TIME	EVENT DESCRIPTION	LOCATION
UNIVERSE
1,000,000,000,000 YBN	1) We are a tiny part of a universe that is made of an infinite amount of space, matter and time.
990,000,000,000 YBN	2) There is more space than matter.
980,000,000,000 YBN	3) All matter is made of particles of light.
970,000,000,000 YBN	11) The universe has no start or end. The same light particles that have always been, continue to move in the space that has always been.
960,000,000,001 YBN	5) Matter and motion can never be created or destroyed. Matter can never be converted into motion, and motion can never be converted into matter.
950,000,000,000 YBN	6) Light particles become trapped with each other and so form structures such as protons, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.
940,000,000,000 YBN	7) All of the billions of galaxies we see are only a tiny part of the universe. We will never see most of the universe because no light particles from there can ever reach us.
935,000,000,000 YBN	4) There is a pattern in the universe. Light particles move from where there is less space to where there is more space. As an empty space becomes filled, light particles form gas clouds called nebuli, and then galaxies of stars. Living objects grow around stars and pull stars together to form globular clusters and then form a globular (also called "elliptical") galaxy. Living objects need matter to stop their decay. Globular galaxies have a regular input and output of light particles. When a volume of space becomes very dense, more light particles exit than enter the space. Light particles that exit to more empty spaces form new nebulae and galaxies and so this cycle continues. Stars at our scale may be light particles at a much larger scale, just as light particles at our scale may be stars at a much smaller scale. This system may go on infinitely in both larger and smaller scale.
LIFE
165,000,000,000 YBN	13) The Milky Way Nebula starts to form.
33,000,000,000 YBN	6180) The first star in the Milky Way Galaxy forms.
22,000,000,000 YBN	6181) Living objects in the Milky Way Galaxy reach another star using a ship.
10,000,000,000 YBN	6182) The first globular cluster of 100,000 stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.
5,500,000,000 YBN	16) The star Earth orbits forms.
5,500,000,000 YBN	17) Planets form around our star. Like the star, they are red hot with liquid rock and metals on the surface. Lighter atoms move to the surface of the planets. Larger planets are surrounded by gas.
4,600,000,000 YBN	21) The moon of Earth is captured.
4,600,000,000 YBN	30) Planet Earth cools. Molten liquid rock turns into a solid thin crust. Water condenses and falls to the surface, filling the lowest parts of the land to make the first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.
4,400,000,000 YBN	18) Larger molecules form on Earth, like amino acids, phosphates, and sugars, the components of living objects.
4,395,000,000 YBN	19) Nucleic acids form on Earth.
4,385,000,000 YBN	167) The first proteins on Earth. Transfer RNA molecules evolve (tRNA), and link amino acids into proteins using other RNA molecules as a template.
4,380,000,000 YBN	40) A protein can copy RNA.
4,370,000,000 YBN	168) The ribosome evolves. The ribosome may function as a protocell, providing a platform for more efficient protein production. A single RNA may contain all the instructions needed to make more ribosomes.
4,365,000,000 YBN	166) First DNA. A protein allows DNA to be made from RNA.
4,360,000,000 YBN	212) A protein can copy DNA molecules.
4,355,000,000 YBN	20) The first cell on Earth (a bacterium). DNA is surrounded by a membrane made of proteins. This cell may form near the sunlit water surface or near underwater volcanoes.
4,350,000,000 YBN	183) Cells make the first lipids on Earth; (fats, oils, waxes).
4,340,000,000 YBN	64) Operons allow selective protein assembly.
4,335,000,000 YBN	28) Cellular respiration. Glycolysis evolves. Cells can make ATP from glucose.
4,330,000,000 YBN	44) Fermentation evolves. Cells can make lactic acid.
4,325,000,000 YBN	213) Cells make alcohol.
4,200,000,000 YBN	292) Prokaryote flagellum evolves.
4,193,000,000 YBN	77) Archaea (also called archaebacteria) evolve.
4,189,000,000 YBN	193) Bacteria "Hyperthermophiles" evolve (Aquifex, Thermotoga).
4,187,000,000 YBN	180) Archaea: Crenarchaeota (Sulfolobus).
4,187,000,000 YBN	181) Archaea: Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu} (methanogens, halobacteria). Earliest cell response to light.
4,112,000,000 YBN	58) Cells produce their own food (autotrophy).
4,000,000,000 YBN	43) Photosynthesis evolves in bacteria. Cells emit free Oxygen. This is the main system responsible for producing the Oxygen now in the air of earth.
3,950,000,000 YBN	37) (Filamentous) multicellularity evolves in prokaryotes.
3,950,000,000 YBN	316) Cell differentiation evolves in filamentous prokaryotes, creating organisms with different kinds of cells.
3,950,000,000 YBN	322) Nitrogen fixation. Cells can make nitrogen compounds like ammonia from Nitrogen gas in the air.	West Africa
3,900,000,000 YBN	57) Aerobic cellular respiration. First aerobic cell. These cells use oxygen to convert glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
3,850,000,000 YBN	36) Oldest physical evidence for life: ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.	Akilia Island, Western Greenland
3,850,000,000 YBN	45) Oldest sediment, the "Banded Iron Formation" begins. Banded Iron Formation is sedimentary rock that spans 2 billion years, made of silica with alternating layers of black-colored reduced iron and red-colored oxidized iron, and represents a seasonal rise and fall of free oxygen in the ocean, possibly linked to photosynthetic organisms.	Akilia Island, Western Greenland
3,500,000,000 YBN	39) Oldest fossil evidence of life: stromatolites.	Warrawoona, Western Australia, and, Fig Tree Group, South Africa
3,500,000,000 YBN	287) Oldest fossils of an organism. 2.8 billion years will pass before the first animal evolves.	Warrawoona, northwestern Western Australia and Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa
3,260,000,000 YBN	71) Budding evolves in prokaryotes.	Swartkoppie, South Africa
3,200,000,000 YBN	66) Earliest acritarch fossil (unicellular microfossils with uncertain affinity).	(Moodies Group) South Africa
2,923,000,000 YBN	178) Bacteria Firmicutes (FiRmiKYUTEZ) evolve (Gram positive bacteria: cause of botulism, tetanus, anthrax). First endospores.
2,800,000,000 YBN	76) Proteobacteria evolve (Rickettsia {ancestor of all mitochondria}, gonorrhea, Salmonella, E. coli).
2,800,000,000 YBN	177) Gender and sex (conjugation) evolve in bacteria.
2,795,000,000 YBN	23) The first virus evolves.
2,784,000,000 YBN	176) Bacteria Planctomycetes {PlaNK-TO-mI-SETS}.
2,784,000,000 YBN	179) Bacteria Actinobacteria {aKTinO-BaK-TER-Eu} (source of streptomycin).
2,775,000,000 YBN	174) Bacteria Spirochaetes (SPIrOKETEZ) (Syphilis, Lyme disease).
2,775,000,000 YBN	175) Bacteria Bacteroidetes {BaKTRrOEDiTEZ}.
2,775,000,000 YBN	217) Bacteria Chlamydiae {Klo-mi-DE-I or Klo-mi-DE-E}.
2,775,000,000 YBN	6309) Bacteria Chlorobi (green sulphur bacteria).
2,775,000,000 YBN	6310) Bacteria Verrucomicrobia (VeR-rUKO-mI-KrO-BEo).
