chlorarachnea of phylum Cercozoa) the former food vacuole membrane remained topologically distinct from the ER to become an epiplastid membrane and so did not acquire ribosomes on its surface, but their membrane topology is otherwise similar to the cryptophytes. The other sketches portray the four major kinds of cell in the living world and their membrane topology. The upper ones show the contrasting ancestral microtubular cytoskeleton (ciliary roots, in red) of unikonts (a cone of single microtubules attaching the single centriole to the nucleus, blue) and bikonts (two bands of microtubules attached to the posterior centriole and an anterior fan of microtubules attached to the anterior centriole). The lower ones show the single plasma membrane of unibacteria (posibacteria plus archaebacteria), which were ancestral to eukaryotes and the double envelope of negibacteria, which were ancestral to mitochondria and chloroplasts (which retained the outer membrane, red). source: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cg i/content/full/95/1/147/FIG2 [2] Fig. 1. A consensus phylogeny of eukaryotes. The vast majority of characterized eukaryotes, with the notable exception of major subgroups of amoebae, can now be assigned to one of eight major groups. Opisthokonts (basal flagellum) have a single basal flagellum on reproductive cells and flat mitochondrial cristae (most eukaryotes have tubular ones). Eukaryotic photosynthesis originated in Plants; theirs are the only plastids with just two outer membranes. Heterokonts (different flagellae) have a unique flagellum decorated with hollow tripartite hairs (stramenopiles) and, usually, a second plain one. Cercozoans are amoebae with filose pseudopodia, often living with in tests (hard outer shells), some very elaborate (foraminiferans). Amoebozoa are mostly naked amoebae (lacking tests), often with lobose pseudopodia for at least part of their life cycle. Alveolates have systems of cortical alveoli directly beneath their plasma membranes. Discicristates have discoid mitochondrial cristae and, in some cases, a deep (excavated) ventral feeding groove. Amitochondrial excavates lack substantial molecular phylogenetic support, but most have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack mitochondria. The tree shown is based on a consensus of molecular (1-4) and ultrastructural (16, 17) data and includes a rough indication of new ciPCR ''taxa'' (broken black lines) (7-11). An asterisk preceding the taxon name indicates probable paraphyletic group. source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/co ntent/full/300/5626/1703 | |
540,000,000 YBN 5 | 340) Lophotrochozoa Nemertea {ne-mR-TEu3 } (ribbon worms).4 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemert ea&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemert ea&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c541) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201563 |
[1] Description English: Basiodiscus mexicanus was photographed at Los Arcos, near Puerto Vallarta, Mexico Date Source University of California Museum of Paleology: Introduction to the Nemertini Author Chris Meyer and Allen Collins Permission (Reusing this file) See below. PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/49/Nemertea_Basiodiscus_ mexicanus.png [2] Timeline of phylogeny of animals, figure 6 from: S. Blair Hedges, ''The origin and evolution of model organisms'', Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} a) The relationships and divergence times (millions of years ago (Mya) plusminus one standard error) of selected model animals are shown, based on recent multigene and multiprotein studies51, 61, 84. The fossil divergence time of birds and mammals (310 Mya) was used to calibrate the molecular clock. Branch lengths are not proportional to time. b ) The relationships and numbers of living species, from a diversity of sources in most of the main groups. COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
540,000,000 YBN 5 | 341) Ecdysozoa Tardigrades {ToRDiGRADZ3 }.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?pos=0 |
[1] Description Willow Gabriel and Bob Goldstein, http://tardigrades.bio.unc.edu/ Date 2007-05-20 (original upload date) CC source: http://28.media.tumblr.com/tumbl r_limfh2NXtC1qc6j5yo1_400.jpg [2] from Giribet 2007 source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/65/Hypsibiusdujardini.jp g | |
540,000,000 YBN 6 | 342) Ecdysozoa Onychophorans {oniKoFereNS3 } evolve.4 Onychophorans are a transition between worms and arthropods: they have segmented worm-like bodies but with appendages like arthropods.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "onychophoran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/velvet-worm 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "onychophoran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/velvet-worm 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p193. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?pos=0 |
[1] Euperipatoides kanangrensis on a eucalyptus log, in which it normally resides. Description English: Cropped version of File:Euperipatoides kanangrensis.jpg Date 13 October 2009 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/67/Euperipatoides_kanang rensis_crop.jpg [2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
535,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 | 114) The first heart evolves in bilaterians.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p 73. 5. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66. 6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {based on} {539 MYBN (based on mollusca} |
[1] From: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', 2004. COPYRIGHTED source: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. [2] From: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, ''Invertebrate Zoology'', 2004. COPYRIGHTED source: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. | |
533,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 | 343) Lophotrochozoa Mollusks evolve.3 The phylum Mollusca is the second largest animal phylum after the arthropods, and is divided into seven classes, three of which (Gastropoda {GaSTroPeDu4 } (snails), Bivalvia (clams and muscles), and Cephalopoda {SeFeloPeDu5 } (squids and octupuses) are of major importance.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gastro poda&submit=Submit 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cephal opoda&submit=Submit 6. ^ "Mollusca." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/mollusca 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book. php 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c539) 9. ^ Caron, Jean-Bernard et al. "A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale." Nature 442.7099 (2006): 159-163. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v442/n7099/full/nature04894.html MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201563 |
[1] From: Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 284–291. ISBN 0030259827. PD source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol lusca [2] Description Clams Date Source Own work Author Marlith CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/8f/Clams.JPG | |
530,000,000 YBN 3 | 338) Lophotrochozoa annelids (segmented worms).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c537) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=201563 |
[1] An earthworm's clitellum they have a unique reproductive organ, the ring-shaped clitellum (''pack saddle'') round their bodies, which produces a cocoon that stores and nourishes fertilized eggs until they hatch Description Regenwurm mit Clitellum - (sattelförmige Verdickung im vorderen Drittel).Das Sekret der Clitellum-Drüsen dient u. a. zur Bildung dieses Ei-Kokons. Français : Ver de terre (Oligochaeta, Lumbricina) Svenska: Daggmask (Lumbricus spec.) Русский: Дождевой червь (род Лумбрикус) Date Source first upload in de wikipedia on 09:58, 16. Feb 2005 by Michael Linnenbach Author Michael Linnenbach GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/30/Regenwurm1.jpg [2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/363/1496/1513 | |
530,000,000 YBN 7 8 | 339) Ecdysozoa Arthropods evolve.3 Arthropods can be compared to a segmented worm encased in a rigid exoskeleton.4 The phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Arthropods include the trilobites, the crustaceans (shrimps, crabs, and lobsters), the Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes), the Chelicerata (arachnids and horseshoe crabs) and the insects.5 All arthropods have a segmented body covered by an exoskeleton containing chitin, which serves as both armor and as a surface for muscle attachment.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p476. 5. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree, 2009, p251. http://timetree.org/pdf/Pisani200 9Chap29.pdf 6. ^ "arthropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/arthropod 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) 8. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?pos=0 |
