TIME	EVENT DESCRIPTION	LOCATION
UNIVERSE
1,000,000,000,000 YBN	1) We are a tiny part of a universe that is made of an infinite amount of space, matter and time.
990,000,000,000 YBN	2) There is more space than matter. MORE INFO [1]
980,000,000,000 YBN	3) All matter is made of particles of light.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
970,000,000,000 YBN	11) The universe has no start or end. The same light particles that have always been, continue to move in the space that has always been.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
960,000,000,001 YBN	5) Matter and motion can never be created or destroyed. Matter can never be converted into motion, and motion can never be converted into matter.2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
950,000,000,000 YBN	6) Light particles become trapped with each other and so form structures such as protons, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
940,000,000,000 YBN	7) All of the billions of galaxies we see are only a tiny part of the universe. We will never see most of the universe because no light particles from there can ever reach us.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington MORE INFO [1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). (estimate of how many galaxies)
935,000,000,000 YBN	4) There is a pattern in the universe. Light particles move from where there is less space to where there is more space. As an empty space becomes filled, light particles form gas clouds called nebuli, and then galaxies of stars. Living objects grow around stars and pull stars together to form globular clusters and then form a globular (also called "elliptical") galaxy. Living objects need matter to stop their decay. Globular galaxies have a regular input and output of light particles. When a volume of space becomes very dense, more light particles exit than enter the space. Light particles that exit to more empty spaces form new nebulae and galaxies and so this cycle continues. Stars at our scale may be light particles at a much larger scale, just as light particles at our scale may be stars at a much smaller scale. This system may go on infinitely in both larger and smaller scale.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
LIFE
165,000,000,000 YBN	13) The Milky Way Nebula starts to form.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
33,000,000,000 YBN	6180) The first star in the Milky Way Galaxy forms.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
22,000,000,000 YBN	6181) Living objects in the Milky Way Galaxy reach another star using a ship.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
10,000,000,000 YBN	6182) The first globular cluster of 100,000 stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
5,500,000,000 YBN 3	16) The star Earth orbits forms.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington, guess MORE INFO [1] http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/mar1/nucleo.html (with image of onion skin layers) [2] another person declares star inside to be similar to planets: iron, oxygen, nickel, etc. do not support standard solar model. star_inside_iron.pdf
5,500,000,000 YBN 3	17) Planets form around our star. Like the star, they are red hot with liquid rock and metals on the surface. Lighter atoms move to the surface of the planets. Larger planets are surrounded by gas.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,600,000,000 YBN	21) The moon of Earth is captured.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,600,000,000 YBN 3 4	30) Planet Earth cools. Molten liquid rock turns into a solid thin crust. Water condenses and falls to the surface, filling the lowest parts of the land to make the first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 2. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,400,000,000 YBN	18) Larger molecules form on Earth, like amino acids, phosphates, and sugars, the components of living objects.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,395,000,000 YBN	19) Nucleic acids form on Earth.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,385,000,000 YBN	167) The first proteins on Earth. Transfer RNA molecules evolve (tRNA), and link amino acids into proteins using other RNA molecules as a template.2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,380,000,000 YBN	40) A protein can copy RNA. MORE INFO [1] Schuppli, Daniel et al. “Altered 3′-terminal RNA Structure in Phage Qβ Adapted to Host Factor-less Escherichia Coli.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94.19 (1997): 10239 –10242. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/19/10239.abstract
4,370,000,000 YBN	168) The ribosome evolves. The ribosome may function as a protocell, providing a platform for more efficient protein production. A single RNA may contain all the instructions needed to make more ribosomes.
4,365,000,000 YBN	166) First DNA. A protein allows DNA to be made from RNA.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696.
4,360,000,000 YBN	212) A protein can copy DNA molecules.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase
4,355,000,000 YBN	20) The first cell on Earth (a bacterium). DNA is surrounded by a membrane made of proteins.2 This cell may form near the sunlit water surface or near underwater volcanoes.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154.
4,350,000,000 YBN 4	183) Cells make the first lipids on Earth; (fats, oils, waxes2 ).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ find biomarker evidence 2. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,340,000,000 YBN	64) Operons allow selective protein assembly.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html 2. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table
4,335,000,000 YBN	28) Cellular respiration. Glycolysis evolves. Cells can make ATP from glucose.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162.
4,330,000,000 YBN	44) Fermentation evolves. Cells can make lactic acid.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2 5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en
4,325,000,000 YBN	213) Cells make alcohol.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
4,200,000,000 YBN 2 3	292) Prokaryote flagellum evolves.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ (October 2006). "From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella". Nature Reviews. Microbiology 4 (10): 784–90. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID 16953248. http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v4/n10/full/nrmicro1493.html [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ [4] David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf [5] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html [6] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>
4,193,000,000 YBN 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10	77) Archaea (also called archaebacteria) evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/pdf/Hedges2009Chap05.pdf 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html 5. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my (2142-1873my) 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my (2300my) 7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) (4100my) 8. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my (1800my) 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4000my (4000my) 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 3970my (3970my)
4,189,000,000 YBN 3 4	193) Bacteria "Hyperthermophiles" evolve (Aquifex, Thermotoga).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, (2003). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
4,187,000,000 YBN 3 4	180) Archaea: Crenarchaeota (Sulfolobus).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
4,187,000,000 YBN 6 7	181) Archaea: Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu2 } (methanogens, halobacteria).3 4 Earliest cell response to light.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44 5. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44 MORE INFO [1] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002), doi:10.1038/nrg929 http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html#to p
4,112,000,000 YBN 2	58) Cells produce their own food (autotrophy).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44
4,000,000,000 YBN 4	43) Photosynthesis evolves in bacteria. Cells emit free Oxygen.2 This is the main system responsible for producing the Oxygen now in the air of earth.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 2. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 3. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>. 4. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. MORE INFO [1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198
3,950,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	37) (Filamentous) multicellularity evolves in prokaryotes.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 2. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 5. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] Grosberg R. K., Strathmann R. R. 2007 The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition? Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38, 621–654. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 [2] Rokas A. 2008 The origins of multicellularity and the early history of the genetic toolkit for animal development. Ann. Rev. Genet. 42, 235–251. (doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091513) http://apps.webofknowledge.com/Inb oundService.do?UT=000261767000011&IsProductCode=Yes&mode=FullRecord&product=WOS& SID=1EHDdbNiNf4NO8nC299&smartRedirect=yes&SrcApp=CR&DestFail=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.we bofknowledge.com%3FDestApp%3DCEL%26DestParams%3D%253Faction%253Dretrieve%2526mod e%253DFullRecord%2526product%253DCEL%2526UT%253D000261767000011%2526customersID% 253DHighwire%26e%3DQZIAIzGgKoYbxc_i_WNamlaqQ0.s968BNEwQvqhM9p.770dFYju0AbJCFAAcj orA%26SrcApp%3DHighwire%26SrcAuth%3DHighwire&action=retrieve&Init=Yes&SrcAuth=Hi ghwire&customersID=Highwire&Func=Frame
3,950,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	316) Cell differentiation evolves in filamentous prokaryotes, creating organisms with different kinds of cells.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 3. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238. http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238 4. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL. “Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995): 285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817. x/abstract MORE INFO [1] Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
3,950,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	322) Nitrogen fixation. Cells can make nitrogen compounds like ammonia from Nitrogen gas in the air.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation 2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 3. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 4. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442 –5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full 5. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238. http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238 6. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL. “Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995): 285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817. x/abstract	West Africa3
3,900,000,000 YBN	57) Aerobic cellular respiration. First aerobic cell. These cells use oxygen to convert glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
3,850,000,000 YBN 7	36) Oldest physical evidence for life: ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.3 4 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf 2. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 3. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 4. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 5. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 6. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 7. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf MORE INFO [1] "Banded iron formation." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/banded-iron-formation [2] Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf	Akilia Island, Western Greenland5 6
3,850,000,000 YBN 8	45) Oldest sediment, the "Banded Iron Formation" begins.2 Banded Iron Formation is sedimentary rock that spans 2 billion years, made of silica with alternating layers of black-colored reduced iron and red-colored oxidized iron,3 4 and represents a seasonal rise and fall of free oxygen in the ocean, possibly linked to photosynthetic organisms.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 2. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 3. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/books?id=R6b3skeNXrgC 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/12/1079.abstract 6. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865 -868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/33/11/865.abstract 7. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 8. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, {3850 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Roger Lewin, "Thread of Life", (New York: Smithsonian Books, 1982). p102 [2] http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html [3] "Banded iron formation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_iron_formation	Akilia Island, Western Greenland7
3,500,000,000 YBN 7 8	39) Oldest fossil evidence of life: stromatolites.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 2. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 3. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 4. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 5. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 6. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 7. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 8. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html	Warrawoona, Western Australia, and, Fig Tree Group, South Africa5 6
3,500,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12	287) Oldest fossils of an organism.3 4 2.8 billion years will pass before the first animal evolves.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 2. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 3. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 4. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 8. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 9. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 10. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 11. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 12. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html MORE INFO [1] BIO415 (Author? University?) Multicelluarity.pdf (t3: multicellularity of cyanobacteria) [2] t3: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm multicellularity. "Some cyanobacteria species exist in a truly, though primitive, multicellular form in which cellular differentiation occurs."	Warrawoona, northwestern Western Australia7 and Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa8
3,260,000,000 YBN 3	71) Budding evolves in prokaryotes.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 2. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261) 3. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0301926800001261)	Swartkoppie, South Africa2
3,200,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10	66) Earliest acritarch fossil (unicellular microfossils with uncertain affinity1 2 ).3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch 2. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194. 3. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html 4. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627 5. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010): 934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html 6. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010): 934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html {3.2 bybn} 7. ^ A. H. Knoll, E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic Organisms in Proterozoic Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470, Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological, Molecular and Cellular Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29, 2006), pp. 1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20209698 {1.8 bybn} 8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/dinoflagfr.html {1.8 bybn} 9. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html {1900-1600 mybn} 10. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p257. {1.6 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Knoll, Andrew H., Walter, Malcolm, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 2003-02-01, Springer Netherlands, Vol33, Iss1, p75-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023992712071 [2] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 [3] Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A Molecular Time-Scale for Eukaryote Evolution Recalibrated with the Continuous Microfossil Record", Proceedings: Biological Sciences , Vol. 273, No. 1596 (Aug. 7, 2006), pp. 1867-1872 http://www.jstor.org/stable/25223537 [4] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Andrew H. Knoll, and Malcolm R. Walter. “Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems.” Nature 412.6842 (2001): 66-69. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6842/abs/412066a0.html	(Moodies Group) South Africa5
2,923,000,000 YBN 6	178) Bacteria Firmicutes (FiRmiKYUTEZ1 ) evolve (Gram positive bacteria: cause of botulism, tetanus, anthrax).2 3 4 First endospores.5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=firmicutes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL) 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 5. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan [2] firmicutes only bacteria to make endospores http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicutes [4] http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/firmicutes.html
2,800,000,000 YBN 5	76) Proteobacteria evolve (Rickettsia {ancestor of all mitochondria}, gonorrhea, Salmonella, E. coli).1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 4. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] multicellularity. http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm multicellularity. Multicellularity.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria [2] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html [3] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation> [4] conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989) [5] prokaryote pili and archaea flagella related: http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cfm?meds=profile&profile=12 [6] Stackebrandt et al. Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the phylogenetic taxon that includes the "purple bacteria and their relatives". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1988, 38, 321–325. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/38/3/321.full.pdf
2,800,000,000 YBN 13	177) Gender and sex (conjugation) evolve in bacteria.7 8 9 10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 2. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>. 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 6. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 7. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 8. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>. 9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 11. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 12. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN}
2,795,000,000 YBN	23) The first virus evolves.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm 2. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
2,784,000,000 YBN 3	176) Bacteria Planctomycetes {PlaNK-TO-mI-SETS1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planctomycetes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] s10 http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/6/1965 [2] http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/6/research/0031 [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetes [4] Lee, Kuo-Chang, Rick Webb, and John Fuerst. “The Cell Cycle of the Planctomycete Gemmata Obscuriglobus with Respect to Cell Compartmentalization.” BMC Cell Biology 10.1 (2009): 4. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2121/10/4/
2,784,000,000 YBN 7	179) Bacteria Actinobacteria {aKTinO-BaK-TER-Eu1 } (source of streptomycin).2 3 4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=actinobacteria&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL 4. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria 5. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm 6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] "streptomyces." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/streptomyces
2,775,000,000 YBN 3	174) Bacteria Spirochaetes (SPIrOKETEZ1 ) (Syphilis, Lyme disease).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ estimated from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] "spirochete." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/spirochete
2,775,000,000 YBN 4 5	175) Bacteria Bacteroidetes {BaKTRrOEDiTEZ1 }.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bacteroidetes+&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 4. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi
2,775,000,000 YBN 3	217) Bacteria Chlamydiae {Klo-mi-DE-I or Klo-mi-DE-E1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlamydiae&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobia
2,775,000,000 YBN 3 4	6309) Bacteria Chlorobi (green sulphur bacteria).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^ 3. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi
2,775,000,000 YBN 3	6310) Bacteria Verrucomicrobia (VeR-rUKO-mI-KrO-BEo1 ).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=verrucomicrobia&submit=Submit 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobia
2,730,000,000 YBN 1 2	80) Endo and exocytosis. Cells can now eat other cells. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis 2. ^ guess based on Cavalier-Smith stating that endocytosis occurs before a cytoskeleton {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess and}
2,700,000,000 YBN 3	60) Eukaryotic cell. The first cell with a nucleus. The first protist. The nucleus may develop from the infolding of plasma membrane.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {split of archae and eukaryote at c4.0 bybn, but eukaryote {with nucleus?} at) 2.7 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p256 [2] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 [3] Alexey S. Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 28: 391-435 (Volume publication date November 1997) http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391; jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO
2,700,000,000 YBN	62) Earliest molecular fossil evidence of eukaryotes (sterane {STiRAN1 } molecules).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 1033-1036 , 13 August 1999 Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes Jochen J. Brocks, 1,2* Graham A. Logan, 2 Roger Buick, 1 Roger E. Summons 2	Northwestern Australia4 5
2,700,000,000 YBN	198) The endoplasmic reticulum evolves, a membrane system that extends from the nucleus, important in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum
2,690,000,000 YBN 5 6	207) Cytoskeleton {SI-Te-SKeL-i-TN1 } forms in eukaryote cytoplasm.2 3 4 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleton 2. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1 3. ^ Margulis, L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959. 4. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second edition 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess and } 6. ^ guess based on ER and golgi made of same material as cytoskeleton, and after first eukaryote cell {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess and}
2,690,000,000 YBN 1	208) Eukaryote flagellum evolves. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114.
2,680,000,000 YBN 2	65) Circular chromosome in eukaryote nucleus changes into linear chromosomes.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +20mybn guess} MORE INFO [1] not all prokaryotes have circle of DNA: http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1. 391;jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO [2] Jumas-Bilak E, Maugard C, Michaux-Charachon S, Allardet-Servent A, Perrin A, et al. 1995. Study of the organization of the genomes of Escherichia coli, Brucella melitensis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens by insertion of a unique restriction site. Microbiology 141:2425-32 (Medline) [3] Lezhava A, Kameoka D, Sugino H, Goshi K, Shinkawa H, et al. 1997. Chromosomal deletions in Streptomyces griseus that remove the afsA locus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:478-83 [4] Marconi RT, Casjens S, Munderloh UG, Samuels DS. 1996. Analysis of linear plasmid dimers in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates: implications concerning the potential mechanisms of linear plasmid replication. J. Bact. 178:3357-61
2,670,000,000 YBN	199) Eukaryote Golgi Apparatus evolves (packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus>. MORE INFO [1] "Endosome." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/endosome
2,670,000,000 YBN 2	290) The nucleolus (a sphere in the nucleus that makes ribosomal RNA).1 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides 2. ^ Ted Huntington guess MORE INFO [1] Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry Oxford University Press. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights reserved. http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleolus#ixzz2VAspF99U
2,660,000,000 YBN 3	72) Mitosis evolves in Eukaryote cells.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis. 2. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf} 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -40mybn guess}
2,640,000,000 YBN 7	73) Eukaryote sex evolves. First diploid cell (2 sets of chromosomes). First zygote.4 5 Increase in genetic variety.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 4. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 7. ^ estimate based on diplomonads having sex repro, and origin of euk being (is now) {Nucleus 2700 -60mybn guess)(was 2710mybn} MORE INFO [1] J. William Schopf, "Major Events in the History of Life", (Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1992).p57 (was)
2,640,000,000 YBN 3	206) Meiosis (division of diploid into haploid cells).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division 3. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
2,610,000,000 YBN 7	296) Eukaryote gender.2 Anisogamy {aNISoGomE3 4 }, sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between two cells that are different in size or shape.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 3. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisogamy&submit=Submit 5. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 6. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -90mybn guess}
2,570,000,000 YBN 2	295) Two-step meiosis (diploid DNA copies and then the cell divides twice into four haploid cells).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -130mybn guess}
2,558,000,000 YBN 2	171) Bacteria "Deinococcus-Thermus".1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
2,558,000,000 YBN 4 5	172) Bacteria Cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u1 } (ancestor of all plastids).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC533871/ {2558 mybn} 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). {2558 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/ [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [3] Journal of Molecular Evolution Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York ISSN: 0022-2844 (Paper) 1432-1432 (Online) Issue: Volume 42, Number 2 Date: February 1996 Pages: 194 - 200 [4] Phylogenetic Relationships of Nonaxenic Filamentous Cyanobacterial Strains Based on 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis jme_42_2_1996.pdf [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria [6] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
2,558,000,000 YBN 2	315) Bacteria Chloroflexi evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) [2] Tree of Life http://tolweb.org/tree/
2,480,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11 12	170) Bacteria live on land.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511 2. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 3. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 4. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511 5. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 6. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 7. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511 8. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 9. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 10. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). (2600-2700my) 11. ^ University of Tennessee at Knoxville. "Bacteria's move from sea to land may have occurred much later than thought." ScienceDaily, 22 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111222195017.htm 12. ^ Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Kirill Borziak, Gurusahai Khalsa-Moyers, Gladys Alexandre, Leonid O. Sukharnikov, Kristin Wuichet, Gregory B. Hurst, W. Hayes McDonald, Jon S. Robertson, Valérie Barbe, Alexandra Calteau, Zoé Rouy, Sophie Mangenot, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Philippe Normand, Mickaël Boyer, Patricia Siguier, Yves Dessaux, Claudine Elmerich, Guy Condemine, Ganisan Krishnen, Ivan Kennedy, Andrew H. Paterson, Victor González, Patrick Mavingui, Igor B. Zhulin. Azospirillum Genomes Reveal Transition of Bacteria from Aquatic to Terrestrial Environments. PLoS Genetics, 2011; 7 (12): e1002430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002430 MORE INFO [1] "pyrite." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyrite
2,400,000,000 YBN	59) Start of 200 million year ice age.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2,300,000,000 YBN	48) Oldest "Red Beds". Evidence of free oxygen in the air of Earth.3 4 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
2,000,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	63) A bacterium related to Rickettsia, is captured by a eukaryote and through endosymbiosis, becomes the mitochondria, organelles of most eukaryotes.2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 3. ^ B. Franz Lang, Michael W. Gray, and Gertraud Burger, "Mitochondrial Genome Evolution and the Origin of Eukaryotes", Annu. Rev. Genet., V33, p351-397, p385. 1999. {2 BYBN} 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {average of) 2230-1840 bybn} {earliest of) 2350-1640 bybn} {average of 1995my) 2350-1640 mybn} 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {1.8 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Michael W. Gray, et al, "Genome structure and gene content in protist mitochondrial DNAs", Nucl. Acids Res. (1998) 26(4): 865-878 doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/4/865.full
1,874,000,000 YBN 5	61) Earliest large filamentous fossil (Grypania).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 2. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 3. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232 AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf } 4. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 5. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Samuelsson, Joakim, Peter R Dawes, and Gonzalo Vidal. “Organic-walled Microfossils from the Proterozoic Thule Supergroup, Northwest Greenland.” Precambrian Research 96.1–2 (1999): 1–23. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301926898001235 [2] Jacques Dumais, Kyle Serikawa and Dina F Mandoli, "Acetabularia: A Unicellular Model for Understanding Subcellular Localization and Morphogenesis during Development", Journal of Plant Growth Regulation Volume 19, Number 3 (2000), 253-264, DOI: 10.1007/s003440000035 http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/dumais/Publications/JP GR2000.2.pdf	(Banded Iron Formation) Michigan, USA3 4
1,800,000,000 YBN	46) End of the Banded Iron Formation.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
1,570,000,000 YBN 5 6 7	99) First homeobox genes evolve. These genes regulate the building of major body parts.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant Physiol 2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/140/4/1142.full 6. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775 -2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/12/2775.short {1982 mybn (at acrasid slime molds, before brown algae} 7. ^ Jongmin Nam, Claude W. dePamphilis, Hong Ma, and Masatoshi Nei, "Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family Controlling Flower Development in Plants", Mol Biol Evol (2003) 20(9): 1435-1447 first published online May 30, 2003 doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1435.abstract {1982 mybn (at acrasid slime molds, before brown algae}
1,570,000,000 YBN 4 5	197) The ancestor of all living eukaryotes divides into bikont and unikont descendants. Bikonts lead to all Chromalveolates, Excavates, Rhizaria, and Plants. Unikonts lead to all Amoebozoa, Animals and Fungi.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S096098220300602X 2. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} 3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 4. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {problem with 1250 my bangia red algae fossils)1126 mybn} 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1570 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563 [2] J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563 Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao
1,520,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8	202) Protists Amoebozoa (amoebas and slime molds).1 2 Feeding using pseudopods.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515. 4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1520 mybn} 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1400 my} 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1587mybn) 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400) {c1220} 8. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {c1090} MORE INFO [1] http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biologie/biani/msg/Amoeboids/Amoebozoa/Conosea.html
1,520,000,000 YBN 1 2 3 4 5 6	203) Colonialism evolves in Eukaryote. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial 2. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn} 4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn} 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote separation) MORE INFO [1] http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht m [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
1,500,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6 7 8 9	15) First "plastids". Cyanobacteria form plastids through symbiosis, within a eukaryote cell. Like mitochondria, these organelles copy themselves and are not made by the cell DNA.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {c1600 my} 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} 8. ^ Knoll A, Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p152. {no later than) 1200 my} 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} {needs to be at least as old as Euglenozoa since many have plastids)1956} {Euglenozoa)1956} MORE INFO [1] "Plastid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid [2] Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
1,500,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 14 15 16 17	86) First plant (ancestor of all green and red algae and land plants).6 7 8 9 10 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 4. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 8. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 9. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1500) 12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {first plastid) 1300mybn} 13. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {first plastid) c1600} 14. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1550 mybn} 15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1609 mybn) 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). {1580} http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 17. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {fossil Grypania) 1874my} MORE INFO [1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith and Ema E. -Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", Springer New York, (2003). file:///home/ted/ulsf/docs/cav-smith_apusozoa_fulltext.html
1,500,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6 7	220) Protists Opisthokonts (ancestor of Fungi, Choanoflagellates and Animals).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1380 mybn} 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1400mybn} 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1600 mybn} 7. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {960 mybn}
1,400,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9 10 11	209) Plant Glaucophyta {GlxKoFITu1 }.2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400) 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1150 mybn} 8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1290 mybn} 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1225 mybn} 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (c1500my) 11. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (1558my) MORE INFO [1] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P6064
1,300,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15	188) Green Algae evolves (Volvox, Sea lettuce, Spirogyra).1 2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 4. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b 5. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn) 7. ^ "algae." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14828/algae>. 8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1150 mybn} 9. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450mybn} 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968mybn) 11. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1061?) 12. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b (1650-800mybn) 13. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html (1000my) 14. ^ Herman N, "Organic World One Billion Years Ago", Nauka, Leningrad, 1990. 15. ^ Knoll A, Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p150.