2,730,000,000 YBN	80) Endo and exocytosis. Cells can now eat other cells.
2,700,000,000 YBN	60) Eukaryotic cell. The first cell with a nucleus. The first protist. The nucleus may develop from the infolding of plasma membrane.
2,700,000,000 YBN	62) Earliest molecular fossil evidence of eukaryotes (sterane {STiRAN} molecules).	Northwestern Australia
2,700,000,000 YBN	198) The endoplasmic reticulum evolves, a membrane system that extends from the nucleus, important in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
2,690,000,000 YBN	207) Cytoskeleton {SI-Te-SKeL-i-TN} forms in eukaryote cytoplasm.
2,690,000,000 YBN	208) Eukaryote flagellum evolves.
2,680,000,000 YBN	65) Circular chromosome in eukaryote nucleus changes into linear chromosomes.
2,670,000,000 YBN	199) Eukaryote Golgi Apparatus evolves (packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations).
2,670,000,000 YBN	290) The nucleolus (a sphere in the nucleus that makes ribosomal RNA).
2,660,000,000 YBN	72) Mitosis evolves in Eukaryote cells.
2,640,000,000 YBN	73) Eukaryote sex evolves. First diploid cell (2 sets of chromosomes). First zygote. Increase in genetic variety.
2,640,000,000 YBN	206) Meiosis (division of diploid into haploid cells).
2,610,000,000 YBN	296) Eukaryote gender. Anisogamy {aNISoGomE}, sex (cell and nucleus fusion) between two cells that are different in size or shape.
2,570,000,000 YBN	295) Two-step meiosis (diploid DNA copies and then the cell divides twice into four haploid cells).
2,558,000,000 YBN	171) Bacteria "Deinococcus-Thermus".
2,558,000,000 YBN	172) Bacteria Cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u} (ancestor of all plastids).
2,558,000,000 YBN	315) Bacteria Chloroflexi evolve.
2,480,000,000 YBN	170) Bacteria live on land.
2,400,000,000 YBN	59) Start of 200 million year ice age.
2,300,000,000 YBN	48) Oldest "Red Beds". Evidence of free oxygen in the air of Earth.
2,000,000,000 YBN	63) A bacterium related to Rickettsia, is captured by a eukaryote and through endosymbiosis, becomes the mitochondria, organelles of most eukaryotes.
1,874,000,000 YBN	61) Earliest large filamentous fossil (Grypania).	(Banded Iron Formation) Michigan, USA
1,800,000,000 YBN	46) End of the Banded Iron Formation.
1,570,000,000 YBN	99) First homeobox genes evolve. These genes regulate the building of major body parts.
1,570,000,000 YBN	197) The ancestor of all living eukaryotes divides into bikont and unikont descendants. Bikonts lead to all Chromalveolates, Excavates, Rhizaria, and Plants. Unikonts lead to all Amoebozoa, Animals and Fungi.
1,520,000,000 YBN	202) Protists Amoebozoa (amoebas and slime molds). Feeding using pseudopods.
1,520,000,000 YBN	203) Colonialism evolves in Eukaryote.
1,500,000,000 YBN	15) First "plastids". Cyanobacteria form plastids through symbiosis, within a eukaryote cell. Like mitochondria, these organelles copy themselves and are not made by the cell DNA.
1,500,000,000 YBN	86) First plant (ancestor of all green and red algae and land plants).
1,500,000,000 YBN	220) Protists Opisthokonts (ancestor of Fungi, Choanoflagellates and Animals).
1,400,000,000 YBN	209) Plant Glaucophyta {GlxKoFITu}.
1,300,000,000 YBN	188) Green Algae evolves (Volvox, Sea lettuce, Spirogyra).
1,300,000,000 YBN	219) Plant Red Algae evolves (Rhodophyta {rODOFITu}).
1,300,000,000 YBN	323) Protists Excavates (Giardia {JE-oR-DE-u}).
1,280,000,000 YBN	38) (Filamentous) multicellularity in Eukaryotes evolves.	(earlest red alga fossils:) (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada
1,280,000,000 YBN	85) Differentiation in multicellular eukaryote. Gamete (or spore) cells and somatic cells. Unlike gamete cells, somatic cells are asexual (non-fusing). Start of death by aging.
1,280,000,000 YBN	301) Haplodiplontic life cycle (mitosis occurs in both haploid and diploid life stages).
1,274,000,000 YBN	187) A captured red alga becomes a plastid in the ancestor of all chromalveolates.
1,250,000,000 YBN	88) Protists "Chromalveolates" {KrOM-aL-VEO-leTS} (ancestor of Chromista {Cryptophytes, Haptophytes and Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ}} and Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS}).
1,250,000,000 YBN	201) Earliest certain eukaryote fossils (red algae).	(Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada
1,200,000,000 YBN	221) First fungi.
1,180,000,000 YBN	6280) Protists Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS} (ancestor of all Ciliates, Apicomplexans, and Dinoflagellates {DInOFlaJeleTS}).
1,100,000,000 YBN	75) Fungi Microsporidia.
1,100,000,000 YBN	313) Protists Dinoflagellates {DI-nO-Fla-Je-leTS}.
1,080,000,000 YBN	87) Excavate Discicristates {DiSKIKriSTATS} (includes euglenids).
1,080,000,000 YBN	97) A eukaryote eye evolves; the first three-dimensional response to light.
1,050,000,000 YBN	169) Protists Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ} (also called Heterokonts) (ancestor of all brown and golden algae, diatoms, and oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu)).
1,000,000,000 YBN	324) Protists Mesomycetozoea {me-ZO-mI-SE-TO-ZO-u} (or DRIPs).
985,000,000 YBN	309) Protists Oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu} (Water molds).
900,000,000 YBN	6281) Protists Rhizaria {rI-ZaR-E-u} (ancestor of all Radiolaria, Foraminifera and Cercozoa).
850,000,000 YBN	224) Fungi "Zygomycota" (bread molds).
767,000,000 YBN	312) Protists Ciliates (paramecium).
767,000,000 YBN	314) Protists "Apicomplexa" {a-PE-KoM-PleK-Su} (Malaria).
680,000,000 YBN	326) Protists Choanoflagellates {KO-e-nO-FlaJ-e-lATS}.
670,000,000 YBN	286) Multicellularity evolves in a free moving Protist. This allows larger free moving organisms to evolve.
660,000,000 YBN	81) First animal and first metazoan, sponges (Porifera). Metazoans are multicellular and have differentiation (their cells perform different functions). There are only three major kinds of metazoans: sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians.
660,000,000 YBN	517) Male gonad evolves in a sponge.
650,000,000 YBN	69) Cells that group as tissues evolve in metazoans.
650,000,000 YBN	79) Metazoan "Placozoa".
650,000,000 YBN	223) Fungi Chytridiomycota {KI-TriDEO-mI-KO-Tu).	Northern Russia
640,000,000 YBN	83) First nerve cell (neuron), and nervous system evolve in a metazoan. Earliest touch and sound detection and memory.
640,000,000 YBN	96) Muscle cells evolve in metazoans.
640,000,000 YBN	225) Closeable mouth evolves in metazoans.
640,000,000 YBN	414) Female gonad (ovary) evolves in metzoans.
640,000,000 YBN	523) Animals Ctenophores {TeN-o-FORZ} evolve (comb jellies).