[1] Extinct and modern arthropods English: Arthropoda collage. From left to right and from top to bottom: Kolihapeltis, Stylonurus, Scorpion, Crab, Centipede, Butterfly CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/8/80/Arthropoda.jpg [2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED source: http://rstb.royalsociorg/content /363/1496/1513 | |
530,000,000 YBN | 350) Chordata Vertebrates evolve.3 This Subphylum contains most fishes, and all amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41579 |
[1] Description Lampetra fluviatilis from the german northsea Date 2004 Source Germany Author M.Buschmann Permission (Reusing this file) Author is owner CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3f/Lampetra_fluviatilis. jpg [2] Description Clockwise, starting from top left: 1. Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra) 2. Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) 3. Southern Cassowary (Casusarius casuarius) 4. Black-and-rufus Giant Elephant Shrew (Rhynchocyon petersi) 5. Ocean Sunfish (Mola mola) Date CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/ec/Vertebrates.png | |
530,000,000 YBN 3 | 6637) Vertebrates Jawless fishes evolve (agnatha).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. MORE INFO [1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series, Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp. 671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/165 5241 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41579 |
[1] Description English: Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) in a hole at 150 meters depth. Latitude 37 58 N., Longitude 123 27 W. Location: California, Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Date Last Updated: September 30, 2009. Source http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/sanc 1692.htm http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/bigs/sanc16 92.jpg Author Linda Snook, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary (CBNMS) PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eptatretus_stou tii.jpg/1280px-Eptatretus_stoutii.jpg [2] Description Lampetra fluviatilis from the german northsea Date 2004 Source Germany Author M.Buschmann Permission (Reusing this file) Author is owner CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3f/Lampetra_fluviatilis. jpg | |
520,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 | 133) Arthropods Chelicerata (KeliSuroTo4 ) (eight legs, ancestor of horseshoe crabs, mites, spiders, and scorpions).5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelic erata&submit=Submit 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ J. W. Shultz (2007). "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 221–265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-364 2.2007.00284.x 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelic erata&submit=Submit 5. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 6. ^ D. Waloszek, J.A. Dunlop, "A larval sea spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Upper Cambrian ‘Orsten’ of Sweden and the phylogenetic position of pycnogonids", Palaeontology, 45 (2002), pp. 421–446 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.co m/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00244/abstract 7. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 8. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211. 9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66-67. 10. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. MORE INFO [1] Charbonnier, S, J Vannier, and B Riou. “New Sea Spiders from the Jurassic La Voulte-sur-Rhône Lagerstätte.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1625 (October 22, 2007): 2555 –2561. http://rspb.royalsocietypublis hing.org/content/274/1625/2555.full [2] Dunlop and Seldon, "The Early History and Phylogeny of the Chelicerates", in Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relatioinships", 1997, p231 | earliest (sea spider) fossils: Orsten, Sweden6 |
[1] Description English: Horseshoe crab dorsal and ventral Italiano: Limulus polyphemus dorsale e ventrale Date 10 April 2009 Source Own work Author Ricce PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Limulo_dorsale_ e_ventrale.jpg/1280px-Limulo_dorsale_e_v entrale.jpg [2] taken from en:Image:Horseshoe crab female.jpg Dead female horseshoe crab from NOAA Photo Library: Image ID: line2632, America's Coastlines Collection Location: Patuxent River, Maryland Photo Date: 2002 August 17 Photographer: Mary Hollinger, NESDIS/NODC biologist, NOAA PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1b/Horseshoe_crab_female .jpg |
520,000,000 YBN 2 3 | 148) Earliest color vision evolves in arthropods.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008). "Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution 66 (2): 130–137. DOI:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID 18217181. http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/e67h525378645572/?MUD=MP 2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 3. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211. MORE INFO [1] Yokoyama, S., and B. F. Radlwimmer. 2001. The molecular genetics and evolution of red and green color vision in vertebrates. Genetics Society of America. 158: 1697-1710 [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) |
[1] Microphotograph of the multiple eye of the trilobite Phacops, showing the calcite lenses in the eye. PD source: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/ed ucation-and-outreach/additional/science- focus/images/phacops_eye.jpg [2] Description English: A schizochroal [eye] of the trilobite Phacops rana, eye dimensions 8mm across by 5.5mm high, found near Sylvania, Ohio, USA, from the Devonian Date 15 October 2011 Source Own work Author Dwergenpaartje CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/0/0f/Phacops_rana_crassitu berculata_eye_3.jpg | |
520,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9 | 346) Deuterostome Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS 3 } (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, star fish).4 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Adam M. English, Loren E. Babcock, Census of the Indian Springs Lagerstätte, Poleta Formation (Cambrian), western Nevada, USA, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 295, Issues 1–2, 1 September 2010, Pages 236-244, ISSN 0031-0182, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.041. (http://w ww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii /S0031018210003287) 6. ^ J. Wyatt Durham, "Notes on the Helicoplacoidea and Early Echinoderms", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1967), pp. 97-102 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1301 905 7. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66. 8. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p384. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=126698 |
[1] Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. A beautiful array of starfish , sea urchins and mussel shells in the rocky intertidal zone of Kachemak Bay. Image ID: nerr0878, NOAA National Estuarine Research Reserve Collection from NOAA: http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/nerr/nerr08 78.htm PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nerr0878.jpg/10 24px-Nerr0878.jpg [2] Description English: The first in a sequence of three photos that show a brittle star flipping itself rightside-up. Date 1 May 2011 Source Own work Author Alexcooper1 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/A_brittle_star_ flipping_itself_rightside-up.jpg/1024px- A_brittle_star_flipping_itself_rightside -up.jpg | |
