TIMEEVENT DESCRIPTIONLOCATION

UNIVERSE
1,000,000,000,000 YBN
1) We are a tiny part of a universe that is made of an infinite amount of
space, matter and time.

  
990,000,000,000 YBN
2) There is more space than matter.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
980,000,000,000 YBN
3) All matter is made of particles of light.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
970,000,000,000 YBN
11) The universe has no start or end. The same light particles that have always
been, continue to move in the space that has always been.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
960,000,000,001 YBN
5) Matter and motion can never be created, destroyed or exchanged.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
950,000,000,000 YBN
6) Light particles become trapped with each other forming protons, stars and
galaxies.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
940,000,000,000 YBN
7) All of the galaxies we see are only a tiny part of the universe. We will
never see most of the universe because no light particles from there can ever
reach us.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington

MORE INFO
[1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles,
(1980). (estimate of how many galaxies)
  
935,000,000,000 YBN
4) Light particles move to less filled spaces. As a space fills, light
particles form gas clouds called nebuli, and then galaxies of stars. Living
objects grow around stars and pull stars together to form globular clusters and
then a globular galaxy. Living objects need matter to stop their decay. Light
particles that move to empty spaces form new nebuli which continues the cycle.
Stars may be light particles at a much larger scale, just as light particles
may be stars at a much smaller scale. This system may go on infinitely in both
larger and smaller scale.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  

LIFE
165,000,000,000 YBN
13) The Milky Way Nebula starts to form.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
33,000,000,000 YBN
6180) First star.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
22,000,000,000 YBN
6181) Living objects reach another star.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
10,000,000,000 YBN
6182) First globular cluster.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
5,500,000,000 YBN
2
16) Our star.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington, guess

MORE INFO
[1] http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/mar1/nucleo.html (with image of
onion skin layers)
[2] another person declares star inside to be similar to planets:
iron, oxygen, nickel, etc. do not support standard solar
model. star_inside_iron.pdf
  
5,500,000,000 YBN
2
17) Planets form. Like the star they have liquid metal at the surface. Larger
planets are surrounded by gas.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,600,000,000 YBN
2 3
30) Planet Earth cools, crust forms, water condenses and falls to make the
first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land:
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,400,000,000 YBN
18) Larger molecules form on Earth like amino acids and sugars.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,395,000,000 YBN
19) Nucleic acids form on Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,385,000,000 YBN
167) RNA links amimo acids into the first proteins.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,380,000,000 YBN
40) A protein copies nucleic acid molecules.

MORE INFO
[1] Schuppli, Daniel et al. “Altered 3′-terminal RNA Structure in
Phage Qβ Adapted to Host Factor-less Escherichia Coli.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 94.19 (1997): 10239 –10242.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/19/10239.abstract
  
4,355,000,000 YBN
20) The first cell on Earth. DNA is surrounded by proteins.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,350,000,000 YBN
2
183) Cells make the first lipids on Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ find biomarker evidence
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,187,000,000 YBN
2 3
181) Cell response to light.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009,
p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44

MORE INFO
[1] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms",
Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002),
doi:10.1038/nrg929 http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html#to
p

  
4,000,000,000 YBN
2
43) Photosynthesis, cells emit free Oxygen.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi
.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3
2. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res.
88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059.

MORE INFO
[1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198
  
3,950,000,000 YBN
2 3 4
37) Multicellular prokaryotes.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03

2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol.
1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03

4. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1] Grosberg R. K., Strathmann R. R. 2007 The evolution of
multicellularity: a minor major transition? Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38,
621–654. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735)
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735
[2] Rokas A. 2008 The origins of multicellularity and the early history of the
genetic toolkit for animal development. Ann. Rev. Genet. 42, 235–251.
(doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091513) http://apps.webofknowledge.com/Inb
oundService.do?UT=000261767000011&IsProductCode=Yes&mode=FullRecord&product=WOS&
SID=1EHDdbNiNf4NO8nC299&smartRedirect=yes&SrcApp=CR&DestFail=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.we
bofknowledge.com%3FDestApp%3DCEL%26DestParams%3D%253Faction%253Dretrieve%2526mod
e%253DFullRecord%2526product%253DCEL%2526UT%253D000261767000011%2526customersID%
253DHighwire%26e%3DQZIAIzGgKoYbxc_i_WNamlaqQ0.s968BNEwQvqhM9p.770dFYju0AbJCFAAcj
orA%26SrcApp%3DHighwire%26SrcAuth%3DHighwire&action=retrieve&Init=Yes&SrcAuth=Hi
ghwire&customersID=Highwire&Func=Frame

  
3,900,000,000 YBN
57) Aerobic cellular respiration. First aerobic cell. Cell uses oxygen.1
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
  
3,850,000,000 YBN
5
36) Oldest physical evidence for life: ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.1 2
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf
2. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

3. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
4. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

5. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] "Banded iron formation." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/banded-iron-formation
[2] Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf
Akilia Island, Western Greenland3 4   
3,850,000,000 YBN
3
45) Oldest sediment, the "Banded Iron Formation" begins.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html,
2:102,
2. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html,
2:102,
3. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html,
2:102, {3850 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Roger Lewin, "Thread of Life", (New York: Smithsonian Books, 1982).
p102
[2]
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

[3] "Banded iron formation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_iron_formation
Akilia Island, Western Greenland2   
3,500,000,000 YBN
5 6
39) Oldest fossil evidence of life: stromatolites.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
2. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
3. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
4. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
5. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
6. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
Warrawoona, Western Australia, and, Fig Tree Group, South Africa3 4   
3,500,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8
287) Oldest fossil of an organism.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
2. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
3. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
4. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the
3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature
314.6011 (1985):
530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html
5. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the
3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature
314.6011 (1985):
530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html
6. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
7. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
8. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html

MORE INFO
[1] BIO415 (Author? University?) Multicelluarity.pdf (t3:
multicellularity of cyanobacteria)
[2] t3:
http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm multicellularity.
"Some cyanobacteria species exist in a truly, though primitive, multicellular
form in which cellular differentiation occurs."
Warrawoona, northwestern Western Australia3 and Onverwacht Group, Barberton
Mountain Land, South Africa4   
2,800,000,000 YBN
7
177) Gender and sex (conjugation) evolve in bacteria.1 2 3 4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli",
Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
2. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>.
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
6. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN}
  
2,795,000,000 YBN
23) The first virus.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
  
2,730,000,000 YBN
1 2
80) Cells can eat other cells.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis
2. ^ guess based on Cavalier-Smith stating that endocytosis occurs before
a cytoskeleton {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess and}
  
2,700,000,000 YBN
2
60) Eukaryotic cell. The first cell with a nucleus. The first protist. The
nucleus may develop from the infolding of plasma membrane.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517.
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong
Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic
timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
{split of archae and eukaryote at c4.0 bybn, but eukaryote {with nucleus?} at)
2.7 bybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p256
[2] Jochen J.
Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular
Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13
August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
[3] Alexey S. Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 28: 391-435 (Volume publication date November
1997)
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391;
jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO

  
2,640,000,000 YBN
4
73) Eukaryote sex evolves. First diploid cell (2 sets of chromosomes). First
zygote.1 2 Increase in genetic variety.3

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964).
2. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258.
4. ^ estimate based on diplomonads having sex
repro, and origin of euk being (is now) {Nucleus 2700 -60mybn guess)(was
2710mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] J. William Schopf, "Major Events in the History of Life", (Boston,
MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1992).p57 (was)
  
2,610,000,000 YBN
2
296) Eukaryote gender.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda
S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -90mybn
guess}
  
2,480,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 7 8 9
170) Bacteria live on land.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
2. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
3. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604

4. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
5. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
6. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604

7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). (2600-2700my)
8. ^ University of Tennessee at
Knoxville. "Bacteria's move from sea to land may have occurred much later than
thought." ScienceDaily, 22 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Jul.
2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111222195017.htm
9. ^ Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Kirill Borziak, Gurusahai Khalsa-Moyers, Gladys
Alexandre, Leonid O. Sukharnikov, Kristin Wuichet, Gregory B. Hurst, W. Hayes
McDonald, Jon S. Robertson, Valérie Barbe, Alexandra Calteau, Zoé Rouy,
Sophie Mangenot, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Philippe Normand, Mickaël Boyer,
Patricia Siguier, Yves Dessaux, Claudine Elmerich, Guy Condemine, Ganisan
Krishnen, Ivan Kennedy, Andrew H. Paterson, Victor González, Patrick Mavingui,
Igor B. Zhulin. Azospirillum Genomes Reveal Transition of Bacteria from Aquatic
to Terrestrial Environments. PLoS Genetics, 2011; 7 (12): e1002430 DOI:
10.1371/journal.pgen.1002430

MORE INFO
[1] "pyrite." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 May.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyrite
  
2,300,000,000 YBN
48) Oldest "Red Beds". Evidence of free oxygen in the air.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
  
2,000,000,000 YBN
2 3 4
63) A captured bacterium becomes a mitochondrion.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
2. ^ B. Franz Lang, Michael W. Gray, and Gertraud Burger, "Mitochondrial Genome
Evolution and the Origin of Eukaryotes", Annu. Rev. Genet., V33, p351-397,
p385. 1999. {2 BYBN}
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {average of)
2230-1840 bybn} {earliest of) 2350-1640 bybn} {average of 1995my) 2350-1640
mybn}
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {1.8 bybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Michael W. Gray, et al, "Genome structure and gene content in protist
mitochondrial DNAs", Nucl. Acids Res. (1998) 26(4): 865-878
doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/4/865.full
  
1,800,000,000 YBN
46) End of Banded Iron Formation.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
  
1,570,000,000 YBN
3 4 5
99) Homeobox genes regulate the building of major body parts.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p425,434.
2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
3. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS
domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant
Physiol
2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/140/4/1142.full
4. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A
Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox
Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775
-2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/12/2775.short {1982 mybn (at
acrasid slime molds, before brown algae}
5. ^ Jongmin Nam, Claude W. dePamphilis, Hong
Ma, and Masatoshi Nei, "Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family
Controlling Flower Development in Plants", Mol Biol Evol (2003) 20(9):
1435-1447 first published online May 30, 2003 doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1435.abstract {1982 mybn (at
acrasid slime molds, before brown algae}
  
1,520,000,000 YBN
1 2 3 4 5 6
203) Colonialism evolves in Eukaryote.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial
2. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119. {1080 mybn}
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn}
4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield
NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of
the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn}
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
6. ^ Russell F.
Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining
Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein
Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote separation)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht
m

[2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
  
1,500,000,000 YBN
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
15) Cyanobacteria become plastids in a eukaryotic cell.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Hackett
JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid
endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll
A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
{1300 mybn}
5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p120. {c1600 my}
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).,
see comments {1576 MYBN}
7. ^ Knoll A, Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The
Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P,
Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007,
p152. {no later than) 1200 my}
8. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} {needs to be at least as old as Euglenozoa
since many have plastids)1956} {Euglenozoa)1956}

MORE INFO
[1] "Plastid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid
[2] Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
  
1,500,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
86) First plant.1 2 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay,
Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton
reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
4. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi,
"Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1500)
7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {first plastid) 1300mybn}
8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {first plastid) c1600}
9. ^ Hackett
JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid
endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll
A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120.
{1550 mybn}
10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1609 mybn)
11. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
{1580} http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
12. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science
257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {fossil
Grypania) 1874my}

MORE INFO
[1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith and Ema E. -Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa,
Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", Springer New
York, (2003). file:///home/ted/ulsf/docs/cav-smith_apusozoa_fulltext.html
  
1,280,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 7 8 9
38) Multicellular Eukaryotes.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
2. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf
3. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga
from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
6. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^
Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz
and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations,
Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of
Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn}
8. ^ Han and
Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the
2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874
mybn}
9. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2009, p517.