630,000,000 YBN	82) Animals Cnidarians {NIDAREeNS} evolve (sea anemones, corals, jellyfish). Earliest animal eye.
600,000,000 YBN	91) Start of Ediacaran {EDEoKRiN} soft-bodied invertebrate fossils.	Sonora, Mexico|Adelaide, Australia| Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhsta
600,000,000 YBN	107) Bilateral species evolve (two sided symmetry). Earliest animal brain. First triploblastic species (third embryonic layer: the mesoderm {meZuDRM}).
600,000,000 YBN	403) Earliest extant bilaterian: Acoelomorpha (acoela flat worms and nemertodermatida).
600,000,000 YBN	459) An intestine evolves in a bilaterian.
600,000,000 YBN	532) Cylindrical gut, anus, and through-put of food evolves in a bilaterian.
600,000,000 YBN	593) The genital pore, vagina, and uterus evolve in a bilaterian.
600,000,000 YBN	660) The penis evolves in a bilaterian.
590,000,000 YBN	95) Fluid filled cavity, the coelom (SEleM) evolves in a bilaterian.
590,000,000 YBN	98) The first circulatory system; blood vessels and blood evolve in a bilaterian.
580,000,000 YBN	93) Bilaterians Protostomes evolve. Ancestor of all Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu} and Lophotrochozoa {LuFoTroKoZOu}.
580,000,000 YBN	105) Bilaterians Deuterostomes evolve. Ancestor of all Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS }, Hemichordates, and Chordates.
580,000,000 YBN	131) First shell (or skeleton) evolves.	(Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China
570,000,000 YBN	311) Bilaterians Chaetognatha {KE-ToG-nutu} (Arrow Worms). Earliest teeth. Animals start to eat other animals.
565,000,000 YBN	345) Deuterostomes Hemichordates evolve (pterobranchs {TARuBrANKS}, acorn worms). The free swimming younger form of Pterobranch may evolve into tunicates and then the first fish.
565,000,000 YBN	347) Deuterostome Phylum Chordata evolves. Chordates are a very large group that include all tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. Chordates evolve upside down compared to invertebrates, having nerve chord on back and heart on front.
565,000,000 YBN	348) Earliest extant chordate: Tunicates {TUNiKiTS} evolve (sea squirts).
560,000,000 YBN	117) Start of small shelly fossils.	(Ara Formation) Oman|Lijiagou, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province
560,000,000 YBN	318) Protostomes Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu} (animals that molt {lose their outer skin} as they grow).
560,000,000 YBN	331) Protostomes Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u} evolve.
560,000,000 YBN	349) First fish.
560,000,000 YBN	6290) Earliest extant fish, Lancelets {laNSleTS}. First liver and kidney.
550,000,000 YBN	328) Ecdysozoa Round worms.
543,000,000 YBN	101) Segmentation evolves.
542,000,000 YBN	6297) The Cambrian radiation, (or "Cambrian explosion"), the rapid diversification of multicellular animals between 542 and 530 million years ago that results in the appearance of many of the major phyla of animals. An increase of animals with shells.
540,000,000 YBN	104) Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u} Platyhelminthes {PlaTEheLmiNtEZ} (flatworms).
540,000,000 YBN	319) Protists "Radiolaria" {rADEOlaREo}.
540,000,000 YBN	321) Protists "Foraminifera" {FOraMiniFRu}.
540,000,000 YBN	340) Lophotrochozoa Nemertea {ne-mR-TEu} (ribbon worms).
540,000,000 YBN	341) Ecdysozoa Tardigrades {ToRDiGRADZ}.
540,000,000 YBN	342) Ecdysozoa Onychophorans {oniKoFereNS}.
535,000,000 YBN	114) The first heart evolves in bilaterians.
533,000,000 YBN	343) Lophotrochozoa Mollusks evolve. Mollusks includes snails, clams, mussels, and the cephalopods: squids and octopuses.
530,000,000 YBN	338) Lophotrochozoa annelids (segmented worms).
530,000,000 YBN	339) Ecdysozoa Arthropods evolve (crustaceans, insects).
530,000,000 YBN	350) Vertebrates evolve. This Subphylum contains most fishes, and all amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.
530,000,000 YBN	6637) Jawless fishes.
520,000,000 YBN	133) Arthropods Chelicerata (KeliSuroTo) (horseshoe crabs, mites, spiders, scorpions).	earliest (sea spider) fossils: Orsten, Sweden
520,000,000 YBN	346) Deuterostome Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS } (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, star fish).
520,000,000 YBN	6349) The arthropods trilobites evolve.
513,000,000 YBN	6351) Arthropods Crustaceans (shrimps, crabs, lobsters, barnicles).	earliest fossils: Shropshire, England
501,000,000 YBN	6348) Arthropods Myriapoda {mEREaPeDu} (centipedes and millipedes).	earliest possible fossils: (Marine deposits)(Wheeler Formation) Utah, USA and (Ust-Majan formation) East Siberia|(earliest fossils) Shropshire, England
488,000,000 YBN	6314) During the Ordovician (ORDeVisiN} the number of genera {JeN-R-u} will quadruple.
475,000,000 YBN	244) Non-vascular plants evolve, Bryophyta {BrIoFiTo}, (Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses).
475,000,000 YBN	398) Plants live on land.	earliest fossils: Caradoc, Libya
472,000,000 YBN	402) The first animals live on land, arthropods Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes).	earliest arthropod tracks: Kingston, Ontario, Canada
460,000,000 YBN	353) Jawed vertebrates evolve, Gnathostomata {no toST omoTo} First vertebrate teeth.	Oceans
460,000,000 YBN	404) Jawed fishes Cartilaginous fishes (ancestor of all sharks, rays, skates, and sawfishes).
460,000,000 YBN	458) Earliest fungi on land. Ancestor of all terrestrial fungi.
460,000,000 YBN	6414) Fungi "Glomeromycota" {GlO-mi-rO-mI-KO-Tu}.	earliest fossils: Wisconsin, USA
440,000,000 YBN	236) Vascular plants evolve.
440,000,000 YBN	360) Bony fishes.	Ocean and fresh water
440,000,000 YBN	6172) The first lung evolves.	Ocean (presumably)
425,000,000 YBN	377) Lobe-fin fishes.
420,000,000 YBN	6350) Arthropod Hexapods (six legs, includes all insects).	earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Scotland
416,000,000 YBN	6352) Insects. Bristletail and Silverfish.
400,000,000 YBN	227) Fungi "Ascomycota" {aS-KO-mI-KO-Tu} (yeasts, truffles, Penicillium, morels {mu reLZ}).	earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Aberdeenshire, Scotland
400,000,000 YBN	237) Vascular plants ferns evolve.
385,000,000 YBN	405) The first forests.	earliest fossils: Gilboa, New York, USA
385,000,000 YBN	411) The first flying animal, an arthropod insect. Ancestor of all winged insects (Pterygota {TARiGOTu}) (Mayflies, Dragonflies, Damselflies).	earliest fossils: (Wamsutta Formation) southeastern Massachusetts and Upper Silesian Basin, Czech Republic
375,000,000 YBN	380) The first tetrapods evolve (organisms with four feet), the amphibians. First limbs (arms and legs) and fingers.	Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)
363,000,000 YBN	379) The first vertebrates live on land (an amphibian).	Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)
360,000,000 YBN	226) Fungi "Basidiomycota" {Bo-SiDEO-mI-KO-Tu} (most mushrooms, rusts, club fungi).	earliest fossils: Indiana
360,000,000 YBN	6353) Folding wing insects.	earliest fossils: (Archimylacris eggintoni, Coseley Lagerstätte) Staffordshire, UK
359,000,000 YBN	243) The first plant seed evolves. Ancestor of all seed plants.	earliest fossils: Scotland
350,000,000 YBN	361) Ray-finned fishes, Sturgeons and Paddlefish.