520,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 | 6349) The arthropods trilobites evolve.5 6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage .taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 2. ^ http://www.nature.com0/nature/journal/v4 27/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 3. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/con tent/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam% 27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my 4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/ trilobita/trilobitafr.html 5. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage .taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 6. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v42 7/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 7. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/con tent/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam% 27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my 8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/ trilobita/trilobitafr.html 9. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 10. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211. 11. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/con tent/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam% 27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my {510 mybn} 12. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/ trilobita/trilobitafr.html {540 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://www.trilobites.info/biostratigrap hy.htm [2] http://www.trilobites.info/origins.htm [3] Babcock, L.E., S Peng, G. Geyer, & J.H. Shergold. 2005. Changing perspectives on Cambrian chronostratigraphy and progress toward subdivision of the Cambrian System. Geosci. Journal 9(2):101-6. http://www.springerlink.com /content/t7062n5744462260/ [4] Niles Eldredge, "Trilobites and Evolutionary Patterns", p305-332 in Anthony Hallam, "Patterns of evolution as illustrated by the fossil record, Volume 5", 1977, p322. http://books.google.com/books?id= q7GjDIyyWegC [5] Hughes, N. 2007. The evolution of trilobite body patterning. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2007. 35:401–34. http://www.annualreviews.o rg/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.earth.35.0313 06.140258 [6] Richard A. Fortey "Trilobite Systematics: The Last 75 Years", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 75, No. 6, 75th Anniversary Issue (Nov., 2001), pp. 1141-1151 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1 307082 [7] http://www.palaeos.org/Cambrian_Stage_3 |
[1] example of earliest trilobites (e.g., Fallotaspis longa) UNKNOWN source: http://www.trilobites.info/biost ratfallon.jpg [2] Niles Eldredge, ''Trilobites and Evolutionary Patterns'', p305-332 in Anthony Hallam, ''Patterns of evolution as illustrated by the fossil record, Volume 5'', 1977, p322. http://books.google.com/books?id= q7GjDIyyWegC COPYRIGHTED source: http://books.google.com/books?id =q7GjDIyyWegC | |
513,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9 | 6351) Ancestor of all Arthropod Crustaceans (shrimps, crabs, lobsters, barnicles).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek, "An early Cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Paleontology, 70, 2003 4. ^ Siveter, David J., Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek. “A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with Appendages from the Lower Cambrian.” Science 293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001): 479 –481. http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/293/5529/479.abstract 5. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek, "An early Cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Paleontology, 70, 2003 6. ^ Siveter, David J., Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek. “A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with Appendages from the Lower Cambrian.” Science 293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001): 479 –481. http://www.sciencemag.org/conte nt/293/5529/479.abstract 7. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p66-67. 8. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 9. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 MORE INFO [1] http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles /Fossilgroups/Crustacea/fossils.html [2] http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ 2001/07/0719_crustacean.html | earliest fossils: Shropshire, England3 4 |
[1] Canadaspis perfecta (ROM 61119) – Part and counterpart. Complete specimen showing phosphatized gut diverticulae and posterior dark stain (probably representing decay fluids), lateral view. Left images, complete slab (part) showing associated species; Yohoia tenuis (bottom right), Waptia fieldensis (left, partially covered by a disarticulated carapace of Canadaspis), Burgessia bella (far left). Right images, details of the counterpart. Specimen length = 72 mm. Specimen dry – direct light (top row), dry – polarized light (bottom left), wet – polarized light (bottom right). Walcott Quarry. © Royal Ontario Museum. Photos: Jean-Bernard Caron COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.burgess-shale.rom.on. ca/images/zoomify/canadaspis-rom-61119.j pg [2] 3D model of Canadaspis perfecta. COPYRIGHTED source: http://burgess-shale.rom.on.ca/v ideo/fossil-gallery/0b1-canadaspis-turnt able.jpg |
501,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | 6348) Arthropods Myriapoda {mEREaPeDu3 } (centipedes and millipedes).4 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 5. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.” Nature 343.6254 (1990): 163–164. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html {Robison_19900111.pdf} 6. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213. 7. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF0302 2596 {Budd_2001.pdf} 8. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A. Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250, no. 4981 (November 2, 1990): 658 –661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmg r?gca=sci;250/4981/658 9. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.” Nature 343.6254 (1990): 163–164. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v 343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html {Robison_19900111.pdf} 10. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213. 11. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF0302 2596 {Budd_2001.pdf} 12. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 13. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF0302 2596 14. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 15. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A. Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250, no. 4981 (November 2, 1990): 658 –661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmg r?gca=sci;250/4981/658 16. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timesc ale/ 17. ^ William A Shear, Andrew J Jeram and Paul Selden, "Centiped legs (Arthropoda, Chilopoda, Scutigeromorpha) from the Silurian and Devonian of Britain and the Devonian of North America.", American Museum novitates 3231:1-16 (1998) http://biostor.org/reference/30111 18. ^ Grimaldi, Engels, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p107-108. 19. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 20. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p111. | earliest possible fossils: (Marine deposits)(Wheeler Formation) Utah, USA5 6 and (Ust-Majan formation) East Siberia7 |(earliest fossils) Shropshire, England8 |
[1] Description Lithobius forficatus Deutsch: Steinläufer Date 9 August 2005 Source Own work Author Darkone CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/79/Steinl%C3%A4ufer_%28L ithobius_forficatus%29_3.jpg [2] Description Tachypodoiulus niger Date 2007-06-28 Source Own work Author Stemonitis CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tachypodoiulus_ niger_1.jpg/1280px-Tachypodoiulus_niger_ 1.jpg |
488,300,000 YBN 3 | 121) End of the Cambrian (542-488.3 mybn), and start of the Ordovician {ORDiVisiN1 } (488.3-443.7 mybn) Period.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 3. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 500 Ma - Late Cambrian UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/500 _Camb_2globes.jpg | |
488,000,000 YBN 7 | 6314) The Ordovician (ORDeVisiN4 } radiation. During the Ordovician the number of genera {JeN-R-u5 } will quadruple.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 2. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. enera>. 3. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. 4. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 5. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. enera>. 6. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. 7. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi c/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. MORE INFO [1] Harold Levine, "The Eath Through Time", 2006, p333 |
[1] Recreation of life during the Ordovician UNKNOWN source: http://ferrebeekeeper.files.word press.com/2010/11/ordovician.jpg [2] A second peak time in the abundance of shell-surviving life forms was in the Upper Ordovician (by this time also, the first larger vertebrates, fossil fish, had appeared). Below are two illustrations: the first, an artist' conception of marine invertebrate life in the late Ordovician; the second, a typical slab of Ordovician limestone (from Indiana) containing the fossil types listed in its caption: PD source: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/ ordovicsea.jpg | |