1,300,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7	219) Plant Red Algae evolves (Rhodophyta {rODOFITu1 }).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodophyta&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn) 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450 mybn} 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1428mybn) 7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. MORE INFO [1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
1,300,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9 10 11	323) Protists Excavates (Giardia {JE-oR-DE-u1 }).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardia&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {2000 my} 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {2291} {2291 my} 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600} {1600 my} 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). {2230} {2230 my} 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1594 my} 11. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {1030 mybn} MORE INFO [1] "Heterokonts". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokonts [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
1,280,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10 11	38) (Filamentous) multicellularity in Eukaryotes evolves.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 2. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf 3. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 4. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf 5. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 6. ^ Ted Huntington. 7. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 9. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn} 10. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn} 11. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2009, p517. MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my) [2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) [3] Ted huntington, Estimate based on origin of brown algae around 1,973,000,000	(earlest red alga fossils:) (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada5
1,280,000,000 YBN 1 2 3	85) Differentiation in multicellular eukaryote. Gamete (or spore) cells and somatic cells. Unlike gamete cells, somatic cells are asexual (non-fusing). Start of death by aging. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cell differentiation." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differentiation 2. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} 3. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
1,280,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	301) Haplodiplontic life cycle (mitosis occurs in both haploid and diploid life stages).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 MORE INFO [1] Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10
1,274,000,000 YBN 3 4	187) A captured red alga becomes a plastid in the ancestor of all chromalveolates.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.” Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175. Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.short 3. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {1274 mybn} 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1280mybn}
1,250,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 11 12 13	88) Protists "Chromalveolates" {KrOM-aL-VEO-leTS1 } (ancestor of Chromista {Cryptophytes, Haptophytes and Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ2 }} and Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS3 }).4 5 6 7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chromalveolates&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles 3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540. 6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full 7. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1703.short 8. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {c1250 mybn} 9. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1665 mybn} 11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1973mybn) 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 13. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1600mybn} MORE INFO [1] "Brown alga". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_alga [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
1,250,000,000 YBN 6	201) Earliest certain eukaryote fossils (red algae).1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 2. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2 3. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150. 4. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 5. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September 2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8 373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2 6. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {1250 mybn}	(Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada4 5
1,200,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8	221) First fungi.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf} 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1200 mybn} 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1368 mybn} 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1513mybn) {1513 mybn} 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1200) {c1100} {c1100 mybn}
1,180,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10 11 12	6280) Protists Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS1 } (ancestor of all Ciliates, Apicomplexans, and Dinoflagellates {DInOFlaJeleTS2 }).3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit 2. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110 .pdf} 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p538. 5. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135. 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1180 mybn} 7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1480 my} 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} {1956 my} 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my} 10. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {1000 my} 11. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {c820 my} 12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1628}
1,100,000,000 YBN 3 4	75) Fungi Microsporidia.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (>1460mybn) 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1100mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=93911 [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full
1,100,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9	313) Protists Dinoflagellates {DI-nO-Fla-Je-leTS1 }.2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinoflagellates&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} 5. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {Dinosterane molecular fossils)1100 my} 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {DNA)1040 mybn} 7. ^ A. H. Knoll, E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic Organisms in Proterozoic Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470, Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological, Molecular and Cellular Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29, 2006), pp. 1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20209698 {1.8 bybn} {Dinosterane molecular fossils)1100 my} 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {940 mybn} 9. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {430 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1973mybn) [2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch (1600mybn) [3] Pratt, L. M., Summons, R. E. and Hieshima, G. B.: 1991, Sterane and Triterpane Biomarkers in the Precambrian Nonesuch Formation, North American Midcontinent Rift, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 911–916 [4] J.J. Brocks, R.E. Summons, 8.03 - Sedimentary Hydrocarbons, Biomarkers for Early Life, In: Editors-in-Chief: Heinrich D. Holland and Karl K. Turekian, Editor(s)-in-Chief, Treatise on Geochemistry, Pergamon, Oxford, 2003, Pages 63-115, ISBN 9780080437514, 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08127-5. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p ii/B0080437516081275) [5] Moldowan, J. Michael et al. “Chemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors.” Geology 24.2 (1996): 159 -162. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/24/2/159.abstract AND http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/24/2/159.full.pdf [6] Raven, Evert, Eichhorn, "Biology of Plants", (New York: Worth Publishers, 1992). p98-99 [7] "coenocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/coenocyte
1,080,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8	87) Excavate Discicristates {DiSKIKriSTATS} (includes euglenids).1 2 3 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn} 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn} 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 8. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote separation) MORE INFO [1] http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht m [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
1,080,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10	97) A eukaryote eye evolves; the first three-dimensional response to light.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 2. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 3. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract 4. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 5. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 6. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract 7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 8. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} 9. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} 10. ^ my own estimate based on where euglenozoa genetically appear to evolve {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Peter Hegemann, "Algal Sensory Photoreceptors", Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 59: 167 -189 (Volume publication date June 2008) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092847 %40recept.2009.1.issue-1 [2] Trevor D. Lamb, Detlev Arendt, and Shaun P. Collin, "The evolution of phototransduction and eyes", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B October 12, 2009 364:2791-2793; doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0106 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1 531/2791.full [3] Kreimer, G. (2009) The green algal eyespot apparatus: a primordial visual system and more? Current Genetics 55:19-43 doi:10.007/s00294-008-0224-8 PMID 19107486 http://www.springerlink.com/content/v54v124mxg52r091/
1,050,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13	169) Protists Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ1 } (also called Heterokonts) (ancestor of all brown and golden algae, diatoms, and oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu2 )).3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit 3. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155. 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 5. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {1050 mybn} 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1180 mybn} 7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1480my} 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my} 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311 10.pdf} {1956my} {Alveolates and Plant split)1956my} 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my} {Chromalveolates)1600 my} 11. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {c775my} {c754my} 12. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {c1000my} 13. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {872 my}
1,000,000,000 YBN 3	324) Protists Mesomycetozoea {me-ZO-mI-SE-TO-ZO-u1 } (or DRIPs).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomycetozoea&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1000 MYBN (end of Mesoproterozoic} MORE INFO [1] Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, et al. 2008 Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals. PLoS ONE 3(5): e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 [2] Leonel Mendoza, John W. Taylor, and Libero Ajello, "THE CLASS MESOMYCETOZOEA: A Heterogeneous Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal Boundary", Annual Review of Microbiology October 2002, Vol. 56: 315-344. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302. 160950
985,000,000 YBN 6 7 8	309) Protists Oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu1 } (Water molds).2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full 5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {985} 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Terms/coeno128.html#coeno128 [2] "Coenocyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenocyte [3] http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Protists.html#Water_Mol ds [4] http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16protists.htm
900,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6	6281) Protists Rhizaria {rI-ZaR-E-u1 } (ancestor of all Radiolaria, Foraminifera and Cercozoa).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhizaria&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Medlin, L. , Kooistra, W. , Potter, D. , Saanders, G. and Wandersen, R. (1997): Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids , The origin of the algae and their plastids (D Bhattacharya, ed ) Plant systematics and evolution (Suppl ) http://epic.awi.de/2100/ AND http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf {900 my} 4. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_a=rhizaria&taxon_b=haptophyta&submit=Sea rch {900 my} 5. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} {754 my} 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my} MORE INFO [1] Moreira D, von der Heyden S, Bass D, López-García P, Chao E, Cavalier-Smith T (July 2007). "Global eukaryote phylogeny: Combined small- and large-subunit ribosomal DNA trees support monophyly of Rhizaria, Retaria and Excavata". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (1): 255–66. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055-7903(06)00433-7 [2] http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_a=rhizaria&taxon_b=alveolates&submit=Sea rch [3] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120
850,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8	224) Fungi "Zygomycota" (bread molds).1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1250mybn) 6. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1107mybn) 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). (1107mybn) 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850m)
767,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	312) Protists Ciliates (paramecium).1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {750 my} 5. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {767 my} 6. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {620 my} MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [3] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
767,000,000 YBN 5 6 7	314) Protists "Apicomplexa" {a-PE-KoM-PleK-Su1 } (Malaria).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicomplexa&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 5. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43): 15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr act {767 my} 6. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {620 my} 7. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI: 10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex port-citation/ {api+dino and ciliate split)1100 my} MORE INFO [1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html [2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) [3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135
680,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 11 12	326) Protists Choanoflagellates {KO-e-nO-FlaJ-e-lATS1 }.2 3 4 5 6 7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) 8. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) {900 MYBN} 10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {900 MYBN} 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1020 mybn} 12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano) {1450 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003) [2] "Ichthyosporea". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://species.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosporea
670,000,000 YBN 7 8 9	286) Multicellularity evolves in a free moving Protist.4 5 This allows larger free moving organisms to evolve.6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my) 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) MORE INFO [1] Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007, p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225 [2] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191
660,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11	81) First animal and first metazoan, sponges (Porifera). Metazoans are multicellular and have differentiation (their cells perform different functions). There are only three major kinds of metazoans: sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 7. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) {c800my} 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) MORE INFO [1] Müller, Werner E. G. “The Origin of Metazoan Complexity: Porifera as Integrated Animals.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 43.1 (2003): 3–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884834
660,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6	517) Male gonad evolves in a sponge.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) {based on evolution of sponge) c850my} 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) MORE INFO [1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan [2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p18-19 [3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17
650,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	69) Cells that group as tissues evolve in metazoans.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (Ctenophores are first metazoans with tissues} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1
650,000,000 YBN 3 4	79) Metazoan "Placozoa".1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {780 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Srivastava, Mansi et al. “The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans.” Nature 454.7207 (2008) : 955-960. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7207/abs/nature07191.html [2] Dellaporta, Stephen L. et al. “Mitochondrial genome of Trichoplax adhaerens supports Placozoa as the basal lower metazoan phylum.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.23 (2006) : 8751 -8756. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/23/8751.full
650,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	223) Fungi Chytridiomycota {KI-TriDEO-mI-KO-Tu).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 4. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1460mybn) 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000mybn) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=71577&tree=0.1 [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycota [3] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chytridiomycetes&submit=Submit [4] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142	Northern Russia3
640,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9	83) First nerve cell (neuron), and nervous system evolve in a metazoan.3 Earliest touch and sound detection and memory.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn} 7. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6): 856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999. pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN} 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {574mybn} MORE INFO [1] Ghysen, A. (2003). The origin and evolution of the nervous system. The International journal of developmental biology , 47 (7-8), 555-562. http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14756331 [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn)
640,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6	96) Muscle cells evolve in metazoans.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 2. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn} 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN} 6. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6): 856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999. pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN}
640,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	225) Closeable mouth evolves in metazoans.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a closable mouth} 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a closable mouth} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1
640,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9	414) Female gonad (ovary) evolves in metzoans.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 2. ^ http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 4. ^ http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my) {based on evolution of cnidaria) 580my} 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my) 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my) MORE INFO [1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan [2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p18-19 [3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17 [4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) [5] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) [6] Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)
640,000,000 YBN 3 4	523) Animals Ctenophores {TeN-o-FORZ1 } evolve (comb jellies).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "ctenophore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ctenophore>. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750)
630,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 16	82) Animals Cnidarians {NIDAREeNS} evolve (sea anemones, corals, jellyfish).7 8 9 10 Earliest animal eye.11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 6. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 10. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 12. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 13. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my) 15. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my) 16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my) MORE INFO [1] Collins, A.G. (2002). "Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the Evolution of Cnidarian Life Cycles" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15 (3): 418–432. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x. http://cima.uprm.edu/~n_schizas/CMOB_8676 /Collins2002.pdf [2] Philippe, H. (April 2009). "Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships". Current Biology 19: 706–712. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID 19345102. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209008057 [3] doi:10.1038/4631003b; Published online 24 February 2010 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7284/full/4631003b.html
600,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14	91) Start of Ediacaran {EDEoKRiN1 } soft-bodied invertebrate fossils.2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran 2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. 3. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93: 4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/content/93/10/4990.full.pdf 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 5. ^ Meert, J. G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.; Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A. (2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research 19 (4): 867–880. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1342937X10002005 6. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93: 4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/content/93/10/4990.full.pdf 7. ^ Ben Waggoner, "The Ediacaran Biotas in Space and Time", Integrative and Comparative Biology , Vol. 43, No. 1 (Feb., 2003), pp. 104-113. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884845 {Waggoner_200302xx.pdf} 8. ^ H. J. Hofmann, G. M. Narbonne and J. D. Aitken, "Ediacaran remains from intertillite beds in northwestern Canada", Geology, December, 1990, v. 18, p. 1199-1202. http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/18/12/1199.abstract {Hofmann_Edi acaran_Fossils_1990.pdf} 9. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short 10. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short 11. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p258-264,329. {630 mybn} 12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). {575 mybn} 13. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {670 mybn} 14. ^ Meert, J. G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.; Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A. (2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research 19 (4): 867–880. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1342937X10002005 MORE INFO [1] Ivantsov, A. Yu (2004). "New Proarticulata from the Vendian of the Arkhangel'sk Region" (PDF). Paleontological Journal 38 (3): 247–253 [2] Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.short	Sonora, Mexico3 |Adelaide, Australia4 | Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhsta5
600,000,000 YBN 15 16 17	107) Bilateral species evolve (two sided symmetry).8 9 10 Earliest animal brain.11 12 First triploblastic species (third embryonic layer: the mesoderm {meZuDRM13 }).14 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 6. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 9. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 13. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 14. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 15. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
600,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	403) Earliest extant bilaterian: Acoelomorpha (acoela flat worms and nemertodermatida).1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396
600,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	459) An intestine evolves in a bilaterian.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
600,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	532) Cylindrical gut, anus, and through-put of food evolves in a bilaterian.2 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {630my (first bilateral species-acoelomates} 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) {575 (first bilateral species-acoelomates)(fossil record is older}
600,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	593) The genital pore, vagina, and uterus evolve in a bilaterian.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
600,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	660) The penis evolves in a bilaterian.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 2. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {based on some Platyhelminthes have a penis) 630my} 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) MORE INFO [1] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001
590,000,000 YBN 2 3	95) Fluid filled cavity, the coelom (SEleM) evolves in a bilaterian.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {estimate based on coelom being before protostome-deutostome division, after acoelomorph) 630-590 mybn} MORE INFO [1] "coelom." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/body-cavity
590,000,000 YBN 4 5	98) The first circulatory system; blood vessels and blood evolve in a bilaterian.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81. 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {based on}
580,000,000 YBN 13 14 15 16	93) Bilaterians Protostomes evolve.5 6 Ancestor of all Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu7 } and Lophotrochozoa {LuFoTroKoZOu8 }.9 10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 3. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 4. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit 8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 11. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 12. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 13. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (590my) {590 mybn} 15. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {543 mybn} 16. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=priapulids [2] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443; doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1 496/1435.short
580,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10	105) Bilaterians Deuterostomes evolve. Ancestor of all Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS 3 }, Hemichordates, and Chordates.4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 3. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {570 mybn} 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn} 9. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {367 mybn} 10. ^ Jun-Yuan Chen, David J. Bottjer, Paola Oliveri,Stephen Q. Dornbos, Feng Gao, Seth Ruffins, Huimei Chi, Chia-Wei Li, Eric H. Davidson, "Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian", Science, Vol 305, Issue 5681, 218-222, 9 July 2004 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;305/5681/218 MORE INFO [1] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443; doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1 496/1435.short
580,000,000 YBN 4 5	131) First shell (or skeleton) evolves.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} 2. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} 3. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} 4. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} {earliest hard shell fossil - ciliate) 580 mybn} 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Euglenozoa -pellicle) 1956 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Hamm, Smetacek, "Armor: Why, When, and How", in Falkowski, Knoll, "Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea", 2007, p311-332, p323 [2] Bengtson, S. (2004), Early skeletal fossils, in Lipps, J.H., and Waggoner, B.M., "Neoproterozoic- Cambrian Biological Revolutions" (PDF), Paleontological Society Papers 10: 67–78, retrieved 2008-07-18 http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021554/Bengtson200 4ESF.pdf	(Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China3
570,000,000 YBN 8 9 10 11	311) Bilaterians Chaetognatha {KE-ToG-nutu3 4 } (Arrow Worms).5 Earliest teeth. Animals start to eat other animals.6 7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 2. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 3. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognatha 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaetognatha&submit=Submit 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 7. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (570) 9. ^ Chen, J.-Y.; Huang, D.-Y. (2002). "A possible Lower Cambrian chaetognath (arrow worm)". Science 298 (5591): 187. doi:10.1126/science.1075059. PMID 12364798. 10. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", Oxford University Press, New York., 2009, Chap 24, p224-225. http://timetree.org/book.php MORE INFO [1] Gonzalo Giribet, Daniel L. Distel, Martin Polz, Wolfgang Sterrer, and Ward C. Wheeler Triploblastic Relationships with Emphasis on the Acoelomates and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology Syst Biol (2000) 49(3): 539-562 doi:10.1080/10635159950127385 [2] Martin Helmkampf, Iris Bruchhaus, Bernhard Hausdorf, Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath phylogenetic relationships, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 206-214, ISSN 1055-7903, 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S105579030700317X) [3] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html [4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2002, p844
565,000,000 YBN 5 6 7	345) Deuterostomes Hemichordates evolve (pterobranchs {TARuBrANKS1 }2 , acorn worms).3 The free swimming younger form of Pterobranch may evolve into tunicates and then the first fish.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterobranchs&submit=Submit 2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p201. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p203. 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Xian-guang Hou, Richard J. Aldridge, David J. Siveter, Derek J. Siveter, Mark Williams, Jan Zalasiewicz, Xiao-ya Ma. A pterobranch hemichordate zooid from the lower Cambrian. Current Biology, 24 March 2011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.005 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096 0982211002776 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p383. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126698
565,000,000 YBN 8 9	347) Deuterostome Phylum Chordata evolves.2 Chordates are a very large group that include all tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.3 4 Chordates evolve upside down compared to invertebrates, having nerve chord on back and heart on front.5 6 7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400. 6. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral 7. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. {565 MYBN} 9. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3208583.stm MORE INFO [1] Douzery, E. J. P., Snell, E. A., Bapteste, E., Delsuc, F., & Philippe, H. (2004). The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 (43), 15386-15391. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403984101 [2] Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho and Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science New Series, Vol. 271, No. 5248 (Jan. 26, 1996), pp. 470-477. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2890144 [3] Pennisi, Elizabeth. “Drafting a Tree.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1694. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1694.summary [4] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI: 10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/ export-citation/ [5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
565,000,000 YBN 3 4	348) Earliest extant chordate: Tunicates {TUNiKiTS} evolve (sea squirts).2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. {565 mybn} 4. ^ Chen, Jun-Yuan et al. “The First Tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.14 (2003): 8314 –8318. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/14/8314.full
560,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8 9	117) Start of small shelly fossils.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210. 2. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.", Source: American journal of science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume) page: 261 -94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf 3. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 4. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p163-170. 5. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p212. 6. ^ Adam C. Maloof, Susannah M. Porter, John L. Moore, Frank Ö. Dudás, Samuel A. Bowring, John A. Higgins, David A. Fike, and Michael P. Eddy, "The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change", Geological Society of America Bulletin, November 2010, v. 122, p. 1731-1774, doi:10.1130/B30346.1 http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/122/11-12/1731.full 7. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.", Source: American journal of science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume) page: 261 -94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf 8. ^ http://palaeos.com/proterozoic/neoproterozoic/ediacaran/ediacaran2.htm 9. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782 MORE INFO [1] Philip W. Signor and Mark A. S. McMenamin "The Early Cambrian Worm Tube Onuphionella from California and Nevada", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 62, No. 2 (Mar., 1988), pp. 233-240 Published by: Paleontological Society Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1305228 [2] MATTHEWS, S. C., AND V. V. MISSARZHEVSKY. 1975. "Small shelly fossils of late Precambrian and early Cambrian age: a review of recent work." Journal of the Geological Society, 131:289-304 http://jgs.geoscienceworld.org/content/131/3/289.abstract [3] GRANT, S. W. F. 1990. "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic." American Journal of Science, 290(A):261-294	(Ara Formation) Oman2 |Lijiagou, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province3
560,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8	318) Protostomes Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu1 } (animals that molt {lose their outer skin} as they grow).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p390-394. 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c580) {c580 mybn} 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005),p388-394. (560) {560 mybn} 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {790 mybn} 8. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {530 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html [2] Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 [3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p390-394 [4] Telford, Maximilian J et al. “The Evolution of the Ecdysozoa.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496 (2008): 1529 –1537. Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1496/1529.long
560,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8	331) Protostomes Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u1 } evolve.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547) {c580 mybn} 6. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). (550) {550 mybn} 7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {790 mybn} 8. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {538 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=202032
560,000,000 YBN	349) First fish.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
560,000,000 YBN	6290) Earliest extant fish, Lancelets {laNSleTS1 }.2 First liver and kidney.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. 3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p205. MORE INFO [1] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI: 10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/ export-citation/ [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
550,000,000 YBN 3	328) Ecdysozoa Round worms.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c550)
543,000,000 YBN 5	101) Segmentation evolves.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {537 MYBN (based on Annaleda - segmented worns} {543 MYBN (based on arthropods, annelids - segmented worns=537}