350,000,000 YBN	6355) Insects Dictyoptera {DiKTEoPTRu} (Cockroaches, Termites).
340,000,000 YBN	384) The hard-shell egg evolves. The Amniota {aMnEOtu} (ancestor of reptiles, mammals and birds). Start of vertebrate internal fertilization.	earliest fossils: Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland
335,000,000 YBN	6331) The tetrapod Amniota divide into the Sauropsida {SOR-roP-SiDu} (which includes reptiles and birds) and the Synapsida {Si-naP-Si-Du} (which includes mammals).	earliest possible Synapsid fossils: (Cumberland group, Joggins formation) Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada
325,000,000 YBN	381) Amphibians: Caecilians.
320,000,000 YBN	238) Seed plants: Gymnosperms (ancestor of all Cycads, Ginkgos and the Conifers: Pine, Fir, Spruce, Redwood, Cedar, Juniper, and Cypress).
320,000,000 YBN	6356) Insects Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers).
317,000,000 YBN	385) Reptiles evolve.	earliest fossils: (Joggins Formation) Nova Scotia, Canada
310,000,000 YBN	6357) Insects Paraneoptera (Lice, cicadas, aphids).
310,000,000 YBN	6359) Holometabolous {HoLomeTaBoluS or HOlOmeTABoluS} insects (ancestor of beetles, bees, true flies, and butterflies). Complete metamorphosis.
305,000,000 YBN	242) Amphibians: Frogs.
299,000,000 YBN	6360) Insects Coleoptera {KOlEoPTRu} (Beetles).	earliest fossils: (Pennsylvanian deposit) Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA
290,000,000 YBN	6358) Insects Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps).
274,000,000 YBN	307) Protists: Brown Algae evolve.
266,000,000 YBN	308) Protists: Diatoms.
260,000,000 YBN	232) Earliest warm-blooded and hair growing animal.
256,000,000 YBN	6362) Insects: Diptera {DiPTRe} true flies, single pair of wings: ancestor of mosquito, gnat, fruit fly, and house fly).
251,400,000 YBN	102) Largest mass extinction of history.
251,000,000 YBN	452) Supercontinent Pangea (PaNJEe) forms.
235,000,000 YBN	304) Protists Haptophytes {HaPTuFITu} (Coccolithophores {KoK-o-lit-O-FORZ}).
228,000,000 YBN	412) Reptiles: Dinosaurs evolve.	earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina
225,000,000 YBN	126) Mammals evolve. First mammary gland.	earliest fossils: (Dockum Formation) Kalgary, Crosby County, Texas, USA
225,000,000 YBN	369) Teleost (TeLEoST) fishes evolve.
220,000,000 YBN	387) Reptiles: Turtles.
220,000,000 YBN	428) The first flying vertebrate (Pterosaur).
210,000,000 YBN	390) Reptiles: iguanas, chameleons, and spiny lizards.
210,000,000 YBN	391) Reptiles: snakes, skinks, and geckos.
200,000,000 YBN	370) Teleosts: eels and tarpons.
200,000,000 YBN	392) Reptiles: crocodiles, allegators, caimans {KAmeNS}.
190,000,000 YBN	371) Teleosts: herrings and anchovies.
190,000,000 YBN	6289) Supercontinent Pangea splits into Laurasia and Gondwana. The northern part, Laurasia will form North America and Europe. The southern part, Gondwana will form South America and Africa.	Pangea
190,000,000 YBN	6347) Insects Lepidoptera {lePiDoPTRu} (moths, butterflies, caterpillars).	earliest fossils: Dorset, England
180,000,000 YBN	456) Earliest extant mammals, Monotremes {moNeTrEMZ} evolve.	Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea
170,000,000 YBN	372) Teleosts: carp, minnows, piranhas.
170,000,000 YBN	373) Teleosts: salmon, trout, pike.
170,000,000 YBN	383) Amphibians: Salamanders.
150,000,000 YBN	374) Teleosts: Lightfish and Dragonfish.
150,000,000 YBN	393) Birds evolve. The first feather.
145,000,000 YBN	245) Seed plants angiosperms. The first flowering plant. Almost all grains, beans, nuts, fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices come from plants with flowers.	Israel, Morocco, Libya, and possibly China
143,000,000 YBN	6288) Earliest extant flower "Amborella".
140,000,000 YBN	247) Flowers: Nymphaeales {niM-FE-A-lEZ} (water lilies).
140,000,000 YBN	457) Marsupials evolve. First nipple and breast.	China
134,000,000 YBN	250) Flowers: "Magnoliids" {maGnOlEiDZ} evolve (magnolia, nutmeg, avocado, cinnamon, black pepper).
133,000,000 YBN	253) Flowers Eudicots {YUDIKoTS} evolve (the largest lineage of flowers).
130,000,000 YBN	375) Teleosts: Perch, seahorses, flying fish, pufferfish, barracuda.
130,000,000 YBN	376) Teleosts: cod, anglerfish.
125,000,000 YBN	163) The Eutheria. Placental mammals evolve.	earliest fossils: (Daxigou) Jianchang County, Liaoning Province, China
120,000,000 YBN	463) Neornithes {nEORnitEZ} evolve (modern birds).
112,000,000 YBN	252) Flowers Monocots evolve: Flowering plants that have a single cotyledon (seed leaf) in the embryo.
108,000,000 YBN	254) Flowers: "Basal Eudicots" (buttercup, poppy, macadamia, sycamore).
106,000,000 YBN	267) Flowers "Core Eudicots" (cactus, caper, buckwheat, rhubarb, venus flytrap, old world pitcher plants, beet, quinoa, spinach, grape plants).
105,000,000 YBN	491) Ancestor of all placental mammal Afrotheres evolves.	Africa
100,000,000 YBN	465) Birds "Ratites" evolve (ostrich, emu, cassowary {KaSOwaRE}, kiwis).
95,000,000 YBN	498) Placental Mammals "Xenarthrans" {ZeNoRtreNZ} evolve (Sloths, Anteaters, Armadillos).	South America
93,000,000 YBN	256) Flowers: "Rosids" (pomegranate, clove, guava, allspice, eucalyptus).
93,000,000 YBN	261) Flowers "Fabales" {FoBAlEZ} evolve (beans, pea, peanut, soy, lentil).
93,000,000 YBN	265) Flowers "Base Monocots" (vanilla, orchid, asparagus, onion, garlic, agave, aloe, lily).
93,000,000 YBN	266) Monocots "Commelinids" {KomelIniDZ} evolve (palms, coconut, corn, rice, barley, oat, wheat, rye, sugarcane, bamboo, grass, pineapple, papyrus, turmeric {TRmRiK}, banana, ginger).
93,000,000 YBN	275) Flowers: "Ericales" {AReKAlEZ} (kiwi, ebony, persimmon, blueberry, cranberry, brazil nut, new world pitcher plants, tea).