475,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 | 244) Non-vascular plants evolve, Bryophyta {BrIoFiTo6 }, (Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses).7 8 The Bryophytes are the simplest land plants, and reproduce with spores.9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. ryophyta>. 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 6. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. ryophyta>. 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 9. ^ Peter Robert Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, "Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity", 2000, p102. http://books.google.com/books?id= HYkTvGq_RccC&pg=PA102 10. ^ Diego Fontaneto, "Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms: Is Everything Small Everywhere?", 2011, p211. http://books.google.com/books?id= QdcLHCPgG-wC&pg=PA211 11. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82. 12. ^ S26 (c475) 13. ^ S15 (c475) MORE INFO [1] "Bryophyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte [2] "Bryophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyta-1 |
[1] Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. gnu source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Anthoceros_levis.jpg [2] English: A closeup shot of moss on a rock in Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, Canada. Sony Alpha A100 Date 25 March 2007 Source Own work Author KirinX at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) CC-BY-SA-2.5. CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/1/1c/Moss_closeup.jpg | |
475,000,000 YBN 11 12 | 398) Plants live on land. Earliest fossil spores belonging to land plants.7 8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801- cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 2. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801- cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 5. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801- cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 8. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 10. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801- cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 11. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html {475 MYBN} 12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82. | earliest fossils: Caradoc, Libya10 |
[1] Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982 )10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org/ content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-c fd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_1 98204xx.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://geology.gsapubs.org/conte nt/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4 eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 [2] Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. gnu source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Anthoceros_levis.jpg |
472,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 | 402) The first animals live on land, arthropods Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes).7 8 9 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 2. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 3. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 4. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 6. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 7. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 9. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 10. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 11. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 12. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p67. | earliest arthropod tracks: Kingston, Ontario, Canada10 |
[1] Figure 4. Field photographs of representative trackways. Scale bars represent 5 cm. A: Trackway with central drag and well-defined appendage marks. Bottom surface. B: Trackway with central drag and poorly defined appendage marks. Top surface. Surface dips to top of photograph; note downdip offset of central drag. C: Robust trackway with well-developed appendage marks and no central drag. Note push-ups of sand (arrows) associated with appendage impressions. Figure 4 from: MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld. org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 COPYRIG HTED source: http://geology.geoscienceworld.o rg/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 [2] Figure 2 from: Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, ''Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland'', Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409 4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} COP YRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094 847?&Search=yes&searchText=MILLIPEDES&se archText=TAXONOMY&searchText=MORPHOLOGY& searchText=PALEOZOIC&list=hide&searchUri =%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DMOR PHOLOGY%2BAND%2BTAXONOMY%2BOF%2BPALEOZOI C%2BMILLIPEDES%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don&prev Search=&item=2&ttl=43&returnArticleServi ce=showFullText |
465,000,000 YBN 3 | 6636) The Jawless fishes lamprays evolve.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. 3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198. MORE INFO [1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series, Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp. 671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/165 5241 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=41579 [3] "ostracoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ostracoderm |
[1] Description Lampetra fluviatilis from the german northsea Date 2004 Source Germany Author M.Buschmann Permission (Reusing this file) Author is owner CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/3/3f/Lampetra_fluviatilis. jpg [2] Fossil Ostracoderms. Representatives of three extinct groups. The head armor is especially well developed in Hemicyclaspis, an ostracoderm of the ''Cephalapsis'' type, in which the head is flattened and expanded into a large filter-feeding basket. Ostracoderms lacked the paired (pectoral and pelvic) fins of more advanced fish. In some cases, small spines were present at the points where paired fins develop in higher fishes. In Hemicyclaspis, one sees a pair of anterior, flipper-like structures in lieu of pectoral fins. From Romer, A. S. 1964. The Vertebrate Body. W. B. Saunders. Philadelphia. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.blc.arizona.edu/cours es/schaffer/182/Vertebrates/Ostracoderms .jpg | |
460,000,000 YBN 9 | 353) Jawed vertebrates evolve, Gnathostomata {no toST omoTo4 }.5 This large group includes all jawed fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. First vertebrate teeth.6 The jaw evolves from parts of the gill skeleton.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 2. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostoma ta-1 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 4. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostoma ta-1 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. {460 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p106,110 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl | Oceans8 |
[1] Image from: Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002. COPYRIGHTED source: Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002. [2] Kardong, ''Vertebrates'', Third Edition, 2002. COPYRIGHTED source: Kardong, "Vertebrates", Third Edition, 2002. |
460,000,000 YBN 4 5 | 404) Jawed fishes Chondrichthyes {KoN-DriK-tE-EZ2 } (Cartilaginous fishes: ancestor of all sharks, rays, skates, and sawfishes).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chondr ichthyes&submit=Submit 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 4. ^ Miller, Randall F., Richard Cloutier, and Susan Turner. “The Oldest Articulated Chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian Period.” Nature 425.6957 (2003): 501–504. Web. 23 May 2012. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v425/n6957/full/nature02001.html {M iller_Chondrichthyans_2003.pdf} 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. [2] Miller, Randall F., Richard Cloutier, and Susan Turner. “The Oldest Articulated Chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian Period.” Nature 425.6957 (2003): 501–504. Web. 23 May 2012. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v425/n6957/full/nature02001.html {M iller_Chondrichthyans_2003.pdf} COPYRIG HTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v425/n6957/full/nature02001.html | |