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my)
[2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
[3] Ted huntington, Estimate based on origin
of brown algae around 1,973,000,000
(earlest red alga fossils:) (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada3
  
1,280,000,000 YBN
1 2 3
85) Differentiation in multicellular eukaryote. Gamete (or spore) cells and
somatic cells. Start of death by aging.

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cell differentiation." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differentiation
2. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
3. ^ Butterfield
N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of
Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
  
1,200,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 6
221) First fungi.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
{Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf}
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya
D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in:
Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.",
Elsevier; 2007. {c1200 mybn}
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1368 mybn}
5. ^ S Blair
Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1513mybn) {1513 mybn}
6. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(c1200) {c1100} {c1100 mybn}
  
1,080,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 7
97) Eukaryote eye, first three-dimensional response to light.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

2. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/

3. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
5. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline
for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution
21.5 (2004): 809 -818.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {guess based on
earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn}
6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon
HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors.
"Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {guess based on
earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn}
7. ^ my own estimate
based on where euglenozoa genetically appear to evolve {guess based on earliest
secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Peter Hegemann, "Algal Sensory Photoreceptors", Annual Review of
Plant Biology, Vol. 59: 167 -189 (Volume publication date June 2008)
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092847
%40recept.2009.1.issue-1

[2] Trevor D. Lamb, Detlev Arendt, and Shaun P. Collin, "The evolution of
phototransduction and eyes", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B October 12, 2009
364:2791-2793;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0106 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1
531/2791.full

[3] Kreimer, G. (2009) The green algal eyespot apparatus: a primordial visual
system and more? Current Genetics 55:19-43 doi:10.007/s00294-008-0224-8 PMID
19107486 http://www.springerlink.com/content/v54v124mxg52r091/
  
670,000,000 YBN
4 5 6
286) Multicellularity evolves in a free moving Protist.1 2 This allows larger
free moving organisms to evolve.3

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506.
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of
the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my)
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)

MORE INFO
[1] Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007,
p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225
[2] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191
  
660,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 7 8
81) First animal and first metazoan (sponges).1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p497-501.
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J.
Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of
Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c850my) {c800my}
7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)

MORE INFO
[1] Müller, Werner E. G. “The Origin of Metazoan Complexity: Porifera
as Integrated Animals.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 43.1 (2003):
3–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884834
  
660,000,000 YBN
2 3 4 5
517) Male gonad.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p20.
2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c850my) {based on evolution of sponge) c850my}
4. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
5. ^
Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)

MORE INFO
[1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan
[2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p18-19
[3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17
  
650,000,000 YBN
2 3 4
69) Animal cells group as tissues.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p2-3.
2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (Ctenophores are first metazoans
with tissues}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1
  
640,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 6 7
83) First nerve cell (neuron), and nervous system.1 Earliest touch and sound
detection and memory.2

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably)
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and
muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate
based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn}
5. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced
from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6):
856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999.
pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and
Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN}
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN}
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005). (presumably) {574mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Ghysen, A. (2003). The origin and evolution of the nervous system.
The International journal of developmental biology , 47 (7-8),
555-562. http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14756331
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn)
  
640,000,000 YBN
2 3 4 5
96) Muscle cells.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095)
{Schmid_20050309.pdf}
2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095)
{Schmid_20050309.pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first
with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn}
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493.
(c750mybn) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and
muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate
based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN}
5. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic
relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.",
Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6):
856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999.
pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and
Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN}
  
640,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 6 7
414) Ovary.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p48.
2. ^
http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr
y=groepen

3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my)
{based on evolution of cnidaria) 580my}
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my)
7. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my)

MORE INFO
[1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan
[2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p18-19
[3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17
[4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my)
[5] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
[6] Richard Cowen, "History of
Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)
  
630,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10
82) Cnidarians {NIDAREeNS} (corals, jellyfish).1 2 3 4 Earliest animal eye.5 6

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p477-490.
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria
5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41.
6. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson,
"Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.",
Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral
Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages:
557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t
he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/

7. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my)
9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (580my)
10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my)

MORE INFO
[1] Collins, A.G. (2002). "Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the Evolution of
Cnidarian Life Cycles" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15 (3):
418–432.
doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x. http://cima.uprm.edu/~n_schizas/CMOB_8676
/Collins2002.pdf

[2] Philippe, H. (April 2009). "Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep
Animal Relationships". Current Biology 19: 706–712.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID
19345102. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209008057
[3] doi:10.1038/4631003b; Published online 24 February
2010 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7284/full/4631003b.html
  
600,000,000 YBN
8 9 10
107) Bilateral species (two sided symmetry).1 2 3
Earliest animal brain.4 5
Third embryonic layer: the mesoderm {meZuDRM6 }.7

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476.
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p69.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400.
6. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm
7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59.
8. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas
J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of
Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
  
600,000,000 YBN
2 3 4
459) Intestine.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p61,66-67.
2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
  
600,000,000 YBN
2 3 4
532) Cylindrical gut, anus, and through-put of food evolves in a bilaterian.1
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p4.
2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {630my (first bilateral species-acoelomates}
4. ^ Richard Cowen,
"History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) {575
(first bilateral species-acoelomates)(fossil record is older}
  
600,000,000 YBN
2 3 4
593) Genital pore, vagina, and uterus.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p58-79.
2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
  
600,000,000 YBN
2 3 4
660) Penis.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004.
2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J.,
and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {based on some Platyhelminthes have a penis)
630my}
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575
(fossil is older)

MORE INFO
[1] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001
  
590,000,000 YBN
3 4
98) Blood vessels and blood.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p4.
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {based on}
  
580,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8
93) Protostomes, ancestor of all arthropods and molluscs.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
3. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE;
Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling
improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
4. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (590my) {590 mybn}
7. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins.
“Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to
investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and
Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {543 mybn}
8. ^ S. Blair
Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=priapulids
[2] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide
Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic
and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363
(1496) 1435-1443;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1
496/1435.short

  
580,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 6 7
105) Deuterostomes (ancestor of acorn worms, starfish and all chordates).1 2
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {570 mybn}
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn}
6. ^ Cartwright,
Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple
lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan
lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {367 mybn}
7. ^ Jun-Yuan
Chen, David J. Bottjer, Paola Oliveri,Stephen Q. Dornbos, Feng Gao, Seth
Ruffins, Huimei Chi, Chia-Wei Li, Eric H. Davidson, "Small Bilaterian Fossils
from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian", Science, Vol 305, Issue 5681,
218-222, 9 July
2004 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;305/5681/218

MORE INFO
[1] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani,
"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the
geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496)
1435-1443;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1
496/1435.short

  
580,000,000 YBN
3 4
131) First shell (or skeleton).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
2. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
3. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} {earliest hard shell fossil -
ciliate) 580 mybn}
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Euglenozoa -pellicle) 1956 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Hamm, Smetacek, "Armor: Why, When, and How", in Falkowski, Knoll,
"Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea", 2007, p311-332, p323
[2] Bengtson, S.
(2004), Early skeletal fossils, in Lipps, J.H., and Waggoner, B.M.,
"Neoproterozoic- Cambrian Biological Revolutions" (PDF), Paleontological
Society Papers 10: 67–78, retrieved
2008-07-18 http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021554/Bengtson200
4ESF.pdf

(Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China2   
570,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 6
311) Earliest teeth. Animals start to eat other animals.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
2. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.;
Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of
modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal
Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID
17254986.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202
.

3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (570)
4. ^ Chen, J.-Y.; Huang, D.-Y. (2002). "A possible Lower
Cambrian chaetognath (arrow worm)". Science 298 (5591): 187.
doi:10.1126/science.1075059. PMID 12364798.
5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J.
Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of
Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", Oxford University
Press, New York., 2009, Chap 24, p224-225. http://timetree.org/book.php

MORE INFO
[1] Gonzalo Giribet, Daniel L. Distel, Martin Polz, Wolfgang Sterrer, and
Ward C. Wheeler Triploblastic Relationships with Emphasis on the Acoelomates
and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and
Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology Syst
Biol (2000) 49(3): 539-562 doi:10.1080/10635159950127385
[2] Martin Helmkampf, Iris Bruchhaus, Bernhard
Hausdorf, Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath phylogenetic
relationships, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 46, Issue 1,
January 2008, Pages 206-214, ISSN 1055-7903,
10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S105579030700317X)

[3] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November
2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
[4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2002, p844
  
565,000,000 YBN
2 3
347) Chordates (ancestor of all tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fish, amphibians,
reptiles, mammals and birds).1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p368-p381.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. {565 MYBN}
3. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3208583.stm

MORE INFO
[1] Douzery, E. J. P., Snell, E. A., Bapteste, E., Delsuc, F., &
Philippe, H. (2004). The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed
molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 (43),
15386-15391. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403984101
[2] Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho
and Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of
Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science New Series, Vol. 271, No. 5248
(Jan. 26, 1996), pp. 470-477. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2890144
[3] Pennisi, Elizabeth. “Drafting a Tree.” Science
300.5626 (2003) : 1694.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1694.summary
[4] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of
Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND
OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI:
10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/
export-citation/

[5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
  
565,000,000 YBN
2 3
348) Tunicates {TUNiKiTS}.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p377-381.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. {565 mybn}
3. ^ Chen, Jun-Yuan et al. “The First
Tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 100.14 (2003): 8314 –8318.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/14/8314.full
  
560,000,000 YBN
349) First fish.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p372-376.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
  
543,000,000 YBN
3
101) Segmentation.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004),p622-624.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {537 MYBN (based on Annaleda - segmented worns} {543 MYBN
(based on arthropods, annelids - segmented worns=537}
  
535,000,000 YBN
2 3 4 5
114) Heart.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p124-125.
2. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p 73.
3. ^ Palmer,
et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66.
4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J.
Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of
Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {based on} {539 MYBN (based on mollusca}
  
533,000,000 YBN
2 3 4
343) Mollusks.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c539)
4. ^ Caron, Jean-Bernard et al. "A soft-bodied mollusc with
radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale." Nature 442.7099 (2006):
159-163. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7099/full/nature04894.html

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563
  
530,000,000 YBN
2 3
339) Arthropods (crustaceans, insects).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)
3. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0
  
530,000,000 YBN
350) Vertebrates1 (ancestor of most fishes, and all amphibians, reptiles,
mammals, and birds).