542,000,000 YBN 5 6	6297) The Cambrian radiation, (or "Cambrian explosion"), the rapid diversification of multicellular animals between 542 and 530 million years ago that results in the appearance of many of the major phyla of animals.1 2 3 An increase of animals with shells.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-explosion 2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 3. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. 4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. 5. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. {542-530 mybn} 6. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333. {535 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Derek E. G. Briggs and Richard A. Fortey, "Wonderful Strife: Systematics, Stem Groups, and the Phylogenetic Signal of the Cambrian Radiation", Paleobiology , Vol. 31, No. 2, Supplement. Macroevolution: Diversity, Disparity, Contingency: Essays in Honor of Stephen Jay Gould (Spring, 2005), pp. 94-112 http://www.jstor.org/stable/25482671
540,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	104) Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u1 } Platyhelminthes {PlaTEheLmiNtEZ} (flatworms).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) 4. ^ Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. et al. “The Timing of Eukaryotic Evolution: Does a Relaxed Molecular Clock Reconcile Proteins and Fossils?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101.43 (2004): 15386 -15391. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J et al. “The Ediacaran Emergence of Bilaterians: Congruence Between the Genetic and the Geological Fossil Records.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496 (2008): 1435 -1443. Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1496/1435.full
540,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	319) Protists "Radiolaria" {rADEOlaREo1 }.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ A. Braun, J. Chen, D. Waloszek and A. Maas, "First Early Cambrian Radiolaria", Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2007, v. 286, p. 143-149. http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/286/1/143.short and http://www.core-orsten-research.de/Publications/PDF_Paper/ulm_team/2007b_Br aun_etal.pdf {Earliest radiolaria fossils) 540 mybn} 5. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} 6. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_taxon_a=65574 {804 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates (1600my) [2] Keeling, Patrick J. et al. "The tree of eukaryotes." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20.12 (2005): 670-676. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534705003046 [3] Delsuc, Frederic, Henner Brinkmann, and Herve Philippe. "Phylogenomics and the reconstruction of the tree of life." Nat Rev Genet 6.5 (2005): 361-375. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n5/abs/nrg1603.html [4] http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/Bio-home/Pratt/boo305.htm [5] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html [6] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/radiolaria.html [7] "Polycystine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystine
540,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8	321) Protists "Foraminifera" {FOraMiniFRu1 }.2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=foraminifera&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p165-167. {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 5. ^ Culver, S. J. (1991) Science 254, 689–691. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=sci&resid=254/5032/68 9 and http://www.sciencemag.org/content/254/5032/689.full.pdf {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 6. ^ Culver, S. J. (1994) J. Foraminiferal Res. 24, 191–202. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=gsjfr&resid =24/3/191 {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my} 7. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {804 my} 8. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_taxon_a=65574 {804 my} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria, chromalveolates (1600mybn) [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html [3] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html [4] "Allogromiida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogromiida [5] "Fusulinid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusulinid [6] "Globigerinida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globigerinida [7] "Miliolid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliolid [8] "Rotaliida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaliida [9] "Textulariida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textulariida [10] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P4356&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly= [11] http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2007&chinese_ flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly=
540,000,000 YBN 3	340) Lophotrochozoa Nemertea {ne-mR-TEu1 } (ribbon worms).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemertea&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c541) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563
540,000,000 YBN 3	341) Ecdysozoa Tardigrades {ToRDiGRADZ1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0
540,000,000 YBN 3	342) Ecdysozoa Onychophorans {oniKoFereNS1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "onychophoran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/velvet-worm 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0
535,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6	114) The first heart evolves in bilaterians.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 3. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p 73. 4. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66. 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {based on} {539 MYBN (based on mollusca}
533,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	343) Lophotrochozoa Mollusks evolve. Mollusks includes snails, clams, mussels, and the cephalopods: squids and octopuses.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c539) 5. ^ Caron, Jean-Bernard et al. "A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale." Nature 442.7099 (2006): 159-163. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7099/full/nature04894.html MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563
530,000,000 YBN 2	338) Lophotrochozoa annelids (segmented worms).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c537) MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563
530,000,000 YBN 3 4	339) Ecdysozoa Arthropods evolve (crustaceans, insects).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) 4. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0
530,000,000 YBN	350) Vertebrates evolve.2 This Subphylum contains most fishes, and all amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
530,000,000 YBN 2	6637) Jawless fishes.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371. MORE INFO [1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series, Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp. 671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1655241 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
520,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8	133) Arthropods Chelicerata (KeliSuroTo1 ) (horseshoe crabs, mites, spiders, scorpions).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelicerata&submit=Submit 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ J. W. Shultz (2007). "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 221–265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2007.00284.x 4. ^ D. Waloszek, J.A. Dunlop, "A larval sea spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Upper Cambrian ‘Orsten’ of Sweden and the phylogenetic position of pycnogonids", Palaeontology, 45 (2002), pp. 421–446 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00244/abstract 5. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 6. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211. 7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66-67. 8. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. MORE INFO [1] Charbonnier, S, J Vannier, and B Riou. “New Sea Spiders from the Jurassic La Voulte-sur-Rhône Lagerstätte.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1625 (October 22, 2007): 2555 –2561. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1625/2555.full [2] Dunlop and Seldon, "The Early History and Phylogeny of the Chelicerates", in Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relatioinships", 1997, p231	earliest (sea spider) fossils: Orsten, Sweden4
520,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6 7	346) Deuterostome Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS 1 } (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, star fish).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Adam M. English, Loren E. Babcock, Census of the Indian Springs Lagerstätte, Poleta Formation (Cambrian), western Nevada, USA, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 295, Issues 1–2, 1 September 2010, Pages 236-244, ISSN 0031-0182, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.041. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii /S0031018210003287) 4. ^ J. Wyatt Durham, "Notes on the Helicoplacoidea and Early Echinoderms", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1967), pp. 97-102 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1301905 5. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66. 6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p384. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126698
520,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8	6349) The arthropods trilobites evolve.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article ISI ChemPort http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be checked) 2. ^ http://www.nature.com0/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here it is claimed they are trilobite embryos) 3. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my 4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html 5. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168. 6. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211. 7. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185): 581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266 _5185_oldest_trilo.pdf} AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf has 510my {510 mybn} 8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html {540 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://www.trilobites.info/biostratigraphy.htm [2] http://www.trilobites.info/origins.htm [3] Babcock, L.E., S Peng, G. Geyer, & J.H. Shergold. 2005. Changing perspectives on Cambrian chronostratigraphy and progress toward subdivision of the Cambrian System. Geosci. Journal 9(2):101-6. http://www.springerlink.com/content/t7062n5744462260/ [4] Niles Eldredge, "Trilobites and Evolutionary Patterns", p305-332 in Anthony Hallam, "Patterns of evolution as illustrated by the fossil record, Volume 5", 1977, p322. http://books.google.com/books?id=q7GjDIyyWegC [5] Hughes, N. 2007. The evolution of trilobite body patterning. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2007. 35:401–34. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.earth.35.0313 06.140258 [6] Richard A. Fortey "Trilobite Systematics: The Last 75 Years", Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 75, No. 6, 75th Anniversary Issue (Nov., 2001), pp. 1141-1151 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1307082 [7] http://www.palaeos.org/Cambrian_Stage_3
513,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8	6351) Arthropods Crustaceans (shrimps, crabs, lobsters, barnicles).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 2. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek, "An early Cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Paleontology, 70, 2003 3. ^ Siveter, David J., Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek. “A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with Appendages from the Lower Cambrian.” Science 293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001): 479 –481. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5529/479.abstract 4. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek, "An early Cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Paleontology, 70, 2003 5. ^ Siveter, David J., Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek. “A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with Appendages from the Lower Cambrian.” Science 293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001): 479 –481. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5529/479.abstract 6. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p66-67. 7. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 8. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395 MORE INFO [1] http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Crustacea/fossils.html [2] http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0719_crustacean.html	earliest fossils: Shropshire, England2 3
501,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18	6348) Arthropods Myriapoda {mEREaPeDu1 } (centipedes and millipedes).2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.” Nature 343.6254 (1990): 163–164. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html {Robison_19900111.pdf} 4. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213. 5. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596 {Budd_2001.pdf} 6. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A. Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250, no. 4981 (November 2, 1990): 658 –661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;250/4981/658 7. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.” Nature 343.6254 (1990): 163–164. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html {Robison_19900111.pdf} 8. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213. 9. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596 {Budd_2001.pdf} 10. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 11. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596 12. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 13. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A. Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250, no. 4981 (November 2, 1990): 658 –661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;250/4981/658 14. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ 15. ^ William A Shear, Andrew J Jeram and Paul Selden, "Centiped legs (Arthropoda, Chilopoda, Scutigeromorpha) from the Silurian and Devonian of Britain and the Devonian of North America.", American Museum novitates 3231:1-16 (1998) http://biostor.org/reference/30111 16. ^ Grimaldi, Engels, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p107-108. 17. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 18. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p111.	earliest possible fossils: (Marine deposits)(Wheeler Formation) Utah, USA3 4 and (Ust-Majan formation) East Siberia5 |(earliest fossils) Shropshire, England6
488,000,000 YBN 4	6314) During the Ordovician (ORDeVisiN1 } the number of genera {JeN-R-u2 } will quadruple.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician 2. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genera>. 3. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. 4. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>. MORE INFO [1] Harold Levine, "The Eath Through Time", 2006, p333
475,000,000 YBN 6 7 8	244) Non-vascular plants evolve, Bryophyta {BrIoFiTo3 }, (Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses).4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Bryophyta>. 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82. 7. ^ S26 (c475) 8. ^ S15 (c475) MORE INFO [1] "Bryophyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte [2] "Bryophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyta-1
475,000,000 YBN 8 9	398) Plants live on land.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 2. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 5. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 7. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 8. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html {475 MYBN} 9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82.	earliest fossils: Caradoc, Libya7
472,000,000 YBN 8 9 10	402) The first animals live on land, arthropods Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes).4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 2. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 3. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 4. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 6. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 7. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 8. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 9. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p67.	earliest arthropod tracks: Kingston, Ontario, Canada7
460,000,000 YBN 5	353) Jawed vertebrates evolve, Gnathostomata {no toST omoTo2 } First vertebrate teeth.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 2. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostomata-1 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. {460 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p106,110 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl	Oceans4
460,000,000 YBN 2 3	404) Jawed fishes Cartilaginous fishes (ancestor of all sharks, rays, skates, and sawfishes).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 2. ^ Miller, Randall F., Richard Cloutier, and Susan Turner. “The Oldest Articulated Chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian Period.” Nature 425.6957 (2003): 501–504. Web. 23 May 2012. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6957/full/nature02001.html {M iller_Chondrichthyans_2003.pdf} 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
460,000,000 YBN 2 3	458) Earliest fungi on land. Ancestor of all terrestrial fungi.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684 2. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684 3. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
460,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9	6414) Fungi "Glomeromycota" {GlO-mi-rO-mI-KO-Tu1 }.2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomeromycota&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 5. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684 6. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c750mybn) 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (c1460 to 1210mybn) 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (estimate that between 947 and 968) MORE INFO [1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomeromycetes&submit=Submit [2] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142 [3] Redecker, Dirk, and Philipp Raab. "Phylogeny of the Glomeromycota (arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi): Recent Developments and New Gene Markers." Mycologia 98.6 (November): 2006, p885 –895. http://www.mycologia.org/content/98/6/885.abstract	earliest fossils: Wisconsin, USA5
440,000,000 YBN 5 6 7	236) Vascular plants evolve.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 5. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p96. 6. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c400) http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 7. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390)
440,000,000 YBN 4 5	360) Bony fishes.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 3. ^ "bony fish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthyes 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN} 5. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p97. MORE INFO [1] "teleost." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/teleost	Ocean and fresh water2 3
440,000,000 YBN 4	6172) The first lung evolves.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN (guess based on ray-finned fish evolving} MORE INFO [1] Farmer, C.G. 1999. The evolution of the vertebrate cardio-pulmonary system. Annual Review of Physiology 61:573-592 http://biologylabs.utah.edu/farmer/publications%20pdf/1999%20AnnuRev Physiol61.pdf	Ocean (presumably)3
425,000,000 YBN 2	377) Lobe-fin fishes.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=89942 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=42376
420,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7	6350) Arthropod Hexapods (six legs, includes all insects).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter, "Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006, p781. http://books.google.com/books?id=LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 3. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p66,116. 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p66,116. 6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253. 7. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395 MORE INFO [1] Blaxter, Mark. “Evolutionary Biology: Sum of the Arthropod Parts.” Nature 413.6852 (2001): 121–122. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v413/n6852/full/413121a0.html	earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Scotland3
416,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7	6352) Insects.1 2 Bristletail and Silverfish.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 2. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395 3. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146. 5. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395 6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p250-254. 7. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA1
400,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11	227) Fungi "Ascomycota" {aS-KO-mI-KO-Tu1 } (yeasts, truffles, Penicillium, morels {mu reLZ2 }).3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomycota&submit=Submit 2. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/morel 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ T. N. Taylor, H. Hass & H. Kerp, "The oldest fossil ascomycetes", Nature 399, 648 (17 June 1999), doi:10.1038/21349 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v399/n6737/full/399648a0 .html 7. ^ T. N. Taylor, H. Hass & H. Kerp, "The oldest fossil ascomycetes", Nature 399, 648 (17 June 1999), doi:10.1038/21349 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v399/n6737/full/399648a0 .html 8. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID 10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684 9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1009my) 10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1140my) 11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my) MORE INFO [1] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142	earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Aberdeenshire, Scotland6
400,000,000 YBN 2 3 4 5	237) Vascular plants ferns evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 2. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110. 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c390 (360 for living species) 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390) 5. ^ Taylor, Thomas N.; Edith L. Taylor. (1993). The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 332–334. ISBN 0-13-651589-4. MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full (318mybn) [2] Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (350mybn)
385,000,000 YBN 6 7 8	405) The first forests.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 3. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 5. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 6. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html {385 mybn} 7. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p111. 8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {380mybn}	earliest fossils: Gilboa, New York, USA5
385,000,000 YBN 10 11 12 13 14 15 16	411) The first flying animal, an arthropod insect. Ancestor of all winged insects (Pterygota {TARiGOTu4 }) (Mayflies, Dragonflies, Damselflies).5 6 7 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history .pdf 3. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395 4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterygota&submit=Submit 5. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 6. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history .pdf 7. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395 8. ^ Knecht, R. J., Engel, M. S., & Benner, J. S. (2011). Late carboniferous paleoichnology reveals the oldest full-body impression of a flying insect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 108 (16), 6515-6519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015948108 9. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 10. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146 11. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p163. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA163 12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142. 13. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 {324 MYBN} 14. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {315 MYBN} 15. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395 16. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142. MORE INFO [1] Engel MS, Grimaldi DA (2004) New light shed on the oldest insect. Nature 427: 627–630 [2] Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge) [3] Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archoaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 [4] "Orthoptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/orthoptera-1 [5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA159	earliest fossils: (Wamsutta Formation) southeastern Massachusetts8 and Upper Silesian Basin, Czech Republic9
375,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10	380) The first tetrapods evolve (organisms with four feet), the amphibians.3 First limbs (arms and legs) and fingers.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} {375(360+-15) mybn} 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. {340 mybn} 8. ^ P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298 - 301 (28 November 1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html {368 mybn (fossil} 9. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html {368 mybn (fossil} 10. ^ http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html {368 mybn (fossil}	Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)5
363,000,000 YBN 4 5	379) The first vertebrates live on land (an amphibian).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 4. ^ http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html {363mybn} 5. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/tetrafr.html {360mybn} MORE INFO [1] P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298 - 301 (28 November 1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html [2] http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html	Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)3
360,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10	226) Fungi "Basidiomycota" {Bo-SiDEO-mI-KO-Tu1 } (most mushrooms, rusts, club fungi).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidiomycota&submit=Submit 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985) Studies of Paleozoic fungi. V. Wood-decaying fungi in Callixylon newberryi from the Upper Devonian. Am J Bot 72:1765–1774 http://paleobotany.bio.ku.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1985%5D%20Stubblef ield%20et%20al.-Wood%20decaying%20fungi%20in%20Callixylon%20newberryi%20from%20t he%20Upper%20Devonian.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443734 6. ^ Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985) Studies of Paleozoic fungi. V. Wood-decaying fungi in Callixylon newberryi from the Upper Devonian. Am J Bot 72:1765–1774 http://paleobotany.bio.ku.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1985%5D%20Stubblef ield%20et%20al.-Wood%20decaying%20fungi%20in%20Callixylon%20newberryi%20from%20t he%20Upper%20Devonian.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443734 7. ^ Michael Krings, Nora Dotzler, Jean Galtier and Thomas N. Taylor, "Oldest fossil basidiomycete clamp connections", Mycoscience, Volume 52, Number 1 (2011), 18-23, DOI: 10.1007/s10267-010-0065-4 http://www.springerlink.com/content/725614321xj0604w/ 8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968my) 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1210my) 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my) MORE INFO [1] "Basidiomycota". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota [2] McLAUGHLIN, DAVID J., ALAN BECKETT, and KWON S. YOON. “Ultrastructure and Evolution of Ballistosporic Basidiospores.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 91.1-2 (1985): 253–271. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb01149. x/abstract	earliest fossils: Indiana5
360,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10	6353) Folding wing insects.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history .pdf 2. ^ Garwood, Russell, and Mark Sutton. “X-ray Micro-tomography of Carboniferous stem-Dictyoptera: New Insights into Early Insects.” Biology Letters 6.5 (2010): 699 –702. Print. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/6/5/699.full 3. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 4. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191 5. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 6. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143. 7. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 {324 MYBN} 8. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history .pdf 9. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395 10. ^ Garwood, Russell, and Mark Sutton. “X-ray Micro-tomography of Carboniferous stem-Dictyoptera: New Insights into Early Insects.” Biology Letters 6.5 (2010): 699 –702. Print. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/6/5/699.full MORE INFO [1] Video: Virtual fossil of Archimylacris eggintoni, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR-_nq2UsOc	earliest fossils: (Archimylacris eggintoni, Coseley Lagerstätte) Staffordshire, UK2
359,000,000 YBN 11 12	243) The first plant seed evolves. Ancestor of all seed plants.5 6 7 8 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html 2. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577 3. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401. 4. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms 5. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html 6. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577 7. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401. 8. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms 9. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577 10. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>. 11. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577 {359 MYBN (Lower Carboniferous} 12. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>. {359 MYBN (Lower Carboniferous} MORE INFO [1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms [2] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 [3] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 (c320 (360 for living species) [4] Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation) [5] Dr. Singh, Dr. Pande & Dr. Jain, "Diversity and Systematics of Seed Plants", 2005. http://books.google.com/books?id=GTUgfghg80gC [6] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845	earliest fossils: Scotland9 10
350,000,000 YBN 2	361) Ray-finned fishes, Sturgeons and Paddlefish.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {350 MYBN}
350,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8 9	6355) Insects Dictyoptera {DiKTEoPTRu1 } (Cockroaches, Termites).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dictyoptera&submit=Submit 2. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143. 3. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history .pdf 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 5. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191 6. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143. 7. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 {324 MYBN} 8. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 9. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283. MORE INFO [1] "orthopteran". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/433540/orthopteran/39576/Evoluti on-and-paleontology>
340,000,000 YBN 11 12 13 14 15 16 17	384) The hard-shell egg evolves.5 The Amniota {aMnEOtu6 } (ancestor of reptiles, mammals and birds).7 Start of vertebrate internal fertilization.8 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit 3. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit 7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1 8. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234. 9. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07 December 1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html 10. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17, 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found -in-scotland.html 11. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p232. 12. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07 December 1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html {338 MYBN (oldest reptil fossil} 13. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17, 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found -in-scotland.html {338 MYBN (oldest reptil fossil} 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN} 15. ^ "Eryops". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryops {295 MYBN (verify} 16. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree", 2009. 17. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract MORE INFO [1] Romer, Alfred Sherwood, Price, Llewellyn Ivor, "The oldest vertebrate egg", Am J Sci 1939 237: 826-829. http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/237/11/826?maxtoshow=&hi ts=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=The+oldest+vertebrate+egg&andorexacttitle=and&andorex acttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevanc e&resourcetype=HWCIT [2] Karl F. Hirsch, "The Oldest Vertebrate Egg?", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1979), pp. 1068-1084. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1304086 [3] Robert R. Reisz, Johannes Müller, Molecular timescales and the fossil record: a paleontological perspective, Trends in Genetics, Volume 20, Issue 5, 1 May 2004, Pages 237-241, ISSN 0168-9525, 10.1016/j.tig.2004.03.007. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 168952504000757) [4] "fenestrae." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fenestrae> [5] "orbit." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/orbit>	earliest fossils: Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland9 10
335,000,000 YBN 5 6	6331) The tetrapod Amniota divide into the Sauropsida {SOR-roP-SiDu1 } (which includes reptiles and birds) and the Synapsida {Si-naP-Si-Du2 } (which includes mammals).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sauropsida&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=synapsida&submit=Submit 3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108. 4. ^ Carroll, R.L., 1964, The ear1iest reptiles: Jour. Linn. Soc (Zool.), v. 45, p. 61-83. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1964.tb00488.x/ab stract 5. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p232. 6. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract MORE INFO [1] Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p271 [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p263 [3] Reisz RR. Pelycosaurian reptiles from the Middle Pennsylvanian of North America. Bull Mus Comp Zool Harv 1972;144:27-62. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object _id=47789&local_base=GEN01-MCG02 [4] "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile	earliest possible Synapsid fossils: (Cumberland group, Joggins formation) Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada4
325,000,000 YBN 2 3	381) Amphibians: Caecilians.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {325 MYBN} 3. ^ Roelants, K., Gower, D. J., Wilkinson, M., Loader, S. P., Biju, S. D., Guillaume, K., Moriau, L., & Bossuyt, F. (2007). Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104 (3), 887-892. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608378104 {370 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Andrea E. Feller, S. Blair Hedges, Molecular Evidence for the Early History of Living Amphibians, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 9, Issue 3, June 1998, Pages 509-516, ISSN 1055-7903, DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1998.0500. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055 790398905000)
320,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9	238) Seed plants: Gymnosperms (ancestor of all Cycads, Ginkgos and the Conifers: Pine, Fir, Spruce, Redwood, Cedar, Juniper, and Cypress1 2 ).3 4 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer 2. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 5. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008. 6. ^ Norstog K, Nicholls TJ. 1997.The biology of cycads. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 7. ^ Pant, D.D., R. Osborne, and Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany. An Introduction to Gymnosperms, Cycas, and Cycadales. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 2002. BSIP Monograph. http://books.google.com/books?ei=twN6UJqpA5D2qQGvhYHoAQ 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} (c320 (360 for living species) 9. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation) MORE INFO [1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms [2] Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html [3] Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577 [4] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Overview/3213.htm
320,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	6356) Insects Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191 2. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191 3. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 4. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p208. MORE INFO [1] "orthopteran". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/433540/orthopteran/39576/Evoluti on-and-paleontology> [2] http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/orthopteroids.html#A
317,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8	385) Reptiles evolve.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What The Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2009, p232. 5. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07 December 1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html {338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil} 6. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17, 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found -in-scotland.html {338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil} 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN} 8. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract	earliest fossils: (Joggins Formation) Nova Scotia, Canada3
310,000,000 YBN 2 3 4 5 6 7	6357) Insects Paraneoptera (Lice, cicadas, aphids).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/hemipteroids.html 2. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 3. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1 4. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/hemipteroids.html 5. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p286. 7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p321.