460,000,000 YBN 3 4 | 458) Earliest fungi on land. Ancestor of all terrestrial fungi.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 2. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 3. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 4. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 |
[1] Earliest Glomerales fossil fig 1 from: Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). ''Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician''. Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077 684 [2] Phylogenetic tree from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p511. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p511. | |
460,000,000 YBN 12 13 14 15 | 6414) Fungi "Glomeromycota" {GlO-mi-rO-mI-KO-Tu5 } (Arbuscular {oRBuSKYUlR6 } mycorrhizal {MIKerIZL7 } fungi).8 9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomer omycota&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomer omycota&submit=Submit 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=arbusc ular&submit=Submit 7. ^ "mycorrhiza." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mycorrhiza 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 11. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 12. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c750mybn) 14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (c1460 to 1210mybn) 15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (estimate that between 947 and 968) MORE INFO [1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomer omycetes&submit=Submit [2] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142 [3] Redecker, Dirk, and Philipp Raab. "Phylogeny of the Glomeromycota (arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi): Recent Developments and New Gene Markers." Mycologia 98.6 (November): 2006, p885 –895. http://www.mycologia.org/conten t/98/6/885.abstract | earliest fossils: Wisconsin, USA11 |
[1] Gigaspora margarita in association with Lotus corniculatus Description Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus kolonisiert durch Gigaspora margarita Date 18 September 2007 Source Own work Author Mike Guether GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gigaspora_marga rita.JPG/1024px-Gigaspora_margarita.JPG [2] germinating Gigaspora decipiens source: http://pages.unibas.ch/bothebel/ people/redecker/ff/glomero.htm |
445,000,000 YBN 3 4 | 90) Mass extinction caused by ice age.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 2. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract". Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/do i/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou rnalCode=earth 3. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p83. 4. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 {439 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm [2] David Jablonski, "Lessons from the Past: Evolutionary Impacts of Mass Extinctions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 98, No. 10 (May 8, 2001), pp. 5393-5398. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 3055638 |
[1] NOAA Photo Library Image - corp1440 Flying over a huge glacier on the way to McMurdo Station Image ID: corp1440, NOAA At The Ends of the Earth Collection Location: Antarctica Photographer: Mr. Fred Walton, NOAA Category: Antarctica/McMurdo/Glacier/ PD source: http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/big s/corp1440.jpg [2] Image of object impact with Earth UNKNOWN source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u1aaDd JP2M0/Tj0QtfwPQQI/AAAAAAAAAbk/3SpkL8NCec w/s1600/asteroid-impact.jpg | |
443,700,000 YBN 2 | 122) End of the Ordovician (488.3-443.7 mybn), and start of the Silurian (443.7-416) Period.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 450 Ma - Late Ordovician UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/450 _Ord_3globes.jpg | |
440,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 | 236) Vascular plants evolve, Tracheophyta.5 6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 8. ^ McElwain, Jenny C.; Willis, K. G.; Willis, Kathy; McElwain, J. C. (2002). The evolution of plants. Oxford Oxfordshire. ^: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850065-3. 9. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p96. 10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c400) http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 11. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390) |
[1] Description Equisetum telmateia (Equisetopsida) at Cambridge Botanic Garden Date 18 May 2008 Source Own work Author Rror Other versions Derivative works of this file: species on earth.jpg GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/7/7c/Equisetopsida.jpg [2] Fig. 2. Chronogram showing estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among the major groups of extant land plants. The estimate of relationships is synthesized from the following papers in this issue: Burleigh and Mathews (2004) , Pryer et al. (2004) , Shaw and Renzaglia (2004) , and Soltis and Soltis (2004) . Divergence time estimates are mostly based on analyses of molecular data with fossil constraints (Wikström et al., 2001 ; Pryer et al., 2004 ) and are augmented by fossil evidence (Kenrick and Crane, 1997 ; Wellman et al., 2003 ). Estimates of the number of species in each group are from Judd et al. (2002) and W. S. Judd (personal communication). Groups covered by a particular article in this special issue are circled and connected to the names of the article's authors. ''Other conifers'' refers to the clade consisting of all conifers except for Pinaceae (see Burleigh and Mathews, 2004 ). ''Lepto. ferns'' refers to leptosporangiate ferns fig 2 from: Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, ''The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view'', American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.amjbot.org/content/91 /10/1437/F2.large.jpg | |
440,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 360) Jawed fishes, bony fishes evolve. Ray-finned fishes.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 4. ^ "bony fish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthye s 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN} 6. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p97. MORE INFO [1] "teleost." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/teleost | Ocean and fresh water3 4 |
[1] Adapted from: Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p339. [2] A sturgeon (pt:esturjāo). esturgeon noir d'Amérique (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) http://images.fws.gov/ PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/c/c2/Sturgeon2.jpg |
440,000,000 YBN 5 | 6172) The first lung evolves from the swim bladder in ray-finned fishes.3 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN (guess based on ray-finned fish evolving} MORE INFO [1] Farmer, C.G. 1999. The evolution of the vertebrate cardio-pulmonary system. Annual Review of Physiology 61:573-592 http://biologylabs.utah.edu/ farmer/publications%20pdf/1999%20AnnuRev Physiol61.pdf | Ocean (presumably)4 |
[1] Image from: Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002. COPYRIGHTED source: Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002. [2] Earliest fish with lung in existance?[t] Nile Bichir (Polypterus bichir bichir) from Günther, A.C.L.G., 1880. An introduction to the study of fishes. Today & Tomorrow's Book Agency, New Delhi. GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/e/e8/Nile_bichir.png |
425,000,000 YBN 3 | 377) Jawed fishes, Lobe-fin fishes evolve. Coelacanths.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=89942 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=42376 |
[1] Description Preserved specimen of chalumnae (Also known as Coelacanth [1]) in the Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria. Believed to have been extinct for 70 million years, this specimen was caught the 18 October of 1974, next to Salimani/Selimani (Grande Comore, Comoros Islands) 11°48′40.7″S 43°16′3.3″E Length: 170 cm - Weight: 60 kg Obtained by stiching 3 HiRes images and removing the background with image post-processing. Date August 2007 Source Own work Author Alberto Fernandez Fernandez GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fa/Latimeria_Chalumnae_- _Coelacanth_-_NHMW.jpg | |