93,000,000 YBN	283) Flowers "Apiales" {APEAlEZ} (dill, celery, cilantro, carrot, parsnip, fennel, parsley, ivy).
93,000,000 YBN	285) Flowers "Asterales" {aSTRAlEZ} (tarragon, daisy, artichoke, sunflower, lettuce, dandelion).
91,000,000 YBN	259) Flowers: "Malpighiales" {maLPiGEAlEZ} (coca, rubber tree, cassava, poinsettia, willow, poplar, aspen).
90,000,000 YBN	270) Flowers "Brassicales" {BraSiKAlEZ} (horseradish, mustard, cabbage, broccoli, radish, papaya).
89,000,000 YBN	262) Flowers "Rosales" {ROZAlEZ} (hemp, hop, jackfruit, fig, strawberry, rose, raspberry, apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, almond).
89,000,000 YBN	279) Flowers "Gentianales" {JeNsinAlEZ} evolve (oleander, coffee).
86,000,000 YBN	278) Flowers "Solanales" {SOlanAlEZ} evolve (bell pepper, tomato, tobacco, potato, eggplant).	Americas
85,000,000 YBN	263) Flowers "Cucurbitales" (KYUKRBiTAlEZ} evolve (melon, cucumber, pumpkin, squash, zucchini).	Americas
85,000,000 YBN	264) Flowers "Fagales" {FaGAlEZ} (Birch, Hazel {nut}, Chestnut, Beech {nut}, Oak, Walnut, Pecan, Hickory).
85,000,000 YBN	466) Birds "Galliformes" {GaLliFORmEZ} evolve (Chicken, Turkey, Pheasant, Peacock, Quail).
85,000,000 YBN	467) Birds "Anseriformes" {aNSRiFORmEZ} evolve (ducks, geese, swans).
85,000,000 YBN	499) The ancestor of all placental mammal "Laurasiatheres" evolves.	Laurasia
82,000,000 YBN	271) Flowers "Malvales" {moLVAlEZ} evolve (okra, cotton, cacao {KoKoU}).	Americas
82,000,000 YBN	272) Flowers "Sapindales" {SaPiNDAlEZ} (maple, citris, cashew, mango, pistachio).	Americas
82,000,000 YBN	500) Laurasiatheres "Insectivora" evolves (shrews, moles, hedgehogs).
80,000,000 YBN	482) Marsupials: New World Opossums.	Americas
75,000,000 YBN	492) Afrotheres: Aardvark.	Africa
74,000,000 YBN	280) Flowers "Lamiales" {lAmEAlEZ} (mint, basil, oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme, sesame, olive, ash, lilac, jasmine).
73,000,000 YBN	484) Marsupials: Bandicoots and Bilbies {BiLBEZ}.	Australia
70,000,000 YBN	507) Placental Mammals: Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas {PIKuZ}.
70,000,000 YBN	516) Placental Mammals: Tree Shrews and Colugos {KolUGOZ}.
65,500,000 YBN	129) Mass extinction.
65,000,000 YBN	468) Birds "Gruiformes" {GrUiFORmEZ} (cranes and rails).
65,000,000 YBN	485) Marsupial moles.	Australia
65,000,000 YBN	486) Marsupials: Tasmanian Devil, Numbat {nuMBaT}.	Australia
65,000,000 YBN	488) Marsupials "Diprotodontia" {DIPrOTODoNsEu} evolve (Wombats, Kangeroos, Possums, Koalas).	Australia
65,000,000 YBN	508) Placental Mammals Rodents evolve (rats, mice, gerbils, voles {VOLZ}, lemmings, hamsters).
63,000,000 YBN	587) Primates evolve. Opposable thumb.	Africa or India
60,000,000 YBN	470) Birds "Strigiformes" {STriJiFORmEZ} evolve (owls).
60,000,000 YBN	504) Laurasiatheres "Carnivora" {KoRniVRu} (Cats, Dogs, Bears, Weasels, Hyenas, Seals, Walruses).	Laurasia
58,000,000 YBN	524) Primates: Tarsiers {ToRSERZ}.
55,000,000 YBN	471) Birds "Apodiformes" {oPoD-i-FORmEZ} (hummingbirds, swifts).
55,000,000 YBN	476) Birds "Piciformes" {PESiFORmEZ} (woodpeckers, toucans).
55,000,000 YBN	477) Birds "Passeriformes" {PaSRiFORmEZ} (perching songbirds) evolve. This order includes many common birds: crows, jays, sparrows, warblers, mockingbirds, robins, orioles, bluebirds, vireos {VEREOZ}, larks, finches.	earliest fossils: Australia|Gondwana
55,000,000 YBN	495) Afrotheres: Elephants.	Algeria, Africa|Africa
55,000,000 YBN	502) Laurasiatheres "Cetartiodactyla" {SiToRTEODaKTilu} evolve (ancestor of all Artiodactyla {oRTEODaKTiLu}: camels, pigs, ruminants, hippos, and all Cetacea {SiTASEu or SiTAsEu}: Whales, Dolphins).	Laurasia
55,000,000 YBN	503) Laurasiatheres "Perissodactyla" {PeriSODaKTilu} (Horses, Tapirs {TAPRZ }, Rhinos).	Laurasia
55,000,000 YBN	509) Rodents: Beavers.
55,000,000 YBN	511) Rodents: Squirrels.
54,000,000 YBN	810) Last common ancestor between hippos with dolphins and whales.
52,000,000 YBN	501) Laurasiatheres "Chiroptera" {KIroPTRu} (fruit bats, echolocating bats).	Laurasia
51,000,000 YBN	513) Rodents: Old World Porcupines.
49,000,000 YBN	474) Birds "Falconiformes" {FaLKoNiFORmEZ} (falcons, hawks, eagles, Old World vultures).
49,000,000 YBN	515) Rodents: New World porcupines, guinea pigs, capybaras {KaPuBoRoZ}.
40,000,000 YBN	525) Primates: New World Monkeys (Sakis, Spider, Howler and Squirrel monkeys, Capuchins {KaP YU CiNZ}, Tamarins).	Africa
37,000,000 YBN	475) Birds: Cuculiformes {KUKUliFORmEZ} evolve (cuckoos, roadrunners).
30,000,000 YBN	520) Primates: True Lemurs.
25,000,000 YBN	531) Primates: Old World Monkeys (Macaques, Baboons, Mandrills, Proboscis and Colobus {KoLiBeS} monkeys).	(perhaps around Lake Victoria) Africa
24,000,000 YBN	662) The ancestor of all Hominoids (Gibbons and Hominids) loses its tail.
23,000,000 YBN	478) Monotreme: Echidna.	Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea
23,000,000 YBN	479) Monotreme: Duck-Billed Platypus.	Australia and Tasmania
18,000,000 YBN	537) Primates: Gibbons.	South-East Asia
14,000,000 YBN	542) Earliest extant Hominid: Orangutans.	South-East Asia
10,000,000 YBN	543) Hominids: Gorillas evolve.	Africa
6,000,000 YBN	544) Chimpanzees evolve. Last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.	Africa
4,400,000 YBN	546) Hominid: Ardipithecus. Earliest bipedal primate.	Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya, Africa
4,000,000 YBN	547) Hominid: Australopithecus (x-STrA-lO-PitiKuS}.	Sterkfontein, South Africa
SCIENCE
3,390,000 YBN	269) Hominids use stones as tools.	Dikika, Ethiopia
2,700,000 YBN	564) Hominid: Paranthropus {Pa raN tru PuS} evolves.	Africa
2,500,000 YBN	455) Oldest formed stone tools.	Gona, Ethiopia
2,200,000 YBN	447) Humans. Hominids: Homo habilis evolve (earliest member of the genus "Homo"). This is when the human brain begins to get bigger.	(Kenya and Tanzania) Africa
2,000,000 YBN	545) Hominids: Bonobos {BunOBOZ}.	Africa
1,800,000 YBN	563) Homo erectus {hOmO ireKTuS}.	Lake Turkana, East Africa
1,700,000 YBN	449) Homo erectus moves into Eurasia from Africa.