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
  
475,000,000 YBN
3 4 5
244) Non-vascular plants (Liverworts, Mosses).1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ Palmer, et
al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82.
4. ^ S26 (c475)
5. ^ S15 (c475)

MORE INFO
[1] "Bryophyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte
[2] "Bryophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyta-1
  
475,000,000 YBN
5 6
398) Plants live on land.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils
from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
2. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Gray, J.,
Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya.
Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
5. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
{475 MYBN}
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82.
earliest fossils: Caradoc, Libya4   
472,000,000 YBN
5 6 7
402) Animals live on land, arthropods.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
2. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110.
3. ^ Heather M. Wilson
and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes
(Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
4. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
5. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
6. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of
Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland",
Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p67.
earliest arthropod tracks: Kingston, Ontario, Canada4   
460,000,000 YBN
3
353) Jawed vertebrates. First vertebrate teeth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. {460 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p106,110
[2]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl
Oceans2   
440,000,000 YBN
3 4 5
236) Vascular plants.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
{Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009,
p96.
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c400)
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390)
  
440,000,000 YBN
3
6172) Lung.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p338-363.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN (guess based
on ray-finned fish evolving}

MORE INFO
[1] Farmer, C.G. 1999. The evolution of the vertebrate cardio-pulmonary
system. Annual Review of Physiology
61:573-592 http://biologylabs.utah.edu/farmer/publications%20pdf/1999%20AnnuRev
Physiol61.pdf

Ocean (presumably)2   
385,000,000 YBN
4 5 6
405) First forests.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2
& Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the
Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma
of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
4. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2
& Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the
Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
{385 mybn}
5. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p111.
6. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {380mybn}
earliest fossils: Gilboa, New York, USA3   
385,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
411) First flying animal (arthropod insect).1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig,
and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
3. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February
22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
4. ^ Knecht, R. J., Engel, M. S., & Benner, J. S. (2011). Late carboniferous
paleoichnology reveals the oldest full-body impression of a flying insect.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 108 (16),
6515-6519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015948108
5. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in
the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic
(Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8

6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146
7. ^ David A. Grimaldi,
Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p163. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA163
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142.
9. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I
(2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of
the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta:
Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8
{324 MYBN}
10. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {315 MYBN}
11. ^ Regier,
et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and
maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561):
395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142.

MORE INFO
[1] Engel MS, Grimaldi DA (2004) New light shed on the oldest insect.
Nature 427: 627–630
[2] Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge)
[3] Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known
Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech
Republic (Insecta: Archoaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8

[4] "Orthoptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/orthoptera-1
[5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA159
earliest fossils: (Wamsutta Formation) southeastern Massachusetts4 and Upper
Silesian Basin, Czech Republic5   
375,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 7 8
380) First tetrapods (organisms with four feet), the amphibians.1 First limbs
(arms and legs) and fingers.2

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and
evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November
2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p
df} {375(360+-15) mybn}
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. {340 mybn}
6. ^ P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod
or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298
- 301 (28 November
1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html {368
mybn (fossil}
7. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html {368
mybn (fossil}
8. ^
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html
{368 mybn (fossil}
Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)3   
363,000,000 YBN
3 4
379) Vertebrates live on land.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
3. ^
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html
{363mybn}
4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/tetrafr.html {360mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper
Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298 - 301 (28 November
1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html
[2] http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html
Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)2   
359,000,000 YBN
7 8
243) First seed.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The
earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
2. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
3. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29,
201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
4. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005.
Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
5. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science,
New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp.
925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
6. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27
Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>.
7. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577 {359
MYBN (Lower Carboniferous}
8. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica,
2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>. {359
MYBN (Lower Carboniferous}

MORE INFO
[1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms
[2] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
[3] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase,
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal
of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 (c320 (360 for living species)
[4] Hwan Su
Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A
Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation)
[5] Dr. Singh, Dr. Pande & Dr.
Jain, "Diversity and Systematics of Seed Plants",
2005. http://books.google.com/books?id=GTUgfghg80gC
[6] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
earliest fossils: Scotland5 6   
340,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
384) Hard-shell egg.1 The Amniota {aMnEOtu2 } (ancestor of reptiles, mammals
and birds).3 Start of vertebrate internal fertilization.4

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit
3. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1
4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234.
5. ^
T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07
December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html
6. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland", NY
Times, Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html

7. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p232.
8. ^
T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07
December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html {338
MYBN (oldest reptil fossil}
9. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported
Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html
{338 MYBN (oldest reptil fossil}
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN}
11. ^
"Eryops". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryops
{295 MYBN (verify}
12. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree", 2009.
13. ^ Benton, Michael J., and
Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.”
Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract

MORE INFO
[1] Romer, Alfred Sherwood, Price, Llewellyn Ivor, "The oldest vertebrate
egg", Am J Sci 1939 237:
826-829. http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/237/11/826?maxtoshow=&hi
ts=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=The+oldest+vertebrate+egg&andorexacttitle=and&andorex
acttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevanc
e&resourcetype=HWCIT

[2] Karl F. Hirsch, "The Oldest Vertebrate Egg?", Journal of Paleontology, Vol.
53, No. 5 (Sep., 1979), pp. 1068-1084. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1304086
[3] Robert R. Reisz, Johannes Müller, Molecular
timescales and the fossil record: a paleontological perspective, Trends in
Genetics, Volume 20, Issue 5, 1 May 2004, Pages 237-241, ISSN 0168-9525,
10.1016/j.tig.2004.03.007. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
168952504000757)

[4] "fenestrae." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fenestrae>
[5] "orbit." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/orbit>
earliest fossils: Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland5 6   
317,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 6 7
385) Reptiles.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological
Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1
(2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract
3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What The Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2009, p232.
4. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342,
676 - 678 (07 December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html
{338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil}
5. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil
Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html
{338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil}
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN}
7. ^
Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to
Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract
earliest fossils: (Joggins Formation) Nova Scotia, Canada2   
260,000,000 YBN
2 3 4
232) Warm-blooded, hair growing animal.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from
physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441

2. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian
Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp.
207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
3. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in
mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441
{c250 MYBN (Late Permian}
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {230 MYBN (between crocodilia
240mybn and pterosaur 220mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Schweitzer, Mary Higby, and Cynthia Lee Marshall. “A molecular
model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod-bird lineage.” Journal
of Experimental Zoology 291.4 (2001) :
317-338. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.1132/abstract
  
228,000,000 YBN
6 7 8
412) Dinosaurs.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
2. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
4. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
5. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
6. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al.
“Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of
Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html {228
MYBN}
7. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {228 MYBN}
8. ^ Benton,
"Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. {230-220 MYBN}
earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto
Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina4 5   
225,000,000 YBN
3 4 5
126) Mammals.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of
West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13,
No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on
behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
2. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of
West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13,
No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on
behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
3. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of
West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13,
No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on
behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 {225 MYBN}
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p197.
5. ^ Palmer, Tree of Life,
2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Shedlock2009Chap52.pdf

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.abqtrib.com/albq/nw_science/article/0,2668,ALBQ_21236_4546322,00.html

earliest fossils: (Dockum Formation) Kalgary, Crosby County, Texas, USA2   
220,000,000 YBN
4 5
428) First flying vertebrate (Pterosaur).1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological
Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC
2. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition,
2009, p390.
3. ^ Unwin, David M. “Pterosaurs: back to the traditional model?”
Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14.7 (1999) :
263-268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534799016055
4. ^ Peter Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p59-60,166. {220MYBN}
5. ^
http://www.dinodata.net/DNM/dallav.htm {215 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://dipbsf.uninsubria.it/paleo/dvecchia.htm
[2] Eberhard Frey, Helmut Tischlinger, Marie-Céline Buchy, and David
M. Martill, "New specimens of Pterosauria (Reptilia) with soft parts with
implications for pterosaurian anatomy and locomotion ", Geological Society,
London, Special Publications 2003, 217:233-266;
doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.14
  
150,000,000 YBN
2
393) Birds evolve. First feather.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {245 MYBN} {245 MYBN (bird and croc split}

MORE INFO
[1] Xu, X., Z. Tang, and X. Wang. 1999a. A therizinosauroid dinosaur with
integumentary structures from China. Nature, 399350-354
[2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and
RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves:
Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.”
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
[3] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their
Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
[4] Hedges, S. Blair et al. “Continental breakup and the ordinal
diversification of birds and mammals.” Nature 381.6579 (1996) :
226-229. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v381/n6579/abs/381226a0.html
[5] Ivanov, M., Hrdlickova, S. & Gregorova, R. (2001) The Complete Encyclopedia
of Fossils. Rebo Publishers, Netherlands. pp. 312
[6] Zhang, Z., Gao, C., Meng, Q.,
Liu, J., Hou, L., & Zheng, G. (2009). Diversification in an early cretaceous
avian genus: evidence from a new species of Confuciusornis from china. Journal
of Ornithology , 150 (4), 783-790. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x
[7] Hou L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Zhang H (1995a) Confuciusornis sanctus, a new Late
Jurassic sauriurine bird from China. Chin Sci Bull 40:1545–1551
  
145,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8 9
245) First flowering plant.1 2 3 Fruits, nuts, vegetables.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/
4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html
5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p607-613.
6. ^ Palmer, et
al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark
W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short (175mybn) {Gymno-angio spilt)
320 mybn (radiation at 180my}
8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia
Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution,
(2004). http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract (c100mybn)
{320-290 mybn (radiation at 100 mybn}
9. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009,
p135. http://timetree.org/pdf/Magallon2009Chap11.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] "Fruit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit
[2] THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. “An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG
III.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161.2 (2009):
105–121. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339
[3] Kumar, Hedges, "Time Tree of Life", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php
Israel, Morocco, Libya, and possibly China  
140,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 9 10 11
457) Marsupials.1 First nipple and breast.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237.
3. ^ Rincon, Paul (2003-12-12). "Rincon, P.,
Oldest Marsupial Ancestor Found, BBC, Dec 2003". BBC News. Retrieved
2010-03-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3311911.stm
4. ^ "Pickrell, J., Oldest Marsupial Fossil Found in China, National
Geographic, December 2003". News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.ht
ml

5. ^ "Vertebrate Paleontology: Sinodelphys szalayi". Carnegie Museum of Natural
History. Retrieved 2010-10-21. http://www.carnegiemnh.org/vp/sinodelphys.html
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. {140 MYBN}
7. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji
Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and
placentals", Nature 476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
{nature10291.pdf} {165MYBN}
8. ^ Hedges, Tree of Life,
2009 http://timetree.org/pdf/Madsen2009Chap68.pdf
9. ^ van Rheede, T. et al. The platypus is in its place: nuclear genes and
Indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and therians. Mol.
Biol. Evol. 23, 587–597 (2006). {143-178MYBN}
10. ^ Phillips, M. J., Bennett, T. H. & Lee,
M. S. Y. Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious
ancestry for echidnas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17089–17094 (2009).
{193-186}
11. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
China3 4 5   
125,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 6
163) Placental mammals.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms
with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
2. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A
Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature
476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
{nature10291.pdf}
3. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and
divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
{nature10291.pdf} {160MYBN}
4. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen
Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of
Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). {130MYBN}
5. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225.