310,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7	6359) Holometabolous {HoLomeTaBoluS or HOlOmeTABoluS1 2 } insects (ancestor of beetles, bees, true flies, and butterflies). Complete metamorphosis.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "holometabolous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/holometabolous>. 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holometabolous+&submit=Submit 3. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146,331. 4. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 5. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/holometabola.html 6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 7. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
305,000,000 YBN 2	242) Amphibians: Frogs.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {305 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Neil H. Shubin and Farish A. Jenkins, Jr (7 September 1995). "An Early Jurassic jumping frog". Nature 377 (6544): 49–52. doi:10.1038/377049a0.http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v377/n6544/full/377049 a0.html [2] "Pliensbachian Stage." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464801/Pliensbachian-Stage>
299,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8	6360) Insects Coleoptera {KOlEoPTRu1 2 } (Beetles).3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Coleoptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coleoptera-2 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=coleoptera&submit=Submit 3. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 4. ^ Béthoux, Olivier. “The Earliest Beetle Identified.” Journal of Paleontology 83.6 (2009): 931–937. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/08-158.1 5. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1 6. ^ Béthoux, Olivier. “The Earliest Beetle Identified.” Journal of Paleontology 83.6 (2009): 931–937. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/08-158.1 7. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 8. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.	earliest fossils: (Pennsylvanian deposit) Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA4
290,000,000 YBN 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	6358) Insects Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 2. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146. 3. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1 4. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/holometabola.html 5. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283. 7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283. 8. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/holometabola.html
274,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8 9	307) Protists: Brown Algae evolve.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2{Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110 .pdf} 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full {Baldauf_Doolittle_199911 17.pdf} has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 4. ^ Linda Medlin, et al, "Phylogenic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids", Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement), v11, 1997, p187-219. http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf {genetic) 274 mybn} 5. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {genetic) 200 mybn} 6. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp. 620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf} {Fossil) 1600-1800 mybn} 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Alveolates) 1956mybn} {Alveolates and Plants) 1956mybn} 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my} 9. ^ Cécile Gueidan, Constantino Ruibal, G.S. de Hoog, Harald Schneider, Rock-inhabiting fungi originated during periods of dry climate in the late Devonian and middle Triassic, Fungal Biology, Volume 115, Issue 10, October 2011, Pages 987-996, ISSN 1878-6146, 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.002. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii /S1878614611000675) {822.5 my} MORE INFO [1] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch [2] Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. et al. “The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101.43 (2004): 15386 -15391. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.long [3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [4] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120 [5] "Phaeophyta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyta [6] Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989) [7] "Brown algae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_algae [8] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
266,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	308) Protists: Diatoms.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790396900883 2. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790396900883 {no earlier than) 266 MYBN} 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf} (1973mybn) {Alveolates) 1956mybn} 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
260,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	232) Earliest warm-blooded and hair growing animal.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol 57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0 00441 2. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol 57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0 00441 3. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089 4. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol 57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0 00441 {c250 MYBN (Late Permian} 5. ^ Ted Huntington. {230 MYBN (between crocodilia 240mybn and pterosaur 220mybn} MORE INFO [1] Schweitzer, Mary Higby, and Cynthia Lee Marshall. “A molecular model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod-bird lineage.” Journal of Experimental Zoology 291.4 (2001) : 317-338. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.1132/abstract
256,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8	6362) Insects: Diptera1 {DiPTRe2 } true flies, single pair of wings: ancestor of mosquito, gnat, fruit fly, and house fly)3 . FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 2. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 3. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263. 5. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011): 9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1 6. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera 7. ^ Wiegmann, Brian M. et al. “Episodic Radiations in the Fly Tree of Life.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2011): n. pag. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/03/15/1012675108.full.pdf+html 8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p469. MORE INFO [1] Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p197
251,400,000 YBN 2 3 4	102) Largest mass extinction of history.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148 2. ^ Jin YG, Wang Y, Wang W, Shang QH, Cao CQ, Erwin DH (2000). "Pattern of Marine Mass Extinction Near the Permian–Triassic Boundary in South China". Science 289 (5478): 432–436. Bibcode 2000Sci...289..432J. doi:10.1126/science.289.5478.432. PMID 10903200. {251.4 MYBN} 3. ^ Bowring SA, Erwin DH, Jin YG, Martin MW, Davidek K, Wang W (1998). "U/Pb Zircon Geochronology and Tempo of the End-Permian Mass Extinction". Science 280 (5366): 1039–1045. doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1039. {251.4 MYBN} 4. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148 {245 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm [2] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/06/060601174729.htm [3] http://www.ia.ucsb.edu/pa/display.aspx?pkey=1073
251,000,000 YBN	452) Supercontinent Pangea (PaNJEe) forms.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
235,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16	304) Protists Haptophytes {HaPTuFITu1 } (Coccolithophores {KoK-o-lit-O-FORZ2 }).3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=haptophyta&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=coccolithophores&submit=Submit 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch 6. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008, p145. http://books.google.com/books?id=_29tNNeQKeMC 7. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {c1050 mybn} 8. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {920 mybn} 9. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {genetic)1382 mybn} 10. ^ De Vargas, Aubry, Probert, Young, "Origin and Evolution of Cocolithophores: From Coastal Hunters to Oceanic Farmers", Chapter 12, p251. in: Paul G. Falkowski, Andrew H. Knoll, "Evolution of primary producers in the sea", 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=5tRSAr1JMhwC {DNA)1900mybn} {genetic)1900mybn} 11. ^ Linda Medlin, et al, "Phylogenic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids", Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement), v11, 1997, p187-219. http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf {DNA)1750 mybn} {genetic)1750 mybn} 12. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/prymnesiophyta.html {possible fossil) 318mybn} 13. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872; doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1 596/1867.short {genetic) 920 mybn} 14. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ {possible fossil) 318mybn} 15. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/prymnesiophyta.html {certain fossil) 201mybn} 16. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ {certain fossil) 201mybn} MORE INFO [1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn) [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) [3] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). (has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch) [4] http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Haptophyta.html
228,000,000 YBN 10 11 12	412) Reptiles: Dinosaurs evolve.4 5 6 7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 3. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 4. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 6. ^ "dinosaur." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinosaur 7. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 8. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 9. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 10. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html {228 MYBN} 11. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {228 MYBN} 12. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. {230-220 MYBN}	earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina8 9
225,000,000 YBN 5 6 7	126) Mammals evolve.2 First mammary gland.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 2. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 5. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 {225 MYBN} 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p197. 7. ^ Palmer, Tree of Life, 2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Shedlock2009Chap52.pdf MORE INFO [1] http://www.abqtrib.com/albq/nw_science/article/0,2668,ALBQ_21236_4546322,00.html	earliest fossils: (Dockum Formation) Kalgary, Crosby County, Texas, USA4
225,000,000 YBN 2 3	369) Teleost (TeLEoST) fishes evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p197. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] Inoue, JG, Miya, M, Tsukamoto, K, Nishida, M (2003) "Basal actinopterygian relationships: A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of the ldquoancient fish.rdquo" Mol Phylogenet Evol 26: 110-120 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302003317
220,000,000 YBN 2 3	387) Reptiles: Turtles.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p196. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. {300 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] "terrapin." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/terrapin
220,000,000 YBN 7 8	428) The first flying vertebrate (Pterosaur).4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC 2. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition, 2009, p390. 3. ^ Unwin, David M. “Pterosaurs: back to the traditional model?” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14.7 (1999) : 263-268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534799016055 4. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC 5. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition, 2009, p390. 6. ^ Unwin, David M. “Pterosaurs: back to the traditional model?” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14.7 (1999) : 263-268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534799016055 7. ^ Peter Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p59-60,166. {220MYBN} 8. ^ http://www.dinodata.net/DNM/dallav.htm {215 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://dipbsf.uninsubria.it/paleo/dvecchia.htm [2] Eberhard Frey, Helmut Tischlinger, Marie-Céline Buchy, and David M. Martill, "New specimens of Pterosauria (Reptilia) with soft parts with implications for pterosaurian anatomy and locomotion ", Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2003, 217:233-266; doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.14
210,000,000 YBN 2	390) Reptiles: iguanas, chameleons, and spiny lizards.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. {210 MYBN}
210,000,000 YBN 2	391) Reptiles: snakes, skinks, and geckos.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {210 MYBN}
200,000,000 YBN 2	370) Teleosts: eels and tarpons.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {200 MYBN}
200,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	392) Reptiles: crocodiles, allegators, caimans {KAmeNS}.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. 2. ^ "crocodile." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143679/crocodile>. 3. ^ Cracraft, J., and M.J. Donoghue. Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, USA, 2004. Nueva Colecci�n Labor, p452. http://books.google.com/books?id=6lXTP0YU6_kC&pg=PA452 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. {245 MYBN}
190,000,000 YBN 2	371) Teleosts: herrings and anchovies.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {190 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201773&tree=0.1
190,000,000 YBN 3	6289) Supercontinent Pangea splits into Laurasia and Gondwana. The northern part, Laurasia will form North America and Europe. The southern part, Gondwana will form South America and Africa.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375. 2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375. 3. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375. {190 mybn}	Pangea2
190,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9 10	6347) Insects Lepidoptera {lePiDoPTRu1 } (moths, butterflies, caterpillars).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lepidoptera&submit=Submit 2. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf} 3. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.abstract 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p556. 5. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p224. 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p556. 7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p469. 8. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p262. 9. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.abstract 10. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol, 2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2 002.pdf}	earliest fossils: Dorset, England4
180,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	456) Earliest extant mammals, Monotremes {moNeTrEMZ1 } evolve.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 238-260. 3. ^ "monotreme." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {180 MYBN} 5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 6. ^ Hedges, Tree of Life, 2009 http://timetree.org/pdf/Madsen2009Chap68.pdf MORE INFO [1] "Monotremata". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotremata	Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea3
170,000,000 YBN 2	372) Teleosts: carp, minnows, piranhas.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {170 MYBN}
170,000,000 YBN 2	373) Teleosts: salmon, trout, pike.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
170,000,000 YBN 2 3	383) Amphibians: Salamanders.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p225. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {305 MYBN}
150,000,000 YBN 2	374) Teleosts: Lightfish and Dragonfish.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {150 MYBN}
150,000,000 YBN 3	393) Birds evolve. The first feather.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {245 MYBN} {245 MYBN (bird and croc split} MORE INFO [1] Xu, X., Z. Tang, and X. Wang. 1999a. A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China. Nature, 399350-354 [2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) : 1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full [3] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763 [4] Hedges, S. Blair et al. “Continental breakup and the ordinal diversification of birds and mammals.” Nature 381.6579 (1996) : 226-229. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v381/n6579/abs/381226a0.html [5] Ivanov, M., Hrdlickova, S. & Gregorova, R. (2001) The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils. Rebo Publishers, Netherlands. pp. 312 [6] Zhang, Z., Gao, C., Meng, Q., Liu, J., Hou, L., & Zheng, G. (2009). Diversification in an early cretaceous avian genus: evidence from a new species of Confuciusornis from china. Journal of Ornithology , 150 (4), 783-790. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x [7] Hou L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Zhang H (1995a) Confuciusornis sanctus, a new Late Jurassic sauriurine bird from China. Chin Sci Bull 40:1545–1551
145,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13	245) Seed plants angiosperms. The first flowering plant.5 6 7 Almost all grains, beans, nuts, fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices come from plants with flowers.8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/ 4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html 9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p607-613. 10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 11. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short (175mybn) {Gymno-angio spilt) 320 mybn (radiation at 180my} 12. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract (c100mybn) {320-290 mybn (radiation at 100 mybn} 13. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009, p135. http://timetree.org/pdf/Magallon2009Chap11.pdf MORE INFO [1] "Fruit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit [2] THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. “An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG III.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161.2 (2009): 105–121. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339 [3] Kumar, Hedges, "Time Tree of Life", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php	Israel, Morocco, Libya, and possibly China
143,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9	6288) Earliest extant flower "Amborella".1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 6. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (175mybn) {179mybn} 8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (175mybn) 9. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c100mybn) MORE INFO [1] "Fruit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit [2] Sun, G. , Dilcher, D. L. , Zheng, S.-L. & Zhou, Z.-K. In search of the first flower: A Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from northeast China. Science 282, 1692–1695 (1998). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/282/5394/1692 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2896858
140,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7	247) Flowers: Nymphaeales {niM-FE-A-lEZ1 } (water lilies).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ based on: http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nymphaeaceae 2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 5. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (171mybn) 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (165mybn)
140,000,000 YBN 9 10 11 12 13 14	457) Marsupials evolve.3 First nipple and breast.4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 4. ^ Williams, W.R. A Monograph on Diseases of the Breast: Their Pathology and Treatment, with Special Reference to Cancer. Bale, 1894, p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=QB01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9 5. ^ Loke, Y.W. Life�s Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the Placenta. OUP Oxford, 2013. http://books.google.com/books?id=ELoP_omQfkoC&pg=PP34 6. ^ Rincon, Paul (2003-12-12). "Rincon, P., Oldest Marsupial Ancestor Found, BBC, Dec 2003". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-03-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3311911.stm 7. ^ "Pickrell, J., Oldest Marsupial Fossil Found in China, National Geographic, December 2003". News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.ht ml 8. ^ "Vertebrate Paleontology: Sinodelphys szalayi". Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2010-10-21. http://www.carnegiemnh.org/vp/sinodelphys.html 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. {140 MYBN} 10. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p. 42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html {nature10291.pdf} {165MYBN} 11. ^ Hedges, Tree of Life, 2009 http://timetree.org/pdf/Madsen2009Chap68.pdf 12. ^ van Rheede, T. et al. The platypus is in its place: nuclear genes and Indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and therians. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 587–597 (2006). {143-178MYBN} 13. ^ Phillips, M. J., Bennett, T. H. & Lee, M. S. Y. Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17089–17094 (2009). {193-186} 14. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282.	China6 7 8
134,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	250) Flowers: "Magnoliids" {maGnOlEiDZ1 } evolve (magnolia, nutmeg, avocado, cinnamon, black pepper).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "magnoliid>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "magnoliid." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 20 May. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magnoliid>. 2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/ 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 5. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). entire group is called magnoliids {179 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
133,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	253) Flowers Eudicots {YUDIKoTS1 } evolve (the largest lineage of flowers).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "eudicot>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "eudicot." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 29 Dec. 2011. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eudicot>. 2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 5. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (153mybn) {155 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=eudicot&submit=Submit
130,000,000 YBN 3	375) Teleosts: Perch, seahorses, flying fish, pufferfish, barracuda.1 2 FOOTNOT ES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=44719&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {130 MYBN}
130,000,000 YBN 2	376) Teleosts: cod, anglerfish.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {130 MYBN}
125,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7	163) The Eutheria. Placental mammals evolve.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 3. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p. 42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html {nature10291.pdf} 4. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p. 42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html {nature10291.pdf} {160MYBN} 5. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). {130MYBN} 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225. MORE INFO [1] Nature. "Ji, Q., et al., The Earliest Known Eutherian Mammal, Nature, 416, Pages 816-822, Apr 2002". Nature.com. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6883/full/416816a.html	earliest fossils: (Daxigou) Jianchang County, Liaoning Province, China3
120,000,000 YBN 3	463) Neornithes {nEORnitEZ1 } evolve (modern birds).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=neornithes&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) {120 MYBN (estimate from} MORE INFO [1] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) : 1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full [2] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763 [3] Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008): 6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/6
112,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	252) Flowers Monocots evolve: Flowering plants that have a single cotyledon (seed leaf) in the embryo.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ "Monocotyledon", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry, http://www.answers.com/topic/monocotyledon 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 5. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (154mybn) MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
108,000,000 YBN 5 6 7	254) Flowers: "Basal Eudicots" (buttercup, poppy, macadamia, sycamore).1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 6. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (145mybn) {147 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] wiki
106,000,000 YBN 6 7	267) Flowers "Core Eudicots" (cactus, caper, buckwheat, rhubarb, venus flytrap, old world pitcher plants, beet, quinoa, spinach, grape plants).1 2 3 4 5 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 5. ^ wiki 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract (145my) {124 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 (128mybn)
105,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	491) Ancestor of all placental mammal Afrotheres evolves.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. {105 MYBN} 5. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).	Africa3
100,000,000 YBN 3	465) Birds "Ratites" evolve (ostrich, emu, cassowary {KaSOwaRE1 }, kiwis).2 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=cassowary&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) {100 MYBN (estimate from} MORE INFO [1] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.900.html#Ratites [2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) : 1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full [3] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
95,000,000 YBN 6 7 8	498) Placental Mammals "Xenarthrans" {ZeNoRtreNZ1 } evolve (Sloths, Anteaters, Armadillos).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenarthran 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p219-223. 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p219-223. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),219-223. {95 MYBN} 7. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 8. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Cornelis, Guillaume et al. “Ancestral Capture of syncytin-Car1, a Fusogenic Endogenous Retroviral Envelope Gene Involved in Placentation and Conserved in Carnivora.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.7 (2012): E432–E441. http://www.pnas.org/content/109/7/E432.abstract [2] Delsuc, Frédéric et al. “Molecular Phylogenetics Unveils the Ancient Evolutionary Origins of the Enigmatic Fairy Armadillos.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62.2 (2012): 673–680. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790311004799 [3] Shattuck, Milena R., and Scott A. Williams. “Arboreality Has Allowed for the Evolution of Increased Longevity in Mammals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.10 (2010): 4635–4639. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/107/10/4635.abstract	South America5
93,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	256) Flowers: "Rosids" (pomegranate, clove, guava, allspice, eucalyptus).1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (122mybn) {117} {109} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
93,000,000 YBN 5 6	261) Flowers "Fabales" {FoBAlEZ1 } evolve (beans, pea, peanut, soy, lentil).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=fabaceae 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {94 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
93,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6	265) Flowers "Base Monocots" (vanilla, orchid, asparagus, onion, garlic, agave, aloe, lily).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 5. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (153my) {141 MYBN} {154 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/welcome.html
93,000,000 YBN 5 6	266) Monocots "Commelinids" {KomelIniDZ1 } evolve (palms, coconut, corn, rice, barley, oat, wheat, rye, sugarcane, bamboo, grass, pineapple, papyrus, turmeric {TRmRiK2 }, banana, ginger).3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Commelinidae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/commelinidae 2. ^ "turmeric." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/turmeric 3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 4. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (153my) {94 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
93,000,000 YBN 6 7	275) Flowers: "Ericales" {AReKAlEZ1 2 } (kiwi, ebony, persimmon, blueberry, cranberry, brazil nut, new world pitcher plants, tea).3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ericaceae&submit=Submit 2. ^ "Ericales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ericales-1 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {113 MYBN} {100 MYBN} {114 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
93,000,000 YBN 5 6	283) Flowers "Apiales" {APEAlEZ1 } (dill, celery, cilantro, carrot, parsnip, fennel, parsley, ivy).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apiaceae+&submit=Submit 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) {95 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
93,000,000 YBN 5 6	285) Flowers "Asterales" {aSTRAlEZ1 } (tarragon, daisy, artichoke, sunflower, lettuce, dandelion).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Asterales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/asterales 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. 6. ^ wiki MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
91,000,000 YBN 5 6	259) Flowers: "Malpighiales" {maLPiGEAlEZ1 } (coca, rubber tree, cassava, poinsettia, willow, poplar, aspen).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Malpighiaceae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malpighiaceae-1 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {90 MYBN} {81 MYBN} {91 MYBN} 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
90,000,000 YBN 6	270) Flowers "Brassicales" {BraSiKAlEZ1 } (horseradish, mustard, cabbage, broccoli, radish, papaya).2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brassicacea 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ wiki 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {88 MYBN} {90 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my)
89,000,000 YBN 5 6	262) Flowers "Rosales" {ROZAlEZ1 } (hemp, hop, jackfruit, fig, strawberry, rose, raspberry, apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, almond).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Rosales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/rosales-1 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87 MYBN} {76 MYBN} {89 MYBN} 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
89,000,000 YBN 5	279) Flowers "Gentianales" {JeNsinAlEZ1 } evolve (oleander, coffee).2 3 4 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ "Gentianales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gentianales-1 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87 MYBN} {89 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
86,000,000 YBN 5	278) Flowers "Solanales" {SOlanAlEZ1 } evolve (bell pepper, tomato, tobacco, potato, eggplant).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=solanacea 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87 MYBN} {86 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)	Americas
85,000,000 YBN 5 6	263) Flowers "Cucurbitales" (KYUKRBiTAlEZ1 } evolve (melon, cucumber, pumpkin, squash, zucchini).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cucurbit." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cucurbit 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {85 MYBN} {65 MYBN} 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)	Americas
85,000,000 YBN 5 6	264) Flowers "Fagales" {FaGAlEZ1 } (Birch, Hazel {nut}, Chestnut, Beech {nut}, Oak, Walnut, Pecan, Hickory).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Fagales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/fagales-1 2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). {85 MYBN} {61 MYBN} 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612. MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my)
85,000,000 YBN 3	466) Birds "Galliformes" {GaLliFORmEZ1 } evolve (Chicken, Turkey, Pheasant, Peacock, Quail).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=galliformes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {85 MYBN (estimate from} MORE INFO [1] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/360Galloanserae/360.100.html#Galloanser ae
85,000,000 YBN 3	467) Birds "Anseriformes" {aNSRiFORmEZ1 } evolve (ducks, geese, swans).2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ "Anseriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/anseriformes-1 and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anseriformes&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {85 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/360Galloanserae/360.500.html#Anseriform es
85,000,000 YBN 4 5	499) The ancestor of all placental mammal "Laurasiatheres" evolves.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. {85 MYBN} 5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)	Laurasia3
82,000,000 YBN 6	271) Flowers "Malvales" {moLVAlEZ1 } evolve (okra, cotton, cacao {KoKoU2 }).3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Malvales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malvales-1 2. ^ "cacao." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cacao 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {83 MYBN} {68 MYBN} {82 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my) [3] wiki	Americas
82,000,000 YBN 6	272) Flowers "Sapindales" {SaPiNDAlEZ1 } (maple, citris, cashew, mango, pistachio).2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sapindales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/sapindales-1 and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sapindaceae 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ wiki 6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {80 MYBN} {61 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn) [2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)	Americas
82,000,000 YBN 3 4	500) Laurasiatheres "Insectivora" evolves (shrews, moles, hedgehogs).1 2 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. {82 MYBN} 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
80,000,000 YBN 4	482) Marsupials: New World Opossums.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree of Life, 2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Springer2009Chap70.pdf 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. {80 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] "Didelphimorphia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimorphia	Americas3
75,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	492) Afrotheres: Aardvark.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {75 MYBN} 4. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).	Africa2
74,000,000 YBN 5	280) Flowers "Lamiales" {lAmEAlEZ1 } (mint, basil, oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme, sesame, olive, ash, lilac, jasmine).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Lamiales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lamiales 2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). 3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003). 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my) {74 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
73,000,000 YBN 4	484) Marsupials: Bandicoots and Bilbies {BiLBEZ1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bilby&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {73 MYBN}	Australia3
70,000,000 YBN 3 4	507) Placental Mammals: Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas {PIKuZ1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "pika." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pika 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {70 MYBN} 4. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. MORE INFO [1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
70,000,000 YBN 3	516) Placental Mammals: Tree Shrews and Colugos {KolUGOZ1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "colugo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/colugo-1 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {70 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [3] "Colugo". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo [4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ [6] "Colugos". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugos
65,500,000 YBN 2	129) Mass extinction.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148 2. ^ http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16macro.htm {65.5 MYBN}
65,000,000 YBN 3	468) Birds "Gruiformes" {GrUiFORmEZ1 } (cranes and rails).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Gruiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gruiformes-1 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2)
65,000,000 YBN 3	485) Marsupial moles.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}	Australia2
65,000,000 YBN 4	486) Marsupials: Tasmanian Devil, Numbat {nuMBaT1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=numbat&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}	Australia3
65,000,000 YBN 4	488) Marsupials "Diprotodontia" {DIPrOTODoNsEu1 } evolve (Wombats, Kangeroos, Possums, Koalas).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diprotodontia&submit=Submit 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}	Australia3
65,000,000 YBN 8 9	508) Placental Mammals Rodents evolve (rats, mice, gerbils, voles {VOLZ4 }, lemmings, hamsters).5 6 7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ "vole." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vole 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN} 9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
63,000,000 YBN 4	587) Primates evolve.2 Opposable thumb. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=63my) {63 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/first_primates.htm [2] http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html	Africa or India3