1,500,000 YBN	583) Controlled use of fire.	(Swartkrans cave) Swartkrans, South Africa
1,000,000 YBN	589) Homo erectus evolves less body hair.
970,000 YBN	200) Humans wear clothing.	Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK
400,000 YBN	615) Spear.	Kathu Pan 1, South Africa|(Schöningen, Germany.)
200,000 YBN	548) Homo sapiens evolve.	Ethiopia, Africa
200,000 YBN	590) Human language of thirty short sounds begins to develop. All words are single syllable.
130,000 YBN	450) Homo Neanderthalensis.	Europe and Western Asia
101,000 YBN [99000 BC]	594) Homo sapiens move out of Africa into Eurasia. Beginning of differences in race.
100,000 YBN [98000 BC]	6333) Theory of Gods.	(Es-Skhul) Mount Carmel, Israel
61,000 YBN [59000 BC]	614) Bow and arrows.	Sibudu Cave, South Africa
46,000 YBN [44000 BC]	577) Earliest water ship. Sapiens reach Australia.
40,000 YBN [38000 BC]	604) Oil lamp.	Southwest France
40,000 YBN [38000 BC]	1262) Painting.	(The Panel de las Manos) El Castillo Cave, Spain|Southern France
40,000 YBN [38000 BC]	5871) Earliest musical instrument, a flute.	Hohle Fels Cave, Germany
32,000 YBN [30000 BC]	602) Weaving and textiles.	Dzudzuana Cave, Georgia
31,700 YBN [29700 BC]	42) Humans raise dogs.	Goyet cave, Belgium
29,000 YBN [27000 BC]	6215) Ceramics.	Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia
23,000 YBN [21000 BC]	6231) Stone wall.	(Theopetra Cave) Kalambaka, Greece
19,000 YBN [17000 BC]	6175) Cereal gathering.	Near East (Southwest Asia Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia)
18,000 YBN [16000 BC]	603) Pottery.	(Yuchanyan cave), Daoxian County, Hunan Province, China
17,000 YBN [15000 BC]	6225) Rope.	Lascaux, France
13,000 YBN [11000 BC]	578) Humans enter America.	Mexico City and Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, California, USA
11,000 YBN [9000 BC]	606) Oldest city, Jericho.	Jericho, (modern West Bank) Palestine
9,500 YBN [7500 BC]	612) Wheat grown.	Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria|southeastern Turkey and northern Syria (Nevali Cori, Turkey)
9,240 YBN [7240 BC]	1478) Squash grown.	Paiján, Peru
8,000 YBN [6000 BC]	6220) Earliest drum.	Moravia, Czeck Republic
7,700 YBN [5700 BC]	719) Rice grown.	Kuahuqiao, Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province|Yangtze (in Hubei and Hunan provinces), China
7,100 YBN [5100 BC]	720) Corn grown.	San Andrés, Mexico|(Oaxaca, Mexico)
7,000 YBN [5000 BC]	627) Metal melting and casting (copper).	Belovode, Eastern Serbia
6,000 YBN [4000 BC]	6232) Mud brick house.	Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	233) Writing (on clay objects). First numbers. First stamp (or seal).	Mesopotamia (Babylonia)|Sumer (Syria, Sumer, Highland Iran)
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	294) Timekeeping device.	China and Chaldea
5,500 YBN [3500 BC]	646) The wheel (for pottery).	Mesopotamia (and a similar pottery wheel from Choga Mish, Iran)
5,490 YBN [3490 BC]	702) Cotton grown.	Northwestern Peru|Indus valley
5,350 YBN [3350 BC]	1261) Writing on clay tablets.	Uruk
5,310 YBN [3310 BC]	704) Animal pulled vehicles.	(TRB - Funnel Beaker culture) Bronocice, Krakow, Poland
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	569) Stringed musical instrument (lyre and harp).	Sumer (modern Iraq)
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	596) Phonetic writing.	Jemdet Nasr
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	628) Bronze casting.	Tell Judaidah, Turkey|Egypt
5,000 YBN [3000 BC]	6222) Inclined plane.	Egypt?
4,500 YBN [2500 BC]	635) Iron melted and casted.	Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia (modern Turkey)|Palestine|Tell Hammeh (az-Zarqa), Jordan|Central Europe and north Assyria
4,300 YBN [2300 BC]	667) Glass making.	Mesopotamia
4,300 YBN [2300 BC]	1271) Earliest written stories.	Lagash|Nippur
4,130 YBN [2130 BC]	6234) Musical horn.	Lagash, Mesopotamia
4,000 YBN [2000 BC]	733) Lock and key.	Nineveh, Assyria on the Tigris River
3,531 YBN [1531 BC]	639) Planets are recognized.	Babylon
3,500 YBN [1500 BC]	723) Pulley.	Nimroud, Assyria
2,785 YBN [785 BC]	771) Eclipses predicted.
2,529 YBN [529 BC]	772) Earth described as a sphere.	Croton, Italy
2,467 YBN [467 BC]	836) That stars are other Suns is known.	Clazomenae (75 miles/120 km north of Miletus)|Athens|Did not move to Athens until around 462 bce
2,467 YBN [467 BC]	1894) Particle (or wireless) communication.	Argos, Greece
2,460 YBN [460 BC]	841) Theory that all matter is made of atoms.