MORE INFO
[1] Nature. "Ji, Q., et al., The Earliest Known Eutherian Mammal, Nature,
416, Pages 816-822, Apr 2002". Nature.com.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6883/full/416816a.html
earliest fossils: (Daxigou) Jianchang County, Liaoning Province, China2   
105,000,000 YBN
3 4 5
491) Afrotheres.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p224-229.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. {105 MYBN}
4. ^ Mark S.
Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien,
"Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary",
PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J.
Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
Africa2   
85,000,000 YBN
3 4
499) Laurasiatheres.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. {85 MYBN}
4. ^ Michael J. Benton
and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
Laurasia2   
65,000,000 YBN
4 5
508) Rodents.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
4. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
{65 MYBN}
5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
  
63,000,000 YBN
3
587) Primates.1 Opposable thumb.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=63my) {63 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/first_primates.htm
[2]
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html
Africa or India2   
24,000,000 YBN
2
662) Primate loses tail.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (based on Aegyptopithecus=22my) {24 MYBN (based on
Aegyptopithecus=22my}
  
6,000,000 YBN
4 5
544) Chimpanzees.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). 6mybn
2. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4)
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn (6mybn) {6 MYBN}
5. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4) (8mybn) {8 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
Africa3   
4,400,000 YBN
9 10
546) Ardipithecus.1 2 3 4 5 6 Earliest bipedal primate.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late
Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332,
145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282
2. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
3. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest
Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html
4. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes;
Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus
and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949):
75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
5. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new
species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306.
Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p93.
7. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and
Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R.
Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
8. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
9. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene
hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282 {6
MYBN}
10. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
{6 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Haile-Selassie, Y. Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash,
Ethiopia. Nature 412, 178-181 (2001).
http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.1038/35084063
Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya, Africa8   

SCIENCE
2,500,000 YBN
3
455) Stone tools.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
2. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia.
Nature 385, 333–336 (1997)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html
3. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia.
Nature 385, 333–336 (1997)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html {2.5 MYBN}
Gona, Ethiopia2   
2,200,000 YBN
7
447) Humans.1 Homo habilis.2 The human brain starts getting bigger.3
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
4. ^ F. Spoor, M. G. Leakey, P. N. Gathogo, F. H. Brown, S. C.
Antón, I. McDougall, C. Kiarie, F. K. Manthi & L. N. Leakey (2007-08-09).
"Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana,
Kenya". Nature 448 (7154): 688–691. doi:10.1038/nature05986. PMID
17687323 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7154/full/nature05986.html
5. ^ Donald C. Johanson, Fidelis T. Masao, Gerald G. Eck, Tim D. White, Robert
C. Walter, William H. Kimbel, Berhane Asfaw, Paul Manega, Prosper Ndessokia &
Gen Suwa (21 May 1987). "New partial skeleton of Homo habilis from Olduvai
Gorge, Tanzania". Nature 327 (6119): 205–209. doi:10.1038/327205a0. PMID
3106831
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
7. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
(Kenya4 and Tanzania5 ) Africa6   
1,800,000 YBN
4 5 6
563) Homo erectus {hOmO ireKTuS1 }.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71
3. ^ Brown, Frank et al. “Early Homo Erectus Skeleton
from West Lake Turkana, Kenya.” Nature 316.6031 (1985):
788–792. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v316/n6031/abs/316788a0.html
4. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4
MYBN}
5. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
6. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster 1.9-1.4
mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
[2] Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p416
[3] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa
again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
[4] Vekua, Abesalom et al. “A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi,
Georgia.” Science 297.5578 (2002): 85–89. Print. New Series
Lake Turkana, East Africa3   
1,700,000 YBN
4
449) Erectus moves into Eurasia.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature
416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
3. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the
Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47,
No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer,
1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {1.7 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p69-77
[2] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble,
2001.
  
1,500,000 YBN
3
583) Controlled use of fire.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for
the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
2. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the
earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
3. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans
cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
(Swartkrans cave) Swartkrans, South Africa2   
1,000,000 YBN
2 3
589) Erectus evolves less body hair.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 {1 MYBN}
3. ^ Rogers AR, Iltis D,
Wooding S, "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of
human body hair." Curr Anthropol
2004;45:105-108. http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/381006 {1.2 MYBN}
  
970,000 YBN
4 5 6
200) Hominids wear clothing.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation
at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010),
229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html
2. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News,
07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10531419
3. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation
at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010),
229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html
4. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L.
Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human
Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466
(2010), 229-233
. http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html {970,000}
5. ^
Melissa A. Toups, Andrew Kitchen, Jessica E. Light, and David L. Reed, "Origin
of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in
Africa", Mol Biol Evol (2011) 28(1): 29-32 first published online September 7,
2010 doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234 {83,000-170,000YBN}
6. ^ Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser, Mark
Stoneking, Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing,
Current Biology, Volume 13, Issue 16, 19 August 2003, Pages 1414-1417, ISSN
0960-9822,
10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00507-4. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0960982203005074)
{72,000YBN +/- 42,000years}
Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK3   
400,000 YBN
4 5 6
615) Spear.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
2. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
3. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’,
Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810
. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19
970227.pdf} {400,000YBN}
4. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting
Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
5. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’,
Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810
. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19
970227.pdf} {400,000YBN}
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Hartmut Thieme.
Letters to Nature. Nature 385, 807 - 810 (27 February 1997);
doi:10.1038/385807a0
Kathu Pan 1, South Africa2 |(Schöningen, Germany.3 )  
200,000 YBN
8 9 10
548) Homo sapiens.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
2. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
3. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence
Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.
4. ^ Tim D.
White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa
& F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia",
Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html
5. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
6. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
7. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and
the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human
Evolution 55.3 (2008) :
409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408001024
8. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and
the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human
Evolution 55.3 (2008) :
409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408001024
9. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
{200,000 YBN}
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p65. (165,000 YBN) {200,000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
Ethiopia, Africa5 6 7   
200,000 YBN
590) The thirty sounds of human language.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
  
101,000 YBN
[99000 BC] 2 3 4
594) Sapiens move into Eurasia.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
2. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C.
Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site
of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2,
March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125

3. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html {000 YBN}
4. ^
Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing
together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002
-6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/16/6002.short {000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.html
[2] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature
416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416045a.html
  
100,000 YBN
[98000 BC] 4 5 6
6333) Theory of Gods.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site
of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
3. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer,
J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of
Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2,
March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125

4. ^ Philip Lieberman, "Uniquely human: the evolution of speech, thought, and
selfless behavior", 1993, p163.
5. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the
Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
6. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer,
J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of
Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2,
March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125

(Es-Skhul) Mount Carmel, Israel2 3   
61,000 YBN
[59000 BC] 5 6 7 8 9
614) Bow and arrows.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

2. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
3. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

4. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
5. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
6. ^ "Modern culture emerged in Africa 20,000 years earlier than thought", LA
Times,
07/30/2012 http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-modern-cult
ure-africa-20120730,0,4412702.story?track=rss

7. ^ Paola Villa, et al, "Border Cave and the beginning of the Later Stone Age
in South Africa", PNAS, July 30,
2012. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/07/23/1202629109.abstract
8. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect. {10,000YBN}
9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from
stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jim Hamm, "The Traditional Bowyer's Bible", Volume 2, 2000,
p86. books.google.com/books?id=D9yQiKTtprAC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86
[2] Collins, Desmond (1973). Background to archaeology: Britain in its European
setting (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521201551
Sibudu Cave, South Africa3 4   
46,000 YBN
[44000 BC] 3 4 5
577) Humans reach Australia by boat.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html
2. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and
climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6925/abs/nature01383.html
3. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and
climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February
2003)
4. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html
5. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p471.

MORE INFO
[1] David B. Goldstein and Lounès Chikhi, "HUMAN MIGRATIONS AND
POPULATION STRUCTURE: What We Know and Why it Matters", Annual Review of
Genomics and Human Genetics, Vol. 3: 129 -152 (Volume publication date
September
2002) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.3.022502.10320
0

[2] Peter A. Underhill and Toomas Kivisild, "Use of Y Chromosome and
Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations", Annual
Review of Genetics, Vol. 41: 539 -564 (Volume publication date December
2007) http://www.annualreviews.org/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.
genet.41.110306.130407

[3]
doi:10.1038/nature01383 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6925/abs/nat
ure01383.html

[4] http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.html
  
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 3 4 5
604) Oil lamp.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall
White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific American, March
1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf
{Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf}
3. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific
American, March
1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf
{Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf} {40,000YBN}
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5.
{79,000BCE}
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ancient oil lamp". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_oil_lamp
Southwest France2   
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 5 6
1262) Painting.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ",
6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492
2. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
3. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
4. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave
5. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
6. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave
(The Panel de las Manos) El Castillo Cave, Spain3 |Southern France4   
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 6 7 8
5871) Musical instrument.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2

2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm
3. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
4. ^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
5. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2

6. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
{40000YBN}
7. ^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
{35000BCE}
8. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
{34000BCE}
Hohle Fels Cave, Germany5   
32,000 YBN
[30000 BC] 4 5 6 7 8
602) Weaving.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto,
Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild
Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
2. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009:
325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1
3. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta
Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani,
"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
4. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto,
Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild
Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359 {32,000 YBN}
5. ^ ADOVASIO J.
M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced
woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70:
526–534. {000 YBN} {26,000 YBN}
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000
YBN}
7. ^ {9000YBN}
8. ^ E. J. W. Barber, "Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in
the Neolithic and Bronze ...",
1991. http://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC {7000YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile>
Dzudzuana Cave, Georgia3   
31,700 YBN
[29700 BC] 3 4
42) Humans raise dogs.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)

2. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)

3. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
{31,700 YBN}
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables
of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. {10,000BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication
Goyet cave, Belgium2   
29,000 YBN
[27000 BC] 3 4
6215) Ceramics.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines:
Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current
Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381
2. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The
Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24
November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937
3. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines:
Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current
Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381 {29,000}
4. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA
SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology
at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933),
1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 {26,000}
Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia2   
18,000 YBN
[16000 BC] 4 5 6 7
603) Pottery.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm
3. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu,
Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul
Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen
associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS
2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4
f27ab46

4. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu,
Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul
Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen
associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS
2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4
f27ab46
{18,000}
5. ^ "pottery." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pottery {17,500YBN}
6. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm {17,500YBN}
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams,
"A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York:
Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}
(Yuchanyan cave), Daoxian County, Hunan Province, China2 3   
13,000 YBN
[11000 BC] 6 7 8
578) Humans enter America.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in
Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic).
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html
2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
3. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/
4. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
5. ^ Michael Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine
bioregions and the destruction of the Southern California Bight, Futures,
Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN
0016-3287, DOI:
10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0016328705001382)

6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm {13000 YBN}
7. ^
http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/ {13000 YBN}
8. ^ Michael
Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine bioregions and the destruction of
the Southern California Bight, Futures, Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of
Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN 0016-3287, DOI:
10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0016328705001382)
{13000 YBN}
Mexico City4 and Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, California, USA5
  
11,000 YBN
[9000 BC] 4 5
606) First city.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19
Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302707/Jericho>. {9,000
BC}
3. ^ "Jericho." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University
Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jericho
4. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302707/Jericho>. {9,000 BC}
5. ^ Trevor
I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {000 YBN} {8,000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Kathleen Kenyon, "Excavations at Jericho", 1981,
p6. {Kenyon_Excavations_At_Jericho_1981.pdf}
Jericho, (modern West Bank2 ) Palestine3   
9,500 YBN
[7500 BC] 5 6 7 8
612) Wheat grown.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
2. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
3. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?"� Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short
4. ^ Which came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News.
2008-12-14.
5. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
6. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?" Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short {9300 YBN}
7. ^ Which
came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News.
2008-12-14.
8. ^ "First farmers discovered". BBC News.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/489449.stm

MORE INFO
[1] Diamond, Jared. "Evolution, Consequences and Future of Plant and
Animal Domestication." Nature 418.6898 (2002):
700�707. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/full/nature01019.htm
l

[2] Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge.
Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford:
Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p.
528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euphrates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510
8078