420,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 | 6350) Arthropods Hexapods (arthropods with six legs {3 pairs}, includes all insects).3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter, "Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006, p781. http://books.google.com/books?id= LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter, "Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006, p781. http://books.google.com/books?id= LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p66,116. 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p66,116. 8. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 9. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 MORE INFO [1] Blaxter, Mark. “Evolutionary Biology: Sum of the Arthropod Parts.” Nature 413.6852 (2001): 121–122. http://www.nature.com/nature /journal/v413/n6852/full/413121a0.html | earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Scotland5 |
[1] Description Protura specimen, taken under stereo microscope (40x). Acerentomon sp. Date 7 December 2008, 03:13 Source Protura Uploaded by Richard001 Author Gregor ?nidar CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/bc/Protura_specimen_(Ace rentomon_species)_micrograph.jpg [2] Description English: Campodea staphylinus, a dipluran. Photo by Michel Vuijlsteke. Taken on May 9, 2006 at 4.09pm CEST in Gent, Belgium. Date 2007-07-08 (original upload date) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia Author Original uploader was Mvuijlst at en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/2/2e/Diplura.jpg |
417,000,000 YBN 2 3 | 378) Lobefin fishes, Lungfishes.1 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta xonTree.aspx?id=42316&tree=0.1 |
[1] Description English: Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri) Date Source Picure taken by Tannin (from English wikipedia) Author User:Tannin GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/6/61/Australian-Lungfish.j pg [2] Description English: Lateral view of lungs of a dissected Protopterus dolloi Date 2007ish (15 February 2009 (original upload date)) Source Transferred from en.wikipedia (Original text : Photo from lab dissection at U. of Cincinnati) Author Mokele (talk). Original uploader was Mokele at en.wikipedia GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/ae/Lungs_of_Protopterus_ dolloi.JPG | |
416,000,000 YBN 3 | 123) End of the Silurian (443.7-416 mybn), and start of the Devonian {DiVONEiN1 } (416-359.2 mybn) Period.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Devonian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/devonian 2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf 3. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", July 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059 /pdf/FS10-3059.pdf |
[1] Geologic Time Scale 2009 UNKNOWN source: http://www.geosociety.org/scienc e/timescale/timescl.pdf [2] 430 Ma - Early Silurian UNKNOWN source: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/430 _Silurian_2globes.jpg | |
416,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 | 6352) Hexapods: insects.4 5 Bristletail and Silverfish.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 2. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 3. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 5. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 8. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 9. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p250-254. 10. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql 6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA1 |
[1] Description Français : Groupe de Petrobius maritimus sur falaise supralittorale, Toull ar C'Hrabanoù, Goulien, Finistère, Bretagne, France Date 2 June 2010 Source Own work Author Jymm PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/a/a4/Petrobius_maritimus_2 010-06-02.jpg [2] Description Archaeognatha: Machilidae, collected from Anglesey, UK Date 2006-12-28 Source Own work (own photo) Author User:Stemonitis Permission (Reusing this file) CC Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/42/Archaeognatha.jpg | |
400,000,000 YBN 12 13 14 15 16 | 227) Fungi "Ascomycota" {aS-KO-mI-KO-Tu6 } (ancestor of yeasts, truffles, Penicillium, and morels {mu reLZ7 }).8 9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomy cota&submit=Submit 2. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/morel 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomy cota&submit=Submit 7. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/morel 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ T. N. Taylor, H. Hass & H. Kerp, "The oldest fossil ascomycetes", Nature 399, 648 (17 June 1999), doi:10.1038/21349 http://www.nature.com /nature/journal/v399/n6737/full/399648a0 .html 12. ^ T. N. Taylor, H. Hass & H. Kerp, "The oldest fossil ascomycetes", Nature 399, 648 (17 June 1999), doi:10.1038/21349 http://www.nature.com /nature/journal/v399/n6737/full/399648a0 .html 13. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3 077684 14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1009my) 15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1140my) 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my) MORE INFO [1] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142 | earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Aberdeenshire, Scotland11 |
[1] white truffle cutted photographed by myself GNU head Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ''Text of the GNU Free Documentation License.'' source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/f/fd/Truffle_washed_and_cu tted.jpg [2] EColi-Scerevisiae.jpg (50KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Wikimedia Commons logo This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. The description on its description page there is shown below. Escherichia coli (little forms) & Saccharomyces cerevisiae (big forms) by MEB Public domain This file has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. brewer's yeast/baker's yeast source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:EColi-Scerevisiae.jpg |
400,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6 | 237) Vascular plants ferns evolve (club mosses, ferns and horsetails).2 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 3. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110. 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c390 (360 for living species) 5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390) 6. ^ Taylor, Thomas N.; Edith L. Taylor. (1993). The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 332–334. ISBN 0-13-651589-4. MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full (318mybn) [2] Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (350mybn) |
[1] Fig. 2. Chronogram showing estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among the major groups of extant land plants. The estimate of relationships is synthesized from the following papers in this issue: Burleigh and Mathews (2004) , Pryer et al. (2004) , Shaw and Renzaglia (2004) , and Soltis and Soltis (2004) . Divergence time estimates are mostly based on analyses of molecular data with fossil constraints (Wikström et al., 2001 ; Pryer et al., 2004 ) and are augmented by fossil evidence (Kenrick and Crane, 1997 ; Wellman et al., 2003 ). Estimates of the number of species in each group are from Judd et al. (2002) and W. S. Judd (personal communication). Groups covered by a particular article in this special issue are circled and connected to the names of the article's authors. ''Other conifers'' refers to the clade consisting of all conifers except for Pinaceae (see Burleigh and Mathews, 2004 ). ''Lepto. ferns'' refers to leptosporangiate ferns fig 2 from: Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, ''The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view'', American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.amjbot.org/content/91 /10/1437/F2.large.jpg [2] Fig. 2. Chronogram showing estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among the major groups of extant land plants. The estimate of relationships is synthesized from the following papers in this issue: Burleigh and Mathews (2004) , Pryer et al. (2004) , Shaw and Renzaglia (2004) , and Soltis and Soltis (2004) . Divergence time estimates are mostly based on analyses of molecular data with fossil constraints (Wikström et al., 2001 ; Pryer et al., 2004 ) and are augmented by fossil evidence (Kenrick and Crane, 1997 ; Wellman et al., 2003 ). Estimates of the number of species in each group are from Judd et al. (2002) and W. S. Judd (personal communication). Groups covered by a particular article in this special issue are circled and connected to the names of the article's authors. ''Other conifers'' refers to the clade consisting of all conifers except for Pinaceae (see Burleigh and Mathews, 2004 ). ''Lepto. ferns'' refers to leptosporangiate ferns fig 2 from: Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, ''The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view'', American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14 37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.amjbot.org/content/91 /10/1437/F2.large.jpg | |