60,000,000 YBN 4 5	470) Birds "Strigiformes" {STriJiFORmEZ1 } evolve (owls).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Strigiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/strigiformes-1 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 5. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) {65 MYBN(need to check with fossil record 2} MORE INFO [1] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763 [2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) : 1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
60,000,000 YBN 5 6 7	504) Laurasiatheres "Carnivora" {KoRniVRu1 } (Cats, Dogs, Bears, Weasels, Hyenas, Seals, Walruses).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "carnivora?s=t&ld=1089". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carnivora?s=t&ld=1089 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {75 MYBN} 7. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria	Laurasia4
58,000,000 YBN 3	524) Primates: Tarsiers {ToRSERZ1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "tarsier." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tarsier 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {58 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [5] "Tarsier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsier
55,000,000 YBN 4 5	471) Birds "Apodiformes" {oPoD-i-FORmEZ1 } (hummingbirds, swifts).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Apodiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/apodiformes-1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apodiformes&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 5. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil record 2}
55,000,000 YBN 4 5	476) Birds "Piciformes" {PESiFORmEZ1 } (woodpeckers, toucans).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Piciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/piciformes-1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=piciformes&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 5. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil record 2} MORE INFO [1] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
55,000,000 YBN 7 8	477) Birds "Passeriformes" {PaSRiFORmEZ1 } (perching songbirds) evolve. This order includes many common birds: crows, jays, sparrows, warblers, mockingbirds, robins, orioles, bluebirds, vireos {VEREOZ2 }, larks, finches.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Passeriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/passeriformes-1 AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=passeriformes&submit=Submit 2. ^ "vireo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vireo 3. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes 4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 5. ^ Boles, Walter E. (1997): Fossil Songbirds (Passeriformes) from the Early Eocene of Australia. Emu '97'(1): 43–50. doi:10.1071/MU97004 6. ^ L. Christidis, A. Cooper, M. Irestedt, et al., "A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens" Proceedings of the Royal Society B, February 2002:235–241. 7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 8. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) MORE INFO [1] Ericson, Per G. P. et al. “A Gondwanan Origin of Passerine Birds Supported by DNA Sequences of the Endemic New Zealand Wrens.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 269.1488 (2002): 235–241. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/269/1488/235.abstract	earliest fossils: Australia5 |Gondwana6
55,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8	495) Afrotheres: Elephants.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 3. ^ Delmer, C., Mahboubi, M., Tabuce, R. & Tassy, P. 2006. "A new species of Moeritherium (Proboscidae, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Algeria: new perspectives on the ancestral morphotype of the genus." Palaeontology 49 (2), 421-434. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00548.x/ab stract 4. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 6. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). {62 MYBN} 7. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 8. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 238. ISBN 1-84028-152-9. MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)	Algeria, Africa3 |Africa4
55,000,000 YBN 8 9 10	502) Laurasiatheres "Cetartiodactyla" {SiToRTEODaKTilu1 } evolve (ancestor of all Artiodactyla {oRTEODaKTiLu2 }: camels, pigs, ruminants, hippos, and all Cetacea {SiTASEu or SiTAsEu3 }: Whales, Dolphins).4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetartiodactyla&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=artiodactyla&submit=Submit 3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetacea&submit=Submit 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 6. ^ "Cetartiodactyla", Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors. New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors. © 1991 http://www.answers.com/topic/cetartiodactyla 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 8. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. {78 MYBN} 10. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria	Laurasia7
55,000,000 YBN 6 7 8	503) Laurasiatheres "Perissodactyla" {PeriSODaKTilu1 } (Horses, Tapirs {TAPRZ 2 }, Rhinos).3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Perissodactyla." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/perissodactyla-2 2. ^ "tapir." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tapir 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 6. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. {76 MYBN} 8. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria	Laurasia5
55,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	509) Rodents: Beavers.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN} 5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). {65 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
55,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	511) Rodents: Squirrels.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {58 MYBN} 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). {58 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [3] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
54,000,000 YBN 2 3	810) Last common ancestor between hippos with dolphins and whales.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=54) {54 MYBN} 3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (=53) {53 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
52,000,000 YBN 5 6 7	501) Laurasiatheres "Chiroptera" {KIroPTRu1 } (fruit bats, echolocating bats).2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Chiroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/chiroptera-1 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {80 MYBN} 7. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria	Laurasia4
51,000,000 YBN 2	513) Rodents: Old World Porcupines.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {51 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
49,000,000 YBN 3 4	474) Birds "Falconiformes" {FaLKoNiFORmEZ1 } (falcons, hawks, eagles, Old World vultures).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Falconiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/falconiformes-1 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p361. 4. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) {49 MYBN (need to check with fossil record 2}
49,000,000 YBN 3	515) Rodents: New World porcupines, guinea pigs, capybaras {KaPuBoRoZ1 }.2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ "capybara." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capybara 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {49 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
40,000,000 YBN 4	525) Primates: New World Monkeys (Sakis, Spider, Howler and Squirrel monkeys, Capuchins {KaP YU CiNZ1 }, Tamarins).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "capuchin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capuchin 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p147 (guess is in Africa). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {40 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [5] "New world monkey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_world_monkey	Africa3
37,000,000 YBN 3	475) Birds: Cuculiformes {KUKUliFORmEZ1 } evolve (cuckoos, roadrunners).2 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cuculiformes&submit=Submit 2. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) 3. ^ http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha (from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil record 2}
30,000,000 YBN 2	520) Primates: True Lemurs.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) {30 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [2] "Strepsirrhini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini [3] "Lemuridae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuridae [4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [5] "Lemur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur [6] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) (=63 mybn) [7] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn) [8] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn)
25,000,000 YBN 4	531) Primates: Old World Monkeys (Macaques, Baboons, Mandrills, Proboscis and Colobus {KoLiBeS1 } monkeys).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "colobus monkey." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/black-and-white-colobus 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {25 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [3] Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) . see image [4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [5] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)	(perhaps around Lake Victoria) Africa3
24,000,000 YBN 3	662) The ancestor of all Hominoids (Gibbons and Hominids) loses its tail.2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (based on Aegyptopithecus=22my) {24 MYBN (based on Aegyptopithecus=22my}
23,000,000 YBN 3	478) Monotreme: Echidna.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ "monotreme." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {23 MYBN}	Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea2
23,000,000 YBN 3	479) Monotreme: Duck-Billed Platypus.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ "platypus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/platypus 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {23 MYBN}	Australia and Tasmania2
18,000,000 YBN 4	537) Primates: Gibbons.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) . 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {18 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [3] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [4] "Old World monkey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkey [5] "Gibbon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon [6] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [7] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/	South-East Asia3
14,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7	542) Earliest extant Hominid: Orangutans.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Begun, "African and Eurasian Miocene hominoids and the origins of the Hominidae", in Louis de Bonis, George D. Koufos, Peter Andrews, "Phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia", p232. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {14 MYBN} 5. ^ Chan Y-C, Roos C, Inoue-Murayama M, Inoue E, Shih C-C, et al. (2010) Mitochondrial Genome Sequences Effectively Reveal the Phylogeny of Hylobates Gibbons. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14419. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014419 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10 .1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014419 6. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p442. 7. ^ P-.H. Fabre, A. Rodrigues, E.J.P. Douzery, Patterns of macroevolution among Primates inferred from a supermatrix of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 53, Issue 3, December 2009, Pages 808-825, ISSN 1055-7903, 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1055790309003169) MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)	South-East Asia3
10,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6 7 8	543) Hominids: Gorillas evolve.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ P-.H. Fabre, A. Rodrigues, E.J.P. Douzery, Patterns of macroevolution among Primates inferred from a supermatrix of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 53, Issue 3, December 2009, Pages 808-825, ISSN 1055-7903, 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1055790309003169) 4. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p442. 5. ^ Suwa, Gen et al. "A New Species of Great Ape from the Late Miocene Epoch in Ethiopia." Nature 448.7156 (2007): 921–924. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7156/full/nature06113.htm l 6. ^ Kunimatsu, Yutaka et al. "A New Late Miocene Great Ape from Kenya and Its Implications for the Origins of African Great Apes and Humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.49 (2007): 19220 –19225. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/49/19220.abstract 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {7 MYBN} 8. ^ Chan Y-C, Roos C, Inoue-Murayama M, Inoue E, Shih C-C, et al. (2010) Mitochondrial Genome Sequences Effectively Reveal the Phylogeny of Hylobates Gibbons. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14419. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014419 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10 .1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014419 MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [3] "Gorilla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla [4] Prothero, "Bring Fossils To Life", Second Edition, 2004, p34	Africa2
6,000,000 YBN 6 7	544) Chimpanzees evolve. Last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.3 4 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 2. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 4. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn (6mybn) {6 MYBN} 7. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) (8mybn) {8 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)	Africa5
4,400,000 YBN 16 17	546) Hominid: Ardipithecus. 8 9 10 11 12 13 Earliest bipedal primate.14 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152 (2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282 2. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 3. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html 4. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract 5. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306. Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p93. 7. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 8. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152 (2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282 9. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 10. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html 11. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract 12. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306. Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract 13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p93. 14. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 15. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 16. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152 (2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282 {6 MYBN} 17. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 {6 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Haile-Selassie, Y. Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 412, 178-181 (2001). http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.1038/35084063	Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya, Africa15
4,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10	547) Hominid: Australopithecus (x-STrA-lO-PitiKuS1 }.2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Australopithecus." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/australopithecus 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269, 521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/269/5223/521 4. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003), "Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp. 607–612. 5. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269, 521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/269/5223/521 6. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003), "Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp. 607–612. 7. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003), "Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp. 607–612. {4MYBN} 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {4MYBN} 9. ^ "Australopithecus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus {3.9 to 3my} 10. ^ "Australopithecus afarensis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis (3.9 to 3my) MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)	Sterkfontein, South Africa5 6
SCIENCE
3,390,000 YBN 3	269) Hominids use stones as tools.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) : 857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html 2. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) : 857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html 3. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) : 857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html {3.39 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus [2] "Stone Age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age [3] "Paleolithic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic	Dikika, Ethiopia2
2,700,000 YBN 4	564) Hominid: Paranthropus {Pa raN tru PuS1 } evolves.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=paranthropus&submit=Submit 2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 3. ^ "Paranthropus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus 4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. MORE INFO [1] Thure E. Cerling, Emma Mbua, Francis M. Kirera, Fredrick Kyalo Manthi, Frederick E. Grine, Meave G. Leakey, Matt Sponheimer, and Kevin T. Uno. Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the early Pleistocene of East Africa; PNAS 2011; published ahead of print May 2, 2011, doi:10.1073/pnas.1104627108 http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/04/27/1104627108.full.pdf+html?sid=71bf86 4d-bcc2-420e-9c3d-6c390c4a31c3 [2] Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage To the Dawn of Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 90. ISBN 0-297-82503-8	Africa3
2,500,000 YBN 4	455) Oldest formed stone tools.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus 2. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus 3. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333–336 (1997) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html 4. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333–336 (1997) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html {2.5 MYBN}	Gona, Ethiopia3
2,200,000 YBN 11	447) Humans.4 Hominids: Homo habilis evolve (earliest member of the genus "Homo"5 ).6 This is when the human brain begins to get bigger.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 4. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1 5. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 8. ^ F. Spoor, M. G. Leakey, P. N. Gathogo, F. H. Brown, S. C. Antón, I. McDougall, C. Kiarie, F. K. Manthi & L. N. Leakey (2007-08-09). "Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya". Nature 448 (7154): 688–691. doi:10.1038/nature05986. PMID 17687323 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7154/full/nature05986.html 9. ^ Donald C. Johanson, Fidelis T. Masao, Gerald G. Eck, Tim D. White, Robert C. Walter, William H. Kimbel, Berhane Asfaw, Paul Manega, Prosper Ndessokia & Gen Suwa (21 May 1987). "New partial skeleton of Homo habilis from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania". Nature 327 (6119): 205–209. doi:10.1038/327205a0. PMID 3106831 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 11. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.	(Kenya8 and Tanzania9 ) Africa10
2,000,000 YBN 4	545) Hominids: Bonobos {BunOBOZ1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "bonobo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bonobo 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {2 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003) [3] "Bonobo". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo	Africa3
1,800,000 YBN 6 7 8	563) Homo erectus {hOmO ireKTuS3 }.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71 3. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71 5. ^ Brown, Frank et al. “Early Homo Erectus Skeleton from West Lake Turkana, Kenya.” Nature 316.6031 (1985): 788–792. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v316/n6031/abs/316788a0.html 6. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4 MYBN} 7. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 8. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html [2] Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p416 [3] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html [4] Vekua, Abesalom et al. “A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia.” Science 297.5578 (2002): 85–89. Print. New Series	Lake Turkana, East Africa5
1,700,000 YBN 7	449) Homo erectus moves into Eurasia from Africa.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html 3. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47, No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer, 1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html 6. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47, No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer, 1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324 7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1.7 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p69-77 [2] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001.
1,500,000 YBN 4	583) Controlled use of fire.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} 2. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} 3. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} 4. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}	(Swartkrans cave) Swartkrans, South Africa3
1,000,000 YBN 3 4	589) Homo erectus evolves less body hair.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 {1 MYBN} 4. ^ Rogers AR, Iltis D, Wooding S, "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair." Curr Anthropol 2004;45:105-108. http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/381006 {1.2 MYBN}
970,000 YBN 6 7 8	200) Humans wear clothing.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html 2. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News, 07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10531419 3. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html 4. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News, 07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10531419 5. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html 6. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html {970,000} 7. ^ Melissa A. Toups, Andrew Kitchen, Jessica E. Light, and David L. Reed, "Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa", Mol Biol Evol (2011) 28(1): 29-32 first published online September 7, 2010 doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234 {83,000-170,000YBN} 8. ^ Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser, Mark Stoneking, Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing, Current Biology, Volume 13, Issue 16, 19 August 2003, Pages 1414-1417, ISSN 0960-9822, 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00507-4. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0960982203005074) {72,000YBN +/- 42,000years}	Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK5
400,000 YBN 5 6 7	615) Spear.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942 2. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942 3. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942 4. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’, Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810 . http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19 970227.pdf} {400,000YBN} 5. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942 6. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’, Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810 . http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19 970227.pdf} {400,000YBN} 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Hartmut Thieme. Letters to Nature. Nature 385, 807 - 810 (27 February 1997); doi:10.1038/385807a0	Kathu Pan 1, South Africa3 |(Schöningen, Germany.4 )
200,000 YBN 12 13 14	548) Homo sapiens evolve.5 6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf 2. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html 3. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011. 4. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html 5. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf 6. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html 7. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011. 8. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html 9. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf 10. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html 11. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human Evolution 55.3 (2008) : 409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408001024 12. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human Evolution 55.3 (2008) : 409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408001024 13. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html {200,000 YBN} 14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p65. (165,000 YBN) {200,000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)	Ethiopia, Africa9 10 11
200,000 YBN	590) Human language of thirty short sounds begins to develop.2 All words are single syllable.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ (The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of one-syllable words) Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
130,000 YBN 4 5	450) Homo Neanderthalensis.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html 2. ^ Douglas Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p464. 3. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html 4. ^Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html {000} 5. ^ http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/ancient-dna-and-neanderthals MORE INFO [1] "Neanderthal". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal	Europe and Western Asia3
101,000 YBN [99000 BC] 4 5 6	594) Homo sapiens move out of Africa into Eurasia.2 Beginning of differences in race.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html 2. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html 3. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002 -6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/16/6002.short 4. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125 5. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html {000 YBN} 6. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002 -6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/16/6002.short {000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.html [2] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416045a.html
100,000 YBN [98000 BC] 5 6 7	6333) Theory of Gods.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989): 756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html 4. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125 5. ^ Philip Lieberman, "Uniquely human: the evolution of speech, thought, and selfless behavior", 1993, p163. 6. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989): 756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html 7. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125	(Es-Skhul) Mount Carmel, Israel3 4
61,000 YBN [59000 BC] 7 8 9 10 11	614) Bow and arrows.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also Antiquity 84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx 2. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142 3. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also Antiquity 84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx 4. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142 5. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also Antiquity 84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx 6. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142 7. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142 8. ^ "Modern culture emerged in Africa 20,000 years earlier than thought", LA Times, 07/30/2012 http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-modern-cult ure-africa-20120730,0,4412702.story?track=rss 9. ^ Paola Villa, et al, "Border Cave and the beginning of the Later Stone Age in South Africa", PNAS, July 30, 2012. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/07/23/1202629109.abstract 10. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. {10,000YBN} 11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Jim Hamm, "The Traditional Bowyer's Bible", Volume 2, 2000, p86. books.google.com/books?id=D9yQiKTtprAC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86 [2] Collins, Desmond (1973). Background to archaeology: Britain in its European setting (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521201551	Sibudu Cave, South Africa5 6
46,000 YBN [44000 BC] 5 6 7	577) Earliest water ship. Sapiens reach Australia.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html 2. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6925/abs/nature01383.html 3. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html 4. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003) 5. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003) 6. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html 7. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p471. MORE INFO [1] David B. Goldstein and Lounès Chikhi, "HUMAN MIGRATIONS AND POPULATION STRUCTURE: What We Know and Why it Matters", Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vol. 3: 129 -152 (Volume publication date September 2002) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.3.022502.10320 0 [2] Peter A. Underhill and Toomas Kivisild, "Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations", Annual Review of Genetics, Vol. 41: 539 -564 (Volume publication date December 2007) http://www.annualreviews.org/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1146%2Fannurev. genet.41.110306.130407 [3] doi:10.1038/nature01383 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6925/abs/nat ure01383.html [4] http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.html
40,000 YBN [38000 BC] 4 5 6	604) Oil lamp.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific American, March 1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf {Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf} 4. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific American, March 1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf {Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf} {40,000YBN} 5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5. {79,000BCE} 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000YBN} MORE INFO [1] "Ancient oil lamp". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_oil_lamp	Southwest France3
40,000 YBN [38000 BC] 7 8	1262) Painting.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ", 6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492 2. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract 3. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ", 6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492 4. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract 5. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract 6. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave 7. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract 8. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave	(The Panel de las Manos) El Castillo Cave, Spain5 |Southern France6
40,000 YBN [38000 BC] 10 11 12	5871) Earliest musical instrument, a flute.5 6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm 3. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1. 4. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ 5. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm 7. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1. 8. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ 9. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 10. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 {40000YBN} 11. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ {35000BCE} 12. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1. {34000BCE}	Hohle Fels Cave, Germany9
32,000 YBN [30000 BC] 6 7 8 9 10	602) Weaving and textiles.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359 2. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1 3. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359 4. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1 5. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359 6. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359 {32,000 YBN} 7. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534. {000 YBN} {26,000 YBN} 8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN} 9. ^ {9000YBN} 10. ^ E. J. W. Barber, "Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze ...", 1991. http://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC {7000YBN} MORE INFO [1] "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile>	Dzudzuana Cave, Georgia5
31,700 YBN [29700 BC] 4 5	42) Humans raise dogs.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) 2. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) 3. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) 4. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) {31,700 YBN} 5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. {10,000BCE} MORE INFO [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication	Goyet cave, Belgium3
29,000 YBN [27000 BC] 4 5	6215) Ceramics.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381 2. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381 3. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 4. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381 {29,000} 5. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 {26,000}	Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia3
23,000 YBN [21000 BC] 3	6231) Stone wall.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave. html 2. ^ http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave. html 3. ^ http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave. html {23,000 YBN}	(Theopetra Cave) Kalambaka, Greece2
19,000 YBN [17000 BC] 3 4	6175) Cereal gathering.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short 2. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short 3. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short {19000 YBN} 4. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67. {Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}	Near East (Southwest Asia Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia)2
18,000 YBN [16000 BC] 5 6 7 8	603) Pottery.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm 4. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009, doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4 f27ab46 5. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009, doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4 f27ab46 {18,000} 6. ^ "pottery." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pottery {17,500YBN} 7. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm {17,500YBN} 8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}	(Yuchanyan cave), Daoxian County, Hunan Province, China3 4
17,000 YBN [15000 BC] 7	6225) Rope.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183. 2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. 3. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521 4. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183. 5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. 6. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521 7. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521 {17000 YBN}	Lascaux, France4 5 6
13,000 YBN [11000 BC] 9 10 11	578) Humans enter America.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm 3. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/ 4. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html 5. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm 6. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/ 7. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm 8. ^ Michael Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine bioregions and the destruction of the Southern California Bight, Futures, Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN 0016-3287, DOI: 10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0016328705001382) 9. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm {13000 YBN} 10. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/ {13000 YBN} 11. ^ Michael Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine bioregions and the destruction of the Southern California Bight, Futures, Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN 0016-3287, DOI: 10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0016328705001382) {13000 YBN}	Mexico City7 and Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, California, USA8
11,000 YBN [9000 BC] 5 6	606) Oldest city, Jericho.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302707/Jericho>. {9,000 BC} 4. ^ "Jericho." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/jericho 5. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302707/Jericho>. {9,000 BC} 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {000 YBN} {8,000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Kathleen Kenyon, "Excavations at Jericho", 1981, p6. {Kenyon_Excavations_At_Jericho_1981.pdf}	Jericho, (modern West Bank3 ) Palestine4
9,500 YBN [7500 BC] 6 7 8 9	612) Wheat grown.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full 2. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full 3. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full 4. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?"� Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short 5. ^ Which came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News. 2008-12-14. 6. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full 7. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?" Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short {9300 YBN} 8. ^ Which came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News. 2008-12-14. 9. ^ "First farmers discovered". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/489449.stm MORE INFO [1] Diamond, Jared. "Evolution, Consequences and Future of Plant and Animal Domestication." Nature 418.6898 (2002): 700�707. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/full/nature01019.htm l [2] Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge. Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p. 528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euphrates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510 8078 [3] Ozkan, H; Brandolini, A; Sch�fer-Pregl, R; Salamini, F (October 2002). "AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey". Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (10): 1797�801. PMID 12270906 [4] Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67	Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria3 |southeastern Turkey and northern Syria4 (Nevali Cori, Turkey5 )