[3] Ozkan, H; Brandolini, A; Sch�fer-Pregl, R; Salamini, F (October 2002).
"AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of
emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey". Molecular Biology and
Evolution 19 (10): 1797�801. PMID 12270906
[4] Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000).
Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated
Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University
Press. pp. 67. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67
Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria2 |southeastern Turkey and northern Syria3 (Nevali
Cori, Turkey4 )  
9,240 YBN
[7240 BC] 3 4
1478) Squash grown.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
2. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
3. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract {9240}
4. ^
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/science/28cnd-squash.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=s
login&adxnnlx=1183057296-Up92joKUeK1fZr+Wt4cXsQ
(10000ybn)
Paiján, Peru2   
7,700 YBN
[5700 BC] 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
719) Rice grown.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
2. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication
Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921
(2009):
1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom
estication_Rice_2009.pdf}
3. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007).
4. ^ Normile, Dennis.
“Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997)
: 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
5. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication
Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921
(2009):
1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom
estication_Rice_2009.pdf}
6. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007).
7. ^ Domestication
and the origins of agriculture: an appraisal Progress in Physical Geography 1
March 1999: 37-56.
http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/23/1/37.short {Mannion_Agriculture_1999.pdf}
8. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full {11500}
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3500 YBN}
10. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria
Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of
Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford
University Press. pp. 91. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA91
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
11. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p74. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
Kuahuqiao, Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province2 3 |Yangtze (in Hubei and Hunan
provinces), China4   
7,000 YBN
[5000 BC] 3 4 5 6
627) Metal casting (copper).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)

2. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)

3. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
{c7000 YBN}
4. ^ P.t., Craddock. “From hearth to furnace :
evidences for the earliest metal smelting technologies in the Eastern
Mediterranean.” Paléorient (2000) : 151-165.
Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2
000_num_26_2_4716
{8000BCE} {article_paleo_0153-9345_2000_num_26_2_4716.pdf}
{5500BCE}
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce)
6. ^ "Copper (5000
BCE)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper (5000
BCE) (=5000bce) {5000BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period Noël H.
Gale Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 282/283,
Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp. 37-61 Published by: The
American Schools of Oriental Research Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261
Belovode, Eastern Serbia2   
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 6 7
646) The wheel.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27.
2. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE)
3. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE)
4. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE)
5. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE)
6. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) (=3500BCE) {35000BCE}
7. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) (=3500BCE)
{35000BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] Margaret Sax, Nigel D. Meeks and Dominique Collon , "The Early
Development of the Lapidary Engraving Wheel in Mesopotamia", Iraq, Vol. 62,
(2000), pp. 157-176 Published by: British Institute for the Study of
Iraq Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200487
[2]
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/image_archive/ue/uea.html
[3] Stuart Piggott, "The earliest wheeled transport : from the Atlantic Coast
to the Caspian Sea", Thames and Hudson, 1983
[4] "WORLD'S OLDEST WHEEL FOUND IN
SLOVENIA" March
2003 http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/culture/w
orlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/

Mesopotamia4 5 (and a similar pottery wheel from Choga Mish, Iran)  
5,350 YBN
[3350 BC] 5 6 7 8
1261) Writing on clay tablets.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
2. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online.
3. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a

4. ^ "Sumerian writing>.". Encyclopedia wrBritannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 15 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649670/writing/53659/Sumerian-wr
iting
>.
5. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific
American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p.
50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing
6. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm (3300bce)
7. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al.
Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in
the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press,
1994. http://books.google.com/books?id=YBAzXV4YtQ8C&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false
8. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

MORE INFO
[1] http://cdli.ucla.edu:16080/wiki/index.php/The_Late_Uruk_period
[2] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the
Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000)
[3] Archaic Bookkeeping,
Nissen, 1993, pp13-14
Uruk4   
5,310 YBN
[3310 BC] 3 4 5
704) Animal pulled vehicles.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest
Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63.
3. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled
Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. {c3530-3310 BC}
4. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest
Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. {Standard of Ur) 2600-2400 BC}
5. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {4000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Zettler, Richard L.; Horne, Lee; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly.
Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur, pp. 45-47. UPenn Museum of Archaeology,
1998. ISBN 9780924171543
[2]
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_stand
ard_of_ur.aspx

(TRB - Funnel Beaker culture) Bronocice, Krakow, Poland2   
4,500 YBN
[2500 BC] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
635) Iron casting.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian
Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
2. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of
Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
3. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
4. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.”
Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
5. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The
Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
6. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
7. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British School of Archaeology in Egypt,
1928. Egyptian Research Account.
8. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of
Iron.” American Journal of Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136
9. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron Smelting Slag Formation at Tell
Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006), (Proceedings) 34th International Symposium
on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May 2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando
el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma. Diputacion de Zaragoza:
Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11494/
10. ^ Xander Veldhuijzen and Eveline van der Steen, "Iron Production Center
Found in the Jordan Valley", Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Sep.,
1999), pp. 195-199 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental
Research Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210714
11. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron,
Prehistoric and Ancient.” American Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934):
555–583. http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191
12. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.”
Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
13. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British
School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1928. Egyptian Research Account, p14-16, Plate
25-32. {Petrie_Gerar_1928.pdf}
14. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of Iron.” American Journal of
Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101. http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136
15. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron
Smelting Slag Formation at Tell Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006),
(Proceedings) 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May
2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma.
Diputacion de Zaragoza: Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11494/ {930/910
BCE}
16. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 YBN)
17. ^
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/fe.htm (3000 YBN) (3000)
18. ^ "Iron (3500
YBN)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron (3500
YBN) (3500)
19. ^ "Iron Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294368/Iron-Age>.
20. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron, Prehistoric and Ancient.” American
Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934): 555–583.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191

MORE INFO
[1] "Iron age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_age
Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia (modern Turkey)4 5 6 |Palestine7 8 |Tell
Hammeh (az-Zarqa), Jordan9 10 |Central Europe and north Assyria11   
4,300 YBN
[2300 BC] 3 4 5 6 7 8
667) Glass making.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY
PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
2. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
3. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
{4300 YBN}
4. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries.
The Archaeological Evidence", Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994,
p190. {Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries_Moorey_1994.pdf}
AND {Moorey-Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries-1994.pdf} {c4000YBN}
5. ^ James
Owen, "Ancient Egyptian City Yields World's Oldest Glassworks", National
Geographic News June 16,
2005 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0616_050616_egyptglass.htm
l
{35000 YBN}
6. ^ Thilo Rehren and Edgar B. Pusch, "Late Bronze Age Glass
Production at Qantir-Piramesses, Egypt", Science New Series, Vol. 308, No. 5729
(Jun. 17, 2005), pp. 1756-1758 Published by: American Association for the
Advancement of Science Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3841666
{35000 YBN}
7. ^ http://glassonline.com/infoserv/history.html {5500YBN}
8. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {5000YBN}
Mesopotamia2   
4,300 YBN
[2300 BC] 4 5 6 7 8
1271) Written stories.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
2. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270.
3. ^ Kramer, S.N.
Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third
Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944.
Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
4. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270. (there is also
a 2000 edition {Hayes_Sumerian_2000.pdf})
5. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and
Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ...
American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
6. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108
7. ^ Thomson, G.A. First Writers-The Sumerians: They Wrote on Clay. iUniverse,
2011, p xi.
8. ^ Alexander, T.D., and D.W. Baker. Dictionary of the Old Testament:
Pentateuch: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity
Press, 2002. The IVP Bible Dictionary Series, p608.

MORE INFO
[1] "Ancient literature". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_literature
[2] Arno Poebel, "Historical and grammatical texts", vols 1-5, 1914. vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=tg0TAAAAYAAJ vol 4:
http://books.google.com/books?id=mxwYAAAAYAAJ vol 5:
http://books.google.com/books?id=_A0TAAAAYAAJ
[3] Jeffrey H. Tigay, "The evolution of the Gilgamesh epic",
http://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC
[4] Kramer, S. N. "Sumerian Literature; A Preliminary Survey of the Oldest
Literature in the World." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
85.3 (1942): 293�323. http://www.jstor.org/stable/985008
Lagash2 |Nippur3   
4,000 YBN
[2000 BC] 5 6
733) Lock and key.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263
2. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
3. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
(=4000ybn/nineveh)
4. ^ "Nineveh." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nineveh
5. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
(=4000ybn/nineveh) {4000 YBN(nineveh}
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
(=1200bce/egypt) {1200 BCE (egypt}
Nineveh,3 Assyria on the Tigris River4   
3,531 YBN
[1531 BC] 4 5
639) Planets recognized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
2. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford
University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false

3. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
4. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
5. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford
University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false

Babylon3   
2,529 YBN
[529 BC] 4
772) Earth described as a sphere.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). {529 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] "Polycrates". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrates
[2] "Pythagorean theorem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem
Croton, Italy3   
2,467 YBN
[467 BC] 5 6
836) That stars are other Suns is known.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books
I-V", 137-139. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
2. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western
Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999,
p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p8-9.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p8-9.
6. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982). (450bc+30yrs estimate for science contributions)

MORE INFO
[1] "Anaxagoras". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxagoras (=490?-430?)
Clazomenae (75 miles/120 km north of Miletus)|Athens3 |Did not move to Athens
until around 462 bce4   
2,467 YBN
[467 BC] 5
1894) Particle (or wireless) communication.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth,
Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA.
Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258

2. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33.
4. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford
Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003.
Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus
5. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford Companion to
Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus {467 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Robert Hooke". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040979/Robert-Hooke
[3] "Robert Hooke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke
[4] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat=technology
[5] http://www.libraries.uc.edu/source/volfour/oesper2.html
[6] http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/
[7]
http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm
[8] http://www.she-philosopher.com/gallery/cyclopaedia.html
[9] "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History (1684)
Argos, Greece4   
2,460 YBN
[460 BC] 3 4
841) Theory of atoms.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~490bce)
4. ^ "Leucippus".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
(=500-450bce)
  
2,260 YBN
[260 BC] 3
882) Rotation of Earth around self and Sun understood.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). {c260 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] "article 9009438". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009438
[2] "Cleanthes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanthes
(Mousion of Alexandria) Alexandria, Egpyt2   
2,246 YBN
[246 BC] 5 6 7
898) Size of Earth known.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
2. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes
3. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980).
4. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the
lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the
present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists
from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
6. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of
the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990). (c276-194BCE)
7. ^ Dutka, Jacques.
“‘Eratosthenes’ Measurement of the Earth Reconsidered’.” Archive for
History of Exact Sciences 46.1 (1993): 55–66. Web. 25 May
2012. http://www.springerlink.com/content/km185753675743p8/fulltext.pdf
(c230BCE {275-194BCE})
Alexandria, Egypt4   
2,140 YBN
[140 BC] 5 6 7
1070) Paper.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science
and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
2. ^
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm
3. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and
Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
4. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm
5. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and
Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and
Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press,
p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
6. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm (=140-87BCE)
7. ^
http://www.amateras.com/trip/china/xian-e.htm {140-87BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] David Buisseret (1998), Envisaging the City, U Chicago Press, p. 12,
ISBN 978-0-226-07993-6
Pa-chhiao near Sian in the Shensi province of China3 |Xian, China4   
2,056 YBN
[56 BC] 5
1045) Theory that light is an atom.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume
1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ
2. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum
natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884,
p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC
3. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius",
Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008,
p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p36-37.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp36-37.