2,260 YBN [260 BC]	663) Lever.	Syracuse, Sicily
2,260 YBN [260 BC]	822) Screw.	Syracuse, Sicily
2,260 YBN [260 BC]	882) The rotation of the Earth around its own axis once a day and around the Sun once a year is understood.	(Mousion of Alexandria) Alexandria, Egpyt
2,246 YBN [246 BC]	898) The size of Earth correctly calculated.	Alexandria, Egypt
2,231 YBN [231 BC]	833) Earliest gears.	Syracuse, Sicily
2,160 YBN [160 BC]	6477) Law of inertia (a body preserves its motion).	(before 141 BC) Bithynia (presumably Nicaea)|(observatory on) Island of Rhodes, Greece
2,140 YBN [140 BC]	1070) Paper.	Pa-chhiao near Sian in the Shensi province of China|Xian, China
2,056 YBN [56 BC]	1045) Theory that light is made of atoms that move very fast.	Rome, Italy
1,950 YBN [50 AD]	1078) Steam engine.	Alexandria, Egypt
1,917 YBN [83 AD]	766) Compass.	China (more specific)
1,400 YBN [600 AD]	1111) Windmill.	Persia (Iran)
1,150 YBN [850 AD]	1144) Gunpowder.	China
1,080 YBN [920 AD]	6183) Norwegian explorers reach North America.	L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland
1,040 YBN [960 AD]	6186) Rocket.	China
868 YBN [1132 AD]	1146) Gun.	Ta-tsu, Szechuan Province, China
772 YBN [1228 AD]	1392) Theory that all matter is made of light.	Oxford, England
508 YBN [10/12/1492 AD]	1450) Humans from Europe reach America.	(probably) San Salvador
478 YBN [09/08/1522 AD]	1475) Humans circumnavigate the Earth.	Seville, Spain
408 YBN [1592 AD]	1613) Thermometer.	Padua, Italy
392 YBN [1608 AD]	1618) Telescope.	Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland) (modern: Netherlands)
391 YBN [1609 AD]	1619) That planets have elliptical orbits is understood.	Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center)
390 YBN [01/??/1610 AD]	1605) Moons of Jupiter seen and their period determined.	(University of Padua) Padua, Venice, Italy
390 YBN [1610 AD]	6488) Microscope.	Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland) (modern: Netherlands)
369 YBN [1631 AD]	1664) Speed of sound measured.	Paris, France (presumably)
365 YBN [1635 AD]	1660) Frequencies of sounds measured.	Paris, France (presumably)
357 YBN [1643 AD]	1692) Vacuum.	Florence, Italy
337 YBN [1663 AD]	2247) Static electricity generator.	Magdeburg, Germany (presumably)
324 YBN [1676 AD]	1851) Speed of light measured.	(Paris Observatory) Paris, France
322 YBN [1678 AD]	3592) Direct neuron activation. Human contracts muscle with electricity.	Amsterdam, Netherlands (presumably)
313 YBN [1687 AD]	1845) Law of gravitation, matter attracts with a force that is the product of their masses, and the inverse of their distance squared.	Cambridge, England (presumably)
255 YBN [11/04/1745 AD]	1972) Storage of electricity.	(University of Wittenburg) Wittenburg, Germany(was for von Kleist: Pomerania?, Prussia) (coast of Baltic Sea between Germany and Poland)
231 YBN [1769 AD]	1206) Self-propelled vehicle.	England
209 YBN [1791 AD]	2175) Remote neuron activation (muscle contracted remotely by light particles).	Bologna, Italy
200 YBN [03/20/1800 AD]	2250) Electric battery.	Pavia, Italy
200 YBN [03/27/1800 AD]	2179) Invisible light recognized.	Slough, England
199 YBN [11/12/1801 AD]	2405) Frequencies of light measured.	London, England
191 YBN [1809 AD]	2481) Electric light.	London, England
185 YBN [11/??/1815 AD]	2544) Theory that all atoms are multiples of hydrogen.	London, England (presumably)
180 YBN [04/21/1820 AD]	2454) Electricity understood to cause magnetism. First electromagnet.	Copenhagen, Denmark
180 YBN [1820 AD]	3374) Gas combustion engine.	(Magdalen College) Cambridge, England
179 YBN [09/11/1821 AD]	2701) Electric motor.	(Royal Institution in) London, England
174 YBN [1826 AD]	2355) The first photograph.	Chalon-sur-Saône, France
171 YBN [03/27/1829 AD]	2844) Electricity produced by moving a wire near a magnet.	Pavia, Italy
170 YBN [1830 AD]	4003) Sound recorded mechanically.	(University of) Göttingen, Germany
169 YBN [02/17/1831 AD]	2702) Electrical transformer.	(Royal Institution in) London, England
169 YBN [09/??/1831 AD]	2705) The (dynamic) electric generator (constant current produced).	(Royal Institution in) London, England
168 YBN [1832 AD]	2514) Plastic.	Nancy, France
161 YBN [07/29/1839 AD]	3308) Light converted to electricity (photoelectric effect).	(University of Paris) Paris, France
155 YBN [04/??/1845 AD]	2839) Humans recognize spiral galaxies.	(Birr Castle) Parsonstown, Ireland
154 YBN [09/23/1846 AD]	3073) Planet Neptune seen.	Berlin, Germany (and Paris, France)
142 YBN [07/01/1858 AD]	3033) Theory of evolution. Humans understand their descent from a single ancestor and the process of natural selection.	(Linnean Society), London, England
141 YBN [10/20/1859 AD]	3087) Humans understand that light spectra can be used to determine atomic composition.	(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany
139 YBN [10/26/1861 AD]	3997) Microphone, speaker, and telephone. Sound converted to electricity and back to sound again.	(built in workshop behind Reis's house and cabinet in Garnier's Institute, Friedrichsdorf, demonstrated before Physical Society) Frankfort, Germany
125 YBN [08/28/1875 AD]	5575) Direct neuron reading. Electricity in nerve cells measured.	Liverpool, England
120 YBN [1880 AD]	5839) Artificial muscle.	(University of Giessen) Giessen, Germany
118 YBN [03/24/1882 AD]	3620) Invisible particle communication (radio).	(employed at Tuft's College) Sommerville, Massachusetts, USA
111 YBN [06/21/1889 AD]	4021) Motion picture camera.	(Piccadilly) London, England
105 YBN [11/05/1895 AD]	3936) X-rays.	(University of Würzburg) Würzburg, Germany
102 YBN [1898 AD]	4698) Magnetic writing and reading of data.	(Copenhagen Telephone Company) Copenhagen, Denmark
97 YBN [03/23/1903 AD]	4493) Airplane.	Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, USA
94 YBN [12/21/1906 AD]	4788) Electric switch and amplifier.	(De Forest Radio Telephone Company) New York City, New York, USA
93 YBN [05/??/1907 AD]	4269) Mass spectrometer, atoms separated by mass.	(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
93 YBN [11/13/1907 AD]	354) Helicopter.
92 YBN [06/06/1908 AD]	3616) Image sent and received by radio.	London, England
82 YBN [06/21/1918 AD]	6199) Electronic read and write memory.	(City and Guilds Technical College) London, UK
81 YBN [04/??/1919 AD]	4750) Atomic transmutation and atomic fusion; Nitrogen changed into Oxygen.	(University of Manchester) Manchester, England
68 YBN [04/16/1932 AD]	5182) Atomic fission.	(Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England
63 YBN [05/22/1937 AD]	5515) Picture of individual atoms.	(Siemens and Halske) Berlin, Germany
62 YBN [06/22/1938 AD]	5448) Image of virus.	(Berliner Medizinischen Gesellschaft/Berlin Medical Society) Berlin, Germany
61 YBN [04/30/1939 AD]	5835) Bipedal robot.	(Westinghouse Electric Corporation) Mansfield, Ohio, USA
47 YBN [04/02/1953 AD]	5660) Double helix structure of DNA understood.	(Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England
46 YBN [05/05/1954 AD]	5649) The MASER.	(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA
43 YBN [10/04/1957 AD]	5486) The first human-made satellite.	(Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam) Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.