9,240 YBN [7240 BC] 4 5	1478) Squash grown.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract 2. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract 3. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract 4. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract {9240} 5. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/science/28cnd-squash.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=s login&adxnnlx=1183057296-Up92joKUeK1fZr+Wt4cXsQ (10000ybn)	Paiján, Peru3
8,000 YBN [6000 BC] 3	6220) Earliest drum.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>. 2. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>. 3. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>. {6000 BC}	Moravia, Czeck Republic2
7,700 YBN [5700 BC] 6 7 8 9 10 11 12	719) Rice grown.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 2. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 3. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921 (2009): 1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom estication_Rice_2009.pdf} 4. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007). 5. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 6. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921 (2009): 1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom estication_Rice_2009.pdf} 7. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007). 8. ^ Domestication and the origins of agriculture: an appraisal Progress in Physical Geography 1 March 1999: 37-56. http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/23/1/37.short {Mannion_Agriculture_1999.pdf} 9. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full {11500} {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3500 YBN} 11. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 91. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA91 {Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf} 12. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p74. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C	Kuahuqiao, Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province3 4 |Yangtze (in Hubei and Hunan provinces), China5
7,100 YBN [5100 BC] 4 5	720) Corn grown.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001): 1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract 2. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001): 1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract 3. ^ Piperno, D. R., and K. V. Flannery. “The earliest archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: New accelerator mass spectrometry dates and their implications.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98.4 (2001) : 2101 -2103. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/98/4/2101.short 4. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001): 1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract 5. ^ Piperno, D. R., and K. V. Flannery. “The earliest archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: New accelerator mass spectrometry dates and their implications.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98.4 (2001) : 2101 -2103. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/98/4/2101.short {6250} MORE INFO [1] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000)	San Andrés, Mexico2 |(Oaxaca, Mexico3 )
7,000 YBN [5000 BC] 4 5 6 7	627) Metal melting and casting (copper).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) 2. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) 3. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) 4. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) {c7000 YBN} 5. ^ P.t., Craddock. “From hearth to furnace : evidences for the earliest metal smelting technologies in the Eastern Mediterranean.” Paléorient (2000) : 151-165. Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2 000_num_26_2_4716 {8000BCE} {article_paleo_0153-9345_2000_num_26_2_4716.pdf} {5500BCE} 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce) 7. ^ "Copper (5000 BCE)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper (5000 BCE) (=5000bce) {5000BCE} MORE INFO [1] Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period Noël H. Gale Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 282/283, Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp. 37-61 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261	Belovode, Eastern Serbia3
6,000 YBN [4000 BC] 3	6232) Mud brick house.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>. 2. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>. 3. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>. {4000 BC}	Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)2
5,500 YBN [3500 BC] 3 4 5 6 7	233) Writing (on clay objects). First numbers. First stamp (or seal).1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14. 2. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14. 3. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm {5500 YBN} 4. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "Reckoning Before Writing", Archaeology. May/June 1979, Vol. 32, No. 3, p. 22-31. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Reckoning_before_writing 5. ^ "writing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649670/writing>. {3500 BC} 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {for stamp)3500BC} 7. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a MORE INFO [1] http://www.jstor.org/view/00030279/ap020117/02a00010/0 (sexagesimal.pdf) [2] Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993) [3] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000) [4] "sigillography." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543584/sigillography> [5] http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Babylonian_numerals.html [6] "Numeral system#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system#History	Mesopotamia (Babylonia)2 |Sumer (Syria, Sumer, Highland Iran)
5,500 YBN [3500 BC] 5 6 7	294) Timekeeping device.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>. 2. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>. 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p10. 4. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>. 5. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>. {-3500 BCE} 6. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>. {-3500 BCE} 7. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p10. {2600-2501 BC} MORE INFO [1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p15	China2 3 and Chaldea4
5,500 YBN [3500 BC] 9 10	646) The wheel (for pottery).4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27. 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) 3. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) 4. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27. 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) 6. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) 8. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) 9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) (=3500BCE) {35000BCE} 10. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) (=3500BCE) {35000BCE} MORE INFO [1] Margaret Sax, Nigel D. Meeks and Dominique Collon , "The Early Development of the Lapidary Engraving Wheel in Mesopotamia", Iraq, Vol. 62, (2000), pp. 157-176 Published by: British Institute for the Study of Iraq Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200487 [2] http://www.hartford-hwp.com/image_archive/ue/uea.html [3] Stuart Piggott, "The earliest wheeled transport : from the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea", Thames and Hudson, 1983 [4] "WORLD'S OLDEST WHEEL FOUND IN SLOVENIA" March 2003 http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/culture/w orlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/	Mesopotamia7 8 (and a similar pottery wheel from Choga Mish, Iran)
5,490 YBN [3490 BC] 4 5	702) Cotton grown.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract 2. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract 3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 4. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract {5490 YBN} 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {4000 YBN}	Northwestern Peru2 |Indus valley3
5,350 YBN [3350 BC] 8 9 10 11	1261) Writing on clay tablets.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm 2. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 4. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm 5. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 7. ^ "Sumerian writing>.". Encyclopedia wrBritannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 15 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649670/writing/53659/Sumerian-wr iting>. 8. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p. 50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing 9. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm (3300bce) 10. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994. http://books.google.com/books?id=YBAzXV4YtQ8C&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false 11. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. MORE INFO [1] http://cdli.ucla.edu:16080/wiki/index.php/The_Late_Uruk_period [2] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000) [3] Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14	Uruk7
5,310 YBN [3310 BC] 4 5 6	704) Animal pulled vehicles.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. 4. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. {c3530-3310 BC} 5. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. {Standard of Ur) 2600-2400 BC} 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {4000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Zettler, Richard L.; Horne, Lee; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly. Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur, pp. 45-47. UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 1998. ISBN 9780924171543 [2] http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_stand ard_of_ur.aspx	(TRB - Funnel Beaker culture) Bronocice, Krakow, Poland3
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 4 5	569) Stringed musical instrument (lyre and harp).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80. 2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17. 3. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80. 4. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80. {-3000 BC} 5. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17. {-3000 BC} MORE INFO [1] C. Leonard Woolley, "Ur Excavations. Vol. II. The Royal Cemetery.", 1934 {Ur_Excavations_Royal_Cemetary_1934.pdf} [2] http://www.penn.museum/long-term-exhibits/267-iraq.html	Sumer (modern Iraq)3
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 3 4	596) Phonetic writing.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48. 2. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, 9. 3. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993 (during writing phase Uruk III 3000bce) 4. ^ "Sumer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer (3200bce) MORE INFO [1] encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565349/Alphabet.html	Jemdet Nasr2
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 5 6 7	628) Bronze casting.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago News Office, Jan. 12, 2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml 2. ^ Edwards I. E. S, "The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3", 1970. http://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=Tell+Judai dah+bronze&source=bl&ots=nsUpGgmod8&sig=hHbgeyEJy95EC7mkTgsuvCaMFR0&hl=en&sa=X&e i=MPkRT5anJamoiAKilaXXDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Tell%20Judaidah%20bro nze&f=false 3. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago News Office, Jan. 12, 2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce) 5. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago News Office, Jan. 12, 2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce) 7. ^ "Bronze (late 3000 BCE)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze (late 3000 BCE) (late 3000bce) {Late 3000 BCE} MORE INFO [1] "Copper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper [2] V. Gordon Childe, "The Bronze Age", Cambridge University Press, 2011 http://books.google.com/books?id=Fxb9brYSPVYC [3] "Bronze". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze (late 3000 BCE) [4] "Bronze Age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age [5] http://www.asa3.org/archive/ASA/199604/0288.html	Tell Judaidah, Turkey3 |Egypt4
5,000 YBN [3000 BC] 2 3 4	6222) Inclined plane.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9. 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3000 BC} 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p11. {2900 BCE (based on Pyramid of Giza} 4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9. {2.4 Million BC}	Egypt?
4,500 YBN [2500 BC] 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23	635) Iron melted and casted.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 2. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722 3. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935. Ankara, 1937. 4. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 5. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722 6. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935. Ankara, 1937. 7. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 8. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722 9. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935. Ankara, 1937. 10. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1928. Egyptian Research Account. 11. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of Iron.” American Journal of Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101. http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136 12. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron Smelting Slag Formation at Tell Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006), (Proceedings) 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May 2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma. Diputacion de Zaragoza: Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11494/ 13. ^ Xander Veldhuijzen and Eveline van der Steen, "Iron Production Center Found in the Jordan Valley", Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 195-199 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210714 14. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron, Prehistoric and Ancient.” American Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934): 555–583. http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191 15. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 16. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1928. Egyptian Research Account, p14-16, Plate 25-32. {Petrie_Gerar_1928.pdf} 17. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of Iron.” American Journal of Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101. http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136 18. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron Smelting Slag Formation at Tell Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006), (Proceedings) 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May 2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma. Diputacion de Zaragoza: Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11494/ {930/910 BCE} 19. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 YBN) 20. ^ http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/fe.htm (3000 YBN) (3000) 21. ^ "Iron (3500 YBN)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron (3500 YBN) (3500) 22. ^ "Iron Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294368/Iron-Age>. 23. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron, Prehistoric and Ancient.” American Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934): 555–583. http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191 MORE INFO [1] "Iron age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_age	Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia (modern Turkey)7 8 9 |Palestine10 11 |Tell Hammeh (az-Zarqa), Jordan12 13 |Central Europe and north Assyria14
4,300 YBN [2300 BC] 4 5 6 7 8 9	667) Glass making.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf 2. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf 3. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf 4. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf {4300 YBN} 5. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries. The Archaeological Evidence", Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994, p190. {Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries_Moorey_1994.pdf} AND {Moorey-Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries-1994.pdf} {c4000YBN} 6. ^ James Owen, "Ancient Egyptian City Yields World's Oldest Glassworks", National Geographic News June 16, 2005 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0616_050616_egyptglass.htm l {35000 YBN} 7. ^ Thilo Rehren and Edgar B. Pusch, "Late Bronze Age Glass Production at Qantir-Piramesses, Egypt", Science New Series, Vol. 308, No. 5729 (Jun. 17, 2005), pp. 1756-1758 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3841666 {35000 YBN} 8. ^ http://glassonline.com/infoserv/history.html {5500YBN} 9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {5000YBN}	Mesopotamia3
4,300 YBN [2300 BC] 5 6 7 8 9	1271) Earliest written stories.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C 2. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C 3. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270. 4. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C 5. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270. (there is also a 2000 edition {Hayes_Sumerian_2000.pdf}) 6. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C 7. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961. http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108 8. ^ Thomson, G.A. First Writers-The Sumerians: They Wrote on Clay. iUniverse, 2011, p xi. 9. ^ Alexander, T.D., and D.W. Baker. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity Press, 2002. The IVP Bible Dictionary Series, p608. MORE INFO [1] "Ancient literature". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_literature [2] Arno Poebel, "Historical and grammatical texts", vols 1-5, 1914. vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=tg0TAAAAYAAJ vol 4: http://books.google.com/books?id=mxwYAAAAYAAJ vol 5: http://books.google.com/books?id=_A0TAAAAYAAJ [3] Jeffrey H. Tigay, "The evolution of the Gilgamesh epic", http://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC [4] Kramer, S. N. "Sumerian Literature; A Preliminary Survey of the Oldest Literature in the World." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 85.3 (1942): 293�323. http://www.jstor.org/stable/985008	Lagash3 |Nippur4
4,130 YBN [2130 BC] 3	6234) Musical horn.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p73. 2. ^ http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/g/gudea,_king_of_l agash.aspx 3. ^ http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/g/gudea,_king_of_l agash.aspx {around) 2130 BCE}	Lagash, Mesopotamia2
4,000 YBN [2000 BC] 7 8	733) Lock and key.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263 2. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm 3. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263 4. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm 5. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm (=4000ybn/nineveh) 6. ^ "Nineveh." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/nineveh 7. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm (=4000ybn/nineveh) {4000 YBN(nineveh} 8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=1200bce/egypt) {1200 BCE (egypt}	Nineveh,5 Assyria on the Tigris River6
3,531 YBN [1531 BC] 6 7	639) Planets are recognized.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 2. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false 3. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 4. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false 5. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 6. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 7. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false	Babylon5
3,500 YBN [1500 BC] 4 5	723) Pulley.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 3. ^ Sir Austen Henry Layard, "Nineveh and its remains: with an account of a visit to the Chaldean ...", 1850, p219. http://books.google.com/books?id=-J5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA219 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {1500 BC} 5. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p21. {before 260 BC}	Nimroud, Assyria2 3
2,785 YBN [785 BC] 2	771) Eclipses predicted.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987). 2. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987).
2,529 YBN [529 BC] 6	772) Earth described as a sphere.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). {529 BCE} MORE INFO [1] "Polycrates". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrates [2] "Pythagorean theorem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem	Croton, Italy5
2,467 YBN [467 BC] 7 8	836) That stars are other Suns is known.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books I-V", 137-139. (similar translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ 2. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999, p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17 3. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books I-V", 137-139. (similar translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ 4. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999, p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p8-9. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p8-9. 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (450bc+30yrs estimate for science contributions) MORE INFO [1] "Anaxagoras". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxagoras (=490?-430?)	Clazomenae (75 miles/120 km north of Miletus)|Athens5 |Did not move to Athens until around 462 bce6
2,467 YBN [467 BC] 8	1894) Particle (or wireless) communication.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac ard%3D258 2. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33. 4. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac ard%3D258 5. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History 6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33. 7. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus 8. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus {467 BCE} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Robert Hooke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040979/Robert-Hooke [3] "Robert Hooke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke [4] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat=technology [5] http://www.libraries.uc.edu/source/volfour/oesper2.html [6] http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/ [7] http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm [8] http://www.she-philosopher.com/gallery/cyclopaedia.html [9] "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History (1684)	Argos, Greece7
2,460 YBN [460 BC] 5 6	841) Theory that all matter is made of atoms.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~490bce) 6. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus (=500-450bce)
2,260 YBN [260 BC] 4	663) Lever.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. 2. ^ Pappus, Collection, Synagogue, Book VIII, c. AD 340. 3. ^ Asimov, I. Asimov’s Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Lives and Achievements of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present Chronologically Arranged. 1982, p29 4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. {before) 260 BC}	Syracuse, Sicily3
2,260 YBN [260 BC] 3 4 5	822) Screw.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254115/hand-tool>. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p22. {260 BC} 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=500) 5. ^ http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Nineveh (=600) MORE INFO [1] http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/enc1/hanging_gardens_of_babylon [2] "screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/529876/screw> [3] Technology and Culture Volume 44, Number 1, January 2003 (PDF) Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/toc/tech44.1.html	Syracuse, Sicily2
2,260 YBN [260 BC] 4	882) The rotation of the Earth around its own axis once a day and around the Sun once a year is understood.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). {c260 BCE} MORE INFO [1] "article 9009438". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009438 [2] "Cleanthes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanthes	(Mousion of Alexandria) Alexandria, Egpyt3
2,246 YBN [246 BC] 8 9 10	898) The size of Earth correctly calculated.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 2. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes 3. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 5. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes 6. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 9. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990). (c276-194BCE) 10. ^ Dutka, Jacques. “‘Eratosthenes’ Measurement of the Earth Reconsidered’.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences 46.1 (1993): 55–66. Web. 25 May 2012. http://www.springerlink.com/content/km185753675743p8/fulltext.pdf (c230BCE {275-194BCE})	Alexandria, Egypt7
2,231 YBN [231 BC] 3	833) Earliest gears.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7 2. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7 3. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7 MORE INFO [1] http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/enc1/hanging_gardens_of_babylon [2] "screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/529876/screw> [3] Technology and Culture Volume 44, Number 1, January 2003 (PDF) Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/toc/tech44.1.html [4] "Archimedes screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32831/Archimedes-screw> [5] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p22 [6] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=500) [7] http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Nineveh (=600)	Syracuse, Sicily2
2,160 YBN [160 BC] 7	6477) Law of inertia (a body preserves its motion1 ).2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answ er.jsp#ixzz2DN5kNYiR 2. ^ Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Routledge and K. Paul, 1962, p74?. 3. ^ "John Philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/#2.2 4. ^ Dimarogonas, A.D. Vibration for Engineers. Prentice Hall, 1996, p5. http://books.google.com/books?ei=eWyyUITrL8f-2QXAroGQCQ 5. ^ American Council of Learned Societies. Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Scribner's, 2000, p425-426. 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34. MORE INFO [1] http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/ancient_epoch/hipparchus.html [2] Narrien, J. An Historical Account of the Origin and Progress of Astronomy: With Plates Illustrating, Chiefly, the Ancient Systems. Baldwin and Cradock, 1833, p206. books.google.com/books?id=gYYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA206 [3] "Hipparchus." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hipparchus-1 [4] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p32 [5] Lucio Russo, "The Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004), p88 Pliny, Naturalis historia, II 95 [6] Lucio Russo, "The Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004), p89 [7] "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 11 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia [8] Edward Grant, "Motion in the Void and the Principle of Inertia in the Middle Ages", Isis, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Sep., 1964), pp. 265-292 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/228571 [9] "Simplicius of Cilicia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia	(before 141 BC) Bithynia (presumably Nicaea)5 |(observatory on) Island of Rhodes, Greece6
2,140 YBN [140 BC] 7 8 9	1070) Paper.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 2. ^ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm 3. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 4. ^ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm 5. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 6. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm 7. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 8. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm (=140-87BCE) 9. ^ http://www.amateras.com/trip/china/xian-e.htm {140-87BCE} MORE INFO [1] David Buisseret (1998), Envisaging the City, U Chicago Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0-226-07993-6	Pa-chhiao near Sian in the Shensi province of China5 |Xian, China6
2,056 YBN [56 BC] 8	1045) Theory that light is made of atoms that move very fast.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume 1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ 2. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884, p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC 3. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius", Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008, p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC 4. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume 1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ 5. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884, p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC 6. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius", Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008, p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p36-37. 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp36-37. MORE INFO [1] "Lucretius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius (=(ca. 94 BC- ca. 49 BC) [2] "Light". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light [3] "didactic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/didactic [4] "hexameter." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2004. Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/hexameter	Rome, Italy7
1,950 YBN [50 AD] 5 6	1078) Steam engine.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p40. 2. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p40. 4. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=c20-?) 6. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria (=c.10-c.70(+40) MORE INFO [1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980)	Alexandria, Egypt
1,917 YBN [83 AD] 3 4 5 6	766) Compass.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol. 3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252. ISBN 0-521-25272-5 2. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol. 3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252. ISBN 0-521-25272-5 3. ^ Joseph Needham, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 4, part 1, 1962, p230-268. {Needham_China_compass_1962.pdf} {83 CE} 4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p24. {83 CE} 5. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol. 3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252. ISBN 0-521-25272-5 {1040-1044} 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {600 BC}	China2 (more specific)
1,400 YBN [600 AD] 3 4 5	1111) Windmill.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63. 2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63. 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63. {600} 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (6th century) (6th century) 5. ^ "Wind mill". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_mill (6th century) MORE INFO [1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p25	Persia (Iran)2
1,150 YBN [850 AD] 7 8	1144) Gunpowder.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} 2. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. 3. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} 4. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. 5. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} 6. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. 7. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} {850} 8. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. {850}	China5 6
1,080 YBN [920 AD] 5	6183) Norwegian explorers reach North America.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319 2. ^ Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001. 3. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319 4. ^ Wallace, Birgitta. “L’Anse Aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson’s Home in Vinland.” Journal of the North Atlantic 2.sp2 (2011) : 114-125. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3721/037.002.s212 5. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319 {920}	L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland3 4
1,040 YBN [960 AD] 5 6	6186) Rocket.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt 2. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt 3. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and development of rocket & missile technology", 1978, p10. 4. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt 5. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and development of rocket & missile technology", 1978, p10. {960 CE} 6. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt {1045} {1045 CE} MORE INFO [1] "military technology". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/382397/military-technology/57612 /The-gunpowder-revolution-c-1300-1650>	China3 4
868 YBN [1132 AD] 7 8	1146) Gun.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 2. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} 3. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 4. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} 5. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 6. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} 7. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 8. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "gunpowder". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038534/gunpowder [2] Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521303583 [3] "Gunpowder". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder	Ta-tsu, Szechuan Province, China5 6
772 YBN [1228 AD] 8 9 10 11 12	1392) Theory that all matter is made of light.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942. http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf {Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf} 2. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml 3. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html 4. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942. http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf {Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf} 5. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml 6. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html 7. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford Schools, Volume 1, 1984, p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442 8. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford Schools, Volume 1, 1984, p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442 9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c1168-1253) (c1168-1253) 10. ^ "Robert Grosseteste". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038191/Robert-Grosseteste (c1175-1253) 11. ^ "Robert Grosseteste". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste (c1175-1253) 12. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/bio.htm (c1170-1253)	Oxford, England7
508 YBN [10/12/1492 AD] 3	1450) Humans from Europe reach America.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Christopher Columbus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109621/Christopher-Columbus 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (10/12/1492) (10/12/1492) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/christopher%20columbus	(probably) San Salvador2
478 YBN [09/08/1522 AD] 4 5 6	1475) Humans circumnavigate the Earth.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Juan Sebastian de Elcano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032242/Juan-Sebastian-de-Elcano 3. ^ http://www.answers.com/Juan%20Sebastian%20del%20Cano 4. ^ "Juan Sebastián Elcano". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano (09/08/1522) 5. ^ "Ferdinand Magellan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-225336/Ferdinand-Magellan (09/08/1522) 6. ^ http://www.answers.com/Juan%20Sebastian%20del%20Cano (09/06/1522)	Seville, Spain3
408 YBN [1592 AD] 3	1613) Thermometer.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591653/thermometer>. 2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo 3. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591653/thermometer>. {1592} MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology [2] http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/indepth/Thermometer.html [3] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei (1593)	Padua, Italy2
392 YBN [1608 AD] 5 6	1618) Telescope.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. 3. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852, p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 4. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048449/Hans-Lippershey 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608) 6. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852, p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?cat=technology	Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland3 ) (modern: Netherlands)4
391 YBN [1609 AD] 4	1619) That planets have elliptical orbits is understood.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler>. 2. ^ Johannes Kepler, "Astronomia nova", 1609. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de_motibus_stellae_m.pdf} 3. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108. (1609) (1609) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Johannes+Kepler?cat=technology	Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center)3
390 YBN [01/??/1610 AD] 4	1605) Moons of Jupiter seen and their period determined.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo 2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo 3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo 4. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo (01/1610) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology	(University of Padua) Padua, Venice, Italy3