MORE INFO
[1] "Lucretius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius (=(ca. 94 BC- ca. 49 BC)
[2] "Light".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light
[3] "didactic." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/didactic
[4] "hexameter." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2004. Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hexameter
Rome, Italy4   
1,950 YBN
[50 AD] 3 4
1078) Steam engine.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p40.
2. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982). (=c20-?)
4. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria (=c.10-c.70(+40)

MORE INFO
[1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles,
(1980)
Alexandria, Egypt  
1,150 YBN
[850 AD] 5 6
1144) Gunpowder.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
2. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7,
"Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
3. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
4. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7,
"Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
5. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} {850}
6. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and
Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder
Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. {850}
China3 4   
1,040 YBN
[960 AD] 4 5
6186) Rocket.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
2. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and development of rocket &
missile technology", 1978, p10.
3. ^
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
4. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and development of rocket & missile
technology", 1978, p10. {960 CE}
5. ^
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt {1045} {1045 CE}

MORE INFO
[1] "military technology". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/382397/military-technology/57612
/The-gunpowder-revolution-c-1300-1650
>
China2 3   
868 YBN
[1132 AD] 5 6
1146) Gun.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
2. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
3. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
4. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
5. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
6. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "gunpowder". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038534/gunpowder
[2] Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, V:7: The
Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521303583
[3] "Gunpowder". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder
Ta-tsu, Szechuan Province, China3 4   
772 YBN
[1228 AD] 5 6 7 8 9
1392) Theory that all matter is made of light.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942.
http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf
{Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf}
2. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml
3. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html
4. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford Schools,
Volume 1, 1984, p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442
5. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford Schools,
Volume 1, 1984, p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c1168-1253)
(c1168-1253)
7. ^ "Robert Grosseteste". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038191/Robert-Grosseteste (c1175-1253)
8. ^ "Robert
Grosseteste". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste (c1175-1253)
9. ^
http://www.grosseteste.com/bio.htm (c1170-1253)
Oxford, England4   
392 YBN
[1608 AD] 4 5
1618) Telescope.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105.
2. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope
and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9
3. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048449/Hans-Lippershey
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608)
5. ^ Dick, T. The
Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?cat=technology
Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland2 ) (modern: Netherlands)3   
390 YBN
[01/??/1610 AD] 3
1605) Moons of Jupiter seen.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo (01/1610)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology
(University of Padua) Padua, Venice, Italy2   
390 YBN
[1610 AD] 4
6488) Microscope.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover
Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30
2. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9
3. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048449/Hans-Lippershey
4. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications,
1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?cat=technology
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608)
[3] "microscope".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/380582/microscope>
Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland2 ) (modern: Netherlands)3   
357 YBN
[1643 AD] 3
1692) Vacuum.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
2. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
3. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli (1643)

MORE INFO
[1] "Evangelista Torricelli". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli
[2] "atmospheric pressure." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/atmospheric-pressure
Florence, Italy2   
322 YBN
[1678 AD] 3
3592) Direct neuron activation. Muscle contracted with electricity.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA

2. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam
3. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year
1837", E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
{1678}"

MORE INFO
[1] "Jan Swammerdam". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam
[2] http://www.answers.com/Jan+Swammerdam+?cat=technology
[3] http://www.janswammerdam.net/portrait.html
[4] "Apothecary". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary
[5] http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/exhibits/herbal/swammerdam.htm
[6] "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam
(1672)
[7] "Electricity and Magnetism" Amédée Guillemin, translated by Silvanus P.
Thompson, B.A., D.Sc., F.R.A.S. Macmillan and Co., London, 1891.
http://books.google.com/books?id=iHg9AQAAIAAJ
[8] http://www.telephonecollecting.org/feeling.htm
Amsterdam, Netherlands2 (presumably)  
313 YBN
[1687 AD] 3
1845) Law of gravitation.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English
(note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1,
p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
2. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
3. ^ Newton_isaac_letters_739364699_content.pdf Annals of Science, The
Newton Letters Vols I and II, G Burniston Brown, 06/01/1960 (publishes: 1687)

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton
[2] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079241/binomial-theorem
[3] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html
[4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html
[5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47
[6]
http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/texts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma
lized

[7] http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000007/00a00090/0
[8] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi
[9]
http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeHistory/Early_Period.html
[10] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=15
[11] "acoustics". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-64048/acoustics
[12] (Scholium.) Newton, I., and A. Motte. The Principia. Prometheus
Books, 1848. Great Minds Series., p182
Cambridge, England2 (presumably)  
209 YBN
[1791 AD] 3
2175) Remote neuron activation (muscle contracted remotely by light
particles).1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect
of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953.
2. ^ "Luigi Galvani".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035937/Luigi-Galvani
3. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035937/Luigi-Galvani (1791)

MORE INFO
[1] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/NatureandArtifice/lecture14.html
Bologna, Italy2   
200 YBN
[03/20/1800 AD] 3 4
2250) Electric battery.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229.
2. ^ "Conte Alessandro Volta".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. (1800) (1800)
4. ^
"alessandro volta". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alessandro-volta?cat=technology (03/20/1800(sends
letter to Banks secretary of royal society)

MORE INFO
[1] "Alessandro Volta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta
[2] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Alessandro_Volta.htm
Pavia, Italy2   
200 YBN
[03/27/1800 AD] 4 5
2179) Invisible light recognized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours
to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different
Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method
of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High
Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
, Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283.
books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
3. ^ "Sir William Herschel".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel
4. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to
Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different
Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method
of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High
Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
, Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283.
books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. (1800) (1800)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel
Slough, England3   
199 YBN
[11/12/1801 AD] 4
2405) Frequencies of light measured.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George
Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161.
2. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the
Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802),
pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba
e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24

AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_
on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf}
3. ^ John Charles Drury Brand, Raymond Bonnett, "Lines of Light: The Sources of
Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800-1930", CRC Press, 1995, p27.
http://books.google.com/books?id=sKx0IBC22p4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=joseph+fraun
hofer+measured+wavelengths+lines&source=web&ots=qKuKNGN2kv&sig=ZwvLfbjr0XPa68680
mOZkZhEnUs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA32,M1
{11/12/1801}
4. ^ Thomas
Young, Philip Kelland, "A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the
Mechanical Arts", Taylor and Walton, 1845. {Contains the lectures which form
vol. I of the 1807 edition.} http://books.google.com/books?id=fGMSAAAAIAAJ
{11/12/1801}

MORE INFO
[1] "Thomas Young (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_%28scientist%29
[2] "etalon." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 17 Jun.
2008. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/etalon>
[3] Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and
Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48.
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c9a9
74a16d595c628d0π=24

AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140
London, England3   
191 YBN
[1809 AD] 4
2481) Electric light.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
2. ^ "Humphry Davy". History
of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
3. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
4. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology (1809)

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet
[2] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
London, England3   
180 YBN
[1820 AD] 4
3374) Gas combustion engine.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
2. ^ Cambridge Philosophical Society, "Transactions of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society", University Press, 1822, p217-239.
http://books.google.com/books?id=hgYFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0iE3HbhCd9wmSagF2t&as_brr=1#PPA217,M1

3. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
4. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine {1820}

MORE INFO
[1] "history of technology." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1350805/history-of-technology>
(Magdalen College2 ) Cambridge, England3   
179 YBN
[09/11/1821 AD] 3 4
2701) Electric motor.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
2. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
3. ^ Michael Faraday, "On some new Electro-Magnetical Motions, and on the
Theory of Magnetism", Royal Institution Quarterly Journal of Science and Arts.
Volume XII, (1822), pp74-96.
http://books.google.com/books?id=lCUCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=%22on+some
+new+electro-magnetical+motions%22&source=web&ots=VKIy3FqaNj&sig=YybSGqm9Q6m-Wqj
9LSQTTX8JGDk&hl=en
{Faraday_1821_motor.pdf} (09/11/1821)
4. ^
http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM (1821)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology
[2] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday
[3] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
[4] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 /
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031
[5] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf Experimental
Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006
[6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico
[7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin
[8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html
[9]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1

[10] Institution of Engineering and Technology, London Archives, Michael
Faraday
(Royal Institution in) London, England2   
174 YBN
[1826 AD] 3 4 5
2355) Photograph.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html
2. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce
3. ^ "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Nic%C3%A9phore+Niepce?cat=technology (1826)
4. ^
http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html (1826/7)
5. ^ "Nicephore
Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce (1826/7)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Niepce
[2] "lithography". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048518/lithography
Chalon-sur-Saône, France2   
170 YBN
[1830 AD] 8 9 10 11
4003) Sound recorded.1 2 3 4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der
naturwissenschaft und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false

2. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false

3. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume
1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false

4. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H.
Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false

5. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864,
pag. 83, §. 17.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von
+den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false
(in
English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864,
p. 83, §. 17.
6. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band,
Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon,
Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber.
7. ^ Friedrich A.
Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false

8. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der
naturwissenschaft und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{1830}
9. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film,
typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false
{1830}
10. ^ edited
by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false

11. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A.
H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false


MORE INFO
[1] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076390/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber (1837)
(University of) Göttingen, Germany7   
169 YBN
[09/??/1831 AD] 4
2705) Electric generator.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, (1832),
p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006.
{Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf}
2. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
3. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
4. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm (09/??/1831)

MORE INFO
[1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday
[2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology
[3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[5] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 /
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031
[6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico
[7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin
[8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html
[9]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1

(Royal Institution in) London, England3   
168 YBN
[1832 AD] 4
2514) Plastic.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
2. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers
3. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
4. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm (1832)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henri Braconnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Braconnot
[2] http://www.answers.com/saponification?cat=health
Nancy, France3   
161 YBN
[07/29/1839 AD] 5
3308) Light converted to electricity.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation
chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR
Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic
radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
2. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence
of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
3. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>.
4. ^ "Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p72.
5. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond.
"Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumière solaire, au
moyen des courants électriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149; 561. also
Annalen der Physick und Chemie, Vol. 54, pp. 18-34,
1841. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-2968&M=chemindefer
English: "Research on the effects of the chemical radiation of solar light by
means of the electric currents" {Becquerel_Edmond_1839.pdf} {07/29/1839}

MORE INFO
[1] "thermionic power converter." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 June 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106050>
[2] "A. E. Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Becquerel
[3] "Becquerel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Becquerel
[4] Edmond Becquerel, "Des effets chimiques et électriques produits sous
l'influence de la lumière solaire",
1840. http://jubil.upmc.fr/sdx/pl/doc-tdm.xsp?id=TH_000231_001_page1&fmt=upmc&b
ase=fa&root=&n=&qid=&ss=&as=&ai=#page1

[5] "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 19 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45872>
[6]
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/BecquerelEdmond.html
[7] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Isd9IEnR4bw {video of liquid oxygen
paramagnetism}
(University of Paris) Paris, France4   
155 YBN
[04/??/1845 AD] 4 5 6
2839) Spiral galaxies seen.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342.
3. ^
http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Galaxies.html
4. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
5. ^ http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/Artikel/birr/birr_e.htm (04/1845)
6. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. (1845) (1845)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parsons%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse
[2] "William Parsons Rosse". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Parsons_Rosse
[3] http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~trw/telescopes.html
[4] http://seds.org/MESSIER/more/m-rosse.html
[5]
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/scientists/william_parsons_3rd_earl_
of_rosse#default

[6] Rosse, Earl of. "Observations on Some of the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London 134 (1844):
321-324. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108366
(Birr Castle) Parsonstown, Ireland3   
142 YBN
[07/01/1858 AD] 4 5
3033) Theory of evolution.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form
varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of
selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.
Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
2. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642>.
3. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the
tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and
species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the
Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
4. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form
varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of
selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.
Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
5. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642>.
(07/01/1858)