41 YBN [09/14/1959 AD]	5597) A ship impacts the moon.	(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.
40 YBN [04/22/1960 AD]	5768) The LASER.	(Hughes Research Laboratories) Malibu, California
39 YBN [04/12/1961 AD]	5601) Human orbits the Earth.	Saratovskaya oblast, U.S.S.R.
38 YBN [10/26/1962 AD]	6201) Laser writing and reading of data.	(Winston Research Corporation) Los Angeles, California, USA
34 YBN [03/01/1966 AD]	5613) Ship impacts Venus.	Planet Venus
31 YBN [07/21/1969 AD]	655) Humans land and walk on the moon of Earth.	Moon of Earth
29 YBN [11/14/1971 AD]	5618) Ship orbits another planet (Mars).	Planet Mars
29 YBN [11/27/1971 AD]	5619) Ship impacts Mars.	Planet Mars
29 YBN [12/02/1971 AD]	5620) Ship lands on Mars.	Planet Mars
27 YBN [12/03/1973 AD]	5622) Ship reaches Jupiter.	Planet Jupiter
25 YBN [10/20/1975 AD]	5623) Ship lands on Venus.	Planet Venus
21 YBN [09/01/1979 AD]	388) Ship reaches Saturn.	Planet Saturn
14 YBN [01/24/1986 AD]	5628) Ship reaches Uranus.	Planet Uranus
12 YBN [12/14/1988 AD]	6194) Microscopic motor.	(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA
11 YBN [08/25/1989 AD]	5629) Ship reaches Neptune.	Planet Neptune
10 YBN [01/17/1990 AD]	6191) Individual atoms moved.	(IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center) San Jose, California, USA
5 YBN [12/07/1995 AD]	396) Ship orbits Jupiter.	Jupiter
1 YAN [06/28/2001 AD]	6192) Microscopic radio chip (RFID).	(Hitachi) Japan
3 YAN [04/04/2003 AD]	6195) Nanometer scale motor.	(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA
4 YAN [07/01/2004 AD]	5641) Ship orbits Saturn.	Planet Saturn
8 YAN [12/10/2008 AD]	3886) Remote neuron reading. Image of what the eyes are seeing captured remotely.	(Collaboration between researchers at two Japanese Universities, two research Institutes, and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories) Kyoto, Japan
FUTURE
15 YAN [2015 AD]	332) Sound a brain hears is recorded remotely.
18 YAN [2018 AD]	6208) Radio device functions as cell organelle.
20 YAN [2020 AD]	6197) Microscopic flying device.
25 YAN [2025 AD]	337) Remote neuron writing using microscopic devices in neurons.
25 YAN [2025 AD]	6193) Microscopic camera.
25 YAN [2025 AD]	6198) Microscopic flying camera.
30 YAN [2030 AD]	365) Thought-audio recorded and played out loud. Humans start to communicate by thought-image and thought-sound only.
30 YAN [2030 AD]	366) Artificial muscle bipedal robot.
30 YAN [2030 AD]	680) Thought-images recorded and shown publicly.
30 YAN [2030 AD]	6391) Nanometer scale camera.
50 YAN [2050 AD]	790) Humans walk around with robot servants.
55 YAN [2055 AD]	6302) Cancer stopped by microscopic devices.
100 YAN [2100 AD]	367) Most humans communicate only by images and sounds of thought.
100 YAN [2100 AD]	793) Helicopter-cars form a second line of traffic above the streets.
100 YAN [2100 AD]	794) 100 ships with humans orbit Earth.
140 YAN [2140 AD]	687) Large scale transmutation: common atoms like Iron converted into more useful atoms like Hydrogen and Oxygen using particle colliders.
150 YAN [2150 AD]	6304) Nucleic Acid changed by microscopic devices.
180 YAN [2180 AD]	4594) Humans live on Mars.	Mars
200 YAN [2200 AD]	792) Robots have replaced humans in most manual labor tasks (including driving, cleaning, and food planting, harvesting, preparing and serving).
200 YAN [2200 AD]	795) 1000 human-filled ships orbit earth.
200 YAN [2200 AD]	4607) Humans live on Mercury.	Mercury
200 YAN [2200 AD]	6305) Microscopic devices repair, regrow, and reshape damaged cells.
250 YAN [2250 AD]	4611) Humans land on a moon of Jupiter.	Jupiter
280 YAN [2280 AD]	4620) Humans land on a moon of Saturn.	Saturn
300 YAN [2300 AD]	4627) Humans land on a moon of Uranus.	Uranus
350 YAN [2350 AD]	4630) Humans land on a moon of Neptune.	Neptune
350 YAN [2350 AD]	6393) Ship reaches other star (Alpha Centauri). First close up pictures of planets of a different star.
370 YAN [2370 AD]	6209) Living objects on planets of another star identified (bacteria made of DNA).	Alpha Centauri
500 YAN [2500 AD]	683) Removal of Venus atmosphere is started.
500 YAN [2500 AD]	686) End of death by aging.
600 YAN [2600 AD]	6547) Ship reaches Sirius.	Sirius
650 YAN [2650 AD]	4619) Humans create atoms from light particles (photon fusion).
800 YAN [2800 AD]	24) Humans consume an asteroid.
800 YAN [2800 AD]	4615) Humans live on Venus.	Venus
800 YAN [2800 AD]	4628) Humans change the motion of a moon.	Jupiter
850 YAN [2850 AD]	4580) Humans change the motion of a planet.	Earth
900 YAN [2900 AD]	29) Ship impacts the surface of Jupiter. First image of the surface of Jupiter.	Jupiter
1,150 YAN [3150 AD]	4638) Ships reach Barnard's star.	Barnard's Star
1,200 YAN [3200 AD]	4614) Ship from Centauri reaches Earth with objects.	Earth System
1,200 YAN [3200 AD]	4637) Humans reach a different star, Centauri.	Alpha Centauri
1,500 YAN [3500 AD]	684) Atmosphere of Venus completely removed.	Venus
2,000 YAN [4000 AD]	4644) Atmosphere of Jupiter removed.	Jupiter
2,000 YAN [4000 AD]	4646) Humans have ships at 10 star systems.
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4579) Venus atmosphere like Earth.	Venus
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4655) Humans live on Jupiter.	Jupiter
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4662) Motion of all planets under human control.
3,100 YAN [5100 AD]	4671) The first image of advanced living objects that evolved around a different star.
3,500 YAN [5500 AD]	6176) Motion of star controlled. Star of Earth moved in direction of Centauri.	Sun
4,000 YAN [6000 AD]	4675) Humans touch advanced living objects that evolved around a different star.
5,000 YAN [7000 AD]	678) One trillion humans.
25,000 YAN [27000 AD]	4677) Humans inhabit 100 stars and form a globular cluster of 10 stars.
45,000 YAN [47000 AD]	4679) Humans inhabit 1000 stars and form a globular cluster of 100 stars.
63,000 YAN [65000 AD]	6171) Humans reach the center of the Earth.	Earth
65,000 YAN [67000 AD]	6174) Earth is completely filled with living objects.	Earth
70,000 YAN [72000 AD]	4684) Humans inhabit 10,000 stars and form a globular cluster of 1,000 stars.
90,000 YAN [92000 AD]	6210) Human-made globular cluster of 10,000 stars leaves the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy.
138,000 YAN	4678) All planets of Star of Earth consumed.
148,000 YAN	100) The star of Earth is consumed.
205,000 YAN	6317) Sirius consumed.	Sirius
630,000 YAN	106) Ten to the power 100 humans.
30,000,000,000 YAN	4687) The Milky Way Globular Galaxy integrates with the Magellanic Cloud galaxies.	Milky Way Galaxy
40,000,000,000 YAN	4688) The Milky Way and Andromeda globular galaxies join.	Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy

"Universe, Life, Science, Future" is published under the GNU license, except where otherwise indicated or determined to be fair use, copyrighted, public domain, CC, GDFL or other license.
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