390 YBN [1610 AD] 5	6488) Microscope.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series, p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30 2. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series, p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30 3. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852, p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 4. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048449/Hans-Lippershey 5. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series, p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30 MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?cat=technology [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608) [3] "microscope". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/380582/microscope>	Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland3 ) (modern: Netherlands)4
369 YBN [1631 AD] 3	1664) Speed of sound measured.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. 2. ^ "Pierre Gassendi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. (1631) (1631) MORE INFO [1] "Pierre Gassendi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036159/Pierre-Gassendi [2] http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Gassendi?cat=technology	Paris, France2 (presumably)
365 YBN [1635 AD] 3	1660) Frequencies of sounds measured.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Mersenne.html 2. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052176/Marin-Mersenne 3. ^ Marin Marsenne, tr: R. E. Chapman, "Harmonie Universelle", 1635, 1957. MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Marin%20Mersenne [2] "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052176/Marin-Mersenne (1637)	Paris, France2 (presumably)
357 YBN [1643 AD] 4	1692) Vacuum.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli 2. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli 3. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli 4. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli (1643) MORE INFO [1] "Evangelista Torricelli". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli [2] "atmospheric pressure." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/atmospheric-pressure	Florence, Italy3
337 YBN [1663 AD] 3	2247) Static electricity generator.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology 2. ^ "Otto von Guericke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038368/Otto-von-Guericke 3. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology (1663) MORE INFO [1] "Otto von Guericke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke [2] http://books.google.com/books?id=R3Yt1N-qotsC	Magdeburg, Germany2 (presumably)
324 YBN [1676 AD] 7 8	1851) Speed of light measured.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology 2. ^ "Ole Romer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083854/Ole-Romer 3. ^ "Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M. Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences", Journal des sçavans, December 7, 1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484 4. ^ "A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated from Paris" is published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" (No. 136) on June 25, 1677. http://books.google.com/books?id=juU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=118 5. ^ William Tobin, "The Life and Science of Léon Foucault", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p118. 6. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology 7. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology (1676) 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp154-155. (1676) (1676)	(Paris Observatory5 ) Paris, France6
322 YBN [1678 AD] 4	3592) Direct neuron activation. Human contracts muscle with electricity.2 FOOTN OTES 1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 2. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 3. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam 4. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA {1678}" MORE INFO [1] "Jan Swammerdam". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam [2] http://www.answers.com/Jan+Swammerdam+?cat=technology [3] http://www.janswammerdam.net/portrait.html [4] "Apothecary". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary [5] http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/exhibits/herbal/swammerdam.htm [6] "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam (1672) [7] "Electricity and Magnetism" Amédée Guillemin, translated by Silvanus P. Thompson, B.A., D.Sc., F.R.A.S. Macmillan and Co., London, 1891. http://books.google.com/books?id=iHg9AQAAIAAJ [8] http://www.telephonecollecting.org/feeling.htm	Amsterdam, Netherlands3 (presumably)
313 YBN [1687 AD] 4	1845) Law of gravitation, matter attracts with a force that is the product of their masses, and the inverse of their distance squared.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687), p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190 AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English (note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1, p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259 2. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687), p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190 AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English (note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1, p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259 3. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton 4. ^ Newton_isaac_letters_739364699_content.pdf Annals of Science, The Newton Letters Vols I and II, G Burniston Brown, 06/01/1960 (publishes: 1687) MORE INFO [1] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton [2] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079241/binomial-theorem [3] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html [4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html [5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47 [6] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/texts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma lized [7] http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000007/00a00090/0 [8] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi [9] http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeHistory/Early_Period.html [10] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=15 [11] "acoustics". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-64048/acoustics [12] (Scholium.) Newton, I., and A. Motte. The Principia. Prometheus Books, 1848. Great Minds Series., p182	Cambridge, England3 (presumably)
255 YBN [11/04/1745 AD] 8 9 10	1972) Storage of electricity.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist 2. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group, pp102-103. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO Gale Document Number: CW3308601351 3. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21 4. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21 5. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist 6. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/kleist.html 7. ^ "Pomerania". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania 8. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999, p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21 9. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group, p102. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO Gale Document Number: CW3308601351 (11/04/1745) 10. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist (1745) MORE INFO [1] "Ewald Georg von Kleist". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleist	(University of Wittenburg) Wittenburg, Germany4 (was for von Kleist: Pomerania?, Prussia5 6 ) (coast of Baltic Sea between Germany and Poland7 )
231 YBN [1769 AD] 4	1206) Self-propelled vehicle.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot 3. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot 4. ^ "Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 02 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145966/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot>. {1769}	England3
209 YBN [1791 AD] 4	2175) Remote neuron activation (muscle contracted remotely by light particles).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953. 2. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953. 3. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035937/Luigi-Galvani 4. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035937/Luigi-Galvani (1791) MORE INFO [1] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/NatureandArtifice/lecture14.html	Bologna, Italy3
200 YBN [03/20/1800 AD] 4 5	2250) Electric battery.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. 3. ^ "Conte Alessandro Volta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. (1800) (1800) 5. ^ "alessandro volta". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/alessandro-volta?cat=technology (03/20/1800(sends letter to Banks secretary of royal society) MORE INFO [1] "Alessandro Volta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta [2] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Alessandro_Volta.htm	Pavia, Italy3
200 YBN [03/27/1800 AD] 6 7	2179) Invisible light recognized.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 3. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 5. ^ "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel 6. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. (1800) (1800) MORE INFO [1] "William Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel	Slough, England5
199 YBN [11/12/1801 AD] 6	2405) Frequencies of light measured.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161. 2. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_ on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf} 3. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161. 4. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_ on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf} 5. ^ John Charles Drury Brand, Raymond Bonnett, "Lines of Light: The Sources of Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800-1930", CRC Press, 1995, p27. http://books.google.com/books?id=sKx0IBC22p4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=joseph+fraun hofer+measured+wavelengths+lines&source=web&ots=qKuKNGN2kv&sig=ZwvLfbjr0XPa68680 mOZkZhEnUs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA32,M1 {11/12/1801} 6. ^ Thomas Young, Philip Kelland, "A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts", Taylor and Walton, 1845. {Contains the lectures which form vol. I of the 1807 edition.} http://books.google.com/books?id=fGMSAAAAIAAJ {11/12/1801} MORE INFO [1] "Thomas Young (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_%28scientist%29 [2] "etalon." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 17 Jun. 2008. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/etalon> [3] Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c9a9 74a16d595c628d0π=24 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140	London, England5
191 YBN [1809 AD] 6	2481) Electric light.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. 2. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. 4. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology 5. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology 6. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology (1809) MORE INFO [1] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet [2] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm	London, England5
185 YBN [11/??/1815 AD] 3 4 5	2544) Theory that all atoms are multiples of hydrogen.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298. 2. ^ "William Prout". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Prout?cat=technology 3. ^ William Prout (published anonymously), On the Relation between the Specific Gravities of Bodies in their Gaseous State and the Weights of their Atoms. Annals of Philosophy 6, p321-330 (1815). books.google.com/books?id=tDowAAAAYAAJ 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298. (1815) (1815) 5. ^ "William Prout". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061643/William-Prout (1815) MORE INFO [1] "William Prout". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Prout [2] http://www.chem.yale.edu/~chem125/125/history99/4RadicalsTypes/Analysis/Liebigan al.html	London, England2 (presumably)
180 YBN [04/21/1820 AD] 3 4 5 6 7 8	2454) Electricity understood to cause magnetism. First electromagnet.1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117. 2. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117. 3. ^ "Hans Christian Ørsted". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted (04/21/1820) 4. ^ "Hans Christian Orsted". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057470/Hans-Christian-Orsted (04/1820) 5. ^ "hans christian rsted". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology (1820) 6. ^ "hans christian rsted". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology (1820) 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp281-282. (1819) (1819) 8. ^ "hans christian rsted". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology (1819) MORE INFO [1] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [2] "electromagnetic radiation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-11356/electromagnetic-radiation	Copenhagen, Denmark2
180 YBN [1820 AD] 5	3374) Gas combustion engine.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine 2. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine 3. ^ Cambridge Philosophical Society, "Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", University Press, 1822, p217-239. http://books.google.com/books?id=hgYFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0iE3HbhCd9wmSagF2t&as_brr=1#PPA217,M1 4. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine 5. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine {1820} MORE INFO [1] "history of technology." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1350805/history-of-technology>	(Magdalen College3 ) Cambridge, England4
179 YBN [09/11/1821 AD] 4 5	2701) Electric motor.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM 2. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM 3. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday 4. ^ Michael Faraday, "On some new Electro-Magnetical Motions, and on the Theory of Magnetism", Royal Institution Quarterly Journal of Science and Arts. Volume XII, (1822), pp74-96. http://books.google.com/books?id=lCUCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=%22on+some +new+electro-magnetical+motions%22&source=web&ots=VKIy3FqaNj&sig=YybSGqm9Q6m-Wqj 9LSQTTX8JGDk&hl=en {Faraday_1821_motor.pdf} (09/11/1821) 5. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM (1821) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology [2] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday [3] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm [4] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of 1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 / 1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031 [5] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf Experimental Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006 [6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico [7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin [8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html [9] http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science +of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1 [10] Institution of Engineering and Technology, London Archives, Michael Faraday	(Royal Institution in) London, England3
174 YBN [1826 AD] 4 5 6	2355) The first photograph.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html 2. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce 3. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce 4. ^ "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Nic%C3%A9phore+Niepce?cat=technology (1826) 5. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html (1826/7) 6. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce (1826/7) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Niepce [2] "lithography". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048518/lithography	Chalon-sur-Saône, France3
171 YBN [03/27/1829 AD] 5	2844) Electricity produced by moving a wire near a magnet.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402 {Zantedeschi_1829.pdf} 2. ^ Stewart, I. In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2012, p169. http://books.google.com/books?id=ezzWkITecN8C&pg=PT169 3. ^ Herbermann, C.G. et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, p750. http://books.google.com/books?id=9sZAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA750 4. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402, p402. Zantedeschi_1829.pdf 5. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402, p402. Zantedeschi_1829.pdf (03/27/1829) MORE INFO [1] The Contribution of Fracesco Zantedeschi at the Development of the Experimental Laboratory of Physics Faculty of the Padua University, Massimo Tinazzi, http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/1999/Tinazzi.pdf Zantedeschi_Tinazzi.pdf [2] La Electricidad, http://www2.ubu.es/ingelec/ingelect/HistII.pdf Zantedeschi_HistII.pdf (apparently text identical to [3] http://books.google.com/books?id=fngtAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PRA2-PA398,M1 [4] http://books.google.com/books?id=yUYEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA76,M1 [5] http://www.wordreference.com/	Pavia, Italy4
170 YBN [1830 AD] 14 15 16 17	4003) Sound recorded mechanically.7 8 9 10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der ...", 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false 2. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false 3. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 4. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29", p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 5. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864, pag. 83, §. 17. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von +den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false (in English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864, p. 83, §. 17. 6. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band, Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon, Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber. 7. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der ...", 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false 8. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false 9. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 10. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29", p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 11. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864, pag. 83, §. 17. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von +den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false (in English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864, p. 83, §. 17. 12. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band, Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon, Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber. 13. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false 14. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der ...", 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false {1830} 15. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false {1830} 16. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 17. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29", p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false MORE INFO [1] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076390/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber (1837)	(University of) Göttingen, Germany13
169 YBN [02/17/1831 AD] 3	2702) Electrical transformer.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday 2. ^ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=338986411&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&VI nst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1204938559&clientId=48051&aid=1 Henry_J oseph_1832_ajs.pdf American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879); Jan 3, 1832; 22, 2; APS Online pg. 403 On the Production of Current and Sparks of Electricity from Magnetism (02/17/1831 {more full account published:} 08/29/1831) 3. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday (02/17/1831 {more full account published:} 08/29/1831) {02/17/1831 (more full account published:) 08/29/1831} MORE INFO [1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday [2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology [3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday [4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [5] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html [6] http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science +of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1 [7] http://www.rigb.org/heritage/faradaypage.jsp [8] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15750b.htm [9] The Contribution of Fracesco Zantedeschi at the Development of the Experimental Laboratory of Physics Faculty of the Padua University, Massimo Tinazzi, http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/1999/Tinazzi.pdf Zantadeschi_Tinazzi.pdf [10] La Electricidad, http://www2.ubu.es/ingelec/ingelect/HistII.pdf Zantadeschi_HistII.pdf (apparently text identical to [11] http://books.google.com/books?id=fngtAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PRA2-PA398,M1 [12] http://books.google.com/books?id=fxsAAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA6-PA44&lpg=RA6-PA44&dq=lebail lif+scope&source=web&ots=36wpS-5ksg&sig=A7KVLfh8fg1hdDtoB5Kr81UzNAw&hl=en#PRA6-P A43,M1 (for a description of a sideroscope of M Lebaillid) [13] "Faradays law of induction". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033718/Faradays-law-of-induction [14] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf, p243. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of 1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 / 1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031 [15] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico [16] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin [17] http://books.google.com/books?id=yUYEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA76,M1	(Royal Institution in) London, England2
169 YBN [09/??/1831 AD] 6	2705) The (dynamic) electric generator (constant current produced).3 4 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006. {Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf} 2. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm 3. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006. {Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf} 4. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm 5. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday 6. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm (09/??/1831) MORE INFO [1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday [2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology [3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday [4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [5] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of 1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 / 1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031 [6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico [7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin [8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html [9] http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science +of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1	(Royal Institution in) London, England5
168 YBN [1832 AD] 6	2514) Plastic.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm 2. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers 3. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm 4. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers 5. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm 6. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm (1832) MORE INFO [1] "Henri Braconnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Braconnot [2] http://www.answers.com/saponification?cat=health	Nancy, France5
161 YBN [07/29/1839 AD] 8	3308) Light converted to electricity (photoelectric effect).4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 2. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839, p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561 3. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>. 4. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 5. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839, p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561 6. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>. 7. ^ "Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p72. 8. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumière solaire, au moyen des courants électriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149; 561. also Annalen der Physick und Chemie, Vol. 54, pp. 18-34, 1841. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-2968&M=chemindefer English: "Research on the effects of the chemical radiation of solar light by means of the electric currents" {Becquerel_Edmond_1839.pdf} {07/29/1839} MORE INFO [1] "thermionic power converter." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106050> [2] "A. E. Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Becquerel [3] "Becquerel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Becquerel [4] Edmond Becquerel, "Des effets chimiques et électriques produits sous l'influence de la lumière solaire", 1840. http://jubil.upmc.fr/sdx/pl/doc-tdm.xsp?id=TH_000231_001_page1&fmt=upmc&b ase=fa&root=&n=&qid=&ss=&as=&ai=#page1 [5] "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45872> [6] http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/BecquerelEdmond.html [7] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Isd9IEnR4bw {video of liquid oxygen paramagnetism}	(University of Paris) Paris, France7
155 YBN [04/??/1845 AD] 6 7 8	2839) Humans recognize spiral galaxies.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. 3. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. 5. ^ http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Galaxies.html 6. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449 7. ^ http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/Artikel/birr/birr_e.htm (04/1845) 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. (1845) (1845) MORE INFO [1] "William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parsons%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse [2] "William Parsons Rosse". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Parsons_Rosse [3] http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~trw/telescopes.html [4] http://seds.org/MESSIER/more/m-rosse.html [5] http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/scientists/william_parsons_3rd_earl_ of_rosse#default [6] Rosse, Earl of. "Observations on Some of the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 134 (1844): 321-324. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108366	(Birr Castle) Parsonstown, Ireland5
154 YBN [09/23/1846 AD] 8 9 10	3073) Planet Neptune seen.1 2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374. 2. ^ Galle, J. G., "Account of the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7, p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS. ..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf 3. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275. 4. ^ Encke, M. "XXXII. On the newly discovered planet." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30.200 (1847): 181-185. http://books.google.com/books?id=iB9DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181 5. ^ Bericht �ber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der K�nigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Oct 22 1846, p279 http://books.google.com/books?id=Hq0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279 6. ^ "Urbain Jean Joseph Leverrier." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/urbain-jean-joseph-leverrier 7. ^ "Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047487>. 8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374. (09/23/1846) 9. ^ "Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047487>. (09/23/1846) 10. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275. MORE INFO [1] "Urbain-Jean-Joseph Le Verrier", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p538 [2] "celestial mechanics." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-77432>	Berlin, Germany6 (and Paris, France7 )
142 YBN [07/01/1858 AD] 6 7	3033) Theory of evolution. Humans understand their descent from a single ancestor2 and the process of natural selection.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 2. ^ Currently I am presuming Darwin and or Wallace identified the idea of a single common ancestor for all of life on Earth-Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 4. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642>. 5. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 6. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 7. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642>. (07/01/1858) MORE INFO [1] The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online. http://darwin-online.org.uk/ [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Darwin	(Linnean Society), London, England4 5
141 YBN [10/20/1859 AD] 5 6 7 8	3087) Humans understand that light spectra can be used to determine atomic composition.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 2. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 3. ^ "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen 4. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 5. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} {10/20/1859} 6. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law"', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?seq=2 {Kirchhoff_Siegal_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} {10/20/1859} 7. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/bunsen.html (1859) 8. ^ "Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018091>. (1859) MORE INFO [1] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen [2] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154 [5] http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/bunsen-kirchhoff.html [6] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} [7] (English translation of 1860 paper) Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen, "Chemical Analysis by Observation of Spectra", Annalen der Physik und der Chemie (Poggendorff), Vol. 110 (1860), pp161-189. http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-18 60.html {Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html} [8] "Gustav Robert Kirchhoff", Obituary Notice. Proc. Roy, Soc. vol. 46, p. vi. (1889). http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/cg61418590l307t2/?p=b6c499a7daa34dfb9 4680da0469118ebπ=1 {Kirchhoff_obituary_PRS.pdf}	(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany3 4
139 YBN [10/26/1861 AD] 6 7	3997) Microphone, speaker, and telephone. Sound converted to electricity and back to sound again.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...", 1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false {Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf} 2. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq= %22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl =en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q =%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false 3. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...", 1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false {Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf} 4. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq= %22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl =en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q =%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false 5. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false 6. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false {10/26/1861} 7. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false {1861} MORE INFO [1] Herbert Newton Casson, "The history of the telephone", 1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=4iU1AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+ History+of+the+Telephone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false [2] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the phonograph", 1879. http://books.google.com/books?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false and http://books.google.com/books?id=seQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone& as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false [3] W. F. Barrett, "The Telephone, Its History and Its Recent Improvements", Nature, vol19, 11/07/1878, p12-14. http://books.google.com/books?id=oC0CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=history+microp hone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false [4] The Talking Machine Industry http://www.archive.org/stream/talkingmachinein00mitcuoft/talkingmachin ein00mitcuoft_djvu.txt	(built in workshop behind Reis's house and cabinet in Garnier's Institute, Friedrichsdorf, demonstrated before Physical Society) Frankfort, Germany5
125 YBN [08/28/1875 AD] 4	5575) Direct neuron reading. Electricity in nerve cells measured.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} 2. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} 3. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} 4. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} {08/28/1875}	Liverpool, England3
120 YBN [1880 AD] 4	5839) Artificial muscle.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 3. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786, 1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and volume of dielectrics caused by electricity" 4. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786, 1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and volume of dielectrics caused by electricity" {09/1880} MORE INFO [1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Konrad_R%C3%B6ntgen [5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_rays [6] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen Felde befindlichen Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann. Phys. Chem. 35, 264-270 (1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART [7] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages: 93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART [8] "Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083885> [9] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p751-752	(University of Giessen) Giessen, Germany3
118 YBN [03/24/1882 AD] 8 9	3620) Invisible particle communication (radio).4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 2. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 3. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires", Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886, p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119 4. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 5. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 6. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires", Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886, p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119 7. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 8. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 9. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 {1882} MORE INFO [1] Dolbear, A.E. �On the Development of a New Telephonic System.� Telegraph Engineers and of Electricians, Journal of the Society of 11.41 (1882): 130�144. books.google.com/books?id=nBE4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA130	(employed at Tuft's College) Sommerville, Massachusetts, USA7
111 YBN [06/21/1889 AD] 10 11 12 13	4021) Motion picture camera.5 6 7 8 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false 2. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false 3. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 4. ^ Josef Eder, "History of Photography", 1945, p515. 5. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false 6. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false 7. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 8. ^ Josef Eder, "History of Photography", 1945, p515. 9. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 10. ^ "William Friese-Greene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friese-Greene {06/21/1889} 11. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} {06/21/1889} 12. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false {1882} 13. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false {1889} MORE INFO [1] http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/508948/index.html (note: seems somewhat biased against Frieses-Greene[t]) [2] Earl Theisen, "The Depicting of Motion Prior to the Advent of the Screen", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, Volumes 20-21, 1943, p249. http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofsociety20socirich/journalofsociety 20socirich_djvu.txt http://books.google.com/books?id=Ct-BAAAAIAAJ&q=THE+DEPICTI NG+OF+MOTION+PRIOR+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&dq=THE+DEPICTING+OF+MOTION+PRIO R+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&as_brr=0 [3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm	(Piccadilly) London, England9
105 YBN [11/05/1895 AD] 6 7	3936) X-rays.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895. also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1, pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23, 1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274 OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf OR Science, 02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1 OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 3. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895. also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1, pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23, 1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274 OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf OR Science, 02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1 OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 5. ^ "Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083885>. 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. {11/05/1895} 7. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html {11/05/1895} MORE INFO [1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Konrad_R%C3%B6ntgen [5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_rays [6] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p751-752 [7] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen Felde befindlichen Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann. Phys. Chem. 35, 264-270 (1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART [8] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages: 93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART [9] Edmund Taylor Whittaker, "History of the theories of aether and electricity: from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century", Longmans, Green, 1910, p426. http://books.google.com/books?id=vTHJah8btZIC&pg=PA426&dq=R%C3%B6ntgen+18 88+maxwell+dielectric&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=1tPDSenwHKS6kgSD7-3-DQ#PPA426,M1 [10] http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200708/history.cfm [11] R. W. Wood, "The n-Rays.", Nature, n1822, v70, 09/29/1904, p530-531. http://books.google.com/books?id=Qn0CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq= intitle:nature+date:1904-1904&ei=wADJSd7UN4TIlQScj-3_DQ#PPA530,M1 [12] Rene Blondlot, tr:Julien Francois William Garcin, "'N' rays", Longmans, Green, and co., 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jpg3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=N+ra ys+a+collection+of+papers&ei=DsTISdm3N4TckASbmYHLAw [13] www.rexresearch.com/blondlot/nrays.htm	(University of Würzburg) Würzburg, Germany5