MORE INFO
[1] The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online.
http://darwin-online.org.uk/
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Darwin
(Linnean Society), London, England2 3   
141 YBN
[10/20/1859 AD] 4 5 6 7
3087) Atomic composition determined from light spectra.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1
Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
2. ^ "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
3. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1
Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
4. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1
Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf} {10/20/1859}
5. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law"', Isis,
Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp.
565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?seq=2
{Kirchhoff_Siegal_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} {10/20/1859}
6. ^
http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/bunsen.html (1859)
7. ^ "Bunsen, Robert
Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8
May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018091>. (1859)

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
[2] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154
[5]
http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/bunsen-kirchhoff.html
[6] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1
{T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
[7] (English translation of 1860 paper) Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen,
"Chemical Analysis by Observation of Spectra", Annalen der Physik und der
Chemie (Poggendorff), Vol. 110 (1860),
pp161-189. http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-18
60.html
{Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html}
[8] "Gustav Robert Kirchhoff", Obituary Notice. Proc. Roy, Soc. vol. 46, p.
vi. (1889).
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/cg61418590l307t2/?p=b6c499a7daa34dfb9
4680da0469118ebπ=1
{Kirchhoff_obituary_PRS.pdf}
(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany2 3   
139 YBN
[10/26/1861 AD] 4 5
3997) Microphone, speaker, and telephone. Sound converted to electricity and
back.1 2

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A
biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false

{Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf}
2. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=
%22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl
=en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q
=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false

3. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false

4. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{10/26/1861}
5. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The
speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{1861}

MORE INFO
[1] Herbert Newton Casson, "The history of the telephone",
1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=4iU1AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+
History+of+the+Telephone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false

[2] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the
phonograph",
1879. http://books.google.com/books?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon
e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false

and http://books.google.com/books?id=seQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone&
as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
[3] W. F. Barrett, "The Telephone, Its History and Its Recent Improvements",
Nature, vol19, 11/07/1878,
p12-14. http://books.google.com/books?id=oC0CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=history+microp
hone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false

[4] The Talking Machine
Industry http://www.archive.org/stream/talkingmachinein00mitcuoft/talkingmachin
ein00mitcuoft_djvu.txt

(built in workshop behind Reis's house and cabinet in Garnier's Institute,
Friedrichsdorf, demonstrated before Physical Society) Frankfort, Germany3
  
125 YBN
[08/28/1875 AD] 3
5575) Direct neuron reading.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
2. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
3. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf} {08/28/1875}
Liverpool, England2   
120 YBN
[1880 AD] 3
5839) Artificial muscle.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
2. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber
die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von
dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages
771–786,
1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro
ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and
volume of dielectrics caused by electricity"
3. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch
Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen
Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786,
1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro
ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and
volume of dielectrics caused by electricity" {09/1880}

MORE INFO
[1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Konrad_R%C3%B6ntgen
[5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_rays
[6] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen
Felde befindlichen Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann.
Phys. Chem. 35, 264-270
(1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART
[7] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über
die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen
der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages:
93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART
[8] "Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083885>
[9] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad",
Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons,
(2000), p751-752
(University of Giessen) Giessen, Germany2   
118 YBN
[03/24/1882 AD] 5 6
3620) Invisible particle communication.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1

2. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
3. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires",
Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886,
p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119
4. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
5. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent
number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5,
1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
6. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1
{1882}

MORE INFO
[1] Dolbear, A.E. �On the Development of a New Telephonic System.�
Telegraph Engineers and of Electricians, Journal of the Society of 11.41
(1882): 130�144. books.google.com/books?id=nBE4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA130
(employed at Tuft's College) Sommerville, Massachusetts, USA4   
111 YBN
[06/21/1889 AD] 6 7 8 9
4021) Motion picture camera.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine,
Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false

2. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false

3. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was
now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the
pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
4. ^ Josef Eder, "History
of Photography", 1945, p515.
5. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth,
"Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948. {ULSF:
copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain
in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a
"rat"?}
6. ^ "William Friese-Greene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friese-Greene {06/21/1889}
7. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym
for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland
Publications, 1948. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book
is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there
was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} {06/21/1889}
8. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva
Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false
{1882}
9. ^ Cecil Bembridge,
"Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
{1889}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/508948/index.html (note:
seems somewhat biased against Frieses-Greene[t])
[2] Earl Theisen, "The Depicting of Motion Prior
to the Advent of the Screen", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture
Engineers, Volumes 20-21, 1943,
p249. http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofsociety20socirich/journalofsociety
20socirich_djvu.txt
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ct-BAAAAIAAJ&q=THE+DEPICTI
NG+OF+MOTION+PRIOR+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&dq=THE+DEPICTING+OF+MOTION+PRIO
R+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&as_brr=0
[3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm
(Piccadilly) London, England5   
105 YBN
[11/05/1895 AD] 4 5
3936) X-rays.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den
Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23,
1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
3. ^ "Röntgen, Wilhelm
Conrad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20
Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083885>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. {11/05/1895}
5. ^
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html
{11/05/1895}

MORE INFO
[1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Konrad_R%C3%B6ntgen
[5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_rays
[6] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p751-752
[7] W. C. Röntgen,
"Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen Felde befindlichen
Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann. Phys. Chem. 35,
264-270
(1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART
[8] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über
die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen
der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages:
93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART
[9] Edmund Taylor Whittaker, "History of the theories of aether and
electricity: from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century",
Longmans, Green, 1910,
p426. http://books.google.com/books?id=vTHJah8btZIC&pg=PA426&dq=R%C3%B6ntgen+18
88+maxwell+dielectric&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=1tPDSenwHKS6kgSD7-3-DQ#PPA426,M1

[10] http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200708/history.cfm
[11] R. W. Wood, "The n-Rays.", Nature, n1822, v70, 09/29/1904,
p530-531. http://books.google.com/books?id=Qn0CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
intitle:nature+date:1904-1904&ei=wADJSd7UN4TIlQScj-3_DQ#PPA530,M1

[12] Rene Blondlot, tr:Julien Francois William Garcin, "'N' rays", Longmans,
Green, and co.,
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jpg3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=N+ra
ys+a+collection+of+papers&ei=DsTISdm3N4TckASbmYHLAw

[13] www.rexresearch.com/blondlot/nrays.htm
(University of Würzburg) Würzburg, Germany3   
97 YBN
[03/23/1903 AD] 3 4
4493) Airplane.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>.
2. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w

3. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
{12/17/1903}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p613-614,634-635.
{12/17/1903}

MORE INFO
[1] "The Wright Brothers." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/
[2] "Wright brothers". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers
[3] Patent 821393 FLYING-MACHINE ORVILLE
WRIGHT http://www.google.com/patents?id=h5NWAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

[4] "airfoil." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/airfoil
[5] Wright, Wilbur and Orville. Video. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6
July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-127561>
[6] aviation: flight of the first military airplane, 1909. Video.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-15290>
Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, USA2   
94 YBN
[12/21/1906 AD] 4 5 6
4788) Electric switch and amplifier.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411.
2. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

3. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan
29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

4. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan
29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
{12/21/1906}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p646-647. {1906}
6. ^ "Lee De Forest." A Dictionary of Scientists.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lee-de-forest {1907 (patented}

MORE INFO
[1] "De Forest, Lee." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 6-7. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 9 Sept. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901119&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w

[2] "Lee De Forest". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest
[3] diathermy. (n.d.) Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers.
(2007). Retrieved September 9 2010 from
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diathermy
(De Forest Radio Telephone Company) New York City, New York, USA3   
93 YBN
[05/??/1907 AD] 3
4269) Atoms separated by mass.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13,
N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil.
Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
3. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13,
N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561 {05/1907}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson
[2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1
[4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false

[5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false

[6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false

[7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases
exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896,
p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false

[8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off
by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312
[9] J.J.
Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity
through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9,
1896, 126
[10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the
Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274
[11] Sir Joseph John Thomson,
Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry,
1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b
ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some
%20respects%22&f=false
http://books.google.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp
g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si
g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=mYyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2
0some%20respects%22&f=false
[12] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p319-320
[13] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
[14] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of
Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the
members of the ..., Volume 16,
04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/books?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e
xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+thomson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen
ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atoms%20thomson&f=false

[15] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening
Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9
[16] Isobel
Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32
226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015)
[17] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205>
[18] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc.
Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509
[19] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in
Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899,
p547. http://books.google.com/books?id=il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro
duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by%
20incandescent%20platinum&f=false

[20] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb.
Phil. Soc. 13, 1905,
p121. http://books.google.com/books?id=7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+
gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+charge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa
=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20
the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosophical%20carry%20charge&f=false

[21] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil.
Mag. II, 769,
1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+
number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n
umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom&f=false

[22] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp.
1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El
ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2
Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return
ArticleService=showArticle

[23] Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16,
1912, 643
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2   
93 YBN
[11/13/1907 AD] 2
354) Helicopter.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>.
2. ^ http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Cornu/DI18.htm
{11/13/1907}

MORE INFO
[1] "Paul Cornu." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/138077/Paul-Cornu>
  
92 YBN
[06/06/1908 AD] 3
3616) Image sent and received by radio.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY
THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051
{Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
2. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051
{Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
3. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051
{Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf} {06/06/1908}

MORE INFO
[1] John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead &
Co.,
1902. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+Wirel
ess+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmKfhhs
RE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result

London, England2   
81 YBN
[04/??/1919 AD] 4
4750) Atomic transmutation and atomic fusion.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil.
Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
2. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w

3. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June
1919, s6, 37,
pp537-61. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.
pdf}
4. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June
1919, s6, 37, pp537-61.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
{04/1919}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false

[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343

[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false

[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false

[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false

[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false

[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902
[17] Ernest Rutherford, "The
Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil.
Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false

[18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation
[19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium
emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con
densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C
w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2
0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false

[20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag
ser 6, v 561-76 1903
[21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of
Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208
[22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve
d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false

[23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve
d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

[24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles
from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3
[25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688
[26]
Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the
Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55,
03/07/1911, pp18-20
[27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag,
March 1914, s6, v27,
pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1914.html
[28] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8
[29] Ernest
Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919,
s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html
(University of Manchester) Manchester, England3   
68 YBN
[04/16/1932 AD] 4
5182) Atomic fission.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
2. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
3. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
4. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf} {04/16/1932}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walton
[2] H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag
einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66, (1920)
[3] H
Greinacher, "Erzeugung einer Gleichspannung vom veilfachen Betrag einer
Wechselspannung ohne Transformer" Bulletin des Schweizerischen
Elektrotechnischen Vereins, des Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitätswerke,
V11, p59-66, 1920
[4] Joe W. Kwan, Oscar A. Anderson, Louis L. Reginato, Michael
C. Vella, Simon S. Yu, Electrostatic Quadrupole DC Accelerators for BNCT
Applications, 04/1994
[5] "Heinrich Greinacher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Greinacher
[6] http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_page/84410/s_name/greinacherh
[7] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811
(Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95496
[8] Henry A. Barton, "Comparison of protons and electrons
in the excitation of x-rays by impact Original Research Article", Journal of
the Franklin Institute, Volume 209, Issue 1, January 1930, Pages
1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4G
H&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig=
search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&
view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1
a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a

[9] "Cockcroft, John Douglas." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 328-331. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w

[10] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951". Nobelprize.org. 24 Jan 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/
[11] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Artificial Production of Fast
Protons", nature 129, 242-242 (13 February
1932. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3250/abs/129242a0.html
[12] J. D. COCKCROFT , C. W. GILBERT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Production of
Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons", nature 133, 328-328 (03 March
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3357/abs/133328a0.html
[13] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High
Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8
30/619.full.pdf+html