392,000,000 YBN 4 5 | 359) Cartilaginous fishes: "Selachii" {SelAKEE1 or I2 } evolve, (ancestor of all sharks: includes great white, hammerhead, mako, tiger and nurse sharks).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selach ii&submit=Submit 2. ^ "Selachii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/selachii-2 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Prothero, D.R., and C.D. Buell. Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters. Columbia University Press, 2007, p198. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {190 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selach imorpha&submit=Submit |
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361. COPYRIGHTED source: Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p361. [2] Grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) Description Un gran tiburón surcando aguas oceánicas. Date 14 March 2004 Source Original image: Carcharhinus-amblyrynchos.jpg by Fbattail at fr.wikipedia, March 14, 2004 cropped image: Greyreefsharksmall.jpg by Chris huh at en.wikipedia, August 29. 2006 Transfered to Commons by Harryemi, September 21, 2008 Author original author is Fbattail , the image is cropped by Chris huh GNU source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/b/bb/Tibur%C3%B3n.jpg | |
385,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 | 405) The first forests. Earliest large tree fossils.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 3. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 5. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 7. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 8. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html {385 mybn} 9. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p111. 10. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {380mybn} | earliest fossils: Gilboa, New York, USA7 |
[1] a, General view of the crown portion, showing longitudinal ranks of branch bases on the trunk proximally, and attached branches with digitate ramification and speckled surface pattern distally. Scale bar, 20 cm. b, Line drawing of the specimen as recovered including trunk and crown; the box shows the portion in a, and the arrow indicates the branch in c. Scale bar, 10 cm. c, Close-up of a distal branch showing speckled texture and lateral appendages. Scale bar, 20 mm. figure 1 from: William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, ''Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa'', Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html CO PYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v446/n7138/images/nature05705-f1.2. jpg [2] a, Composite image of large trunk specimen, a cast with upper and lower counterparts, NYSM 17040. Arrows at the distal end (top) correspond to the region in Fig. 3a; arrows at the proximal end (bottom) correspond to the region in Fig. 3b. b, Line drawing showing the architecture of Wattieza attached to Eospermatopteris. The length of the trunk is not firmly established, so the minimum tree height is shown. Light branches right, also in Fig. 1a right, appear in life position but are not definitively attached. Scale bar, 1 m for both panels. figure 2 from: William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, ''Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa'', Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html CO PYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou rnal/v446/n7138/images/nature05705-f2.2. jpg |
385,000,000 YBN 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | 411) The first flying animal, an arthropod insect. Ancestor of all winged insects (Pterygota {TARiGOTu8 }) (Mayflies, Dragonflies, Damselflies).9 10 11 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 3. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pteryg ota&submit=Submit 5. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 6. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 7. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pteryg ota&submit=Submit 9. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 10. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 11. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 12. ^ Knecht, R. J., Engel, M. S., & Benner, J. S. (2011). Late carboniferous paleoichnology reveals the oldest full-body impression of a flying insect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 108 (16), 6515-6519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pn as.1015948108 13. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146 15. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p163. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA163 16. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142. 17. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 {324 MYBN} 18. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {315 MYBN} 19. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/272/1561/395 20. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142. MORE INFO [1] Engel MS, Grimaldi DA (2004) New light shed on the oldest insect. Nature 427: 627–630 [2] Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge) [3] Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archoaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 [4] "Orthoptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/orthoptera- 1 [5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id= Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA159 | earliest fossils: (Wamsutta Formation) southeastern Massachusetts12 and Upper Silesian Basin, Czech Republic13 |
[1] English: A female subimago of March Brown (Rhithrogena germanica) of family Heptageniidae. Mayflies are insects which belong to the Order Ephemeroptera (from the Greek ephemeros, short-lived and pteron, wing, referring to the short life span of adults). They have been placed into an ancient group of insects termed the Paleoptera, which also contains the dragonflies and damselflies. They are aquatic insects whose immature stage (called naiad or, colloquially, nymph) usually lasts one year in fresh water. The rests on Rough Horsetail or Scouringrush Horsetail (Equisetum hyemale) Date 8 January 2008 Source Own work Author Richard Bartz, Munich aka Makro Freak Image:MFB.jpg CC source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/49/Rhithrogena_germanica _subimago_on_Equisetum_hyemale.jpg [2] FIGURE 2—Preliminary hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among major and interesting groups of living and extinct hexapods and basal pterygote Insecta. Numbers refer to synapomorphies (see Table 1); empty boxes are homoplasious synapomorphies. Some significant fossils are-CSCO-3h--F3.large denoted by circled letters (see Table 2), but many fossils are not listed for most groups. Thick lines indicate the approximate chronology of lineages. The number of lineages depicted for paraphyletic lineages (‘‘Protodonata,’’‘‘Protortho ptera,’’ Blattaria [Blattoptera]) are arbitrary, and simply indicate multiple, unresolved lineages. The names of orders with freshwater aquatic larvae are shaded (a presumed ancestral habit). Relationships are based on Kristensen (1975, 1991, 1999), Willmann (1997, 1999), Grimaldi (1997, for Dictyoptera), Engel and Grimaldi (2000, Zoraptera and related orders), and others. Figure 2 from: Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history .pdf COPYRIGHTED source: www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2 000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_hist ory.pdf |
375,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 | 380) The first tetrapods (organisms with four feet), the amphibians, evolve in fresh water.5 The first vertebrate limbs (arms and legs) and fingers.6 Ancestor of caecillians, frogs, toads, and salamanders.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} {375(360+-15) mybn} 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. {340 mybn} 11. ^ P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298 - 301 (28 November 1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html {368 mybn (fossil} 12. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates /tetrapods/amphibfr.html {368 mybn (fossil} 13. ^ http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles /Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html {368 mybn (fossil} | Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)8 |