102 YBN [1898 AD] 4	4698) Magnetic writing and reading of data.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Poulsen patent 661,619 Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds or Signals http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=e79kAAAAEBAJ&dq=661,619 2. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>. 3. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>. 4. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>. {1898} MORE INFO [1] "Valdemar Poulsen." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/valdemar-poulsen-danish-engineer [2] "Valdemar Poulsen." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 6: 1900 to 1949. Detroit: Gale, 2000. 612. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX3408503938&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [3] "Valdemar Poulsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen [4] Compilation of Oberlin Smith biographical and technical information of his inventions	(Copenhagen Telephone Company) Copenhagen, Denmark3
97 YBN [03/23/1903 AD] 4 5	4493) Airplane.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>. 2. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>. 3. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 4. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/17/1903} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p613-614,634-635. {12/17/1903} MORE INFO [1] "The Wright Brothers." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/ [2] "Wright brothers". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers [3] Patent 821393 FLYING-MACHINE ORVILLE WRIGHT http://www.google.com/patents?id=h5NWAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] "airfoil." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/airfoil [5] Wright, Wilbur and Orville. Video. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-127561> [6] aviation: flight of the first military airplane, 1909. Video. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-15290>	Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, USA3
94 YBN [12/21/1906 AD] 6 7 8	4788) Electric switch and amplifier.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411. 2. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411. 4. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 5. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 6. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false {12/21/1906} 7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p646-647. {1906} 8. ^ "Lee De Forest." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/lee-de-forest {1907 (patented} MORE INFO [1] "De Forest, Lee." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 6-7. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 9 Sept. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901119&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] "Lee De Forest". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest [3] diathermy. (n.d.) Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. (2007). Retrieved September 9 2010 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diathermy	(De Forest Radio Telephone Company) New York City, New York, USA5
93 YBN [05/??/1907 AD] 4	4269) Mass spectrometer, atoms separated by mass.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561 2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561 3. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561 4. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561 {05/1907} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html [3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1 [4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false [5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false [6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false [7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false [8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312 [9] J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, 1896, 126 [10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274 [11] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry, 1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some %20respects%22&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=mYyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2 0some%20respects%22&f=false [12] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935, edition 2, p319-320 [13] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 [14] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the members of the ..., Volume 16, 04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/books?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+thomson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atoms%20thomson&f=false [15] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9 [16] Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015) [17] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205> [18] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509 [19] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899, p547. http://books.google.com/books?id=il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by% 20incandescent%20platinum&f=false [20] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 13, 1905, p121. http://books.google.com/books?id=7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+ gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+charge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20 the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosophical%20carry%20charge&f=false [21] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil. Mag. II, 769, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+ number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom&f=false [22] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp. 1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2 Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return ArticleService=showArticle [23] Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1912, 643	(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3
93 YBN [11/13/1907 AD] 3	354) Helicopter.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>. 2. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>. 3. ^ http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Cornu/DI18.htm {11/13/1907} MORE INFO [1] "Paul Cornu." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/138077/Paul-Cornu>
92 YBN [06/06/1908 AD] 4	3616) Image sent and received by radio.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} 2. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} 3. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} 4. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} {06/06/1908} MORE INFO [1] John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+Wirel ess+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmKfhhs RE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result	London, England3
82 YBN [06/21/1918 AD] 4	6199) Electronic read and write memory.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920). http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14 8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf} 2. ^ W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan (19 September 1919) "A trigger relay utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes." The Electrician, vol. 83, page 298. {Eccles_flip-flop_19190919.pdf} Reprinted in: Radio Review, vol. 1, no. 3, pages 143–146 (December 1919) {Eccles_flip-flop_19191201.pdf} 3. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920). http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14 8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf} 4. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920). http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14 8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf} {06/21/1918}	(City and Guilds Technical College) London, UK3
81 YBN [04/??/1919 AD] 7	4750) Atomic transmutation and atomic fusion; Nitrogen changed into Oxygen.3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} 2. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} 4. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 5. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 18 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fusion>. 6. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx. pdf} 7. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} {04/1919} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665 [15] Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false [16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902 [17] Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false [18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation [19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2 0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false [20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag ser 6, v 561-76 1903 [21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208 [22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3 [25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688 [26] Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, 03/07/1911, pp18-20 [27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag, March 1914, s6, v27, pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1914.html [28] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8 [29] Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html	(University of Manchester) Manchester, England6
68 YBN [04/16/1932 AD] 6	5182) Atomic fission.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft 2. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} 3. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft 4. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} 5. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} 6. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} {04/16/1932} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walton [2] H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66, (1920) [3] H Greinacher, "Erzeugung einer Gleichspannung vom veilfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformer" Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins, des Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitätswerke, V11, p59-66, 1920 [4] Joe W. Kwan, Oscar A. Anderson, Louis L. Reginato, Michael C. Vella, Simon S. Yu, Electrostatic Quadrupole DC Accelerators for BNCT Applications, 04/1994 [5] "Heinrich Greinacher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Greinacher [6] http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_page/84410/s_name/greinacherh [7] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811 (Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95496 [8] Henry A. Barton, "Comparison of protons and electrons in the excitation of x-rays by impact Original Research Article", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 209, Issue 1, January 1930, Pages 1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4G H&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig= search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=& view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1 a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a [9] "Cockcroft, John Douglas." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 328-331. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [10] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951". Nobelprize.org. 24 Jan 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/ [11] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Artificial Production of Fast Protons", nature 129, 242-242 (13 February 1932. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3250/abs/129242a0.html [12] J. D. COCKCROFT , C. W. GILBERT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Production of Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons", nature 133, 328-328 (03 March 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3357/abs/133328a0.html [13] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8 30/619.full.pdf+html [14] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8 30/619.full.pdf+html	(Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England5
63 YBN [05/22/1937 AD] 6 7	5515) Picture of individual atoms.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" 2. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>. 3. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" 4. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>. 5. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-mueller 6. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" {05/22/1937} 7. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-mueller {1936} MORE INFO [1] "Erwin Wilhelm Mueller". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_Mueller	(Siemens and Halske) Berlin, Germany5
62 YBN [06/22/1938 AD] 3	5448) Image of virus.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_ Ernst_19380622.pdf} 2. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_ Ernst_19380622.pdf} 3. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_ Ernst_19380622.pdf} {06/22/1938} MORE INFO [1] E. Ruska u. M. Knoll, Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389, 448, 1931 [2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". Nobelprize.org. 5 Mar 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/ [3] M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI: 10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/ [4] Ernst Ruska, "Über eine Berechnungsmethode des Kathodenstrahloszillographen auf Grund der experimentell gefundenen Abhängigkeit des Schreibfleckdurchmessers von der Stellung der Konzentrierspule.", Studienarbeit Technische Hochschule Berlin, Lehrstuhl für Hochspannungstechnik, eingereicht am 10.5.1929. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q001/q001.html [5] E. Ruska und M. Knoll, "Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle Elektronenstrahlen.", Z. techn. Physik 12 (1931) 389-400 und 448, eingegangen am 28.4.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q003/q003.html [6] M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am 10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html [7] Knoll, Max (1935). "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 16: 467–475 [8] "Microscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope [9] E. Ruska, "Über Fortschritte im Bau und in der Leistung des magnetischen Elektronenmikroskops.", Z. Phys. 87 (1934) 580-602. eingegangen am 12.12.1933. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q013/q013.html En glish: "On progress in construction and performance of the magnetic electron microscope." [10] "Ernst Ruska." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513086/Ernst-Ruska>	(Berliner Medizinischen Gesellschaft/Berlin Medical Society) Berlin, Germany2
61 YBN [04/30/1939 AD] 7 8	5835) Bipedal robot.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm 2. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009, Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha rkey_200901xx.pdf} 3. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm 4. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009, Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha rkey_200901xx.pdf} 5. ^ Scott Schaut, Robots of Westinghouse 1924-today, 2006, p91,185. 6. ^ "Elektro". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro 7. ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-york-worlds-fair-opens {around) 04/30/1939 (opening of World's Fair} 8. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm {1939 (verify} MORE INFO [1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuyTRbj8QSA&feature=related [2] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ay225WkU4Gs&feature=related [3] Scott Schaut, "Robots of Westinghouse, 1924-today", Mansfield, Ohio : Scott Schautt, Mansfield Memorial Museum, 2006 [4] http://www.archive.org/details/middleton_family_worlds_fair_1939	(Westinghouse Electric Corporation) Mansfield, Ohio, USA5 6
47 YBN [04/02/1953 AD] 8	5660) Double helix structure of DNA understood.4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887. 3. ^ "Francis Harry Compton Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>. 4. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887. 6. ^ "Francis Harry Compton Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>. 7. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} 8. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} {04/02/1953}	(Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England7
46 YBN [05/05/1954 AD] 14 15	5649) The MASER.7 8 9 10 11 12 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 2. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf} 3. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101, 47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English: 4. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English: 5. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP 1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf} 6. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>. 7. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 8. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf} 9. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101, 47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English: 10. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English: 11. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP 1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf} 12. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>. 13. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 14. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} {first publication:) 05/05/1954} 15. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>. {12/1953} MORE INFO [1] "Charles Hard Townes." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-townes [2] K. Shimoda, T. C. Wang, and C. H. Townes, "Further Aspects of the Theory of the Maser", Phys. Rev. 102, 1308 (1956). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v102/i5/p1308_1 [3] "Charles H. Townes - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 4 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/townes-lecture.html { Townes_Charles_Hard_19641211.pdf} [4] T. S. Jaseja, A. Javan, J. Murray, and C. H. Townes, "Test of Special Relativity or of the Isotropy of Space by Use of Infrared Masers", Phys. Rev. 133, A1221 (1964). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v133/i5A/pA1221_1	(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA13
43 YBN [10/04/1957 AD] 4	5486) The first human-made satellite.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>. 2. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>. 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1957-001B 4. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>. {10/04/1957}	(Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam) Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.3
41 YBN [09/14/1959 AD] 4	5597) A ship impacts the moon.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A {09/14/1959} MORE INFO [1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-012A [2] http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/10/dayintech_1007# [3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html	(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.3
40 YBN [04/22/1960 AD] 4	5768) The LASER.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042 2.pdf} 2. ^ Theodore H. Mainman, "Ruby Laser Systems", Patent number: 3353115, Filing date: Apr 13, 1961, Issue date: Nov 14, 1967 http://www.google.com/patents?id=b-lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false {Maimon_Theodore_Harold_19610413.pdf} 3. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042 2.pdf} 4. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042 2.pdf} {04/22/1960} MORE INFO [1] Douglas Martin (May 11, 2007). "Theodore Maiman, who built the first laser, dies at 79". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/world/americas/13iht-obits.1.5685872.html [2] T. H. MAIMAN, "Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby", Nature 187, 493 - 494 (06 August 1960); doi:10.1038/187493a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v187/n4736/abs/187493 a0.html [3] T. H. Maiman, "Stimulated Optical Emission in Fluorescent Solids. I. Theoretical Considerations", Phys. Rev. 123, 1145–1150 (1961) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v123/i4/p1145_1 [4] T. H. Maiman, R. H. Hoskins, I. J. D'Haenens, C. K. Asawa, and V. Evtuhov, "Stimulated Optical Emission in Fluorescent Solids. II. Spectroscopy and Stimulated Emission in Ruby", Phys. Rev. 123, 1151–1157 (1961) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v123/i4/p1151_1 [5] "List of laser types". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_types	(Hughes Research Laboratories) Malibu, California3
39 YBN [04/12/1961 AD] 4	5601) Human orbits the Earth.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A 3. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing Site - Monument". http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=51.270682+N,+45.9972 7+E&sll=51.270689,45.997599&sspn=0.003296,0.00868&ie=UTF8&ll=51.270716,45.997385 &spn=0.003296,0.00868&t=k&z=17. 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A {04/12/1961} MORE INFO [1] "Yury Alekseyevich Gagarin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223437/Yury-Alekseyevich-Gagarin> [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p895-896	Saratovskaya oblast, U.S.S.R.3
38 YBN [10/26/1962 AD] 3	6201) Laser writing and reading of data.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System", Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ 2. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System", Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ 3. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System", Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27, 1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ {10/26/1962} MORE INFO [1] Carl H. Becker, "LASER RECORDER WITH VAPORIZABLE FILM", Patent number: 3314073, Filing date: Oct 20, 1964, Issue date: Apr 11, 1967. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT3314073 [2] Joseph T. Mcnaney, "SYSTEM FOR EFFECTING TRANSFER OF CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAYS ONTO A RECORD MEDIUM", Patent number: 2898176, Filing date: Aug 26, 1957, Issue date: Aug 4, 1959 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6DsCAAAAEBAJ [3] David Paul Gregg, "TRANSPARENT RECORDING DISC", Patent number: 3430966, Filing date: Apr 3, 1967, Issue date: Mar 4, 1969. http://www.google.com/patents?id=H6JnAAAAEBAJ [4] Jan van der Veen et al, "Optical recording medium and method of optically recording information thereon", Patent number: 4298975, Filing date: Mar 19, 1979, Issue date: Nov 3, 1981 http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4298975&id=IRcCAAAAEBAJ&o i=fnd&dq=laser+recording+philips&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=laser%20recording %20philips&f=false [5] Charles M. Goldstein, "Optical Disk Technology and Information", Science, New Series, Vol. 215, No. 4534 (Feb. 12, 1982), pp. 862-868. Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1687481	(Winston Research Corporation) Los Angeles, California, USA2
34 YBN [03/01/1966 AD] 3	5613) Ship impacts Venus.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A {03/01/1966}	Planet Venus2
31 YBN [07/21/1969 AD] 4	655) Humans land and walk on the moon of Earth.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C {07/21/1969} {Armstrong walks on Moon on:) 07/21/1969} MORE INFO [1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMINSD7MmT4	Moon of Earth3
29 YBN [11/14/1971 AD] 3	5618) Ship orbits another planet (Mars).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A {11/14/1971} MORE INFO [1] http://www.astronomy.csdb.cn/ceps/rpif/mariner9/mariner9_archive.htm	Planet Mars2
29 YBN [11/27/1971 AD] 3	5619) Ship impacts Mars.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045D {11/27/1971}	Planet Mars2
29 YBN [12/02/1971 AD] 4	5620) Ship lands on Mars.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F {12/02/1971}	Planet Mars3
27 YBN [12/03/1973 AD] 4	5622) Ship reaches Jupiter.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 4. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2003/03_25HQ.html {12/03/1973} MORE INFO [1] http://www.aerospaceguide.net/pioneer10.html	Planet Jupiter3
25 YBN [10/20/1975 AD] 4	5623) Ship lands on Venus.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A 2. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_09 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A {10/20/1975}	Planet Venus3
21 YBN [09/01/1979 AD] 4	388) Ship reaches Saturn.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html 2. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html 3. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html 4. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html {09/01/1979}	Planet Saturn3
14 YBN [01/24/1986 AD] 6	5628) Ship reaches Uranus.3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 2. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 4. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html 5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A {01/24/1986} MORE INFO [1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2	Planet Uranus5
12 YBN [12/14/1988 AD] 4	6194) Microscopic motor.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 2. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 3. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 4. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 {12/11/1988-12/14/1988}	(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA3
11 YBN [08/25/1989 AD] 4	5629) Ship reaches Neptune.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A {08/25/1989} MORE INFO [1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2	Planet Neptune3
10 YBN [01/17/1990 AD] 4	6191) Individual atoms moved.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html 2. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html 3. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html 4. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html {01/17/1990} MORE INFO [1] Driscoll, Robert J., Michael G. Youngquist, and John D. Baldeschwieler. "Atomic-scale imaging of DNA using scanning tunnelling microscopy."� Nature 346.6281 (1990) : 294-296. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v346/n6281/abs/346294a0.html [2] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982); doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1	(IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center) San Jose, California, USA3
5 YBN [12/07/1995 AD] 3 4	396) Ship orbits Jupiter.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1989-084B 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1989-084B 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1989-084B {12/07/1995} 4. ^ http://www.sandia.gov/LabNews/LN02-09-01/galileo/timeline_story.htm MORE INFO [1] "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf [2] http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/top10science-3.cfm	Jupiter2
1 YAN [06/28/2001 AD] 4	6192) Microscopic radio chip (RFID).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html 2. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html 3. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” " http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/2001/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010 628.pdf} 4. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” " http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/2001/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010 628.pdf} {06/28/2001} MORE INFO [1] "World's tiniest RFID tag unveiled", BBC, 02/23/2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6389581.stm [2] http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/337 [3] http://www.thelibertyvoice.com/hitachi-develops-a-new-rfid-with-embedded-antenna -%C2%B5-chip	(Hitachi) Japan3
3 YAN [04/04/2003 AD] 3	6195) Nanometer scale motor.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ A. M. Fennimore, T. D. Yuzvinsky, Wei-Qiang Han, M. S. Fuhrer, J. Cumings & A. Zettl, “Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) : 408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html 2. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) : 408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html 3. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) : 408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html {04/04/2003} MORE INFO [1] http://www.mpoweruk.com/motorsspecial.htm	(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA2
4 YAN [07/01/2004 AD] 3	5641) Ship orbits Saturn.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ 2. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ 3. ^ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh lights/ {07/01/2004} MORE INFO [1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-061A	Planet Saturn2
8 YAN [12/10/2008 AD] 4	3886) Remote neuron reading. Image of what the eyes are seeing captured remotely.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6 2. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6 3. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6 4. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6 {12/10/2008} MORE INFO [1] http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thought-recorder-created-by-japanese-research -team/ [2] http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technology-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen	(Collaboration between researchers at two Japanese Universities, two research Institutes, and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories) Kyoto, Japan3
FUTURE
15 YAN [2015 AD] 3	332) Sound a brain hears is recorded remotely.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {2015}
18 YAN [2018 AD]	6208) Radio device functions as cell organelle. MORE INFO [1]
20 YAN [2020 AD]	6197) Microscopic flying device.
25 YAN [2025 AD]	337) Remote neuron writing using microscopic devices in neurons.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thought-recorder-created-by-japanese-research -team/ [2] http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technology-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen [3] personal communication, see most of Kamatani's email correspondence with me at: http://www.tedhuntington.com/neuron_reading_and_writing.htm
25 YAN [2025 AD]	6193) Microscopic camera. MORE INFO [1]
25 YAN [2025 AD]	6198) Microscopic flying camera.
30 YAN [2030 AD] 3	365) Thought-audio recorded and played out loud. Humans start to communicate by thought-image and thought-sound only.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025} MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
30 YAN [2030 AD] 1	366) Artificial muscle bipedal robot. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2040}
30 YAN [2030 AD] 3	680) Thought-images recorded and shown publicly.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025} MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
30 YAN [2030 AD]	6391) Nanometer scale camera. MORE INFO [1]
50 YAN [2050 AD] 3	790) Humans walk around with robot servants.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2050 (my own estimate}
55 YAN [2055 AD] 1	6302) Cancer stopped by microscopic devices. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2055} MORE INFO [1] Schroeder, Avi et al. “Treating Metastatic Cancer with Nanotechnology.” Nat Rev Cancer 12.1 (2012): 39–50. http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v12/n1/full/nrc3180.html?WT.ec_id=NR C-201201
100 YAN [2100 AD]	367) Most humans communicate only by images and sounds of thought. MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
100 YAN [2100 AD] 3	793) Helicopter-cars form a second line of traffic above the streets.2 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate) {2100 my own estimate} MORE INFO [1] http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/Trans_Trends.html [2] future_est.xls
100 YAN [2100 AD] 3	794) 100 ships with humans orbit Earth.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls 2. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls 3. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls (my own estimate) {2100 my own estimate}
140 YAN [2140 AD] 1	687) Large scale transmutation: common atoms like Iron converted into more useful atoms like Hydrogen and Oxygen using particle colliders. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html [2] future_est.xls
150 YAN [2150 AD] 1	6304) Nucleic Acid changed by microscopic devices. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2058} {2150}
180 YAN [2180 AD]	4594) Humans live on Mars.	Mars
200 YAN [2200 AD] 3	792) Robots have replaced humans in most manual labor tasks (including driving, cleaning, and food planting, harvesting, preparing and serving).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington 3. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate) {2200 my own estimate}
200 YAN [2200 AD] 3	795) 1000 human-filled ships orbit earth.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls 2. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls 3. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls (my own estimate)
200 YAN [2200 AD] 1	4607) Humans live on Mercury. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Mercury
200 YAN [2200 AD]	6305) Microscopic devices repair, regrow, and reshape damaged cells.
250 YAN [2250 AD] 2	4611) Humans land on a moon of Jupiter.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.	Jupiter
280 YAN [2280 AD] 1	4620) Humans land on a moon of Saturn. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Saturn
300 YAN [2300 AD] 2	4627) Humans land on a moon of Uranus.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800}	Uranus
350 YAN [2350 AD] 1 2	4630) Humans land on a moon of Neptune. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2900}	Neptune
350 YAN [2350 AD]	6393) Ship reaches other star (Alpha Centauri). First close up pictures of planets of a different star. MORE INFO [1]
370 YAN [2370 AD] 1	6209) Living objects on planets of another star identified (bacteria made of DNA). FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2760} {2765}	Alpha Centauri
500 YAN [2500 AD] 1 2	683) Removal of Venus atmosphere is started. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html 2. ^ future_est.xls
500 YAN [2500 AD] 3 4	686) End of death by aging.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {2500} 4. ^ future_est.xls
600 YAN [2600 AD]	6547) Ship reaches Sirius. MORE INFO [1]	Sirius
650 YAN [2650 AD] 3	4619) Humans create atoms from light particles (photon fusion).2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2650}
800 YAN [2800 AD]	24) Humans consume an asteroid. MORE INFO [1]
800 YAN [2800 AD] 1	4615) Humans live on Venus. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Venus
800 YAN [2800 AD] 1	4628) Humans change the motion of a moon. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800}	Jupiter
850 YAN [2850 AD] 1	4580) Humans change the motion of a planet. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Earth
900 YAN [2900 AD] 1	29) Ship impacts the surface of Jupiter. First image of the surface of Jupiter. FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Jupiter
1,150 YAN [3150 AD] 1	4638) Ships reach Barnard's star. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Barnard's Star
1,200 YAN [3200 AD]	4614) Ship from Centauri reaches Earth with objects. MORE INFO [1]	Earth System
1,200 YAN [3200 AD] 3	4637) Humans reach a different star, Centauri.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {3100} {3200 (100 years per light year 400 years}	Alpha Centauri
1,500 YAN [3500 AD] 1 2	684) Atmosphere of Venus completely removed. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 2. ^ future_est.xls	Venus
2,000 YAN [4000 AD]	4644) Atmosphere of Jupiter removed. MORE INFO [1]	Jupiter
2,000 YAN [4000 AD]	4646) Humans have ships at 10 star systems.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
2,500 YAN [4500 AD] 1 2	4579) Venus atmosphere like Earth. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {4500} 2. ^ future_est.xls {4500}	Venus
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4655) Humans live on Jupiter.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.	Jupiter
2,500 YAN [4500 AD] 1	4662) Motion of all planets under human control. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
3,100 YAN [5100 AD] 3	4671) The first image of advanced living objects that evolved around a different star.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {5100}
3,500 YAN [5500 AD]	6176) Motion of star controlled. Star of Earth moved in direction of Centauri.	Sun
4,000 YAN [6000 AD] 3	4675) Humans touch advanced living objects that evolved around a different star.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington. {6000}
5,000 YAN [7000 AD] 1 2	678) One trillion humans. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {15,505 YAN (rate=0.033%) (at current rate is 2600}
25,000 YAN [27000 AD]	4677) Humans inhabit 100 stars and form a globular cluster of 10 stars.
45,000 YAN [47000 AD]	4679) Humans inhabit 1000 stars and form a globular cluster of 100 stars.
63,000 YAN [65000 AD]	6171) Humans reach the center of the Earth. MORE INFO [1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt	Earth
65,000 YAN [67000 AD] 1	6174) Earth is completely filled with living objects. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "quintillion." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/quintillion	Earth
70,000 YAN [72000 AD]	4684) Humans inhabit 10,000 stars and form a globular cluster of 1,000 stars.
90,000 YAN [92000 AD] 1	6210) Human-made globular cluster of 10,000 stars leaves the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington based on 0.03% growth from 2000 to 90000
138,000 YAN	4678) All planets of Star of Earth consumed. MORE INFO [1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
148,000 YAN 1	100) The star of Earth is consumed. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
205,000 YAN	6317) Sirius consumed.	Sirius
630,000 YAN	106) Ten to the power 100 humans. MORE INFO [1]
30,000,000,000 YAN	4687) The Milky Way Globular Galaxy integrates with the Magellanic Cloud galaxies.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.	Milky Way Galaxy
40,000,000,000 YAN	4688) The Milky Way and Andromeda globular galaxies join.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.	Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy

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