[14] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High
Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8
30/619.full.pdf+html

(Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3   
63 YBN
[05/22/1937 AD] 4 5
5515) Picture of individual atoms.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode"
2. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>.
3. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-mueller
4. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode" {05/22/1937}
5. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-mueller {1936}

MORE INFO
[1] "Erwin Wilhelm Mueller". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_Mueller
(Siemens and Halske) Berlin, Germany3   
61 YBN
[04/30/1939 AD] 5 6
5835) Bipedal robot.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm
2. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the
computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009,
Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha
rkey_200901xx.pdf}
3. ^ Scott Schaut, Robots of Westinghouse 1924-today, 2006, p91,185.
4. ^ "Elektro".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro
5. ^
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-york-worlds-fair-opens {around)
04/30/1939 (opening of World's Fair}
6. ^
http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm {1939 (verify}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuyTRbj8QSA&feature=related
[2] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ay225WkU4Gs&feature=related
[3] Scott Schaut, "Robots of Westinghouse, 1924-today",
Mansfield, Ohio : Scott Schautt, Mansfield Memorial Museum, 2006
[4]
http://www.archive.org/details/middleton_family_worlds_fair_1939
(Westinghouse Electric Corporation) Mansfield, Ohio, USA3 4   
47 YBN
[04/02/1953 AD] 5
5660) Structure of DNA understood.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887.
3. ^ "Francis Harry Compton
Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>.
4. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
5. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} {04/02/1953}
(Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England4   
46 YBN
[05/05/1954 AD] 8 9
5649) MASER.1 2 3 4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
2. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of
Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1
{Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf}
3. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101,
47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English:
4. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J.
Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English:
5. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov,
J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP
1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf}
6. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
7. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
8. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf} {first publication:) 05/05/1954}
9. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
{12/1953}

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Hard Townes." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-townes
[2] K. Shimoda, T. C. Wang, and C. H. Townes, "Further Aspects of the Theory of
the Maser", Phys. Rev. 102, 1308
(1956). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v102/i5/p1308_1
[3] "Charles H. Townes - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 4 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/townes-lecture.html {
Townes_Charles_Hard_19641211.pdf}
[4] T. S. Jaseja, A. Javan, J. Murray, and C. H. Townes, "Test of Special
Relativity or of the Isotropy of Space by Use of Infrared Masers", Phys. Rev.
133, A1221 (1964). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v133/i5A/pA1221_1
(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA7   
43 YBN
[10/04/1957 AD] 3
5486) Human-made satellite.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>.
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1957-001B
3. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>. {10/04/1957}
(Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam) Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.2   
41 YBN
[09/14/1959 AD] 3
5597) Ship impacts moon.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
{09/14/1959}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-012A
[2]
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/10/dayintech_1007#
[3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html
(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.2   
39 YBN
[04/12/1961 AD] 3
5601) Human orbits Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
2. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing Site - Monument".
http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=51.270682+N,+45.9972
7+E&sll=51.270689,45.997599&sspn=0.003296,0.00868&ie=UTF8&ll=51.270716,45.997385
&spn=0.003296,0.00868&t=k&z=17.

3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
{04/12/1961}

MORE INFO
[1] "Yury Alekseyevich Gagarin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223437/Yury-Alekseyevich-Gagarin>
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p895-896
Saratovskaya oblast, U.S.S.R.2   
31 YBN
[07/21/1969 AD] 3
655) Humans walk on the moon of Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C {07/21/1969}
{Armstrong walks on Moon on:) 07/21/1969}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMINSD7MmT4
Moon of Earth2   
29 YBN
[12/02/1971 AD] 3
5620) Ship lands on Mars.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F {12/02/1971}
Planet Mars2   
27 YBN
[12/03/1973 AD] 3
5622) Ship reaches Jupiter.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
3. ^
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2003/03_25HQ.html {12/03/1973}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.aerospaceguide.net/pioneer10.html
Planet Jupiter2   
21 YBN
[09/01/1979 AD] 3
388) Ship reaches Saturn.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
2. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
3. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
{09/01/1979}
Planet Saturn2   
14 YBN
[01/24/1986 AD] 4
5628) Ship reaches Uranus.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
2. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
{01/24/1986}

MORE INFO
[1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2
Planet Uranus3   
12 YBN
[12/14/1988 AD] 3
6194) Microscopic motor.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
2. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
3. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
{12/11/1988-12/14/1988}
(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA2   
11 YBN
[08/25/1989 AD] 3
5629) Ship reaches Neptune.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A {08/25/1989}

MORE INFO
[1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2
Planet Neptune2   
10 YBN
[01/17/1990 AD] 3
6191) Individual atoms moved.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html

2. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html

3. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
{01/17/1990}

MORE INFO
[1] Driscoll, Robert J., Michael G. Youngquist, and John D.
Baldeschwieler. "Atomic-scale imaging of DNA using scanning tunnelling
microscopy."� Nature 346.6281 (1990) :
294-296. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v346/n6281/abs/346294a0.html
[2] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a
controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982);
doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1
(IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center) San Jose, California, USA2
  
1 YAN
[06/28/2001 AD] 3
6192) Microscopic radio chip.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html
2. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” "
http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/2001/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010
628.pdf}
3. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” "
http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/2001/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010
628.pdf} {06/28/2001}

MORE INFO
[1] "World's tiniest RFID tag unveiled", BBC,
02/23/2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6389581.stm
[2] http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/337
[3]
http://www.thelibertyvoice.com/hitachi-develops-a-new-rfid-with-embedded-antenna
-%C2%B5-chip

(Hitachi) Japan2   
8 YAN
[12/10/2008 AD] 3
3886) Remote neuron reading. Image of what the eyes are seeing captured
remotely.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H.
C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human
brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron,
60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
2. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito,
Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction
from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image
decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929.
http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
3. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H.
C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human
brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron,
60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
{12/10/2008}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thought-recorder-created-by-japanese-research
-team/

[2]
http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technology-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen
(Collaboration between researchers at two Japanese Universities, two research
Institutes, and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories) Kyoto, Japan2
  
FUTURE
15 YAN
[2015 AD] 2
332) Sound a brain hears recorded remotely.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {2015}
  
18 YAN
[2018 AD]
6208) Radio device functions as cell organelle.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD]
337) Remote neuron writing using microscopic devices in neurons.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thought-recorder-created-by-japanese-research
-team/

[2]
http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technology-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen
[3] personal communication, see most of Kamatani's email correspondence with me
at: http://www.tedhuntington.com/neuron_reading_and_writing.htm
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD]
6193) Microscopic camera.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD]
6198) Microscopic flying camera.
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 2
365) Thought-audio recorded and played out loud. Humans start to communicate by
thought-image and thought-sound only.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 1
366) Artificial muscle bipedal robot.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2040}
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 2
680) Thought-images seen.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
50 YAN
[2050 AD] 2
790) Humans walk with robot servants.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2050 (my own estimate}
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD]
367) Most humans communicate only by images and sounds of thought.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 2
793) Helicopter-cars form a second line of traffic above the streets.1
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate) {2100 my own estimate}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/Trans_Trends.html
[2] future_est.xls
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 2
794) 100 ships with humans orbit Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
2. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls (my own estimate) {2100
my own estimate}
  
140 YAN
[2140 AD] 1
687) Large scale transmutation: common atoms like Iron converted into Hydrogen
and Oxygen using particle colliders.

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
[2] future_est.xls
  
180 YAN
[2180 AD]
4594) Humans live on Mars.
Mars  
200 YAN
[2200 AD] 2
792) Robots do most manual labor tasks.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate) {2200 my own estimate}
  
200 YAN
[2200 AD] 2
795) 1000 human-filled ships orbit earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
2. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls (my own estimate)
  
350 YAN
[2350 AD]
6393) Ship reaches other star (Alpha Centauri). First close up pictures of
planets
of a different star.


MORE INFO
[1]
  
370 YAN
[2370 AD] 1
6209) Living objects found around another star (bacteria made of DNA).
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2760} {2765}
Alpha Centauri  
500 YAN
[2500 AD] 2 3
686) End of death by aging.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {2500}
3. ^ future_est.xls
  
650 YAN
[2650 AD] 2
4619) Humans create atoms from light particles.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2650}
  
800 YAN
[2800 AD] 1
4615) Humans live on Venus.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Venus  
800 YAN
[2800 AD] 1
4628) Humans change the motion of a moon.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800}
Jupiter  
850 YAN
[2850 AD] 1
4580) Humans change the motion of a planet.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Earth  
900 YAN
[2900 AD] 1
29) Ship impacts Jupiter. First image of surface of Jupiter.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Jupiter  
1,200 YAN
[3200 AD]
4614) Ship from Centauri reaches Earth with objects.

MORE INFO
[1]
Earth System  
1,200 YAN
[3200 AD] 2
4637) Humans reach a different star, Centauri.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {3100} {3200 (100 years per light year 400
years}
Alpha Centauri  
1,500 YAN
[3500 AD] 1 2
684) Atmosphere of Venus removed.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
2. ^ future_est.xls
Venus  
2,000 YAN
[4000 AD]
4644) Atmosphere of Jupiter removed.

MORE INFO
[1]
Jupiter  
2,000 YAN
[4000 AD]
4646) Humans have ships at 10 stars.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
2,500 YAN
[4500 AD]
4655) Humans live on Jupiter.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Jupiter  
2,500 YAN
[4500 AD] 1
4662) Motion of all planets under control.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
3,100 YAN
[5100 AD] 2
4671) Image of advanced life of a different star.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {5100}
  
3,500 YAN
[5500 AD]
6176) Motion of star controlled. Star of Earth moved in direction of Centauri.
Sun  
4,000 YAN
[6000 AD] 2
4675) Humans touch advanced life of a different star.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {6000}
  
5,000 YAN
[7000 AD] 1 2
678) One trillion humans.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {15,505 YAN (rate=0.033%)
(at current rate is 2600}
  
25,000 YAN
[27000 AD]
4677) Humans inhabit 100 stars and form a globular cluster of 10 stars.
  
45,000 YAN
[47000 AD]
4679) Humans inhabit 1000 stars and form a globular cluster of 100 stars.
  
63,000 YAN
[65000 AD]
6171) Humans reach the center of the Earth.

MORE INFO
[1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
Earth  
65,000 YAN
[67000 AD] 1
6174) Earth is completely filled with living objects.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "quintillion." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/quintillion
Earth  
70,000 YAN
[72000 AD]
4684) Humans inhabit 10,000 stars and form a globular cluster of 1,000 stars.
  
90,000 YAN
[92000 AD] 1
6210) Human-made globular cluster of 10,000 stars leaves the plane of the Milky
Way Galaxy.

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington based on 0.03% growth from 2000 to 90000
  
138,000 YAN
4678) All planets of Star of Earth consumed.

MORE INFO
[1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
  
148,000 YAN
1
100) The star of Earth is consumed.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
  
630,000 YAN
106) Ten to the power 100 humans.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
30,000,000,000 YAN
4687) Milky Way Globular Galaxy integrates with Magellanic Cloud galaxies.1
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Milky Way Galaxy  
40,000,000,000 YAN
4688) Milky Way and Andromeda globular galaxies join.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy  
"Universe, Life, Science, Future" is published under the GNU license, except where otherwise indicated or determined to be fair use, copyrighted, public domain, CC, GDFL or other license.
Main Page