[1] Timeline of phylogeny of animals, figure 6 from: S. Blair Hedges, ''The origin and evolution of model organisms'', Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} a) The relationships and divergence times (millions of years ago (Mya) plusminus one standard error) of selected model animals are shown, based on recent multigene and multiprotein studies51, 61, 84. The fossil divergence time of birds and mammals (310 Mya) was used to calibrate the molecular clock. Branch lengths are not proportional to time. b ) The relationships and numbers of living species, from a diversity of sources in most of the main groups. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa l/v3/n11/images/nrg929-f6.jpg [2] Reconstructions of (a) Acanthostega and (b) Ichthyostega, from Benton, 1997. COPYRIGHTED source: http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Pal aeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/amphibpic s/ichthyostega.jpg |
367,000,000 YBN 2 3 | 408) Mass extinction caused by ice age.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm 2. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/5614 8 {367 mybn} 3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin e2.htm {360 mybn} MORE INFO [1] David Jablonski, "Lessons from the Past: Evolutionary Impacts of Mass Extinctions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 98, No. 10 (May 8, 2001), pp. 5393-5398. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 3055638 |
[1] Description English: Antarctica: The blue ice covering Lake Fryxell, in the Transantarctic Mountains, comes from glacial meltwater from the Canada Glacier and other smaller glaciers. The freshwater stays on top of the lake and freezes, sealing in briny water below. http://photolibrary.usap.gov/Por tscripts/PortWeb.dll?query&field1=Filena me&op1=matches&value=LakeFryxell.jpg&cat alog=Antarctica&template=ShowMidThumbs Français : Antarctique: La glace bleue couvrant le Lac Fryxell, dans la Chaîne Transantarctique, vient des eaux de fonte du Glacier Canada et d'autres glaciers plus petits. L'eau fraîche se trouve au sommet du lac et gèle, scellant une eau saumâtre située en-dessous. Date 10 December 2002 Source From Antarctic Photo Library: LAKEFRYXELL.JPG Author Joe Mastroianni, National Science Foundation PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fryxellsee_Opt. jpg/1280px-Fryxellsee_Opt.jpg [2] Description Deutsch: Der Vulkan Mount Erebus, Antarktika. English: Mount Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica. Español: Monte Erebus, Isla Ross,Antártida Français : Le mont Erebus, île de Ross, Antarctique. Türkçe: Erebus Dağı, Antarktika Русский: Вулкан Эребус, Антарктида Date 1972 Source U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Author Richard Waitt, U.S. Geological Survey Permission (Reusing this file) PD-US Other versions Image:Mt Erebus (original).jpg PD source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki pedia/commons/4/4e/Mt_erebus.jpg | |
363,000,000 YBN 5 6 | 379) The first vertebrates live on land (an amphibian).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 5. ^ http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles /Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html {363mybn} 6. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates /tetrapods/tetrafr.html {360mybn} MORE INFO [1] P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298 - 301 (28 November 1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour nal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html [2] http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates /tetrapods/amphibfr.html | Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)4 |
[1] Yes, it's time for the Palaeozoic scenes of Life before Man. Or some of them, anyway - if you really want to see a load of trilobites, you're probably Richard Fortey, and I will ignore any comments that claim otherwise. (Also, I can't include everything - otherwise we'd have to rename this blog Love in the Time of Burian, which sounds a bit rubbish.) My bias is most definitely towards vertebrates and, in particular, tetrapods, and the below scene - featuring Ichthyostega - marks their first appearance in the book. This painting is perhaps unique in this book as it combines the elements of the animal-free landscapes with, well, some animals. Burian's skill is in making this scene, filled as it is with flora so utterly different to what we are accustomed to seeing today, look as if he just took a casual stroll out into the country to paint it. UNKNOWN source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zdvegv 1Fny4/UCk-Z929irI/AAAAAAAABM8/_7c21BO7T1 s/s1600/Ichthyostega.jpg [2] Timeline of phylogeny of animals, figure 6 from: S. Blair Hedges, ''The origin and evolution of model organisms'', Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal /v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} a) The relationships and divergence times (millions of years ago (Mya) plusminus one standard error) of selected model animals are shown, based on recent multigene and multiprotein studies51, 61, 84. The fossil divergence time of birds and mammals (310 Mya) was used to calibrate the molecular clock. Branch lengths are not proportional to time. b ) The relationships and numbers of living species, from a diversity of sources in most of the main groups. COPYRIGHTED source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa l/v3/n11/images/nrg929-f6.jpg |
360,000,000 YBN 16 17 18 19 20 | 226) Fungi "Basidiomycota" {Bo-SiDEO-mI-KO-Tu5 } (ancestor of many mushrooms: button, chanterelle {saNTRreL6 }, cremini{KremENE7 }, enoki {inoKE8 }, fly agaric {uGaRiK9 }, oyster, porcino {PORCEnO 10 }, portabella, psilocybe, puffball, shiitake {sEToKE11 }, woodear, rusts, and club fungi).12 13 14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidi omycota&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidi omycota&submit=Submit 6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chante relle&submit=Submit 7. ^ "cremini." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cremini 8. ^ "enoki?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/e noki?s=t 9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=agaric &submit=Submit 10. ^ "porcino." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/porcino 11. ^ "shiitake." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/shiitake 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 13. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 15. ^ Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985) Studies of Paleozoic fungi. V. Wood-decaying fungi in Callixylon newberryi from the Upper Devonian. Am J Bot 72:1765–1774 http://paleobotany.bio.k u.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1985%5D%20Stubblef ield%20et%20al.-Wood%20decaying%20fungi% 20in%20Callixylon%20newberryi%20from%20t he%20Upper%20Devonian.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443734 16. ^ Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985) Studies of Paleozoic fungi. V. Wood-decaying fungi in Callixylon newberryi from the Upper Devonian. Am J Bot 72:1765–1774 http://paleobotany.bio.k u.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1985%5D%20Stubblef ield%20et%20al.-Wood%20decaying%20fungi% 20in%20Callixylon%20newberryi%20from%20t he%20Upper%20Devonian.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443734 17. ^ Michael Krings, Nora Dotzler, Jean Galtier and Thomas N. Taylor, "Oldest fossil basidiomycete clamp connections", Mycoscience, Volume 52, Number 1 (2011), 18-23, DOI: 10.1007/s10267-010-0065-4 http://www.sp ringerlink.com/content/725614321xj0604w/ 18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968my) 19. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1210my) 20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my) MORE INFO [1] "Basidiomycota". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomyco ta [2] McLAUGHLIN, DAVID J., ALAN BECKETT, and KWON S. YOON. “Ultrastructure and Evolution of Ballistosporic Basidiospores.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 91.1-2 (1985): 253–271. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c om/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb01149. x/abstract | earliest fossils: Indiana15 |
[1] Amanita muscaria (Homobasidiomycetes) source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:Agaricales.jpg [2] Basidiomycete Life Cycle tjv source: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/ima ges/332/Basidiomycota/General_basidio/Ba sidiomycete_Life_Cycle_tjv.php?highres=t rue |
360,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | 6353) The Neoptera, folding wing insects.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000 _/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history 3. ^ Garwood, Russell, and Mark Sutton. “X-ray Micro-tomography of Carboniferous stem-Dictyoptera: New Insights into Early Insects.” Biology Letters 6.5 (2010): 699 –702. Print. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishi ng.org/content/6/5/699. |